WO2006004221A1 - 非晶質硬質炭素膜を備えたピストンリング、ピストン、シリンダ、ピストンピン - Google Patents
非晶質硬質炭素膜を備えたピストンリング、ピストン、シリンダ、ピストンピン Download PDFInfo
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- WO2006004221A1 WO2006004221A1 PCT/JP2005/012729 JP2005012729W WO2006004221A1 WO 2006004221 A1 WO2006004221 A1 WO 2006004221A1 JP 2005012729 W JP2005012729 W JP 2005012729W WO 2006004221 A1 WO2006004221 A1 WO 2006004221A1
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- Prior art keywords
- piston
- hard carbon
- carbon film
- amorphous hard
- cylinder
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Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02F5/00—Piston rings, e.g. associated with piston crown
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/22—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the deposition of inorganic material, other than metallic material
- C23C16/26—Deposition of carbon only
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/22—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the deposition of inorganic material, other than metallic material
- C23C16/26—Deposition of carbon only
- C23C16/27—Diamond only
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C16/00—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes
- C23C16/22—Chemical coating by decomposition of gaseous compounds, without leaving reaction products of surface material in the coating, i.e. chemical vapour deposition [CVD] processes characterised by the deposition of inorganic material, other than metallic material
- C23C16/30—Deposition of compounds, mixtures or solid solutions, e.g. borides, carbides, nitrides
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02F1/00—Cylinders; Cylinder heads
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02F1/00—Cylinders; Cylinder heads
- F02F1/18—Other cylinders
- F02F1/20—Other cylinders characterised by constructional features providing for lubrication
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02F3/00—Pistons
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
- F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
- F02F3/00—Pistons
- F02F3/10—Pistons having surface coverings
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a biston ring, a biston, a cylinder, and a biston pin that are used under wet conditions using a lubricating oil, have a small friction coefficient, and are excellent in wear resistance.
- Sliding members such as pistons, piston rings, cylinders, and piston pins that make up an engine are required to reduce energy loss due to friction as much as possible from the viewpoint of resource protection and environmental problems.
- a coating on the sliding surface of a sliding member or by performing a surface treatment such as nitriding the friction coefficient is reduced and the wear resistance is improved.
- the amorphous hard carbon film called DLC (diamond-like carbon) film is expected as a film that improves the sliding performance of the sliding surface.
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 3-244095
- Patent Document 2 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2 00 1- 1 9 2 8 6 4
- Patent Document 1 discloses an amorphous hard carbon film containing silicon (S i).
- This amorphous hard carbon film exhibits a low coefficient of friction under dry conditions where no lubricating oil is used.
- Additives in the lubricating oil adsorb and react with the surface of the amorphous hard carbon film to form a boundary film. Therefore, it is considered that the friction coefficient is determined by the boundary film formed during sliding.
- drive system oil that assumes high friction for power transmission is used as lubricating oil, it is difficult to reduce the friction coefficient.
- Patent Document 2 discloses an attempt to use a lubricating oil containing an aromatic compound.
- Aromatic compounds have a high adsorptive power to the amorphous hard carbon film, and thus form a strong boundary film on the surface of the amorphous hard carbon film.
- a solid boundary film is formed on the surface of the amorphous hard carbon film to reduce the solid contact ratio and reduce the friction coefficient.
- the reduction of the friction coefficient may be hindered by the adsorption and reaction of substances other than aromatic compounds. From the viewpoint of environmental problems, etc., it is possible that the types of additives will be reviewed and the amount optimized. In this case, it is expected that it will be difficult to reduce the friction coefficient by the above method depending on the adsorption and reaction of the additive.
- the present invention has been made in view of such a situation, and when used under wet conditions using a lubricating oil, it has a low coefficient of friction without depending on the adsorption and reaction of additives contained in the lubricating oil.
- the objective is to provide piston rings, bistons, cylinders, and biston pins. Means for solving the problem
- a piston ring according to the present invention is a piston ring used under wet conditions using a lubricating oil, and is formed on at least a part of the surface of the piston ring body and the piston ring body.
- the amorphous hard carbon film has an Si content of 1 at% or more and 20 at% or less, and a surface roughness of Rzjis O. 5 ⁇ m or less.
- the piston ring of the present invention includes an amorphous hard carbon film having a Si content of la% or more and 20 & t% or less and a surface roughness of Rzjis 0 .5 ⁇ or less.
- the surface roughness of the amorphous hard carbon film is very small. For this reason, when the amorphous hard carbon film is used as a sliding surface, the ratio of boundary friction due to solid-solid contact decreases, and the ratio of lubrication with lubricating oil increases. This reduces the coefficient of friction.
- Amorphous hard carbon films are harder and less likely to wear than steel. For this reason, the initial surface roughness can be maintained even in sliding contact with the counterpart material. Further, the amorphous hard carbon film contains a predetermined amount of Si.
- the piston ring of the present invention exhibits a low coefficient of friction due to both the increase of the lubrication ratio by the lubricating oil and the reduction of the boundary friction. It also has excellent wear resistance.
- the piston of the present invention is a piston used in a wet condition using a lubricating oil, and includes a biston body and an amorphous hard carbon film formed on at least a part of the surface of the piston body.
- the amorphous hard carbon film is characterized in that the Si content is 1 a c% or more and 20 at% or less, and the surface roughness is Rzjis 0.5 m or less.
