WO2005116242A1 - 医薬品安全性試験方法及び医薬品安全性試験システム - Google Patents
医薬品安全性試験方法及び医薬品安全性試験システム Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005116242A1 WO2005116242A1 PCT/JP2005/009938 JP2005009938W WO2005116242A1 WO 2005116242 A1 WO2005116242 A1 WO 2005116242A1 JP 2005009938 W JP2005009938 W JP 2005009938W WO 2005116242 A1 WO2005116242 A1 WO 2005116242A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/5005—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells
- G01N33/5008—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics
- G01N33/5014—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving human or animal cells for testing or evaluating the effect of chemical or biological compounds, e.g. drugs, cosmetics for testing toxicity
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/68—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving proteins, peptides or amino acids
- G01N33/6872—Intracellular protein regulatory factors and their receptors, e.g. including ion channels
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2800/00—Detection or diagnosis of diseases
- G01N2800/52—Predicting or monitoring the response to treatment, e.g. for selection of therapy based on assay results in personalised medicine; Prognosis
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a drug safety test method and a drug safety test system for judging the danger of a test drug to a sample cell containing a HERG channel that causes arrhythmia.
- proarrhythmic effects of pharmaceuticals have become a major problem.
- This proarrhythmic effect is called drug-induced long QT syndrome (or acquired long QT syndrome), where the drug acts on ion channels on cardiomyocytes, prolonging the QT interval in the electrocardiogram, and causing severe arrhythmias.
- Drug-induced prolongation of QT though less frequent, can cause severe side effects, such as torsades de pointes s ventricular tachycardia and sudden death.
- the antihistamines terfenadine and astemizole are known to inhibit the delayed rectifier potassium ion channel and prolong the action potential, and ventricular tachycardia and sudden death have been reported.
- the target ion channel that causes QT prolongation is said to be a delayed rectifier potassium channel.
- Wild-type cells such as cardiomyocytes contain various ion channels in addition to delayed rectifier potassium channels.
- the most sensitive and highly reliable method at present is the evaluation method, and the HERG (Human Enter-a-gogo-Related Gene) channel, which is a typical delayed rectifier potassium channel, is
- a notch clamp method is used to perform electrophysiological evaluation using a system in which a host cell such as an oocyte of a lell or a cultured cell of a mammal such as HEK293 or CHO is forcibly expressed by a gene transfer technique as a sample cell.
- HERG ionchia introduced into African omega frog oocytes Since the sensitivity of flannel is reduced, the system expressed in cultured mammalian cells can be a more reliable and evaluation method.
- a drug candidate conjugate having a risk antagonizes the HERG ion channel.
- HERG channel antagonism prevents the entry and exit of potassium ions and prevents repolarization. This series of actions is the mechanism that causes QT prolongation by the drug.
- a common feature of drug candidate compounds having this danger is that once they antagonize the HERG channel, they are open channel antagonists that get stuck in pores, which are the entrances and exits of ions of the HERG channel, and do not escape.
- All of the planar patch clamp sensors disclosed in Patent Documents 1 to 4 guide a subject cell to a through hole provided in a flat substrate in a solution close to the composition of the salt concentration in a living body. After the cells are placed in close contact with the through-hole (giga seal) by negative pressure, the cell membrane in the area in contact with the through-hole is broken by further negative pressure suction, so that the current passing through the cell membrane is applied to both sides of the membrane.
- the measurement is performed with the arranged non-polarizable electrode (typically a silver monochloride electrode), that is, a measurement electrode and a reference electrode.
- a current passing through an ion channel when an electric potential difference inside and outside a cell membrane is artificially held at a certain set value is measured.
- an example of a specific protocol of a conventional test method using cells having a HERG ion channel, which is one of the target channels, is shown.
- the measurement electrode side On the measurement electrode side, a solution inside the cell and a pseudo electrode in which the salt concentration and osmotic pressure were artificially adjusted were filled. Then, the reference electrode side is filled with extracellular solution containing artificial cell whose salt concentration and osmotic pressure are artificially prepared, and these two types are used.
- the potential inside the cell is artificially held at -80 mV using the feedback mechanism of the measurement electrode. Then, the potential inside the cell is artificially increased from -80 mV to +20 mV stepwise, and held at that potential for 1.5 seconds, and then the potential inside the cell is artificially stepped again from +20 mV to -50 mV. To lower.
- the magnitude of the outward current flowing when this is lowered can be treated as the flow of ions flowing through the HERG channel, and the safety of the drug under test is determined using the above current peak value as an index.
- the danger of the drug is determined by measuring the current flowing outward through the membrane when the voltage inside and outside the cell is transiently changed in the absence of the candidate drug having the risk,
- the QT prolongation is determined based on the decrease in the outward current when the voltage inside and outside the cell is repeatedly changed transiently in the presence of the candidate drug.
- Non-Patent Document 3 measurement using a simulated intracellular solution to which an artificial component such as a calcium chelating agent is added has a small contribution to QT prolongation and enhances L-type calcium channel current. It has been reported that the current in the delayed rectifier potassium channel, the dominant factor causing QT prolongation, has decreased. This is due to the fact that various biomolecules responsible for intracellular communication exist in the original intracellular solution of cells, but the pseudo-internal solution cannot reproduce them faithfully.
- Patent Document 2 improvements have been made to suppress the outflow of intracellular functional substances by using a pore-forming chemical substance such as amphotensin ⁇ . .
- a pore-forming chemical substance such as amphotensin ⁇ .
- the measurement state is in vitro, and that it is an ideal measurement system using the HERG ion channel expression system.
- artificial potential It is a big problem to evaluate in the measurement state using the stimulation protocol.
- Patent Document 1 a planar substrate sensor that determines the chemical substance discriminating ability of ion channels on cells based on a measurement principle different from those of the planar patch clamp sensors disclosed in Patent Documents 1 to 4 has already been disclosed (Patent Document 1). Reference 5).
- the flat substrate sensor disclosed in Patent Document 5 has a through hole as in the case of the flat patch clamp sensor.
- a large number of through-holes can be formed on one substrate by batch processing using microfabrication technology.
- simultaneous parallel measurement of a large number of cells is possible as compared to a notch clamp.
- the difference from the planar patch clamp sensor is that the electrode is a polarizable gold electrode. Then, it is based on the principle of measuring a test cell by a change in potential of an electrode arranged outside the cell. For this reason, there is no need to use an artificially prepared intracellular solution by disrupting the cell membrane. In other words, it is closer to the living environment than a flat patch clamp sensor! ⁇ ⁇ Tests can be performed under measurement conditions.
- Patent Document 1 International Publication No. 01Z25769 pamphlet
- Patent Document 2 US Pat. No. 6,488,829
- Patent Document 3 International Publication No. 01Z59447 pamphlet
- Patent Document 4 International Publication No.99Z31503 pamphlet
- Patent Document 5 International Publication No. 02Z055653 pamphlet
- Non-Patent Document 1 Molecular Biology of Cells, Third Edition, Garland Publishing Inc., New York, 1994, Japanese edition, edited by Keiko Nakamura et al., 181-182, 1995, Kyoikusha
- Non-patent document 2 ASSAY and Drug Development Technologies, Vol. 1, Number 1-2, ppl 27-135, 2003
- Non-Patent Document 3 Pflugers Arch.Vol. 417, ppl85-193, 1990
- the danger of a drug is determined in the following steps. First, it transiently changes the voltage inside and outside the cell in the absence of a potentially dangerous drug. In other words, the current flowing outward when the HERG ion channel is opened by forcibly depolarizing the inside of the cell is measured. Second, the voltage inside and outside the cell is transiently changed in the presence of the candidate drug. In other words, similarly, the outgoing current observed when the HERG ion channel is opened by forcibly depolarizing the inside of the cell is measured.
- the extent to which a candidate drug at risk antagonizes the HERG channel is determined by the decrease in outward current in the absence and presence of the candidate drug at risk.
- voltage application is repeated in the presence of the candidate drug, and the voltage inside and outside the cell is repeatedly changed.
- the outgoing current observed when the HERG ion channel is opened many times is measured.
- the antagonist is an open channel antagonist that does not irreversibly fit into the pore of the HERG ion channel and does not detach.
- the present invention solves the above-mentioned conventional problems, and has an open channel type having a risk of causing arrhythmia in a measurement state simulating a biological environment without newly applying an electric signal from the outside.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a method for testing the safety of a drug for determining a HERG channel antagonist. Means for solving the problem
- the pharmaceutical safety test method of the present invention uses a sensor having a measurement electrode to detect a sample containing a HERG ion channel or a homolog thereof of a drug to be tested.
- a drug safety test method for testing the danger to cells uses a sensor having a measurement electrode to detect a sample containing a HERG ion channel or a homolog thereof of a drug to be tested.
- step B replacing the control solution with a measurement solution containing the drug under test, and measuring a voltage signal with the measurement electrode;
- step B replacing the measurement solution with the control solution again and measuring a voltage signal with the measurement electrode;
- the response at the measurement electrode and the response time corresponding to the occurrence of QT prolongation can be evaluated. It is extended compared to. When returning to the absence of the test drug again, the response at the measurement electrode and the response time are kept extended. From the form of this response, it is possible to determine the force of the open channel antagonist, which corresponds to the irreversible entry of the drug under test into the ion channel pore (pore).
- the test can be performed under measurement conditions closer to the biological environment without going through a process of artificially stimulating the target biological component. That is, a highly reliable and safety test can be performed.
- step D clZal is calculated from the voltage value al measured in the step A and the voltage value cl measured in the step C,
- clZal exceeds a preset value, it may be determined that there is a danger, and if clZal is less than or equal to the preset value, it may be determined that there is no danger.
