WO2006046656A1 - 球状炭素粒子およびその集合体 - Google Patents
球状炭素粒子およびその集合体 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2006046656A1 WO2006046656A1 PCT/JP2005/019814 JP2005019814W WO2006046656A1 WO 2006046656 A1 WO2006046656 A1 WO 2006046656A1 JP 2005019814 W JP2005019814 W JP 2005019814W WO 2006046656 A1 WO2006046656 A1 WO 2006046656A1
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
- C01B32/00—Carbon; Compounds thereof
- C01B32/05—Preparation or purification of carbon not covered by groups C01B32/15, C01B32/20, C01B32/25, C01B32/30
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
- Y10T428/2982—Particulate matter [e.g., sphere, flake, etc.]
- Y10T428/2991—Coated
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/30—Self-sustaining carbon mass or layer with impregnant or other layer
Definitions
- the present invention relates to spherical carbon particles and aggregates thereof.
- the present invention also relates to a method for producing spherical carbon particles and a dispersion of spherical carbon particles.
- Non-patent Document 1 11 particles are produced by polymerization and carbonized to produce hollow carbon particles.
- the above method (1) is capable of producing particles having a particle size of about 15 nm.
- the obtained carbon particles are 2 ⁇ force 3 ⁇ 44 degrees according to X-ray diffraction (XRD) data. It is amorphous carbon.
- the methods (2) and (3) are methods for matching the raw material to the shape of the mold, and the shell of the carbon particles obtained by the method (2) has a mesoporous structure. Although there are no reports on crystals, it is thought that the crystal structure has not developed because the porous structure has developed. Moreover, it is a sponge-like structure having mesopores on the surface.
- dibulene benzene which is a cross-linking agent, is used as the polymer. Therefore, it is considered that the resulting carbon particles do not easily develop a crystal structure. This is because, in general, polydivinylbenzene is carbonized through a solid-state carbonization reaction, so that the crystal structure is difficult to develop.
- Nanopolyhedron In addition to the above, carbon particles called “nanopolyhedron” have also been reported (Non-Patent Document 4). This carbon particle has several to tens of layers of graphite stacked in a nested structure. As a whole, it forms a polyhedron. Just as it is difficult to disperse carbon nanotubes in a solvent, it is difficult and expensive to obtain a uniform dispersion of nanopolyhedron. In addition, since nanopolyhedron is a polyhedron, the uniformity of the shape with low sphericity is low.
- an alumina membrane having a pore with a diameter of 100 nm and a length of 60 microns is used as a template.
- a heated mesophase pitch is poured into this pore by capillary flow, and carbonization is performed to dissolve and remove the template.
- a method of obtaining carbon particles (carbon nanofibers) has also been reported (Non-patent Document 5).
- this method since the shape of the alumina membrane is cylindrical, it is possible to induce fibrous carbon particles, but the sphericity or sphericity is high and the spherical carbon is high. It is impossible to induce particles.
- Non-Patent Document 1 rchem. Mater., ⁇ 2109-21111, Vol. 15, No.11, 2003j
- Non-Patent Document 2 "Adv. Mater. Pl9-21, 2002, 14, No.l, January 4"
- Non-Patent Document 3 "Adv. Mater. Pl390-1393, 2002, 14, No.19, October 2"
- Non-patent document 4 “Chemistry and physics of fullerene (March 15, 2002, published by Nagoya University Press, p. 235)”
- Non-Patent Document 5 "Adv. Mater.pl64-167, 2003, 15, No. 2, January 16"
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication No. 2004-211012
- An object of the present invention is to provide a spherical carbon particle, an aggregate thereof, a production method thereof, and a dispersion of the spherical carbon particle, which have a novel structure different from conventional carbon particles and can be applied to various uses.
- the object of the present invention is uniform in shape
- An object of the present invention is to provide spherical carbon particles having excellent dispersibility in a solvent and easy to handle and aggregates thereof.
- the “aggregate” is a concept including a state in which a plurality of the spherical carbon particles of the present invention are present, and includes both a highly dispersed state and a dried state in a dispersion medium.
- dispersion is a concept showing only the former.
- the present inventors have obtained spherical carbon particles having a uniform shape by adopting a specific carbonization means, and furthermore, the particles have a novel structure that did not exist conventionally. It was found out that it was provided and the present invention was completed.
- the first gist of the present invention is a spherical carbon particle having a particle size of 5 nm or more and 100 m or less and having a space part surrounded by a carbon crystal wall, and at least a part of the outer periphery of the particle.
- a spherical carbon particle characterized by having a structure in which the carbon crystal edge is exposed or a loop structure of a carbon network surface.
- a second gist of the present invention is an aggregate of spherical carbon particles having a particle size of 5 nm or more and 100 ⁇ m or less and having a space portion surrounded by a crystal wall of a carbon crystal, It exists in the aggregate
- the third gist of the present invention is an aggregate of spherical carbon particles, which is a dispersion liquid prepared by the following method and measured by standing for 24 hours after preparation. It exists in the aggregate
- the fourth gist of the present invention is that precursor spherical particles having a particle diameter selected from a range of 5 nm to 100 ⁇ m are used as raw materials, and the raw materials are coated with a prototype so as to maintain the shape. It exists in the manufacturing method of the spherical carbon particle characterized by carbonizing in a state.