- the biston of the present invention includes an amorphous hard carbon film similar to the above-described biston ring of the present invention. Therefore, by using the amorphous hard carbon film as the sliding surface, the inventive biston exhibits a low coefficient of friction due to both the increase in the lubrication ratio by the lubricating oil and the reduction of the boundary friction. It also has excellent wear resistance.
- the cylinder of the present invention is a cylinder used under wet conditions using a lubricating oil, and comprises a cylinder body and an amorphous hard carbon film formed on the inner peripheral surface of the cylinder body.
- the amorphous hard carbon film is characterized in that the Si content is 1 a c% or more and 20 3% or less, and the surface roughness is R zjis O .5 or less.
- an amorphous hard carbon film similar to the above-described piston ring of the present invention serves as a sliding surface that is in sliding contact with the piston ring or the piston. For this reason, the cylinder of the present invention exhibits a low coefficient of friction due to both the effect of increasing the lubrication ratio by lubricating oil and reducing the boundary friction. It also has excellent wear resistance.
- the piston pin of the present invention is a piston pin used in a wet condition using a lubricating oil, and is formed on at least a part of the surface of the piston pin body and the piston pin body.
- a hard carbon film, wherein the amorphous hard carbon film has a Si content of la% or more and 20 & t% or less, and a surface roughness of R zjis O. 5 m or less. To do.
- the biston pin of the present invention includes an amorphous hard carbon film similar to the above-described biston ring of the present invention. Therefore, by using an amorphous hard carbon film as the sliding surface, the biston pin of the present invention exhibits a low coefficient of friction due to both the effect of increasing the lubrication ratio and reducing the boundary friction. It also has excellent wear resistance.
- a combination of the first sliding member of the present invention comprises the piston ring of the present invention and the piston of the present invention.
- an embodiment in which an amorphous hard carbon film is formed in the piston ring groove is adopted as the piston of the present invention, and the piston ring main body facing the piston in the reciprocating direction is used as the piston ring of the present invention.
- the combination of the second sliding member of the present invention comprises the piston assembled with the piston ring of the present invention and the cylinder of the present invention.
- the amorphous hard carbon films are in sliding contact with each other in this combination. For this reason, the effect of reducing the friction coefficient is synergistically exhibited, and the friction coefficient can be further reduced.
- the third combination of sliding members of the present invention comprises the piston of the present invention, the cylinder of the present invention, and a force.
- a force for example, when an embodiment in which an amorphous hard carbon film is formed on the piston skirt portion of the piston body is adopted as the piston of the present invention, the amorphous hard carbon films are in sliding contact with each other in this combination. For this reason, the effect of reducing the friction coefficient is synergistically exhibited, and the friction coefficient can be further reduced.
- the combination of the fourth sliding member of the present invention comprises the piston of the present invention and the piston pin of the present invention.
- the piston of the present invention employs an aspect in which an amorphous hard carbon film is formed in the piston pin hole, and as the piston pin of the present invention, an amorphous hard carbon film is formed on the outer peripheral surface of the biston pin body.
- the amorphous hard carbon films are in sliding contact with each other. For this reason, the effect of reducing the friction coefficient in each case is synergistically exhibited, and the friction coefficient can be further reduced.
- the invention's effect is synergistically exhibited, and the friction coefficient can be further reduced.
- the piston ring, piston, cylinder, and piston pin of the present invention each have a Si content of 1 at% or more and 20 at% or less and a surface roughness of Rzjis 0.5.
- a um or less amorphous hard carbon film is provided. Since the surface roughness of the amorphous hard carbon film is small, the ratio of lubrication with the lubricating oil increases. In addition, since the amorphous hard carbon film contains Si, boundary friction is also reduced. Therefore, if the piston ring, piston, cylinder, and piston pin of the present invention are used so that the amorphous hard carbon film becomes a sliding surface, a low friction coefficient can be obtained without depending on the adsorption and reaction of additives in the lubricating oil. Can be realized. In addition, the friction coefficient can be further reduced by appropriately combining these.
- FIG. 1 is a transparent perspective view of a cylinder in which a viston is arranged.
- FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the top ring assembled to the biston.
- Fig. 3 is a schematic diagram of a DC plasma CVD film forming apparatus.
- Fig. 4 is a schematic diagram of a ring-on-block type friction tester.
- FIG. 5 is a graph showing the relationship between the surface roughness of the DLC-Si film and the friction coefficient.
- Fig. 6 is a graph showing the relationship between the surface roughness of the coating and the friction coefficient.
- Fig. 7 is a schematic diagram of a reciprocating sliding tester.
- Fig. 8 is a graph showing the measurement results of the coefficient of friction in the reciprocating sliding test (engine oil).
- Fig. 9 is a graph showing the measurement results of the friction coefficient in the reciprocating sliding test (light oil).
- Cylinder 1 Cylinder 1 0: Cylinder body 1 1: Inner peripheral surface
- Piston 20 Piston body 21: Piston ring groove
- Piston skirt 23 Piston pin hole 24: Piston pin 30: Top ring 3 1: Second ring 32: Oil ring
- Topping body 301 Outer peripheral surface 302: Upper surface 303: Lower surface 4: DC plasma CVD film deposition system
- biston ring the biston, the cylinder and the biston pin of the present invention will be described in detail.
- items common to the piston ring, piston, cylinder, and piston pin of the present invention will be described together.
- items specific to the piston ring, piston, cylinder, and piston pin of the present invention will be described individually.
- the combination of sliding members of the present invention will be described.
- the piston ring, piston, cylinder and piston pin of the present invention are all used under wet conditions using lubricating oil.