- step B and step C may be repeated at least two times at predetermined time intervals.
- a first measurement solution containing the first drug to be tested is used as the measurement solution for the first time
- a second measurement drug containing the second drug to be tested is contained as the measurement solution for the second time.
- the first drug under test and the second drug under test may be different drugs.
- the first drug under test and the second drug under test are the same, and the concentration of the first drug under test contained in the first measurement solution and the second drug under test contained in the second measurement solution are different.
- the concentration of the medicinal product under test may be different from that in (2).
- a third measurement solution containing a positive control reagent or a negative control reagent is used,
- the ratio of the voltage signals (clZal) measured in the steps A and C using the first measurement solution or the second measurement solution and the third measurement solution are further determined.
- the risk of the drug may be determined by comparing the ratio of the voltage signals measured in the step A and the step C (cl ′ Za 1,) using the method.
- the specimen cell may be, for example, a cell line in which HERG ion channel is constantly expressed.
- the second control solution and the second measurement solution respectively, wherein the first control solution and the first measurement solution and at least one ion concentration commonly contained other than the test drug May be different.
- the voltage signal is a predetermined sample. It may be a statistical value of a set of unit deviation values for calculating the deviation value of the amplitude of the voltage signal for each time.
- the statistical value may be an average value of the distribution of the unit deviation values. Further, the statistical value may be a variance of a distribution of the unit deviation value.
- the voltage signal measured in a state where the specimen cells are in contact with the measurement solution containing the drug to be tested may be a voltage signal detected after exceeding a preset sample voltage threshold.
- One or more measurement electrodes that are provided in the recess and that can be arranged in the vicinity of the specimen cells;
- a sensor having a reference electrode immersed in the solution and separated from the measurement electrode
- a voltage measuring device for measuring a voltage between the measuring electrode and the reference electrode, a solution injecting / discharging device for injecting and discharging a plurality of types of the solutions to and from the concave portion, and a control device,
- the control device controls the solution injecting / ejecting device to fill the concave portion with a control solution that does not contain the drug under test as the first kind of the solution in the concave portion, and in this state a2, the voltage measuring device The voltage between the measurement electrode and the reference electrode is measured, and then the solution injecting / discharging device is controlled to discharge the control solution and the concave portion to be tested as the second type of the solution as the solution.
- a measurement solution containing a drug is filled, and in this state b2, the voltage between the measurement electrode and the reference electrode is measured by the voltage measurement device,
- the solution injecting / discharging device is controlled to discharge the measuring solution from the concave cap, and the concave portion is filled with the control solution again.
- the measuring electrode and the reference are supplied by the voltage measuring device. Measure the voltage between the electrodes and A drug safety test system that compares the voltage measured in the state a2 with the voltage measured in the state c2 and determines the safety of the drug under test based on the comparison result. .
- the pharmaceutical safety test system may have a configuration in which a plurality of the specimen cells are arranged near each of the measurement electrodes.
- the above drug safety test system may be configured such that the sensor has a through hole penetrating the substrate in the thickness direction, and the measurement electrode is arranged near the through hole. good.
- the QT is extended without a process of artificially applying an electric signal newly from the outside to the HERG channel. It is possible to evaluate open-channel drug candidates with inherent dangers, in which the response at the measurement electrode and the response time are irreversibly prolonged compared to the absence of the drug.
- the pharmaceutical safety test method and the pharmaceutical safety test system of the present invention measurement can be performed in a one-liquid system without breaking cell membranes and without using an artificially prepared intracellular solution. Therefore, the test can be performed under measurement conditions closer to the biological environment. Due to the effects of both, the pharmaceutical safety test method of the present invention can be a more reliable test than the conventional method. In addition, the external application electric circuit and the like can be omitted, and the device can be simply configured. Furthermore, it contributes to improvement of the productivity and manufacturability of the device.
- FIG. 1A is a flowchart showing a pharmaceutical safety test method according to Embodiment 1, and is a flowchart for comparing the measurement results of Step S1 and Step S3.
- FIG. 1-B is a flow chart showing the pharmaceutical safety test method in Embodiment 1.
- 9 is a flowchart for comparing the measurement results of step S2 and step S3.
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing a drug safety test sensor according to Embodiment 1.
- FIG. 3 is a top view of the sensor shown in FIG. 2.
- FIG. 4 is a flowchart showing a preparation step (step SO) of the pharmaceutical safety test method in the first embodiment.
- FIG. 5 is a flowchart showing steps of a pharmaceutical safety test method according to another embodiment of the first embodiment.
- FIG. 6-A is a configuration diagram schematically showing the pharmaceutical safety test system shown in Embodiment 1, and is a medical device having a well solution replacement device and a well solution discharge device. It is a lineblock diagram of a medicine safety test system.
- FIG. 6-B is a configuration diagram schematically showing the drug safety test system shown in the first embodiment.
- FIG. 6-B is a configuration diagram schematically showing the drug safety test system shown in the first embodiment.
- FIG. 6-C is a configuration diagram schematically showing the drug safety test system shown in the first embodiment, which includes a solution replacement device in a well and a solution discharge device in a well.
- FIG. 1 is a configuration diagram of a pharmaceutical safety test system having no deviation.
- FIG. 7-A is a flowchart showing the steps of the pharmaceutical safety test method of the present invention, and is a flowchart showing the steps of the pharmaceutical safety test method in the second embodiment.
- FIG. 7-B is a flowchart showing the steps of the pharmaceutical safety test method of the present invention, and is a flowchart showing the steps of the pharmaceutical safety test method in the third embodiment.
- FIG. 7-C is a flowchart showing the steps of the drug safety test method of the present invention, and is a flowchart showing the steps of the drug safety test method in the fourth embodiment.
- FIG. 8 is a flowchart showing the steps of a drug safety test method in Embodiment 5. It is.
- FIG. 9 is a partial cross-sectional view showing a structure of a pharmaceutical safety test sensor according to Embodiment 6.
- FIG. 10 is a diagram (an overall perspective view) schematically showing the structure of a pharmaceutical safety test sensor according to the sixth embodiment.
- FIG. 11 is a partial cross-sectional view showing a detailed structure of a sensor substrate of a pharmaceutical safety test sensor according to Embodiment 6.
- FIG. 12 is a bottom view showing a detailed structure of a sensor substrate of a pharmaceutical safety test sensor according to Embodiment 6.
- FIG. 13 is a configuration diagram of the pharmaceutical safety test system shown in Embodiment 6.
- FIG. 14 is a view showing a measurement result of a time-series waveform of a sensor 120 electrode voltage in Experimental Protocol 1 of Example 1.
- FIG. 15 is a view showing a measurement result of a time-series waveform of a sensor 120 electrode voltage in Experimental Protocol 2 of Example 1.
- FIG. 16 is a view showing a measurement result of a change amount of a voltage histogram peak town regarding the drug solution 2 of Example 1.
- FIG. 17 is a view showing a measurement result of a variation amount of a voltage histogram peak town regarding the control solution 2 of Example 1.
- FIG. 18 is a view showing a measurement result of a change amount of a voltage histogram variance K for the drug solution 2 of Example 1.
- FIG. 19 is a view showing a measurement result of a change amount of a voltage histogram variance K with respect to a control solution 2 of Example 1.
- FIG. 20 is a diagram showing a measurement result of a statistic of a change in a voltage amplitude value in the first embodiment.
- FIG. 21 is a diagram showing a measurement result of a time-series waveform of the electrode voltage of the sensor 120 according to the second embodiment.
- FIG. 22 is a diagram showing a measurement result of a change amount of a voltage histogram peak town in the second embodiment.
- FIG. 23 is a diagram showing a measurement result of a change amount of a voltage histogram variance K in the second embodiment.
- FIG. 24 is a view showing a measurement result of a statistic of a change in a voltage amplitude value in the third embodiment.
- FIG. 25 is a cross-sectional view showing a step 1 in the method for manufacturing a sensor substrate shown in the first embodiment.
- FIG. 26 is a cross-sectional view showing a step 2 in the method for manufacturing a sensor substrate shown in the first embodiment.
- FIG. 27 is a cross-sectional view showing a step 3 in the method for manufacturing a sensor substrate shown in the first embodiment.
- FIG. 28 is a cross-sectional view showing a step 4 in the method for manufacturing a sensor substrate shown in the first embodiment.
- FIG. 29 is a cross-sectional view showing a step 5 in the method for manufacturing a sensor substrate shown in the first embodiment.
- FIG. 30 is a cross-sectional view showing a step 6 in the method for manufacturing a sensor substrate shown in the first embodiment.
- FIGS. 1A and 1B are flowcharts showing steps of a drug safety test method according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention. Hereinafter, the present embodiment will be described with reference to FIGS. 1A and 1B.
- the drug safety test method of the present invention is a method for preparing a sample cell near a measurement electrode of a drug safety test sensor (Step SO), and then generating a voltage signal based on an electric signal from the measurement electrode, Measuring a voltage signal including information on the HERG channel of the sample cell when the solution in contact with the sample cell is a control solution in which the drug under test does not exist (Step Sl, where the voltage signal is a); A step of measuring a voltage signal containing information on the HERG channel of the sample cell when the solution in contact with the sample cell is a measurement solution in which the drug under test is present (Step S2, where the voltage signal is b) And a step of measuring a voltage signal including information on the HERG channel of the specimen cells when the solution in contact with the specimen cells is returned to the control solution in which the drug under test does not exist again (Step S3, here).
- step S4 The voltage signal of step S4) and the step of comparing the voltage signals of steps S1 and S3 (step S4A) or the step of comparing the voltage signals of steps S2 and S3 (step S4B). Based on the comparison results of the voltage signals, the process for determining the danger of the drug under test (Steps S5, S6 and S7, and Steps S8, S9 and S10) is included.