- a fifth aspect of the present invention resides in a dispersion of spherical carbon particles, characterized in that the spherical carbon particles according to the first aspect are dispersed in a dispersion medium.
- the sixth gist of the present invention resides in a dispersion of spherical carbon particles, characterized in that the aggregate of spherical carbon particles according to the second gist is dispersed in a dispersion medium.
- a seventh aspect of the present invention resides in a dispersion of spherical carbon particles, wherein the dispersion of spherical carbon particles according to the third aspect is dispersed in a dispersion medium.
- spherical carbon particles having a particle size of 5 nm or more and 100 ⁇ m or less and having a space surrounded by a carbon crystal wall are provided.
- the spherical carbon particles of the present invention can be easily manufactured by a manufacturing method using a specific carbonization technique (the manufacturing method of the present invention). Further, the spherical carbon particles of the present invention can be uniformly dispersed in the dispersion medium without aggregation, and as a result, electrical characteristics such as conductivity and field emission can be expressed uniformly. In addition, it is expected to be used as a DDS (drug delivery system) and as a lubricant.
- DDS drug delivery system
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing an example of carbon particles having different carbon crystal orientations.
- FIG. 2 Schematic diagram of an example of a structure with exposed carbon crystal ends and a loop structure of the carbon network surface.
- FIG. 3 An explanatory diagram of the spherical carbon particles obtained in Example 3.
- spherical carbon-containing particles are used as a raw material.
- the range of force from 5 nm to 100 ⁇ m is selected for the size of the precursor spherical particles.
- Raw material precursor The particle size and shape of the spherical particles can be confirmed with a TEM (transmission electron microscope) observation image with a magnification that can confirm the particle size, for example, when the particle size is several hundred nanometers However, for convenience, an SEM (scanning electron microscope) may be used. This also applies to the spherical carbon particle diameter and shape of the present invention described later.
- the precursor spherical particle material is not particularly limited as long as it is a material that can be carbonized by coating with a heat-resistant material. Pyrolytic polymer-containing materials are preferred.
- liquid phase carbonization means that a solid undergoes a higher fluid state than the fluid state at the glass transition temperature Tg, the thermochemical reaction proceeds in the liquid phase, and molecular movement and orientation occur relatively.
- liquid phase carbonized examples include pitch, polyacrylonitrile or a copolymer thereof, polybulualcohol, polybuluchloride, phenol resin, rayon, and the like. Of these, polyacrylonitrile or a copolymer thereof is preferred.
- the readily heat-decomposable polymer usually refers to a polymer that decomposes when heated to 500 ° C or higher at normal pressure in an inert atmosphere.
- Specific examples include polystyrene, polymethyl acrylate, polymethyl methacrylate, polyethylene, and polypropylene. Of these, polystyrene and polymethyl methacrylate are preferred.
- These polymers are not usually used as a raw material for producing carbon particles, but in the production method of the present invention, a heat resistant material is used. Since it is coated and carbonized, it can be considered that carbon particles can be formed contrary to expectations.
- Examples of methods for producing precursor spherical particles using the above materials include the following methods. Uniform particle size by emulsion polymerization, suspension polymerization and soap-free polymerization using monomers in the polymer group of liquid phase materials such as acrylonitrile as a raw material, and using monomers that can be copolymerized as necessary.
- An example is a method of obtaining particles of polyacrylonitrile and its copolymer as emulsion.
- the copolymerizable monomer may be a monomer that is selected from among the groups of the easily thermally decomposable polymers.
- a monolayer in a polymer group of liquid phase-capable materials such as acrylonitrile is further added to the heat decomposable polymer particles obtained by soap-free polymerization.
- a method in which particles having a uniform core-shell structure are obtained as emulsion by carrying out two-stage soap-free polymerization.
- Precursor particles in emulsions obtained by these polymerization methods usually have a particle size in the range of 5 nm to 100 ⁇ m, and are obtained as an aggregate of particles with a very small particle size distribution.
- the precursor spherical particles may contain only one of the material capable of liquid phase carbonization and the easily pyrolyzed polymer, but preferably contain both.
- a material other than a material capable of liquid phase carbonization or a substance other than an easily pyrolyzed polymer may be included.
- the easily thermally decomposable polymer is a liquid in a heating process in which the precursor spherical particles are carbonized. It has the function of facilitating the plastic deformation of the phase carbonizable material, and further thermally decomposing into a gas in the high temperature range and expanding the precursor spherical particles by the pressure to promote the formation of hollow particles. It is estimated that. Then, the precursor spherical particles expanded by the gas pressure are pressed against a wall of a heat-resistant material described later applied to the outer surface of the particles, so that carbonization proceeds and crystallization is promoted on the spot. Conceivable.
- Examples of the method of adding the easily decomposable polymer to the precursor spherical particles include a method of copolymerizing each constituent monomer at an arbitrary composition ratio, a seed polymerization method for unevenly distributing the composition, and the like.
- the production method of the present invention uses the precursor particles as a raw material, and maintains the shape of the raw material. As described above, carbonization is performed in a state of being covered with the original mold. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, spherical carbon particles having substantially the same shape and particle size as the original mold of the raw material are formed by coating the raw material with a heat resistant material.
- the above heat-resistant material is required at a temperature not higher than the temperature range where the precursor particles are carbonized, without affecting the shape of the precursor particles due to its own thermal deformation or the like.