- the engine oil that is usually used may be used as the lubricating oil.
- the amorphous hard carbon film included in the biston ring, the biston, the cylinder, and the biston pin of the present invention contains carbon (C), hydrogen (H), and Si.
- the Si content is 1 at% or more and 20 at% or less. When the Si content is less than 1 at%, the effect of reducing boundary friction is small. In order to further reduce the boundary friction, it is desirable that the Si content is 5 a cent% or more, and further 6 at% or more. Further, from the viewpoint of obtaining a practical film formation rate, it is desirable that the Si content is more than 5 at%. On the other hand, when the Si content exceeds 20 at%, the wear amount of the amorphous hard carbon film increases. In consideration of wear resistance and seizure resistance, the Si content is preferably 9.8 at% or less. It is more preferable that it is not more than 9.5 at%.
- the H content is preferably 20 at% or more and 40 at% or less. When the H content is less than 20 at%, the hardness of the amorphous hard carbon film increases, but the adhesion and toughness decrease.
- the H content is preferably 25 at% or more. On the other hand, if the H content exceeds 40 at%, the hardness of the amorphous hard carbon film decreases and wear resistance increases. Decreases.
- the H content is preferably 35 at% or less.
- the surface roughness of the amorphous hard carbon film is RzjisO. 5; um or less. If the surface roughness exceeds R zjisO. 5 ⁇ , an increase in the lubrication ratio due to the lubricating oil cannot be expected, and the friction coefficient cannot be reduced.
- the surface roughness is RzjisO. 45 m or less. Furthermore, it is more preferable to set it to RzjisO. 3 im or less.
- the surface roughness is calculated according to the method specified in JISB 0601 (1994).
- the hardness of the amorphous hard carbon film is not particularly limited. For example, in consideration of wear resistance, etc., it should be 15 GPa or more. In this specification, the value measured by a nanoindenter tester (MTS manufactured by Toyo Corporation) is adopted as the hardness of the amorphous hard carbon film.
- the amorphous hard carbon film can be formed by a known CVD method or PVD method such as plasma CVD method, ion plating method or sputtering method.
- the PVD method has directivity for the film forming material. Therefore, in order to form a film uniformly, it is necessary to arrange a plurality of targets in the apparatus and to rotate the substrate on which the film is formed. As a result, the structure of the film forming apparatus becomes complicated and expensive. Also, film formation may be difficult depending on the shape of the base material such as the inner peripheral surface of the cylinder.
- the plasma CVD method uses a reactive gas to form a film, it can be easily formed even in a complicated shape.
- the structure of the deposition system is simple and inexpensive.
- the plasma CVD method include a high-frequency plasma CVD method using high-frequency discharge and a direct-current plasma CVD method using direct-current discharge.
- the direct-current plasma C V D method is preferable because the film forming apparatus can be constituted by a vacuum furnace and a direct-current power source.
- the direct current plasma CVD method is suitable because the outer peripheral surface of the piston ring and two opposing surfaces can be formed simultaneously, and the film can be easily formed on the inner peripheral surface of the cylinder.
- reaction gases include hydrocarbon gases such as methane (CH 4 ) and acetylene (C 2 H 2 ), S i (CHa) 4 [TMS], S i H 4 , Use silicon compound gas such as Si C 14 and Si H 2 F 4 and hydrogen gas, and use argon gas as the carrier gas.
- the Si contained therein causes the surface of the amorphous hard carbon film to be Silanol is produced.
- Silanol formation can be detected, for example, by XPS analysis using a derivatization method. Derivatization XPS analysis is performed as follows. First, the amorphous hard carbon film after sliding is immersed for 1 hour in sulfuric acid containing the reaction reagent tridecafluoro-1,1,2,2,2-tetrahydrooctyl-dimethylchlorosilane.
- silanol OH groups on the membrane surface react with C 1 in the reaction reagent to dehydrochlorinate.
- the amorphous hard carbon film is taken out and thoroughly washed with black mouth form. After that, the amount of silanol can be quantified by determining the amount by analysis.
- a piston ring according to the present invention includes a piston ring body and an amorphous hard carbon film formed on at least a part of the surface of the piston ring body.
- the material of the piston ring body is preferably an iron-based material such as carbon steel, alloy steel or pig iron.
- the amorphous hard carbon film is preferably formed on the outer peripheral surface of the piston ring body in order to reduce the coefficient of friction with the cylinder.
- the wear-resistant treatment such as alumite normally applied to the piston ring groove is not required, and the cost can be reduced.
- the amorphous hard carbon film is formed on the outer peripheral surface of the piston ring main body and the two opposing surfaces facing the reciprocating direction of the piston, and at least one surface selected by force.
- the thickness of the amorphous hard carbon film is preferably 2 ⁇ or more in consideration of wear and the like. If it is 5 / z m or more, it is more preferable.
- the adhesion between the piston ring body and the amorphous hard carbon film be 2 ON or more (according to a scratch test method described later).
- the adhesive force be 3 ON or more (according to the scratch test method).
- the surface of the piston ring main body on which the amorphous hard carbon film is formed is previously subjected to an unevenness forming process by an ion bombardment method. It is desirable that The surface of the piston ring body becomes an uneven surface with protrusions with an average height of 10 nm to 100 nm and an average width of 300 nm or less. Adhesion is improved by forming an amorphous hard carbon film on the uneven surface.
- the convex part of the formed uneven surface is hemispherical. The distance from the bottom to the top of this hemispherical convex part is the height of the convex part.