- step S1 the control solution in contact with the specimen cells in step S3 and the control solution in contact with the specimen cells in step S3 have the same components. It is assumed that the measurement solution contacted by the sample cells in step S2 and the control solution contacted by the sample cells in step S1 or S3 differ only in the presence or absence of the test drug. Further, in step S1 or S3, the control solution in contact with the sample cells may be a solution to which a positive control reagent or a negative control reagent is added in place of the test drug in the measurement solution.
- step S2 if the drug under test antagonizes the HERG channel, the entry and exit of potassium ions are inhibited as described above, and repolarization does not occur. Therefore, the voltage signal is a ⁇ b It becomes. On the other hand, if the drug under test is not an open channel antagonist, the voltage signal will be b> c in step S3 because the drug under test also has a HERG channel force, but if it is an open channel antagonist, becomes bc.
- the comparison of the voltage signals in step S4A includes, for example, (1) detecting the difference [a-c] between the voltage signals a and c, and determining whether or not the force is equal to or less than a predetermined reference value. (2) detecting the ratio [cZa] of the voltage signal a and the voltage signal c and determining whether or not the value is equal to or less than a predetermined reference value.
- the comparison of the voltage signals in step S4B includes, for example, (1) detecting the difference [bc] between the voltage signals b and c and determining whether or not the value is equal to or more than a certain reference value. That is, the ratio [cZb] between the voltage signals b and c is detected, and the force rejection force whose value exceeds a certain reference value is determined.
- FIG. 1A shows a flowchart for comparing the measurement results of steps S1 and S3 in step S4A.
- the safety of the test drug is evaluated in steps S5 to S7 based on the comparison result of step S4A.
- the test drug is It is not an open channel antagonist that antagonizes the HERG channel. It is determined (step S6).
- step S5 when it is determined that there is a difference in the measurement results (voltage signal) (for example, [cZa] exceeds a certain value), the test drug is an open channel that antagonizes the HERG channel. Therefore, it is determined that the drug has “arrhythmic action” (step S7).
- FIG. 1B shows a flowchart in a case where the measurement results of steps S2 and S3 are compared in step S4B.
- the safety of the test drug is evaluated in steps S8 to S10 based on the comparison result in step S4B.
- step S8 As a result of comparing b and c in step S4B, if it is determined in step S8 that there is a difference in the measurement result (voltage signal) (for example, [cZb] is equal to or less than a certain reference value), Is determined to have "no proarrhythmia effect" (step S9).
- step S8 when it is determined that there is no difference in the measurement result (voltage signal) (for example, [cZb] is less than a certain reference value), the drug under test antagonizes the HERG channel. It is an open channel antagonist and is determined to have "arrhythmic action" (step S10).
- FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view schematically showing a structure of a sensor used in the pharmaceutical safety test system of the present embodiment.
- FIG. 3 is a top view of the sensor shown in FIG.
- the sensor 120 according to the present embodiment includes a substrate 101 and a solution holding unit 119 constructed on the substrate 101.
- the solution holding section 119 includes a plurality of wells 104 for holding the measurement solution 51 and a reference electrode 103.
- a plurality of island-shaped measurement electrodes 102 are formed at predetermined positions. Further, on the upper surface of the substrate 101, an external connection portion 107 is formed so as to correspond to each measurement electrode 102 so as to be located at the edge, and the external connection portion 107 is connected to the corresponding measurement electrode 102. A lead wire 105 is formed. Then, an insulating film 106 is formed so as to cover a portion of the upper surface of the substrate 101 other than a portion where the measurement electrode 102 and the external connection portion 107 are formed. The portion of the insulating film 106 located around the measurement electrode 102 is the measurement electrode 10 The recess 106a is formed in a mortar shape toward 2 to form a concave portion 106a. A film-shaped well forming body 131 is formed on the insulating film 106.
- the hole forming body 131 has openings 13 la formed so as to be located on the insulating film 106 including the upper surface of each measuring electrode 102 and the concave portion 106 a around the measuring electrode 102.
- the space surrounded by the upper surface of 02 and its surrounding insulating film 106 and the inner peripheral surface of the opening 131a constitutes the well 104.
- a flanged cylindrical reference electrode 103 is formed along the edge and the inner peripheral surface of the opening 131a.
- An external connection portion 109 is formed at the edge of the upper surface of the shell forming body 131 so as to correspond to each well 104, and the external connection portion 109 is formed on a lead wire formed on the upper surface of the shell forming body 131. It is connected by 108 to the reference electrode 103 of its corresponding cell 104. Then, at the time of measurement, the first amplification section 152 is connected to the external connection section 107, and the external connection section 109 is grounded.
- the sample cell 1 is placed near the measurement electrode 102.
- the potential signal of the measuring electrode 102 is measured with reference to the potential of the reference electrode 103 via the lead wire 105, the external connection unit 107, and the first amplifying unit 152 (hereinafter, the potential signal from the measuring electrode 102). And the difference between the potential signal from the reference electrode 103 and the voltage signal from the measurement electrode 102).
- the potential of the reference electrode 103 is detected via the lead wire 108 and the external connection 109. As a result, a voltage signal caused by the specimen cell 1 arranged near the measurement electrode 102 is measured by the measurement electrode 102 (the above-described step B).
- the sample cells used for the drug safety test of the present invention have a HERG channel.
- the sample cell may be a cell different from the cell in which the HERG channel is previously contained or the cell into which the HERG channel is introduced.
- the HERG channel refers to a biological component existing in a cell and on a cell membrane, and refers to a target on which a test drug having a risk to the human body acts.
- the effect of the HERG channel to which the drug safety test of the present invention can be applied is The test drug may be activated or inactivated.
- the power to be described only when the risk increases when the HERG channel is inactivated is not limited to that.
- HERG channels include ion channels existing on cell membranes, various proteins and nucleic acids such as signal transduction substances and metabolites existing in cells, and modified products thereof.
- HERG channels include HERG ion channels, delayed rectifier lithium ion channels, and the cause of congenital long QT syndrome. Gene LQT and the like.
- sample cells in which the aforementioned HERG channel is pre-integrated include guinea pig papillary muscle sample dinosaur Purkinje fiber cells, guinea pig cardiomyocytes, guinea pig atrial muscle cells, and the like.
- Sample cells that can be used as host cells include HEK293, CHO, African oocyte and the like.
- a gene that expresses a HERG channel can be introduced using a gene transfer technique known to those skilled in the art. Both transiently expressing cells, into which a HERG channel expression gene such as a vector is introduced for each experiment, and cells that have been modified to constantly express the HERG channel expression gene, can be used. Since the expression of the HERG channel occurs steadily in the cell, it is excellent from the viewpoint of measurement error.
- FIG. 4 is a flowchart showing details of a preparation step (step 0, step SO in FIG. 1) of preparing a sample cell containing a HERG ion channel near a measurement electrode of a drug safety test sensor prior to measurement. .
- a preparation step as shown by the solid line, a step of filling the well 104 of the sensor 120 with the solution (step S21), the solution filled in the well 104 is suspended by a predetermined amount of a desired specimen cell 1. (Step S23).
- the specimen cells can be arranged near the measurement electrode 102.
- step SO the preparation step (step SO) is performed in step S 21, in which the fixing agent is fixed in the vicinity of the measurement electrode 102 and in the area of the surface of the substrate 101 (step S 21).
- step S22 the fixing agent is fixed in the vicinity of the measurement electrode 102 and in the area of the surface of the substrate 101 (step S 21).
- step S23 the fixing agent is fixed in the vicinity of the measurement electrode 102 and in the area of the surface of the substrate 101
- step S24 a step of culturing the cells
- the solution used in the pharmaceutical safety test method of the present invention includes a physiological saline solution containing 20 mM to 400 mM sodium chloride as a main component, and various nutrients, growth factors, antibiotics, and the like. It refers to a culture solution, a buffer solution in which a specified chemical substance, compound, or drug is dissolved. It is preferable to use a solution that has been degassed in advance. As the solution, for example, a solution whose temperature is set within a range of 4 ° C and 40 ° C can be used.
- fixing agent refers to a material that facilitates cell fixation and enhances Z or firmness.
- the immobilization of the immobilizing agent may be performed before the installation of the well 104 while the sensor 120 is being manufactured.
- a dielectric As a material for fixing a fixing agent for fixing cells, a dielectric is usually used.
- a polymer having a strongly basic or strongly acidic functional group is preferably used.
- positively charged polymers such as polyethyleneimine (PEI), polyortin (PO), and polylysine (PL) are preferably used. These positively charged polymers also have the effect of attracting negatively charged cells.
- a material having both cell adhesion ability is a polymer having a biguanide group or a rubamoylguazide group.
- arylbiguanide-co-arylamine (PAB) and aryl-N-butyrubamoylgua-dino-co-arinoleamine (PAC) are preferably used.
- a matrix material can be used. Cell-adhesive proteins are preferably used as the matrix material, and such proteins include collagen, fibronectin, vitronectin, laminin and the like.
- the immobilizing solution in which the immobilizing material is dissolved at a predetermined concentration is exposed on the measuring electrode 102, and after a predetermined time has elapsed, the immobilizing solution is removed from the surface of the measuring electrode 102.
- the washing can be carried out by washing the surface at least once with a washing liquid and drying.
- a method may be used in which the immobilization solution is spotted only on the upper surface of the measurement electrode 102 and covered.
- step S1 step A
- the voltage signal generated by the sample cell 1 at the measurement electrode 102 of the sensor 120 is used as a control for the drug under test as a control. Only omitted! Measured against control solution.