- a suitable heat resistant material a material having a linear heat shrinkage rate of 30% or less in the temperature range of 50 to 500 ° C should not have a clear glass transition point (Tg) in the range of 100 to 500 ° C. , Material preferred. A material that can be removed by a simple method after carbonization by heating is preferred.
- an inorganic oxide is generally preferable. Specifically, SiO, Al 2 O, TiO, ZrO, In 0, ZnO, PbO, Y 2 O, BaO, and mixtures thereof
- the precursor particles may be coated by a sol-gel method using a metal alkoxide or the like of the above inorganic oxide as a raw material, or by coating with a solvent-soluble inorganic compound such as nitrate or oxysalt salt.
- a solvent-soluble inorganic compound such as nitrate or oxysalt salt.
- silica sol is mixed with precursor polymer particles in a solvent such as alcohol, and then dried and adhered to the surface of the precursor particles.
- a solvent such as alcohol
- sodium silicate water glass
- a method in which a sol solution obtained by hydrolysis of a metal alkoxide is applied to precursor particles, or the precursor particles are dispersed in the hydrolysis liquid and then dried to form a gel around the precursor particles is preferable for stably controlling the gel homogenization step.
- alkoxysilanes are added to a solution of alcohols such as diol and ethanol, water is added and the mixture is hydrolyzed by stirring for several hours at room temperature to prepare a silicate sol solution.
- the pH is adjusted to an appropriate value to control the stability and reactivity of the sol.
- oxalic acid, acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, ammonia or the like may be added as a catalyst.
- the precursor particles are mixed with the sol solution, and the gel is left to stand for several hours to several days, usually in the range of room temperature to 100 ° C, preferably in the range of room temperature to 80 ° C.
- silica gel in which precursor particles are dispersed.
- a method in which a silicate sol solution is spray-coated on the precursor particles is also exemplified.
- alkoxysilanes include tetraalkoxysilanes such as tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, tetraisopropoxysilane, tetrabutoxysilane, their respective oligomers, and alkyltrialkoxysilanes. Examples thereof include methyltrimethoxysilane, methyltriethoxysilane, etyltrimethoxysilane, etiltriethoxysilane, and the like. Two or more types of alkoxysilanes may be used in combination, depending on the gelling process conditions and the dispersibility of the precursor particles during coating.
- the precursor particles coated with SiO are vacuum-dried or thermally transformed.
- the carbon particles of the present invention include carbon particles having different carbon crystal directions and a plurality of space portions as shown in FIGS. 1 (a) to (c), depending on the polymer composition and the gel conditions of the silicate sol. You can make different carbon particles.
- FIGS. 1 (a) to (c) symbol (1) represents a carbon crystal wall, (2) represents a space portion, and (3) represents a carbon crystal direction (stacking direction of carbon network surfaces).
- This carbon particle is characterized by having a structure in which crystals are stacked in a direction substantially parallel to the tangent, and as a result, a structure in which the ends of the carbon crystal are exposed to the outer periphery, or a loop structure of a carbon network surface on the outer periphery. It is in the point which shows.
- An example of a method for producing the carbon particles is as follows.
- Precursor particles are mixed with the sol solution described above, and usually dried in an open system at a temperature of 100 ° C or lower. Drying to gelation yields a silica gel in which the precursor particles are dispersed. Time to dry
- the range is usually several minutes or longer, preferably 30 minutes or longer, and usually several hours or shorter, preferably 60 minutes or shorter. If this time is too long, the orientation of the crystal edges on the carbon particle surface tends to be difficult to control.
- Precursor particle-dispersed silica gel produced through such a process has pores of a size suitable for appropriately releasing gas generated by polymer decomposition, and there are many remaining hydroxyl groups. For this reason, the silica surface directly contacted by the carbon precursor formed by thermal decomposition of the polymer exhibits hydrophilicity.For this reason, the carbon precursor formed by thermal decomposition of the polymer has an edge on the silica surface. As a result, it is presumed that a structure having a carbon crystal end exposed on the outer periphery or a shape having a loop structure of a carbon network surface on the outer periphery is assumed.
- This carbon particle is characterized in that crystals are stacked in the radial direction, and the structure in which the ends of the carbon crystal are exposed to the outer periphery or the loop structure of the carbon network surface does not exist on the outer periphery.
- An example of a method for producing the carbon particles is as follows.
- the drying condition of the silica sol derived from silicate is usually 24 hours or more in a closed system, preferably 48 hours or more. It is also possible to infusibilize the coated precursor particles prior to the carbonization process for the purpose of controlling the orientation of the carbon crystals.
- infusibilization refers to increasing the flow viscosity by advancing a polymerization reaction such as an intermolecular crosslinking reaction before carbonization.
- the general conditions for the infusibilization treatment are as follows: air or oxygen atmosphere, normal pressure, 150 ° C or more and 280 ° C or less, 1 hour or more and 72 hours or less, preferably 180 ° C or more under the above atmosphere 240 Examples of the heating conditions are 1 hour or more and 24 hours or less in the range of ° C or less.
- this carbon particle is that, in the spherical carbon particle having a space part surrounded by the carbon crystal wall, a part of the carbon crystal wall is missing and the internal space part is electrically connected to the outside with respect to the form.
- An example of a method for producing the carbon particles is as follows.