- the horizontal distance corresponding to the maximum diameter of the bottom of the hemispherical convex part (the diameter when the bottom part of the convex part is a perfect circle, the major axis diameter when the bottom part of the convex part is an ellipse) is The width of the convex portion.
- the average height is less than 10 nm, the mechanical anchor effect cannot be obtained, and the adhesion improving effect is not sufficient.
- it exceeds l O O nm it becomes difficult to form a smooth amorphous hard carbon film.
- the average height is 20 nm or more and 70 nm or less, the adhesion is further improved.
- the average width exceeds 300 nm, the anchor effect cannot be obtained and the effect of improving the adhesion is not sufficient.
- the height and width of the convex portion may be measured with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), an atomic force microscope (AFM) or the like.
- the area ratio of the protrusions on the uneven surface is preferably 30% or more when the area of the uneven surface is 100%.
- the procedure of the ion bombardment method is as follows. First, the piston ring body is installed in a sealed container, and the gas in the container is exhausted to a predetermined gas pressure.
- the gas pressure is preferably from 0.13 Pa to 2666 Pa. Gas pressure is not 0.1 3 Pa If it is full, the piston ring body cannot be heated sufficiently. If it exceeds 2 6 6 6 Pa, fine irregularities cannot be formed.
- a gas for forming irregularities is introduced.
- a rare gas consisting of one or more selected from helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, and radon may be used.
- ion bombardment is given.
- a glow discharge or an ion beam may be used as a means for giving ion bombardment.
- the ion bombardment is performed for 30 to 60 minutes at a discharge voltage of 20 to 100 and a current of 0.5 to 3 OA, uniform and fine irregularities on the order of nanometers can be formed.
- heating to a temperature that does not decrease the hardness of the piston ring body (requires 200 ° C or higher) can form even more uniform irregularities. .
- nitriding treatment in order to form uniform and fine irregularities on the surface of the piston ring body, it is desirable to perform a nitriding treatment before the irregularity forming process.
- nitriding methods include gas nitriding, salt bath nitriding, and ion nitriding. After the nitriding treatment, the surface may be polished so that the surface roughness becomes R zjis O .5 zm or less, and the above-described ion impact may be applied.
- the counterpart material is also provided with an amorphous hard carbon film having an Si content of 1 at% or more and 20 at% or less and a surface roughness of R zjis O .5 ⁇ or less.
- the film is a sliding surface, the friction coefficient is further reduced, which is preferable.
- the piston according to the present invention includes a piston main body and an amorphous hard carbon film formed on at least a part of the surface of the piston main body.
- the material of the piston body is preferably aluminum alloy (A C 8 A etc.) or pig iron.
- the amorphous hard carbon film is desirably formed on the piston skirt of the piston body in order to reduce the coefficient of friction with the cylinder.
- seizure and wear due to sliding contact with the piston pin are suppressed.
- the amorphous hard carbon film is formed in at least one location selected from the piston ring groove, the piston skirt portion, and the piston pin hole of the piston body.
- the thickness of the amorphous hard carbon film is preferably ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ or more in consideration of wear. A value of 3 or more is more preferable. Pistons are less likely to wear because the sliding surface pressure is smaller than piston rings. For this reason, the thickness of the piston may be smaller than that of the amorphous hard carbon film of the piston ring.
- the amorphous hard carbon film is easily peeled off from the biston body.
- good adhesion between the piston body and the amorphous hard carbon film is required.
- the hardness of an aluminum alloy is around HV 100, which is smaller than the hardness of steel. For this reason, it is difficult to evaluate adhesion by the above-described scratch test method.
- pig iron is a structure containing graphite, so it is difficult to evaluate the adhesion with the scratch test method, as with aluminum alloys.
- the piston body is made of an aluminum alloy or pig iron, the adhesion is evaluated by the mouth-well indentation test method.
- the Rockwell indentation test method is a method in which a load is applied to a conical diamond indenter (Rockwell C-scale indenter) between 10 0 and 15 50 ON, and the adhesion is evaluated from the peeled state of the film around the indentation. .
- the Mockwell indentation test method is about to be compliant with DIN standards. For example, as described in W. Heinke et al, ⁇ Evaluation of PVD nitrid e coatings, using impact, scratch and Rock ell-C adhesion testsj, Thin So lid Films, 270 (1995) p.
- the material of the cylinder, piston ring, and biston pin that is the counterpart of the biston of the present invention is preferably a metal such as carbon steel, alloy steel, pig iron, and aluminum alloy, and ceramics such as carbide, alumina, and silicon nitride.
- the other material also has a Si content of 1 at% When equipped with an amorphous hard carbon film with a surface roughness of Rzjis O .5 ⁇ or less with a surface roughness of Rzjis O. 5 ⁇ or less, both are suitable because the friction coefficient is further reduced. .
- the cylinder of the present invention comprises a cylinder main body and an amorphous hard carbon film formed on the inner peripheral surface of the cylinder main body.
- the material of the cylinder body is aluminum alloy
- the cylinder body may be formed integrally with the cylinder block, or may be formed separately as a cylinder liner.
- the size of the cylinder of the present invention is not particularly limited. For example, when the aspect ratio of the cylinder body [the ratio of the length L to the inner diameter D (L ZD)] is 0.8 or more, The advantage of film formation by DC plasma CVD method is great.
- the thickness of the amorphous hard carbon film is preferably 2 ⁇ or more in consideration of wear. More preferably, it is 5 im or more.
- the amorphous hard carbon film tends to peel off from the cylinder body.