- step S2 the voltage signal generated by the specimen cell 1 at the measurement electrode 102 of the sensor 120 is a measurement solution containing the test drug at a predetermined concentration. Measured against.
- Step S3 a voltage signal generated by the specimen cell 1 at the measurement electrode 102 of the sensor 120 is measured when the voltage signal is returned to the control solution again.
- the HERG channel of the sample cell 1 is always activated at normal times, in this case, it is only necessary to measure the voltage signal with the measuring electrode 102 as it is.
- the specimen cell is stimulated to activate the HERG channel of the specimen cell 1.
- the number of times of detecting the voltage signal is arbitrary, and the measurement can be performed a plurality of times for each measurement solution and each control solution.
- step S4 the voltage signal of the measurement electrode 102 measured in step S1 is compared with the measurement result of the voltage signal of the measurement electrode 102 measured in step S3, or
- the voltage signal of the measurement electrode 102 measured in S2 is compared with the measurement result of the voltage signal of the measurement electrode 102 measured in step S3. Note that both measurement results may be compared.
- An example of a specific comparison method is as described above.
- step S 1 by comparing the voltage signal of the measurement electrode 102 measured in step S 1 with the voltage signal of the measurement electrode 102 measured in step S 2, the test cells given by the drug under test are compared. Antagonistic effects on one channel can be extracted.
- the channel of the sample cell 1 provided by the drug under test is determined. Can be extracted.
- a control solution a control solution in the presence of a positive control reagent or a negative control reagent can be used instead of or in addition to the above-described control solution in which the test drug is not present.
- the comparison of the voltage signals in step S4A is realized by exchanging the solution in one of the wells 104 (method ex).
- the force of each of the measurement solution and the control solution shown in steps S1 to S3 is entered. It can also be realized by directly comparing the voltage signals of the measurement electrodes 102 of different wells 104 (method ⁇ ).
- Method a measures the signal with the same cell force in particular, and can perform highly reliable measurement.
- method ⁇ detects the voltage signal difference at a high processing speed because the solution is not exchanged. can do.
- step S5 the danger of the drug under test is determined based on the comparison result of the voltage signals in step S4A. It is desirable that the comparison of the voltage signals in step S4A be made by comparing the amplitude values of the voltage signals. The same applies to step S4B.
- the antagonistic form of the HERG channel is characteristic, it can be determined from the difference between the amplitudes of the voltage signals in steps S1 and S3 calculated in step S4A, as described above.
- Antagonists with an antiarrhythmic effect are open channel blockers in which the antagonist irreversibly fits into the pores of the channel. Therefore, the amplitude value of the voltage signal changes depending on the channel closing rate. Therefore, specifically, the amplitude of the voltage signal is cut out into small sections where the ion channel opens and closes, and the standard deviation of the amplitude of the voltage signal in the small section is frequency-distributed as a representative value of the small section. This makes it easy to quantitatively analyze the danger of the drug under test. In other words, the peak value of the frequency distribution increases as the amplitude value of the voltage signal of the measurement electrode 102 increases, and the half value width of the frequency distribution increases as the amplitude value of the voltage signal varies.
- evaluation may be performed using a zero-cross time spanning a preset voltage threshold as an index.
- a voltage signal larger than the set voltage threshold Since the time during which the signal is issued indicates the time when the hazard is activated, the longer the time, the greater the risk of the medicinal product under test.
- the entire time of the analysis using the analysis method of dividing the frequency into the above-described small sections may be set to be equal to the above-mentioned zero crossing time.
- the voltage signal appears in the direction of increasing.
- the minimum detection sensitivity can be increased, the reliability is high, and the safety test can be performed.
- FIG. 5 shows a flowchart of a drug safety test method in which different steps are added to the flowchart shown in FIG. 1A.
- step S1 step A
- the activation is similarly performed in advance. It has a step of inactivating non-HERG channels (step S11). This can be achieved, for example, by mixing in the solution an antagonist that selectively antagonizes only non-HERG channels. With such a configuration, only the activation voltage signal of the HERG channel can be measured, which is effective for detecting a target voltage signal with high sensitivity.
- FIGS. 2 and 3 The configuration of the sensor 120 used in the pharmaceutical safety test method described in the present embodiment is shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 as described above. Here, the configuration will be described in further detail with reference to FIGS. 2 and 3, and a method for producing the sensor 120 will also be described.
- the number of measurement electrodes 102 is not particularly limited, and may be one or plural for each well 104.
- many wells 104 can be integrated on one sensor 120, and the pharmaceutical safety test of the present invention is processed in parallel. Ability to perform many tests in a short time.
- a plurality of measurement electrodes 102 are arranged in each well 104, statistical processing based on a plurality of measurement data can be performed, so that the accuracy of a test performed in each well 104 is improved and high reliability is provided. Can be realized.
- one measurement electrode 102 may measure a potential signal from one cell and a set of potential signals of a plurality of cells.
- An insulating layer may be provided to cover and insulate the lead wire 105 that transmits the potential signal from the measurement electrode 102.
- the material of the insulating layer include resins such as polyimide (PI) resin and epoxy resin.
- a photosensitive resin such as a negative photo-sensitive polyimide (NPI) is used.
- a photosensitive resin first, the photosensitive resin is applied to the entire upper surface of the sensor unit, and then the pattern is formed by photoetching to form an external connection 107 on the measuring electrode 102 and the lead wire 105.
- the electrode 102 and the external connection portion 107 are exposed, and an insulating layer can be formed in an arbitrary region. From the viewpoint of production efficiency, it is preferable to form the insulating layer by the above-described method.
- the solution holding section 119 has a plurality of pipes 104, in which the measurement solution 51 (the inside of the pipe 104 has a force to which the measurement solution and the control solution can be added). Measurement solution). Further, it has a reference electrode 103 and is electrically connected to the measurement electrode 102 via the measurement solution 51.
- an injection tube may be arranged in the vicinity of the solution holding section 119 in order to introduce and replace the measurement solution 51 in each well 104.
- the injection tube may take any form as long as the purpose of introducing the measurement solution 51 into each well 104 is achieved.
- a flow path may be formed in the well 131 and the measurement solution 51 may flow toward the measurement electrode 102 through this flow path.
- a new hole may be dug toward the electrode 102, and an injection tube may be inserted and fixed there.
- the injection tube is disposed on the upper surface of the solution holding section 119, and a moving mechanism is desirably provided so that the measurement solution 51 can be introduced into each of the plurality of wells 104. If necessary, a discharge pipe for exchanging the measurement solution 51 may be provided.
- the cells 1 can be cultured for a long time in the culture medium 51 in the well 104 when culturing the cell 1, and the measurement solution 51 in the absence of the drug under test and the drug Since the existing measurement solution 51 can be exchanged, the drug safety test can be quickly measured.
- the reference electrode 103 is arranged so as to partially contact the measurement solution 51 in the well 104 and not to be directly connected to the measurement electrode 102.
- Reference electrode 103 is used to reduce noise.
- the area must be sufficiently large. Specifically, it is desirable that the total area of the reference electrodes 103 is formed so as to be at least five times larger than the total area of all the measurement electrodes 102.
- the outermost surface of the reference electrode 103 is formed by a material such as gold, platinum, silver-silver chloride, etc. As shown in FIG. It may be formed on a surface excluding the vicinity thereof. In this case, the reference electrode 103 may be prepared separately for each well 104 or may be formed on the entire surface.
- the reference electrode 103 may have any shape, such as immersing the rod-shaped electrode in the measurement solution 51 in the well 104, without being limited to the above.
- the electrode material on the substrate 101 After depositing the electrode material on the substrate 101, etching is performed using a photoresist, so that the electrode 102, the corresponding lead wire 105, and the external connection portion 107 are one set, and a plurality of powerful sets are desired.
- the pattern is formed. After that, the upper surface of the pattern except the electrode 102 and the external connection portion 107 and the upper surface of the substrate 101 are covered with an insulating layer. Then, the substrate is cut into small-piece substrates 101 having a predetermined angle.
- the pattern of the electrode 102 may be formed by a mask method of vapor deposition through a stencil mask in which the pattern is formed in advance, or a lift-off method.
- a concave portion 106a is formed on the upper surface of the small piece substrate 101 thus formed by a method known to those skilled in the art, and a solution holding portion 119 (a well formed body 131) on which the reference electrode 103 is formed is adhered, and the sensor 120 is mounted. obtain.
- FIG. 6-A is a block diagram schematically illustrating an example of the pharmaceutical safety test system of the present embodiment.
- the drug safety test system 150A includes a drug safety test sensor 120, a shielding box 151 that electrostatically shields at least the sensor 120, a measurement electrode 102 on the sensor 120, and a reference electrode.
- the potential signal of the measurement electrode 102 with respect to the reference electrode 103 in the sensor 120 is output to the first amplifier 152 through the lead wire 105 of the measurement electrode 102.
- the first amplifying unit 152 amplifies the potential signal with high sensitivity and outputs the amplified signal to the second amplifying unit 153.
- the second amplification unit 153 outputs a potential signal to the calculation processing unit 155 via AZD conversion and the like.
- the calculation processing unit 155 determines the safety of the drug under test in the sensor 120 by comparing the input voltage signals according to a predetermined procedure.
- the change in the potential signal caused by the dangerous element of the target biological component for various drugs provided by the solution injection and discharge of the in-well solution replacement device 157a is detected by the cell. It can be measured as a change in potential of the electrode 102 disposed outside.
- the drug safety test system 150A is configured integrally with a calculation processing unit 155 provided with appropriate measurement software to process the output from the drug safety test sensor 120.