- infusibilization is performed to further increase the flow viscosity during liquid phase carbonization.
- the conditions for the infusibilization process are changed as appropriate. For example, the temperature, time, and oxygen concentration in the atmosphere are increased or lengthened.
- the composition of a component (for example, acrylonitrile) that is easily intermolecularly crosslinked is increased as a material for the precursor particles.
- carbon particles having the structure shown in FIG. 1 (c) can be obtained under such conditions is considered as follows.
- the carbonization of the precursor particles is performed by heating the precursor particles whose surfaces are coated with the above-described original mold in an atmosphere in which no substance that reacts with the precursor particles exists when heated, such as nitrogen or argon.
- the atmosphere during heating may be a flow system or a closed system, but the flow system is preferred.
- the pressure during heating may be under pressure or under reduced pressure, but is usually under normal pressure.
- the heating temperature under normal pressure is usually 500 ° C or higher, preferably 800 ° C or higher.
- the heating may be continuously raised to a predetermined temperature or may be raised stepwise to the predetermined temperature. The heating time varies depending on the heating temperature, etc. After reaching the predetermined heating temperature, it is usually 0.5 to 2 hours.
- the original surface mold is usually removed.
- the removing method include a method of dissolving with an aqueous alkaline solution such as sodium hydroxide or hydrofluoric acid. Of these, the method of dissolving with an alkaline aqueous solution is preferred because it is industrially safe. Dissolution removal is usually performed by heating to 150 ° C in a pressure-resistant airtight container and dissolving the remaining spherical carbon particles. It is done by the method of collecting. When polyacrylonitrile or a copolymer containing polyacrylonitrile is used as a precursor, the yield of spherical carbon particles obtained by the above method is usually 30% by weight or more, often in the range of 35 to 45% by weight. .
- spherical carbon particles can be obtained as a group of particles having a uniform shape, and the final product of spherical carbon particles can be designed at the precursor stage. is there. That is, according to the production method of the present invention, spherical carbon particles (particle size 5 nm to 100 ⁇ m) having substantially the same particle size can be obtained from precursor spherical particles having a particle size of 5 nm to 100 / zm.
- the production method of the present invention is a method having high crystallinity and effective in obtaining carbon particles. That is, particularly when the precursor material is a material capable of liquid phase carbonization, the product of the liquid phase process of the carbonization process in the method of the present invention largely controls the crystal structure of the product after carbonization.
- the surface properties of the original mold that covers the surface have a large effect on crystallinity.
- a polymer capable of liquid phase carbonization such as polyacrylonitrile
- the effect of the original type surface functional group on the carbon radical generated in the carbonization process has a great influence on crystallinity and orientation. Examples of surface functional groups include silanol groups, hydroxyl groups, ketone groups, and ester groups.
- the spherical carbon particles obtained by the production method of the present invention have a novel structure that did not exist conventionally, as will be described later.
- the spherical carbon particles of the present invention have a particle size in the range of 5 nm to 100 ⁇ m.
- the particle diameter refers to the diameter when the aspect ratio is 1, and the major diameter when the aspect ratio exceeds 1.
- Spherical means that the aspect ratio is usually less than 2.
- the spherical carbon particles of the present invention preferably have a radius ratio within a certain range.
- the radius ratio is larger than 1.3, the flow viscosity when used as a slurry is increased, and for example, when used as an inkjet pigment, problems such as excessively high pressure required for ejection tend to occur.
- the carbon content of the spherical carbon particles of the present invention is not necessarily 100% by weight.
- the elemental analysis value is usually 70% by weight or more. Preferably it is 75 weight% or more.
- the spherical carbon particles of the present invention are crystalline.
- the crystallinity does not necessarily have to be controlled in the form of V ⁇ so-called graphite, as shown in Koyama et al. (“Industrial Materials” No. 30, No. 7, pl09-115). Turbulent graphite may be used.
- the crystallographic properties obtained from the reflection peak of X-ray diffraction as a measure of crystallinity are shown as follows.
- the X-ray diffraction angle 20 shows a peak at 25 ° or more (preferably 25.5 ° or more), and the half-value width is 7.0 ° or less (preferably 6 5 or less, more preferably 5.0 ° or less.
- the (002) peak diffraction angular force, the carbon network average interplanar distance d calculated by Bragg's equation, is 3.6 A or less (preferably 3.49 A or less).
- the spherical carbon particles of the present invention are characterized by having a space part surrounded by a carbon crystal wall. Crystals are observed at least in the vicinity of the particle surface or in the wall near the space.
- the crystal stacking direction can be discriminated by the contrast of the electron image by TEM observation at a magnification of 800,000 or more.
- “being surrounded by a carbon crystal wall” means, in a narrow sense, that it does not have pores with a diameter larger than a certain value that lead to the hollow portion. Specifically, when observed by a TEM photograph, it is sufficient that the pore diameter is usually several tens of nm or more, preferably several nm or more, more preferably 1 nm or more. Whether or not it is hollow can be confirmed by the contrast in the observation image of TEM. It should be noted that the case where the same contrast as that of the hollow case is shown, such as water, is also included in the hollow case. The stacking direction of the carbon crystal plane can be confirmed by the contrast in the observation image of TEM more than 800,000 times.