- good adhesion between the cylinder body and the amorphous hard carbon film is required.
- the contact state between the cylinder body and the amorphous hard carbon film is a state of HF 1 to 4 as evaluated by a rock wall indentation test with a load of 150 ON.
- the material of the biston ring and the viston which is the counterpart material of the cylinder of the present invention, may be a metal such as carbon steel, alloy steel, pig iron, and aluminum alloy, or ceramic such as carbide, alumina, or silicon nitride.
- the counterpart material also has an amorphous hard carbon film with a Si content of 1 at% or more and 20 at% or less and a surface roughness of Rzjis O .5 zm or less. In this case, the friction coefficient is further reduced, which is preferable.
- the piston pin of the present invention comprises a piston pin main body and an amorphous hard carbon film formed on at least a part of the surface of the piston pin main body.
- the material of the piston pin body is preferably an iron-based material such as carbon steel, alloy steel or pig iron.
- the amorphous hard carbon film is applied to the outer peripheral surface of the piston pin body. It is desirable to be formed.
- the film thickness of the amorphous hard carbon film is preferably 1 ⁇ or more in consideration of wear and the like. If it is 3 or more, it is more suitable. Also, in a sliding environment where the sliding surface pressure is as high as 50 MPa or more, the amorphous hard carbon film is easily peeled off from the piston pin body. In order to suppress the peeling of the amorphous hard carbon film, it is desirable that the adhesion between the piston pin main body and the amorphous hard carbon film be 1 ON or more (according to the scratch test method described above). In addition, when used in a sliding environment with a sliding surface pressure of 10 OMpa or more, it is desirable that the adhesion is 2 ON or more (according to the scratch test method).
- the material of the biston that is the counterpart of the biston pin of the present invention is preferably an aluminum alloy, pig iron, or the like.
- the counterpart material also has an amorphous hard carbon film with a Si content of 1 a c% or more and 20 t% or less and a surface roughness of Rzjis O. 5 ⁇ , both of which are sliding surfaces. In this case, the friction coefficient is further reduced, which is preferable.
- biston ring The embodiments of the biston ring, the biston, the cylinder, and the biston pin of the present invention have been described above.
- piston rings, pistons, cylinders, and piston pins of the present invention are not limited to the above-described embodiments, and various modifications and improvements that can be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the gist of the present invention. It can be implemented in the form of.
- piston ring, piston, cylinder, and piston pin of the present invention are desirably used in appropriate combination.
- an embodiment in which the piston ring of the present invention is combined with the biston of the present invention an embodiment in which the cylinder of the present invention is further combined with this embodiment, a piston in which the piston ring of the present invention is assembled in a piston ring groove, and the present invention Examples include a combination of the cylinder of the present invention, a combination of the piston of the present invention and the cylinder of the present invention, and a combination of the biston pin of the present invention and the biston of the present invention.
- Fig. 1 shows a transparent perspective view of a cylinder with a piston.
- Fig. 2 shows a perspective view of the top ring assembled to the biston.
- piston 2 is arranged in cylinder 1 so that it can reciprocate vertically. Placed. Cylinder body constituting cylinder 1 has an amorphous hard carbon film with an Si content of 1 at% or more and 20 at% or less and a surface roughness of Rzjis 0.5 ⁇ m or less. (Not shown) is formed.
- the piston body 20 constituting the piston 2 has a piston ring groove 2 1, a piston skirt portion 2 2, and a piston pin hole 2 3.
- the amorphous hard carbon film (not shown) is formed in the piston skirt portion 2 2 and the piston pin hole 2 3.
- the piston pin 2 4 is attached to the piston pin hole 2 3.
- the same amorphous hard carbon film (not shown) is formed on the outer peripheral surface of the piston pin 24.
- a top ring 30, a second ring 3 1, and an oil ring 3 2 are assembled in order from the top.
- the top ring 30, the second ring 31 and the oil ring 32 are included in the biston ring of the present invention.
- the top ring body 3 0 0 constituting the top ring 3 0 has an outer peripheral surface 3 0 1, an upper surface 3 0 2, and a lower surface 3 0 3.
- the top ring body 300 is included in the piston-ring body of the present invention.
- the upper surface 30 2 and the lower surface 30 3 correspond to two opposing surfaces that oppose the reciprocating direction of the piston 2.
- the amorphous hard carbon film (not shown) is formed on the outer peripheral surface 301.
- the same amorphous hard carbon film (not shown) is formed on the outer peripheral surfaces of the second ring 31 and the oil ring 32.
- Piston 2 reciprocates up and down in cylinder 1 in the presence of lubricating oil.
- the amorphous hard carbon film formed on the biston skirt portion 22 is in sliding contact with each other.
- the amorphous hard carbon film formed in the piston pin hole 23 and the amorphous hard carbon film formed on the outer peripheral surface of the piston pin 24 are in sliding contact.
- the surface roughness of the amorphous hard carbon film is as small as Rzjis 0 .5 ⁇ or less, the ratio of boundary friction due to solid-solid contact is small, and the ratio of lubrication with lubricating oil is increased.
- boundary friction is greatly reduced by the generation of silanol on the surface of the amorphous hard carbon film during sliding contact. Therefore, the friction coefficient between the piston rings 30, 3 1, 3 2 and the piston 2 and the cylinder 1 is reduced by both the increase of the lubrication ratio by the lubricating oil and the reduction of the boundary friction. Similarly, the coefficient of friction between piston pin hole 2 3 and piston pin 2 4 is low. Decrease.