- the calculation processing unit 155 is configured by, for example, a computer, and the measurement software is stored in a storage unit of the computer, and a parameter setting screen on which the signal processing and measurement conditions can be set on the screen of the computer; It provides a recording screen that records potential changes detected from cells and can be displayed in real time, and a data analysis screen that can analyze recorded data.
- the in-well solution replacement device 157a and the in-well solution discharge device 157b are electrically connected to and controlled by the calculation processing unit 150.
- the calculation processing unit 155 sends a control signal to the solution switching device 158 so that the solution in the in-well solution replacing device 157a is injected into the well 104 of the sensor 120 at a predetermined timing and procedure. Further, the calculation processing unit 155 sends a control signal to the in-well solution discharging device 157b to discharge the solution in the well 104 at a predetermined timing and at a predetermined procedure. With this configuration, a predetermined timing The exchange of each solution can be performed automatically in the measurement and measurement procedures.
- the shielding box 151 is installed so as to electrostatically shield the sensor 120. It is desirable that the shielding box 151 electrostatically shields not only the sensor 120 but also the first amplifying unit 152 as a whole. With such a configuration, the potential signal observed at the measurement electrode 102 is more resistant to noise. In addition, the shielding box 151 also shields the sensor 120 from external environmental forces, so that even when a photosensitive drug solution is used for measurement, it is possible to prevent photodecomposition, thereby ensuring long-term measurement stability and measurement stability. Reproducibility can be improved.
- the reference electrode 103 is formed on the entire upper surface of the sensor 120.
- the reference electrode 103 is connected to the shielding box 151.
- the measurement environment adjustment device 156 is placed on an anti-vibration table, and further covered with a shielding box such as a Faraday basket, and is double-electrostatic shielded.
- a shielding box such as a Faraday basket
- the output signal measured by the sensor 120 is first-stage amplified by the first amplifying unit 152, and further amplified by the second amplifying unit 153 to reduce the frequency band. After being restricted, it is input to the computer (calculation unit) which is the calculation processing unit 155 via the AZD transformation.
- the first amplifying unit 152 can be arranged at a position close to the sensor 120, so that the pharmaceutical safety test system 150A has a feature of being resistant to external noise.
- the pharmaceutical safety test system 150A includes a circuit selector (not shown) for selectively transmitting an electric signal from the desired measurement electrode 102 to the first amplifier.
- This circuit selector is composed of, for example, a multiplexer.
- the in-well solution replacement device 157a is a device for injecting a predetermined amount of solution from the upper surface of the well 104.
- the injection pipes 159 fixed to the well forming body 131 and radially extended from each well 104 are provided with the solution switching devices 158 for the number of kinds of the medicines.
- the solution discharge device 157b in the well discharges the solution injected into the well 104 into each well.
- This is a device for discharging through a discharge pipe 160 connected to 104.
- the components connected to the in-well solution replacement device 157a shown in Fig. 6-A are the measurement solution reservoir (L1), the positive control drug solution reservoir (L2), and the drug solution A solution reservoir (L3).
- the drug solution to be tested B reservoir (L4) is exemplified, but it is possible to simultaneously determine a plurality of types of drug solutions by increasing the number of elements other than those described above.
- the pharmaceutical safety test system 150A includes a measurement environment control device (not shown) for maintaining the sensor 120 at a predetermined temperature, gas concentration, and humidity. For this reason, cell seeding, culturing, and measurement can be performed on a series of systems, and large-scale and efficient measurement and judgment are performed by full automation without having to go through complicated operations such as sterilization accompanying movement. can do.
- FIG. 6B is a block diagram schematically showing another example of the configuration of the pharmaceutical safety test system of the present embodiment.
- the drug safety test system 150B shown in Fig. 6-B differs from the drug safety system: L50A shown in Fig. 6-A only in that it does not have the in-well solution discharge device 157b and the discharge pipe 160.
- L50A shown in Fig. 6-A only in that it does not have the in-well solution discharge device 157b and the discharge pipe 160.
- the in-solution solution replacement device 157a injects the solution into the well 104 at a predetermined timing and measurement procedure, and after measuring a necessary voltage signal, Drain the solution in the well 140 sequentially.
- the in-well solution replacement device 157a may be configured so that only the solution is injected, and the user discharges the solution in the well 104 using a pipette, an aspirator, or the like. In this case, after the solution in the well 104 is discharged, the in-well solution replacing device 157a is operated again to continue the measurement. Even with such a configuration, the same drug safety evaluation function as the drug safety system 150A can be exhibited.
- FIG. 6-C is a block diagram schematically showing still another configuration example of the pharmaceutical safety test system of the present embodiment.
- the pharmaceutical safety test system 150C shown in Figure 6-C has a solution replacement device 157a in the well, a solution discharge device 157b in the well, a solution switching device 158, It differs from the drug safety system 150A shown in Figure 6-A only in that it does not have an inlet 159 and an outlet 160. Hereinafter, only this difference will be described.
- the pharmaceutical safety test system 150C according to this configuration example, after the user injects the solution into the well 104 at a predetermined timing and measurement procedure by pipetting or the like and measures the necessary voltage signal, The solution in the well 104 is discharged using a microtube and an aspirator. Then, another solution is injected by means such as pipetting, and the voltage is measured. In this way, the same drug safety evaluation function as the drug safety system 150A can be exerted even if the injection of the solution into the well 104, the discharge of the solution, and the switching of the solution are all manual.
- FIG. 7A is a flow chart showing the steps of the pharmaceutical safety test method according to Embodiment 2 of the present invention.
- step S12 is included.
- the present embodiment will be described only with respect to this difference.
- Step S12 includes a step of measuring a voltage signal with the sample cell 1 in contact with the measurement solution (Step S2), and a step of measuring the voltage signal with the measurement solution replaced again with the control solution (Step S2). This is the step of repeating S3).
- the frequency stimulus characteristics of the test drug can be known.
- the above-mentioned frequency stimulus information provides valuable judgment information as to whether or not a danger to the human body will occur when the test drug is actually prescribed to the human body as a drug for a long period of time.
- the number of times the voltage signal is detected is arbitrary, and the voltage signal can be measured multiple times for each drug under test.
- step S12 the process returns from step S21 to step S2 until steps S2 and S3 are repeated a predetermined number of times. Then, if step S2 and step S3 are repeated a predetermined number of times, the process proceeds from step S21 to step S4A, and step S12 ends.
- step S4A may use the measurement values of step S2 and step S3 every predetermined number of times, or may use the average value of all the measurement values. In the former case, it can be seen how the difference between C and A changes at predetermined times. Change keeps track of times If it increases each time, it can be judged that there is a possibility that a risk to the human body may occur due to the accumulation effect when the test drug is actually prescribed to the human body as a pharmaceutical for a long period of time.
- FIG. 7B is a flowchart showing the steps of the pharmaceutical safety test method according to Embodiment 3 of the present invention.
- step S12 replaces step S13. Therefore, only this difference will be described.
- Step S13 is the same as step S12, in which the sample cell 1 is in contact with the measurement solution 51 to measure the voltage signal (step S2), and the voltage signal is measured in the state returned to the control solution again. This is a step of repeating the step (step S3). Then, in step S13, in step S2 and step S3, the same sample cell 1 is replaced with a solution containing a different type of drug to be tested, and the voltage is measured.
- step S13 until step S2 and step S3 are repeated a predetermined number of times, the test solution is replaced with a measurement solution in which the type of the drug under test is changed (steps S22 and S23), and thereafter, the process returns to step S2. If Step S2 and Step S3 are repeated a predetermined number of times, the process proceeds to Step S4A, and Step S13 ends.
- step S13 the compound action characteristics of the test drug can be known.
- the information on the combined action characteristics described above provides valuable information for judging whether or not there is any danger to the human body when the test drug is actually prescribed to the human body as a drug.
- step S4A may use the measurement values of step S2 and step S3 every predetermined number of times, or the last measurement value obtained by repeating step S2 and step S3 a predetermined number of times. May be used. In the latter case, if there is a difference between the final readings and the initial readings, it is not possible to obtain information that a combination of multiple test drugs, rather than a single test drug, will show proarrhythmic effects only when combined. can get.
- Fig. 7-C is a flowchart showing the steps of the pharmaceutical safety test method according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention. It is a chart. The only difference between the present embodiment and the second embodiment is that step S12 replaces step S14. Therefore, only this difference will be described.
- Step S14 is a step of measuring a voltage signal in a state where the specimen cell 1 is in contact with the measurement solution 51 as in step S12 (step S2), and a voltage signal is measured in a state of returning to the control solution again. This is a step of repeating the step (step S3). Then, in step S14, in steps S2 and S3, the same sample cells 1 are replaced with solutions containing the same drug under test at different concentrations, and the voltage is measured. In general, proceed from the less concentrated test drug to the higher test drug. By this, it is possible to know at what concentration the proarrhythmic effect starts to occur, and V, and the dangerous concentration.
- step S14 until step S2 and step S3 are repeated a predetermined number of times, the test solution is exchanged for a measurement solution having a different concentration of the test drug (steps S24 and S25), and thereafter, the process returns to step S2. If Step S2 and Step S3 are repeated a predetermined number of times, the process proceeds to Step S4A, and Step S14 ends.
- step S4A may use the measurement values of step S2 and step S3 for each predetermined number of times, or may use the average value of all the measurement values! .
- step S14 the concentration dependence of the test drug can be calculated.
- the above information will provide valuable insights for calculating the safe prescription amount when the test drug is actually prescribed to the human body as a drug.
- FIG. 8 is a diagram showing a flowchart of a pharmaceutical safety test method according to Embodiment 5 of the present invention.