- “being surrounded by a carbon crystal wall” broadly means, as shown in FIGS. 1 (a) and 1 (b), a complete form that is not electrically connected to the outside.
- Fig. 1 (c) above not only when the internal space part (hollow part) is included, but part of the carbon crystal wall is missing and the internal space part is electrically connected to the outside in terms of form. It is a concept that includes Therefore, in the present specification, the “hollow part” is a subordinate concept of the “space part”.
- the "space part surrounded by the carbon crystal wall” is one or more (a space part surrounded by the carbon crystal wall is formed, and the space part is further a carbon crystal.
- a structure divided into a plurality of walls) may be used, but one is preferred.
- at least The major axis of the other space is usually 5% or more, preferably 10% or more, more preferably 30% or more of the diameter of the spherical carbon particles.
- the space may be further divided into a plurality of amorphous carbon walls.
- the space (or the space) in the spherical carbon particles of the present invention is not limited to the case where air is present, and the space must be filled with carbon, and the space is filled with a liquid or other solid. Have you been?
- the thickness of the carbon crystal wall is from the viewpoint of the effect of stabilizing the dispersion due to the low specific gravity when dispersed in the liquid medium, and the carrying capacity when used as a carrier for carrying another substance in the hollow part.
- the ratio of the distance (radius) from the center of the spherical carbon particle to the outer periphery of the wall is usually 0.5 or less, preferably 0.3 or less.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of an example of a structure in which the ends of carbon crystals are exposed and a loop structure of a carbon network surface on the outer periphery of the spherical carbon particles of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing an enlarged partial cross section of the outer peripheral surface of the spherical carbon particles (in FIG. 2, the left side is the inside of the carbon particle and the right side is the outside of the carbon particle), and the direction of the carbon crystal is shown.
- the structure represented by the symbol a in FIG. 2 where the carbon surface end of the particle surface side is not closed is a structure in which the carbon crystal ends are exposed on the particle surface (hereinafter abbreviated as “crystal end exposed structure” where appropriate).
- the structure represented by the symbol b in FIG. 2 where the ends on the particle surface side of the carbon network surface are bonded together is a loop structure of the carbon network surface on the particle surface (hereinafter referred to as “loop structure” as appropriate). This is equivalent to).
- the loop-like structure is usually formed with up to 20 layers of the carbon network surface.
- the surface shape of the particles (exposed crystal edge structure, loop structure) can be confirmed by a 800,000 magnification TEM photograph.
- these crystal edge exposed structure and loop-shaped structure may be present at least at a part of the outer periphery of the spherical carbon particles.
- the crystal edge exposed structure and the loop-shaped structure together account for 10% or more, preferably 20% or more, more preferably 30% or more of the total outer peripheral surface area of the spherical carbon particles. This is preferred.
- the carbon fiber industry generally, when a crystal edge exposed structure is heated, it adheres to the crystal edge, and when atoms and the like are removed to form a loop, it is broken!
- the ratio of the spherical carbon particles having a radius ratio of 1.0 to 1.3 is 40% by number or more.
- the radius ratio is a value obtained by dividing the maximum radius by the minimum radius, and the maximum value is the maximum radius and the minimum value is the length between the center of gravity and the outer circumference in TEM observation. The minimum radius is assumed.
- TEM observation is performed as follows. In other words, dozens of particles are observed at a low magnification, and 10 particles that are considered to have an average particle size are selected from these, and a high magnification (for example, a particle size of several hundred nm) can be used to confirm the radius ratio.
- the proportion of spherical carbon particles having a radius ratio in the range of 1.0 or more and 1.3 or less is preferably 50% by number or more, more preferably 60% by number or more, and particularly preferably 70 numbers. % Or more, most preferably 80% by number or more.
- the spherical carbon particles of the present invention are spherical, when the carbon particles of the present invention are used as a pigment having a viscosity lower than that of other shapes such as fibers, the dispersion is homogeneous. It is expected that it can be easily applied, and when used as an ink for an ink jet printer, it is considered that it can be easily ejected and hardly clogged.
- the carbon crystal interlayer is compared with the case where the carbon crystal orientation is concentric. It is thought that it is easy to inter-activate other atoms and to cause field emission of these atoms, and for example, it can be applied to field emission displays or to the production of lithium batteries by adding Li etc. Expected.
- the spherical carbon particles of the present invention have the advantage of being easy to handle and having the same shape as well as the conductive properties expected from crystallinity. Further, good dispersibility, especially water, not found in conventional carbon materials. It is also possible to impart highly dispersible properties to polar solvents. Therefore, the spherical carbon particles of the present invention make use of the above properties to introduce various polymers. In addition to being used as a composite material for the purpose of an electricity-imparting material, various applications are expected as a coating liquid for forming an antistatic layer with good dispersibility.
- having a space means a capsule structure.
- the material is suitably used in the field of support materials for diagnostic reagents and monitor reagents in vivo.
- the surface characteristics of the spherical carbon particles of the present invention can be controlled by the surface characteristics of the original mold at the time of production or post-treatment after the production. Especially when SiO is used as the prototype.
- Hollow carbon particles having a crystal structure such as no and iperfullerene have problems such as non-uniform particle size and shape and difficulty in solvent dispersion.
- hollow carbon particles having a uniform particle size and shape produced by various template methods have an amorphous structure, not a crystal structure, and are inferior in electrical characteristics such as conductivity and field emission.