- the piston rings 30, 3 1, 3 2, piston 2, piston pin 2 4, and cylinder 1 have excellent wear resistance.
- the embodiment of the combination of the piston ring, the biston, the cylinder and the biston pin of the present invention has been described.
- the configuration and combination of the piston ring, piston, cylinder, and biston pin of the present invention are not limited to the above embodiment.
- the piston rings 30, 3 1, 3 2, the piston 2, the piston pin 2 4, and the cylinder 1 are configured by the piston ring, piston, cylinder, and piston pin of the present invention, respectively.
- the piston ring 3 0, 3 1, 3 2, piston 2, piston pin 2 4 and cylinder 3 can be replaced with conventional ones.
- the amorphous hard carbon film is formed on the outer peripheral surfaces of the piston rings 30, 3 1, 3 2.
- the formation location of the amorphous hard carbon film in the piston ring is not limited to the outer peripheral surface.
- it may be formed on the upper surface 30 2 or the lower surface 30 3.
- it is not necessary to form an amorphous hard carbon film on every piston ring used.
- An amorphous hard carbon film may be formed on only some of the plurality of piston rings.
- the amorphous hard carbon film is formed in the biston skirt portion 2 2 and the biston pin hole 2 3.
- the location where the amorphous hard carbon film is formed on the piston is not limited to the above location.
- An amorphous hard carbon film may be formed in the piston ring groove 21 in addition to the above part, and formed in one of the piston ring groove 21, the piston skirt part 2 2, and the biston pin hole 23. May be.
- the direct-current plasma CVD film-forming apparatus 4 includes a stainless steel container 40, a base 41, a gas introduction pipe 42, and a gas outlet pipe 43.
- the gas introduction pipe 42 is connected to various gas cylinders (not shown) through pulp (not shown).
- the gas outlet pipe 43 is connected to a rotary pump (not shown) and a diffusion pump (not shown) via pulp (not shown).
- the base material 45 was placed on the base 41 installed in the container 40.
- the base material 45 was a block test piece (6.3 mmX 15.7 mmX 10.1 mm) made of martensitic stainless steel SUS 440 C (quenched and tempered HRC 58).
- the container 40 was sealed, and the gas in the container 40 was exhausted by the rotary pump connected to the gas outlet pipe 43 and the diffusion pump. Hydrogen gas was introduced into the container 40 from the gas introduction pipe 42 through 15 sccm, and the gas pressure was set to about 1 33 Pa. Thereafter, a direct current voltage of 200 V was applied between the stainless steel anode plate 44 and the base 41 provided inside the container 40 to start discharging.
- the temperature was raised by ion bombardment until the temperature of the substrate 45 reached 500 ° C.
- nitrogen gas 500 sccm and hydrogen gas 40 sccm are introduced from the gas introduction pipe 42, and plasma nitriding is performed at a pressure of about 800 Pa, a voltage of 400 V (current of 1.5 A), and a temperature of 500 ° C. Processing was done for 1 hour. When the cross-sectional structure of the base material 45 was observed, the nitriding depth was 30 ⁇ .
- DLC-Si films with different surface roughness (RzjisO. 15 im, 0.45 ⁇ , 0.80 ⁇ m) were formed on the block specimens.
- the formed DLC-Si films are respectively DLC-Si- :! Numbered as ⁇ 3. These DL
- the composition of the CS i film was S i: 6 at%, C: 64 at%, H: 30 at%.
- the adhesion between the DLC-Si film and the substrate was 50N in all cases.
- the DL C-Si film had a hardness of 17 GPa. In the following sliding test, the DLC-Si film formed on each block specimen becomes the sliding surface with the mating material.
- the Si content in the DLC-Si film is determined by electron probe microanalysis (EPMA), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XP S), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), Rutherford backscattering method (RB S) was quantified.
- EPMA electron probe microanalysis
- XP S X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy
- AES Auger electron spectroscopy
- RB S Rutherford backscattering method
- ERDA Quantified by (ERDA).
- ERDA is a method of measuring the hydrogen concentration in a film by irradiating the film surface with a 2 MeV helium ion beam, detecting hydrogen ejected from the film with a semiconductor detector.
- FIG. 4 shows a schematic diagram of a ring-on-block friction tester.
- the ring-on-block friction tester 5 includes a block test piece 50 and a ring test piece 51 as a counterpart material.
- the block test piece 50 and the ring test piece 51 are installed in a state where the coating 500 formed on the block test piece 50 and the ring test piece 51 are in contact with each other.
- the ring test piece 51 is rotatably installed in the oil path 52.
- the S-10 ring test piece (material: S AE 4620 steel carburized material, shape: ⁇ 35 mm, width 8.8 mm), which is the standard test piece of this friction tester, as the ring test piece 51 3 ⁇ 4ffiffi_: RzjisO. 37 m, 0.86 / m, 1.95 m, three types, manufactured by FALEX) were used.
- oil bath 52 engine oil heated at 80 ° C (castle motor oil SL 5 W-30) was used.
- the ring test piece 51 was rotated in an unloaded state.
- a 30 ON load (Hertz pressure 31 OMP a) was applied from above the block specimen 50, and the block specimen 50 and the ring specimen 51 were slid at a sliding speed of 0.3 mZ s for 30 minutes. Then, the coefficient of friction was measured.
- the Hertz surface pressure is the maximum value of the pressure on the actual contact surface in consideration of the elastic deformation of the contact portion between the block test piece 50 and the ring test piece 51.