- the difference between the present embodiment and the second embodiment is that before step S1 and step S3, the concentration of ions commonly contained in the measurement solution and the control solution is changed in the control solution in contact with the sample cell 1.
- the measurement solution in contact with the sample cells is made to have the same ion concentration as the control solution having a different ion concentration in Step S15.
- the only difference is that it has a step (step S16) of exchanging the solution with the measurement solution.
- step S11 a control solution having different concentrations of ions commonly contained in the measurement solution and the control solution is injected into the well (step S15). Measure the signal (Step SI).
- step S16 the control solution in the well is replaced with a measurement solution having a different ion concentration (step S16), and a voltage signal is measured for this measurement solution (step S2).
- step S17 the measurement solution in the well is replaced again with a control solution having a different ion concentration
- step S3 a voltage signal is measured for the control solution
- steps S16, S2, S17, and S3 are repeated a predetermined number of times. If these steps are repeated a predetermined number of times, the process proceeds to step S4A, and step S18 (corresponding to step S12 in FIG. 7A) ends.
- the stimulus to the cells in the present embodiment is a solution stimulus by changing the ionic concentration of the solution, and can be distinguished from the electrical stimulus to the cells via the electrodes.
- one of the effects of the pharmaceutical safety test method of the present invention that is, measurement without electrical stimulation can be realized, and the effect of high-sensitivity measurement can be sufficiently obtained.
- the HERG channel is classified as a voltage-sensitive potassium ion channel.
- the threshold of the force-activated membrane potential is near the resting membrane potential, and in a sample cell having a shallow membrane potential, it is slightly activated even in normal times. Therefore, the present inventors have found that the activation stimulation is not necessary.
- Specific examples of channels that are inactive during normal times are found in receptor-activated ion channels, GTP-binding proteins, enzymes, and some voltage-sensitive ion channels with high thresholds. .
- Stimuli that activate channels such as receptor-operated ion channels, GTP-binding proteins, enzymes, etc. are chemical substances that bind to the receptor.
- the sensor response when this channel is activated can be specifically realized by putting an active substance solution in which the activation substance is dissolved at a predetermined concentration into the well. it can.
- the present inventors have confirmed that when activating voltage-sensitive ion channels, solution stimulation that changes the ion composition of a solution has the same effect as electrical stimulation.
- delayed rectifier potassium ion channels present in guinea pig papillary muscle are classified as voltage-sensitive ion channels.
- a solution stimulus is applied when activating these ion channels, it is realized by increasing the concentration of potassium ions in the components of the solution.
- the intracellular potential of a cell The intracellular potential is increased by increasing the potassium ion concentration of the extracellular solution to, for example, 2 mM to 40 mM, because it is determined by the ratio of the external potassium ion concentration. Is activated.
- the voltage-sensitive ion channel is a HERG channel
- a force that can also be applied to a solution stimulus is used. Due to the substitution with the concentration solution, the activation response speed is slowed down by the diffusion of the solution.
- step S1 the number of times the voltage signal is detected is arbitrary, and the voltage signal can be measured a plurality of times for each drug under test.
- a solution stimulus of the same size may be used and applied at the same timing, or the response may be measured multiple times with different stimulus intervals. Stimuli with different ion concentrations may be used.
- the difference between the responses can be statistically processed such as an average and a deviation, so that a sudden disturbance can be performed. This contributes to the removal of false positive components due to the application of, and makes it possible to detect the difference in response with higher reliability.
- Embodiment 6 of the present invention relates to a drug safety test sensor used in the drug safety test system of the present invention.
- the drug safety test sensor according to the present embodiment will be described with reference to FIGS.
- FIGS. 9 to 12 are schematic diagrams showing the configuration of the sensor used in the drug safety test described in the present embodiment.
- the major difference between the sensor of the present embodiment and the sensor used in the first embodiment is that the sensor has a through hole in the vicinity of the electrode. Therefore, this difference will be mainly described.
- FIG. 10 shows a perspective view of the entire sensor as a preferred example of the present embodiment having a through hole.
- FIG. 9 is a partial cross-sectional view in which the vicinity of any three of the wells shown in FIG. 10 is enlarged and displayed so that the configuration to which the sensor substrate is connected is more powerful.
- one sensor board shown in Fig. 9 and the bottom Fig. 11 shows a partial cross-sectional view in which the side is enlarged.
- Figure 12 shows a bottom view of one and the same sensor substrate. 9 to 12, the same or corresponding parts as those in FIGS. 2 and 3 are denoted by the same reference numerals, and description thereof will be omitted.
- FIG. 10 Note that, in Fig. 10, only the sensor 104 near the lower right of the sensor is shown as if the sensor substrate 122 is fixed to the bottom of the sensor. This force is used to explain the state of attachment of the sensor substrate 122. For the sake of convenience, only the sensor substrate 122 is illustrated only for the well 104 in this portion. In FIGS. 10 and 11, a partial configuration of the reference electrode and the specimen cells is omitted. Also, in FIG. 9, the tube 114 is shown to be connected only to the middle sensor board, but it is connected to other sensor boards as well! RU
- the sensor 120 of the present embodiment has a solution holding section 119 in which a large number of columnar tubes 104 are formed so as to be located at nodes of a lattice, and a through hole 117. And a sensor substrate 122.
- the mounting method of the sensor substrate 122 may be any force as long as the measurement solution 52 accumulates on the upper surface of the sensor substrate 122.
- each well hereinafter, referred to as a first well
- An opening 104a is provided on the bottom surface of 104, and a sensor substrate 122 is attached to the lower surface of the solution holding section 119 such that the through hole 117 is located in the opening 104a.
- the measurement solution 52 is filled in the first well 104 so as to be in contact with the upper surface of the sensor substrate 122.
- a sensor installation base 121 for receiving the sensor 120 is provided in order to stably install the sensor 120.
- the sensor installation 121 can be omitted.
- the sensor substrate 122 (cell immobilizer) is provided with a microdent 116 as a cell holding portion at a part thereof.
- a second well 112 for holding a second solution which is communicated with the minute recess 116 through the through hole 117, is formed in the sensor substrate 122.
- the solution holding section 119 includes the plate-shaped well forming body 131 and the reference electrode 103 as described in the first embodiment. Electrode contact pins 111 are erected at predetermined positions on the sensor installation base 121, and the sensor 120 is mounted thereon.
- the sensor board 122 includes the board 101 as shown in FIG. At a predetermined position on the upper surface of the substrate 101, one or more hemispherical minute recesses 116 are formed. Under board 101 In a region of the surface located below the region where the micro dents 116 are formed, a second rail 112 formed of a concave portion is formed. Then, a through hole 117 is formed in the thickness direction of the substrate 101 so as to connect the minute recess 116 and the second well 112. On the lower surface of the substrate 101, an exchange port 113 having a groove force is formed from the second well 112 to its end face. The film-shaped measurement electrode 102 is formed on the inner surface of the second well 112.
- a film-like external connection portion 107 is formed on the edge (end) of the lower surface of the substrate 101. Then, a lead wire 105 is formed on the lower surface of the substrate 101 so as to connect the measurement electrode 102 and the external connection portion 107. Then, an insulating film 106 is formed so as to cover the lower surface of the substrate 101, the measurement electrode 102, and the lead wire 105 except for the external connection portion 107. A through hole is formed in the measurement electrode 102 and the insulating film 106 so as to communicate with the through hole 117.
- a bottom substrate 118 is provided on the lower surface of the substrate 101 on which the insulating film is formed.
- the bottom substrate 118 is disposed so that the external connection portion 107 of the substrate 101 is exposed.
- the opening of the second well 112 is closed by the bottom substrate 118.
- the open surface of the groove-like exchange port 113 is closed on the bottom substrate 118.
- a tube 114 is connected to the outer end of the exchange port 113.
- the sensor 120 is placed on the sensor mounting base 121 such that the external connection portion of the sensor substrate 122 makes the abutment on the electrode contact pin 111.
- the sensor substrate 122 can hold the specimen cell 1 that is a biological sample in close contact with the micro-dent 116 provided above the through-hole 117. As a result, the specimen cell 1 is placed near the measurement electrode 102, and a potential signal from the specimen cell 1 is measured at the measurement electrode 102.
- the sample cells 1 can be easily captured on the sensor substrate 122. Further, by aspirating the sample cells 1 from below the through-holes 117 and by pressing the sample cells 1 with the upward force of the through-holes 117, the fixation of the sample cells 1 can be further facilitated.
- the measurement electrode 102 is preferably formed in the hole of at least one through hole 117 formed in the sensor substrate 122 and around Z or the hole of the through hole 117 on the upper surface of the substrate 122. Yes.
- the number and positional relationship of the through holes 117 formed on the sensor substrate 122 are arbitrary, and are not limited to the numbers shown in FIGS. 11 and 12, but the through holes 117 correspond to one measurement electrode 102. It is desirable to adopt a configuration in which a plurality is formed. Specifically, it is desirable that one or more measurement electrodes 102 have one or more and 2000 or less. With such a configuration, measurement that is not affected by the survival rate of the sample cells 1 can be performed.
- the positional relationship between the through-holes 117 on the sensor substrate 122 can be arranged, for example, so as to be located at the nodes of the lattice, as shown in FIG.
- an electric signal due to the specimen cell 1 held in the plurality of through holes 117 is detected from one measurement electrode 102 as one electric signal.
- the sensor 120 according to the present embodiment is particularly useful for a drug screening or the like that simultaneously detects responses from a plurality of specimen cells 1.
- the shape of the through-hole 117 is not particularly limited as long as it can hold the specimen cell 1.
- the top opening may be cylindrical, which is larger than the bottom opening.
- the shape in which the minute recess 116 is formed above the cylindrical through-hole 117 is a small recess.