- the spherical carbon particles of the present invention have a space portion surrounded by a carbon crystal wall, and preferably have a uniform particle size and shape and high dispersibility in a solvent. It is characterized by having. Therefore, the spherical carbon particles of the present invention are different from conventional spherical carbon particles.
- the carbon particles obtained by the production method of the present invention have a carbon crystal structure by selecting the type of precursor raw material, and the surface has atoms derived from precursor raw materials such as oxygen and nitrogen atoms. Have These atoms exist as functional groups on the surface of the carbon particles and effectively act to increase the affinity with polar solvents.
- the amount of oxygen and nitrogen atoms contained in carbon particles can usually be quantified by measuring C, H, and N in elemental analysis. From the viewpoint of exerting the above functions, the nitrogen atom content is usually 1.0 to 12% by weight, preferably 2.0 to: L0% by weight.
- the oxygen atom content is usually 1.0 to 15% by weight, preferably 3.0 to 9% by weight.
- the functional group present on the carbon particle surface can be assigned by a method such as infrared absorption vector or XPS (X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy).
- the aggregate of spherical carbon particles of the present invention has a particle size distribution index represented by the following formula (I) measured by allowing to stand for 24 hours after the preparation of the dispersion prepared by the following method. 0. 1-20.
- the aggregate of spherical carbon particles consists of the spherical carbon particles.
- the dispersion medium used for the preparation of the above dispersion it is necessary to select a dispersion medium that is inert to the spherical carbon particles and suitable for the surface characteristics of the spherical carbon particles.
- the dispersion medium is selected as follows. That is, prepare a dispersion in the same manner as in the preparation of the above dispersion, leave it for 24 hours after preparation, and disperse the central part between the position of the upper force lcm of the dispersion and the position of lcm from the bottom. When the liquid is visually observed, a dispersion medium is selected that can obtain a uniform dispersion state substantially free of secondary agglomerated particles. Examples of the dispersion medium that can be selected include those described later.
- water can be used as an appropriate dispersion medium.
- the particle size distribution index can be measured by a dynamic light scattering method using a particle size distribution meter.
- the particle size distribution index is from 0.1 to 20, preferably from 0.3 to 10.
- the aggregate of spherical carbon particles of the present invention is usually neither aggregated nor aggregated like a carbon black aggregate (secondary aggregation (physical aggregation)).
- carbon particles means carbon black! /, Which corresponds to the primary particles of the place
- aggregate means “structure” in the case of carbon black. Then, it means a state where multiple primary particles exist independently.
- the dispersion of the present invention is characterized in that the spherical carbon particles or aggregates thereof are dispersed in a dispersion medium.
- the dispersion medium is not particularly limited, and may be either a polar solvent or a nonpolar solvent!
- polar solvents include water, alcohols such as methanol, ethanol and isopropyl alcohol, glycols such as ethylene glycol and propylene glycol, etherenoles such as tetrahydrofuran and jetinoreethenole, and ethylene glycolenomono.
- Monoalkyl ethers of glycols such as ethinoreethenole, ethyleneglycololemonomethinoleether, propyleneglycololemonomethinoleethenole, ketones such as acetone and methylethylketone, esters such as ethyl acetate And carbonates such as ethylene carbonate and propylene carbonate.
- Non-polar solvents include various alkanes, aromatics, and mixtures thereof. Among these, water and alcohols that are preferable for polar solvents are more preferable from the viewpoint of high affinity and good dispersibility.
- a substance that can be highly dispersed in the dispersion medium for example, water-soluble resin, organic-soluble soluble resin, cement, silicate, ceramics, etc. is further added, and then the dispersion medium is added. By removing it, a highly dispersed composite can also be obtained.
- the ratio of the spherical carbon particles in the dispersion medium is usually 0.1 to 10% by weight.
- a paint shaker etc.
- Such mechanical shaking methods and ultrasonic irradiation can be employed.
- a surfactant may be used as necessary.
- Dispersibility is improved by surface modification or by surfactants or polymer modifiers.
- the above particle size distribution index will be measured using a sample that has been subjected to these improvement methods.
- the dispersion of the present invention has the following characteristics. That is, since the particle diameters are uniform, the sedimentation rate of the particles in the dispersion solvent is constant, and it is possible to obtain a stable and uniform suspension over time.
- the dispersion medium is a polar solvent and a hydrophilic group is present on the surface of the spherical carbon particles, the dispersion is more favorably dispersed and it is difficult to form an aggregate.
- the dispersed particle size in the dispersion of the present invention can be measured by a dynamic light scattering method using a particle size distribution meter or a laser diffraction diffraction method. Specifically, after the dispersion by the above method, the dispersion after standing for 24 hours is measured.
- the average particle diameter is defined as the dispersed particle diameter except for particles or agglomerates of 200 ⁇ m or more which are sizes larger than the measurement range. Note that particles of 200 m or more are generally outside the range of measurement and detection ability by either of dynamic light scattering and laser diffraction methods, and their presence can be confirmed with an optical microscope.
- the dispersion of the present invention usually, when 100 or more particles are observed, it is preferable that 90% by volume or more of all the measured particles have a particle size or an aggregate size of 60 ⁇ m or less. More preferably, the particle size or aggregate size is 30 ⁇ m or less.