- Figure 5 shows the measurement results of the friction coefficient of each Plock specimen.
- the horizontal axis in Fig. 5 represents each pro This is the surface roughness of the DLC-Si film before the sliding test piece slides.
- DLC film a 01 ⁇ 0 film that does not contain 3 1 (hereinafter simply referred to as “DLC film”) in the same block specimen as the DLC-Si film was formed.
- a film was formed by sputtering (SP).
- the formed DLC films were of three types with different surface roughness, and each was numbered DLC_1-3.
- a CrN film was formed on the block specimen by the holo force sword (HCD) method.
- HCD holo force sword
- FIG. 6 shows the measurement results of the friction coefficient of each Plock test piece, including the measurement results of the Plock test piece formed with the DLC-Si film.
- the horizontal axis in Fig. 6 is the surface roughness of the sliding surface of each block specimen before sliding.
- Figure 6 shows the measurement results when the surface roughness of the ring specimen is RzjisO. 37 and Rzjisl. 95 ⁇ m. In other words, in Fig. 6, among the same surface roughness plots for each block specimen, the higher friction coefficient is Rzjisl.
- Table 1 summarizes the thickness, surface roughness, and adhesion of the film formed on each block specimen.
- the block specimen itself (SUS 440 C) with no coating formed is indicated as SUS 440 C-1, 2 due to the difference in surface roughness. [table 1]
- the friction coefficient did not decrease much even when the surface roughness was reduced.
- the friction coefficient was significantly reduced by reducing the surface roughness to less than Rzjis 0.5 ⁇ . This is thought to be due to the effect of reducing the boundary friction in addition to the increase in the lubrication ratio due to the lubricating oil.
- FIG. 7 shows a schematic diagram of the reciprocating sliding tester.
- the reciprocating sliding tester 6 is composed of a cylinder assumed material 60 and a ring assumed material 61.
- the assumed cylinder material 60 is a mirror iron, and the assumed ring material 61 is a nitrided steel.
- the assumed ring material 61 reciprocates vertically while sliding inside the assumed cylinder material 60.
- Lubricating oil is supplied from the oil supply pipe 62 to the sliding portion between the assumed cylinder material 60 and the assumed ring material 61.
- the assumed ring material 61 was reciprocated while the assumed ring material 61 was pressed against the assumed cylinder material 60 with a load of 10 0 N (Hertz surface pressure: 16 OMPa) at a temperature of 90 ° C. went.
- the lubricating oil to be supplied was changed, one under engine oil (Castle motor oil SL 5W-30) and the other under light oil (JIS 2).
- the reciprocating cycle of the assumed ring material 61 is changed to 500, 1000, 1 200, and 1400 cpm (cycles per minute).
- the coefficient of friction in the kuru was measured.
- the average value of the friction coefficient in each reciprocating cycle was adopted as the average friction coefficient.
- the sliding surfaces of the assumed cylinder material 60 and the assumed ring material 61 in the sliding test are as follows: (i) No film formation [Portex / Nitride steel], (ii) DLC-Si film only on the assumed cylinder material [DLC—S iZ nitrided steel],. (Iii) DLC—Si film formation [DLC—S i / DLC-S i] for both the cylinder assumed material and the ring assumed material.
- the DLC-Si film was formed according to the method (1) (a) above.
- Table 2 shows the surface roughness of the sliding surfaces of the assumed cylinder material and the assumed ring material in the above combinations.
- Figure 8 shows the measurement results of the coefficient of friction under engine oil.
- Figure 9 shows the measurement results of the coefficient of friction under light oil.
- the friction coefficient under engine oil was reduced by forming a DLC-Si film on at least one of the assumed cylinder material and the assumed ring material.
- the friction coefficient decreased on average by about 10%.
- both the sliding surfaces of the cylinder material and the ring material were made of DLC-Si film (DLC-Si / DLC-Si)
- the friction coefficient decreased by about 40% on average.
- the friction coefficient was reduced by forming a DLC-Si film on at least one of the assumed cylinder material and the assumed ring material.
- the coefficient of friction was higher when diesel oil was used than when engine oil was used (shown by the broken line in the figure).
- the sliding surface of the assumed cylinder material is a DLC-Si film (DLC-SiZ nitride steel)
- the coefficient of friction decreased significantly, and the decrease rate averaged about 40%.
- both the cylinder assumed material and the ring assumed material are made of DLC-Si film (DLC-Si / DLC-Si)
- the friction coefficient decreased by about 80% on average.