- the curvature of 116 is very desirable because the specimen cell 1 can be more securely adhered to and held at the boundary with the through hole 117.
- the micro-dent 116 can be of any size depending on the target specimen cell 1, and is not particularly limited as long as it can hold the target specimen cell 1. More specifically, the size of the minute recess 116 is preferably in the range of 2 to 500 m in the same plane as the upper surface of the sensor substrate 122, and more preferably in the range of 10 to 100 / ⁇ . For example, when the major axis of the specimen cell 1 used as a biological sample is approximately 30 m, the diameter of the upper surface of the opening is preferably approximately 20 ⁇ m! / M.
- the through-hole 117 may have a size that allows the measurement solution to pass by suction and does not allow the specimen cell 1 to pass.
- the diameter of the through hole 117 is preferably in the range of 1 to 125 / ⁇ , and more preferably the diameter is in the range of 2 to 25 m.
- the diameter of the through-hole 117 is preferably about 5 ⁇ m when the diameter of the minute recess 116 is about 20 ⁇ m.
- the length of the through hole 117 is arbitrary.
- the second well 112 stores a second solution.
- the second page 112 There is no opening on the bottom (bottom board 118). For this reason, the second solution stored in the second well 112 is held in the second well 112 by gravity, and the through-hole 117 and the electrode 102 near the through-hole 117 do not separate, so that the second solution is stable. Voltage measurement becomes possible.
- the second well 112 has an exchange port 113 for exchanging the second solution with another third solution on the side surface.
- the pore forming substance such as nystatin can be brought into contact with the sample cell 1 at the portion in contact with the second well 112, if necessary.
- the drug safety test sensor shown in Fig. 9 and Fig. 10 is made up of the three steps of manufacturing the sensor board, manufacturing the upper solution holding member, and bonding the sensor board and upper member shown in Figs. 11 and 12. It is formed.
- 140 is prepared (step 1), and then a resist film 144 and a resist film 145 are laminated on both sides of the base 141 and the thin plate 143. Then, the resist film 144 on the base side is patterned to have a predetermined pattern to form a resist mask.
- the substrate 140 as described above is called an SOI substrate, and is often used when manufacturing a semiconductor device, and is easily available. Therefore, a description of the substrate manufacturing method will be omitted.
- the base 141 is etched to form the second well 112 and the groove-like exchange port 113 whose bottom is open (step 2).
- an ordinary method such as dry etching or wet etching is used.
- the resist film 145 on the thin plate 143 side is patterned so as to have an opening 145a at a predetermined position to form a resist mask (Step 3).
- etching is performed from the thin plate 143 side by dry etching (step 4).
- a gas that promotes etching is used as an etching gas.
- SF6, CF4, XeF2, etc. can be used as a gas to promote etching. Wear. This is because they have the effect of promoting the etching of silicon not only in the depth direction but also in the lateral direction. In the experiment, the effect was confirmed using XeF2.
- the shape of the etched portion becomes a hemisphere centered on the opening 145a of the resist film 145 as shown in FIG. 28, and a minute recess 116 having a partial force of the hemisphere is formed.
- the resist film 145 resist mask
- XeF2 hardly etched by XeF2
- dry etching is again performed from the side of the thin plate 143 to form a through-hole 117 penetrating the thin plate 113 on the bottom surface of the minute recess 116 (step 5).
- a dry etching method is optimal, and a gas that promotes etching and a gas that suppresses etching are used in dry etching.
- Gases that promote etching include XeF2, CF4, and SF6.
- Gases that suppress etching include CHF3 and C4F8.
- a uniform protective film can be formed on the wall surface of the dry etching hole of the substrate 140.
- SF6 was used as a gas to promote etching
- C4F8 was used as a suppressing gas. Yes.
- the formation of the through-holes 117 can be advanced only below the resist mask by the respective actions described above. Further, a protective film 146 is formed on the side surface of the through hole 117 by using a gas that suppresses etching at the same time.
- a measurement electrode 102 mainly composed of gold is formed from the base 141 side of the substrate 140 by a normal thin film forming step and a patterning step (step 6).
- a method of patterning an electrode an electrode material is vapor-deposited on a substrate and then etched using a photoresist to form a measurement electrode 102 and a corresponding lead wire 105 and an external connection 107. Is used as one set to form a desired pattern having a plurality of sets that are powerful.
- a mask method of vapor deposition through a stencil mask in which an electrode pattern is formed in advance, and a lift-off method can also be applied to electrode pattern formation.
- a flat bottom substrate 118 is attached from the base side with an adhesive to obtain a sensor substrate 122.
- the sensor substrate 122 does not necessarily need to follow this configuration.
- an exchange port is formed in the bottom substrate 118 so as to communicate with the second well 112 without forming an exchange port in the base, and the bottom substrate 118 is connected to the substrate. It may be attached to the lower surface of 140.
- the shape of the bottom substrate 118 is not particularly limited as long as the solution in the exchange port 113 does not leak and the external connection portion 107 to which the measurement electrode 102 is connected via the lead wire 105 is exposed. As shown in FIG. 11 and FIG. 12, it is preferable that only the external connection portion 107 is formed in a flat plate shape with a cutout.
- the wafer is diced and cut into small pieces having a predetermined angle, and one small piece is used as the sensor substrate 122.
- the electrode 102, the lead wire 105, and the external connection 107 are formed on one small piece.
- the sensor substrate 122 is mounted on one wafer. It is preferable from the viewpoint of productivity that a plurality of pieces are formed, and then cut into small pieces having a predetermined angle by dicing, and one small piece is used as a sensor substrate.
- a thermal oxide film is formed on the surface of silicon by a normal thermal oxidation process. This process can be used when the surface resistance of silicon is to be increased as much as possible. Unless a very high surface resistance is required, only a natural oxide film naturally formed on the surface of silicon is sufficient. is there.
- a sensor is provided on the bottom surface of a solution holding unit 119 having a well-formed body 131, which is a plate-shaped container provided with a large number of first wells 104 made of resin separately, and a reference electrode 103.
- the thin plate 143 side of the substrate 122 is attached with an adhesive or the like.
- a normal method such as press molding, stereolithography, and cutting is used. If these methods are used, it is not particularly difficult to provide the recess 104 with a predetermined shape in the recess 104 and the opening 104a on the bottom surface of the recess, so the description is omitted here.
- the well-formed body 131 can be realized, for example, by selling a multi-hole plate (96-hole, 384-hole, etc.) conforming to the SBS standard, which is sold as a commercial product, only at the opening. These are also useful in terms of manufacturing costs.
- the tube 114 is connected to the exchange port 113 of the sensor board 122.
- the sensor used in the present embodiment is manufactured.
- each of the second wells 112 and the exchange port 113 need not necessarily be integrally formed.
- an insulating material is desirable.
- PDMS polydimethylsiloxane
- Such a material is excellent in microfabrication, is soft and has an adhesive force, so that it can be easily connected to the sensor substrate 122 and does not leak.
- a metal deposition method such as vapor deposition and sputtering, or electroless plating can be used.
- the target metal can be easily deposited on the side walls of the first well 104 and the second well 112 by performing the treatment of attaching the holding unit 119 to the rotating stage of the deposition apparatus at an angle.
- FIG. 13 is a block diagram of a drug safety test system using the sensor described in the present embodiment.
- the difference between the drug safety test system (2) of the present embodiment and the drug safety test system (1) shown in Embodiment 1 is that the device for injecting and replacing the second solution into the solution storage unit Therefore, the difference will be described below with reference to FIG.
- the pharmaceutical safety test system of the present embodiment includes a second in-well solution replacement device 157c for replacing the solution in second well 112. Further, as a solution to be injected, a channel switching device 158c for switching between a second solution (L5 in FIG. 13) and a third solution (L6 in FIG. 13) is provided.
- the flow path switching device 158c is electrically connected to the calculation processing unit 155, and the calculation processing unit 155 controls the flow path switching device 158c to switch the solution at a predetermined timing and procedure. Send a signal.
- the second solution can be replaced with the third solution and the third solution can be replaced with the second solution.
- the second intracellular solution replacement device 157c also has a device (P in Fig. 13) for guiding the sample cells into the through-hole, the sample cell through-hole can be mounted with the sensor 120 attached to the system. And pharmacological response measurement.
- Examples of the device P for inducing cells include suctioning a solution in a through-hole by negative pressure.
- the components connected to the second well solution replacement device 157c shown in Fig. 13 represent the second solution reservoir (L5), the third solution reservoir (L6), and the cell induction suction device (P). I have.
- the measurement environment adjusting device 156 has a function of adjusting the solution in the first well and the solution in the second well 112 of the sensor 120 at different desired temperatures.
- Example 1 a drug safety test sensor 120 of Embodiment 5 shown in FIGS. 9 to 12 was prototyped. Using the sensor 120, an experiment was performed to measure the response of cells.
- a 4-inch SOW wafer was used as a substrate material for manufacturing the sensor substrate 122.
- a through hole 117 group was formed on the substrate surface (upper surface) by dry etching using the gas described in the fifth embodiment.
- the silicon oxide layer which was the intermediate layer, was removed, and the front and back surfaces were penetrated.
- An electrode was patterned on the back surface by using a vacuum evaporation method or a sputtering method. Gold was used for the electrode material. Then, it was diced into small pieces of 30 mm square to make small pieces. As a result, one measurement electrode 102 was formed on a 30 mm square substrate, and a sensor substrate 122 in which about 100 through holes 117 were formed in the electrode 102 was obtained.