- core-shell particles were synthesized as follows. Specifically, 345 g of water was mixed with 31.66 g of methyl methacrylate and 1.32 g of methacrylate and stirred at 300 rpm under a flow of nitrogen gas, the temperature of the room temperature was also raised, and an aqueous potassium persulfate solution (0 Polymerization was started by adding 1 g of an aqueous solution in which 5 g of water was dissolved, and polymerization was performed at 75 ° C. for 3 hours. The turnover rate was 92%.
- methyl silicate oligomer (“MS51” manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Corporation) was mixed and dispersed in a mixed solution of 3.64 g of water and 4.65 g of ethanol, and then mixed with hydrochloric acid of ImolZL, pH 4 A liquid was prepared. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 1 hour to hydrolyze the methyl silicate oligomer to prepare a silica sol as a homogeneous solution.
- the dried gel obtained above was heated from room temperature to 1000 ° C in 5 ° CZ minutes in a flow system in a nitrogen atmosphere under normal pressure in an electric furnace, and held at 1000 ° C for 1 hour.
- the polymer particles were carbonized. Thereafter, the heating was stopped, and the sample was taken out 12 hours after the electric furnace was cooled to room temperature.
- This dispersion was centrifuged under ISOOOrpm conditions, the supernatant was removed, and the precipitated carbonized particles were washed with water three times in the same manner to obtain a carbon particle dispersion.
- the structure of the particles in the above dispersion was observed by TEM (magnification: 120,000 times) and found to be spherical particles having a particle size of 410 to 420 nm (see Fig. 3).
- the wall thickness was 25 nm, and it had one hollow part surrounded by a carbon crystal wall inside the particle.
- the aggregate of the spherical carbon particles was strong without being agglomerated.
- the ratio of the crystal wall thickness to the particle radius was 12.0%, and the space volume in the particles due to the hollow was sufficiently large.
- copolymer polymer fine particles of acrylonitrile and methyl acrylate were synthesized in the following manner. That is, 0.32 g of sodium dodecyl sulfate was dissolved in 145 g of water, and a mixture of Atariguchi-tolyl 12.71 g, methyl acrylate 1.83 g, methacrylic acid 0.46 g, and n-butylmerol power pentane 0.3 g was added here.
- the percentage of acrylonitrile units converted to nitrogen content by elemental analysis (C, H, N) of this resin particle is 79.5% by weight, and polystyrene (PSt) by size exclusion chromatography (SEC)
- PSD polystyrene
- SEC size exclusion chromatography
- UPA measured the dispersion state of the above particles in water.
- the 50% volumetric particle size was 138 nm
- the 10% volume distribution particle size was 8 nm
- the 90% volume distribution particle size was 224 nm
- the particle size The particle size distribution with a distribution index of 1.03.
- copolymer polymer fine particles of acrylonitrile and methyl acrylate were synthesized in the following manner. That is, 0.42 g of sodium dodecyl sulfate was dissolved in 115 g of water, to which was added a mixture of Atariguchi-tolyl 25.96 g, methyl acrylate 13.76 g, methacrylic acid 0.28 g, and 300 rpm under a nitrogen gas flow. While stirring at room temperature, the temperature was raised from room temperature, polymerization was started at 60 ° C by adding an aqueous solution of potassium persulfate (0.lg dissolved in 5 g of water), and polymerization was conducted at 70 ° C for 3 hours. .
- the structure of the particles in the dispersion was observed with a transmission electron microscope (TEM) (magnification: 1300,000 times).
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- the particles in the dispersion obtained in this example are spherical carbon particles having one hollow part surrounded by a carbon crystal wall inside and having an aspect ratio of 1. I was divided.
- This hollow carbon particle had a structure in which the end of the carbon crystal was exposed to the outer periphery. Therefore, as shown in Fig. 1 (a), it was confirmed that the crystal was laminated in a direction substantially parallel to the tangent.
- the spherical carbon particles were observed at a magnification of 80,000, the aggregates did not exist in the visual field.
- the spherical carbon particles had a particle size of 115 to 130 nm and a carbon crystal wall thickness of 13 to 24 nm.
- the ratio of the crystal wall thickness to the particle radius was 15.1%, and the space volume in the hollow particles was sufficiently large.
- about 10 average particles After processing the image and calculating the radius ratio, 1.18, 1.16, 1.12, 1.08, 1.21, 1.21, 1.08, 1.05, 1 43, 1. 89. That is, the ratio of spherical carbon particles having a radius specific force in the range of 1.0 to 1.3 was 80% by number.
- the particle size at the center of distribution was 186 nm
- the 10% volume distribution was 90 nm
- the 90% number distribution was 286 nm
- the particle size distribution index was a particle size distribution with a value of 1.057.
- copolymer polymer fine particles of acrylonitrile and methyl acrylate were synthesized in the following manner. That is, 0.32 g of sodium dodecyl sulfate was dissolved in 145 g of water. Here, Atari mouth-tolyl 14.25 g, methyl acrylate 0.6 g, methacrylic acid 0.15 g, n-butyl mercaptan 0.15 g, polybulu alcohol (Kuraray Co., Ltd. “PVA117”) was mixed and heated at room temperature while stirring at 300 rpm under a flow of nitrogen gas. At 60 ° C, potassium persulfate aqueous solution (0.