- the DLC-Si film with a Si content of 1 at% to 2 O at% and a surface roughness RzjisO It was also confirmed that the friction coefficient can be further reduced by sliding the DLC_Si films.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Pistons, Piston Rings, And Cylinders (AREA)
- Chemical Vapour Deposition (AREA)
- Cylinder Crankcases Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
EP05757849A EP1783349A4 (en) | 2004-07-06 | 2005-07-05 | PISTON, PISTON, CYLINDER AND PISTON PIN SEGMENT WITH HARD CARBON AND AMORPHOUS FILM |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2004-199467 | 2004-07-06 | ||
JP2004199467A JP4076169B2 (ja) | 2004-07-06 | 2004-07-06 | 非晶質硬質炭素膜を備えたピストンリング、ピストン、シリンダ、ピストンピン |
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WO2006004221A1 true WO2006004221A1 (ja) | 2006-01-12 |
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PCT/JP2005/012729 WO2006004221A1 (ja) | 2004-07-06 | 2005-07-05 | 非晶質硬質炭素膜を備えたピストンリング、ピストン、シリンダ、ピストンピン |
Country Status (5)
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EP (1) | EP1783349A4 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4076169B2 (ja) |
KR (1) | KR100867912B1 (ja) |
CN (1) | CN100529374C (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2006004221A1 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (18)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US7562657B2 (en) | 2004-06-24 | 2009-07-21 | Convergent Engineering, Inc. | Method and apparatus for non-invasive prediction of intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEPi) in patients receiving ventilator support |
JP5033432B2 (ja) | 2007-01-30 | 2012-09-26 | 株式会社豊田自動織機 | 摺動部品 |
DE102008025681A1 (de) | 2008-05-29 | 2009-12-10 | Federal-Mogul Nürnberg GmbH | Kolbenbolzen für einen Verbrennungsmotor |
JP2010222985A (ja) * | 2009-03-19 | 2010-10-07 | Toyota Central R&D Labs Inc | ピストンリング及び内燃機関 |
RU2507302C2 (ru) | 2009-06-18 | 2014-02-20 | Зульцер Метаплас Гмбх | Защитное покрытие, покрытый элемент, имеющий защитное покрытие, а также способ получения защитного покрытия |
JP5545774B2 (ja) * | 2009-12-08 | 2014-07-09 | 株式会社リケン | ピストンリング及びピストン装置 |
JP5528957B2 (ja) * | 2010-09-08 | 2014-06-25 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 摺動部材 |
BRPI1009955A2 (pt) * | 2010-12-27 | 2013-06-11 | Whirlpool Sa | conjunto pistço - cilindro para compressor alternativo |
BRPI1100176A2 (pt) * | 2011-02-10 | 2013-04-24 | Mahle Metal Leve Sa | componente de motor |
DE102011083714A1 (de) | 2011-09-29 | 2013-04-04 | Federal-Mogul Burscheid Gmbh | Gleitelement mit DLC-Beschichtung |
KR20130105086A (ko) | 2012-03-16 | 2013-09-25 | 현대자동차주식회사 | 엔진 피스톤링 |
BR102012012636B1 (pt) | 2012-05-25 | 2022-01-04 | Mahle Metal Leve S/A | Cilindro para aplicação em um motor de combustão interna |
JP2014152373A (ja) * | 2013-02-12 | 2014-08-25 | Kayaba Ind Co Ltd | 摺動部材 |
US10077839B2 (en) | 2014-02-13 | 2018-09-18 | Honda Motor Co., Ltd. | Piston ring and process for producing same |
BR102016016715B1 (pt) * | 2016-07-19 | 2022-05-03 | Universidade Federal De Santa Catarina | Processo de revestimento de componente condutor e revestimento de componente condutor |
FR3063122A1 (fr) | 2017-02-21 | 2018-08-24 | Peugeot Citroen Automobiles Sa | Dispositif de transmission de mouvement pour moteur thermique |
US10323747B2 (en) | 2017-03-28 | 2019-06-18 | Mahle International Gmbh | Piston ring and method for manufacturing a piston ring |
JP6896040B2 (ja) * | 2019-10-10 | 2021-06-30 | Tpr株式会社 | 内燃機関用ピストンとピストンリングとの組み合わせ |
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JP2000120869A (ja) * | 1998-10-15 | 2000-04-28 | Teikoku Piston Ring Co Ltd | 摺動部材及びその製造方法 |
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JP2971928B2 (ja) * | 1989-12-28 | 1999-11-08 | 株式会社豊田中央研究所 | 潤滑性を有する硬質非晶質炭素―水素―珪素薄膜、表面に該薄膜を有する鉄系金属材料、およびその製造方法 |
JPH05179451A (ja) * | 1991-12-27 | 1993-07-20 | Toyota Motor Corp | 摺動部材の組合せ |
DE19530511C1 (de) * | 1995-08-18 | 1997-02-20 | Alcan Gmbh | Kolben für Verbrennungsmotoren |
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2004
- 2004-07-06 JP JP2004199467A patent/JP4076169B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2005
- 2005-07-05 WO PCT/JP2005/012729 patent/WO2006004221A1/ja not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2005-07-05 CN CNB2005800229503A patent/CN100529374C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2005-07-05 EP EP05757849A patent/EP1783349A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 2005-07-05 KR KR1020077000410A patent/KR100867912B1/ko not_active IP Right Cessation
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JP2000120869A (ja) * | 1998-10-15 | 2000-04-28 | Teikoku Piston Ring Co Ltd | 摺動部材及びその製造方法 |
JP2002332571A (ja) * | 2001-05-08 | 2002-11-22 | Denso Corp | ガソリン潤滑摺動部材 |
JP2003026414A (ja) * | 2001-07-17 | 2003-01-29 | Sumitomo Electric Ind Ltd | 非晶質炭素被膜と非晶質炭素被膜の製造方法および非晶質炭素被膜の被覆部材 |
JP2004138128A (ja) * | 2002-10-16 | 2004-05-13 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | 自動車エンジン用摺動部材 |
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Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
KR20070037614A (ko) | 2007-04-05 |
JP4076169B2 (ja) | 2008-04-16 |
EP1783349A1 (en) | 2007-05-09 |
KR100867912B1 (ko) | 2008-11-10 |
JP2006022666A (ja) | 2006-01-26 |
CN100529374C (zh) | 2009-08-19 |
EP1783349A4 (en) | 2010-12-15 |
CN1985083A (zh) | 2007-06-20 |
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