- Polymerization was started by adding an aqueous solution dissolved in 5 g of water, and polymerization was performed at 70 ° C. for 3 hours. After the reaction was stopped, water was removed to prepare a suspension containing 10.3 g of acrylic resin particles having an average particle size of 117 nm (measured with the above-mentioned dynamic light scattering type particle size distribution analyzer). The ratio of acrylonitrile units, which is converted into nitrogen power by elemental analysis (C, H, N) of these slag particles, was 94.5% by weight.
- the dried gel obtained above was subjected to an infusibilization reaction in air at 220 ° C for 16 hours, and then at room temperature to 5 ° CZ minutes in a flow system of nitrogen atmosphere under normal pressure with an electric furnace. The temperature was raised to 1000 ° C and held at 1000 ° C for 1 hour to carbonize the polymer particles. Thereafter, heating was stopped, and a sample was taken out 12 hours after the electric furnace was cooled to room temperature. This was mixed with 30 ml of an aqueous ImolZL sodium hydroxide solution, placed in a pressure vessel, heated in an oven at 170 ° C. for 6 hours to dissolve the silica gel, and a dispersion in which carbonized particles were dispersed was obtained. This dispersion was centrifuged at 18000 rpm, the supernatant was removed, and the precipitated carbonized particles were washed with water three times in the same manner to obtain a carbon particle dispersion.
- the structure of the particles in the dispersion was observed with a transmission electron microscope (TEM) (magnification: 800,000 times).
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- the particles in the dispersion liquid obtained in this example had two types of independent spaces inside, a particle diameter of 95 to: L lOnm, and a spherical carbon with an aspect ratio of 1. It was a particle.
- One space part is a completely shaped space part (hollow part) surrounded by a carbon crystal wall, and the other space part has a part of the carbon crystal wall missing and has an opening, and the internal space part is It was a space that is connected to the outside. Therefore, as shown in Fig. 1 (c), it was confirmed that the internal space was electrically connected to the outside in terms of form.
- the spherical carbon particles were observed at a magnification of 80,000 times, the aggregates did not exist in the field of view and were strong.
- the particle size at the center of distribution was 145 nm
- the particle size of 10% volume distribution was 100 nm
- the particle size of 90% number distribution was 275 nm
- the particle size distribution index was a particle size distribution with a value of 1.207.
- image processing was performed on 10 average particles, and the radius ratio was calculated. 1.28, 1.36, 1.22, 1.15, 1.11, 1.01, 1. 18, 1. 05, 1. 31, and 1. 29. That is, radius specific force 0:
- the ratio of spherical carbon particles in the range of L 3 was 90% by number.
- Emulsion 12.8 g of stretched acrylic particles prepared in the same manner as in Example 1 was allowed to stand for 24 hours without dispersing in silica gel, and then carbonized in the same manner as in Example 1. Went. Thereafter, a carbonized dispersion was obtained in the same procedure and conditions as in Example 1.
- the particles prepared in Example 2 were used as they were.
- 5.59 g of methyl silicate oligomer (“MS51” manufactured by Mitsubishi Chemical Co., Ltd.) was mixed and dispersed in a mixture of 3.87 g of water and 4.94 g of ethanol, and then ImolZL hydrochloride was mixed to obtain a pH 4 solution.
- the mixture was stirred at 50 ° C. for 1 hour to hydrolyze the methyl silicate oligomer to prepare a silica sol as a uniform solution.
- the dried gel obtained above was subjected to an infusibilization reaction at 220 ° C for 16 hours in air, and then from room temperature to 5 ° CZ in a flow system in a nitrogen atmosphere under normal pressure in an electric furnace. The temperature was raised to 1000 ° C and kept at 1000 ° C for 1 hour to carbonize the polymer particles. Thereafter, heating was stopped, and a sample was taken out 12 hours after the electric furnace was cooled to room temperature. This was mixed with 30 ml of ImolZL aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide and sodium hydroxide, placed in a pressure vessel, heated in an oven at 170 ° C. for 6 hours to dissolve the silica gel, and a dispersion in which carbonized particles were dispersed was obtained. This dispersion was centrifuged at 18000 rpm, the supernatant was removed, and the precipitated carbonized particles were washed with water three times in the same manner to obtain a carbon particle dispersion.
- the agglomerates did not exist in the visual field. Furthermore, image processing was performed for 10 average particles, and the radius it was calculated. 1.05, 1.12, 1.15, 1.17, 1.19, 1.19, 1. 20, 1.37, 1.39, 1.61. That is, the ratio of spherical carbon particles having a radius specific force in the range of 1.0 to 1.3 was 70 number%.
- UPA measured the dispersion state of the above particles in water.
- the particle size distribution had a fabric particle size of 128 nm, a 10% volume distribution particle size of 25 nm, a 90% volume distribution particle size of 254 ⁇ m, and a particle size distribution index of 1.79.
- OHH stretching vibration was observed in the vicinity of 3400 cm _1 by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (using diffuse reflection method), confirming the presence of OH groups.
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JP2009132607A (ja) * | 2007-11-28 | 2009-06-18 | Samsung Sdi Co Ltd | 中空のカプセル構造体およびその製造方法 |
JP2009155199A (ja) * | 2007-12-03 | 2009-07-16 | National Institute Of Advanced Industrial & Technology | リグニンを原料とする炭素微粒子及びその製造方法 |
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