- each first well 104 As the well forming body 131 of the sensor of Example 1, a well of a 96-well plate conforming to the SBS standard was used. An opening 104a was provided through a step of forming a tapered hole having a top surface diameter of 5 mm and a bottom surface diameter of lmm on the bottom surface of each first well 104, and the thin plate side force was also attached to the sensor substrate 122. Note that the connection was made at a position corresponding to the group of through holes 117 of the sensor substrate 122 described above. The volume of each first well 104 is approximately 250 ⁇ L.
- the reference electrode 13 is made of gold having a diameter of 0.5 ⁇ m.
- a slit structure 113 was further formed on the measurement electrode 102 side. On the back surface, a channel 113 having a width of lmm and a height of 360 m is formed. Exchange ports were provided at both ends, and a PEEK tube 114 with an outer diameter of 360 ⁇ m and an inner diameter of 150 ⁇ m was attached.
- Specimen cells were obtained by genetic modification technology using HERG (Human Enter-a-gogo-Related Gene). Human kidney embryo cells HEK-293 (hereinafter, HERG cells) expressing the channel were used.
- the HERG channel is a target ion channel that causes QT prolongation, and a drug safety test was performed using the above cells as specimen cells.
- the HERG channel and the test cell will be described using a HERG ion channel and a HERG-expressing cell.
- the inside of the first well 104 of the sensor 120 was filled with a culture solution, and then 100,000 HERG cells were seeded in each first well 104.
- As the culture solution DMEM + 10% by weight FBS was used. After aspirating the sample cells from the back surface and guiding them to the through-holes, the cells were cultured in an incubator maintained at 37 ° C and a C02 concentration of 5%. After culturing the cells for a predetermined time, the sensor of Example 1 was removed from the incubator, installed in a drug safety test system, and an experiment for testing the safety of the drug was performed.
- E-4031 (Sigma M5060), which has a known effect of selectively antagonizing HERG, was used as the drug to be tested.
- E-4031 is known to cause acquired QT prolongation by selectively antagonizing the HERG channel.
- control solution Prior to the measurement of the sensor response, the culture solution remaining in the first well 104 was replaced with a control solution. Thereby, measurement can be performed stably even in the atmosphere.
- the composition of the control solution is based on Hanks' solution and has a buffering effect with HEPES.
- the pH of the solution is set at 7.4.
- a back-side control solution (second solution) containing nystatin is immediately injected into the exchange port 113 into the sensor 120 of the first embodiment.
- the final concentration of nystatin is adjusted to 240 g / mL.
- the composition of the back side control solution is a buffer solution obtained by chelating Ca ion with EGTA based on potassium salt. Then, the pH of the solution was adjusted to be maintained at 7.2 with 10 mM HEPES.
- the voltage measurement was also started for 0 seconds with the Hanks control solution in the absence of the test drug described above in the first well 104 (state A1 in FIG. 14, time 0 to 15 seconds). . Then, 15 seconds later (at G1), the control solution 1 was replaced with the drug solution 1 (Hank's solution containing 1 ⁇ -40 of E-4031) (the state of B1 in FIG. 14, time 15 to 30 seconds). As a result, an increase in the voltage amplitude was observed with the injection of ⁇ -4031 (El in FIG. 14). In the experiment, the control solution 1 was returned to the control solution 1 again at the time of 30 seconds (at the time of HI) (state of C1 in FIG. 14), but thereafter, the increase in the voltage amplitude became uncontrollable. This is consistent with the data measured with the notch clamp.
- the amplitude of the voltage signal in state A1 has increased to the amplitude of the voltage signal in state B1 by bringing the drug solution 1 into contact with the specimen cells. This is the result of E-4031 antagonizing the HERG ion channel.
- the amplitude of the voltage signal in state C1 is approximately the same as the amplitude of the voltage signal in state B1. This phenomenon is caused by the fact that E-4031 irreversibly antagonizes the HERG ion channel, and thus the control solution This is because the amplitude of the voltage signal does not return to the level of the original state A1 even after returning to.
- the test drug is irreversibly converted to the HER Since it is antagonizing the G ion channel, it can be determined that there is an "arrhythmic effect".
- the comparison of the amplitude of the voltage signal can be performed by the operator while looking at a graph as shown in FIG. 14, or the measuring instrument that measures the amplitude of the voltage signal determines the amplitude of the voltage signal in state A1 and state C1 Is used to determine whether the difference in force is below a certain reference value or above a reference value.
- A3 represents a state in which the control solution 1 was injected into the well 104
- B3 a drug solution of the drug under test reversibly antagonizing the HERG ion channel
- C3 a control solution 1 again in the well 104.
- HERG is a slow voltage-sensitive ion channel. This is because they are slightly open.
- control solution 1 (Hanks solution above)
- the voltage measurement was started for a time of 0 seconds with the above-mentioned Hanks control solution in the absence of the test drug in the first well 104 (state A2 in FIG. 15, time 0 to 15 seconds). . Then, 15 seconds later (at G2), the control solution 1 was replaced with the control solution 2 (Hank's solution having the same composition as the control solution 1) (the state of B2 in FIG. 15, time 15 to 30 seconds). Even when the control solution was changed from the control solution 1 to the control solution 2, no increase in the amplitude of the voltage signal was observed (E2 in FIG. 15). In the experiment, the control solution 1 was returned to the control solution 1 again at a time of 30 seconds (at H2) (state of C2 in FIG. 15). Again, no increase in the amplitude of the voltage signal was noticeable.
- the appropriate threshold varies depending on the experimental conditions and the judgment level of risk.
- the c / a force Sl. Is set to about 2 to 5, more preferably about 1.5 to 2.5.
- Example 1 the amplitude value of the voltage signal during the injection of the control solution was about 2 / z Vp-p, and the amplitude value of the voltage signal during the injection of the drug solution was a maximum of 8 / z Vp-p, which was about 4 times. It became. In order to quantitatively and automatically evaluate the effect of increasing the amplitude of these voltage signals, the following analytical algorithm was developed.
- a voltage threshold is provided, and a change start time (G1 in FIG. 14) at which a transition from a steady state to an increased danger state due to antagonist injection is sensed based on whether or not the voltage threshold is exceeded.
- Voltage time series data for 10 seconds after the change start time (in Fig. 14, time 15 to 25 (Voltage amplitude in seconds) as a danger rising state, and the change starting time force and the previous 10-second voltage time series data (voltage amplitude in time 5 to 15 seconds in Fig. 14) are similarly cut out as a steady state, and statistically To analyze.
- the voltage threshold was set to ⁇ 3 / zV.
- the voltage time-series data for 10 seconds after returning from the drug solution 1 to the control solution 1 in FIG. 14, the voltage amplitude in the time period of 25 to 35 seconds) is cut out in the same manner.
- a standard deviation SD1 is obtained for each of a certain small section Y with respect to the time-series data of each state automatically cut out by the above method.
- the frequency distribution of each SD1 was determined, the peak value of the distribution and the variance (half width) were compared as statistical values, and the increase rate of each was used as an index to determine the safety of the test drug.
- the same analysis section and analysis method were applied to the voltage time series data for the control solution 2 shown in FIG. 15 in the same manner. The results are shown in FIGS.
- FIG. 16 shows the results of comparison of the peak area sizes of the histograms of the state Al, the state B1, and the state C1 with respect to the drug solution 1 (E-4031).
- Figure 18 shows the results of the comparison.
- Fig. 17 shows the results of comparison of the peak town sizes of the histograms of state A2, state B2, and state C2 for control solution 2, which is the control, and
- Fig. 17 shows the results of comparison of the magnitude of the same variance K.
- FIG. The rate of change from state A to B, and from state A to state C, for the same variance K as the peak area of drug solution 1 (or control solution 2) and control solution 1 determined in Figs. 16 to 19
- Figure 20 shows the results of determining the rate of change of
- the rate of change from the state A to the state in the peak town and the variance value K of the histogram statistic is the percentage when the peak town (or the variance value K) in the state A is 100%, that is, It is calculated by JcZja by the peak mouth a of state A and the peak mouth c of state C.
- Each small section Y was set to 10 msec in consideration of the fact that the opening and closing frequency of the ion channel is about several msec.
- the peak town and the variance K of the histogram statistical values used as indices for judging drug safety in this example are both in a dangerous state (state B1) from the viewpoint of the drug safety test.
- state B1 a dangerous state
- the transition I an increasing index.
- this sensor outputs to the side that increases when it transits to a dangerous state, the minimum resolution for recognizing the dangerous state can be set larger than that of the decrease index type output.
- the rate of change of the dangerous drug solution from state A to state C was 236.1% at the peak town and 236.2% at the variance K, all of which increased slightly more than twice.
- the change rate of 200% or more in the peak town JcZja calculated in the peak town c of the state C and the peak town a of the state C is 2 or more
- a change in peak value K of 200% or more KcZKa calculated from the peak value Kc in state C and the peak value Ka in state C of 2 or more was also recognized as a significant difference.
- the rate of change of state C when the state A of a chemical substance that does not have a danger exists and is not contained is 70.1% in the peak town and 70.1% in the variance value K when the state A is 100%. Both decreased slightly, but did not increase.
- Example 2 is an example of the drug safety sensor according to Embodiment 1.
- the sensor does not have a through-hole, and since the channel is positively activated by applying a solution stimulus, the signal output from one cell is collected with high sensitivity. What you can get.
- sensor 120 includes sensor substrate 101 and well forming body 131.
- a 4-inch Si wafer is used, and a photoresist is spin-coated thereon.
- a circular measuring electrode 102 having a diameter of 5 m is placed upright on each of the grid-shaped nodes of 6 rows and 6 columns, and the distance between the centers of the electrodes 102 is 20 / zm.
- a plurality of patterns having lead wires 105 radiating from the respective electrodes 102 were exposed to predetermined positions on the Si wafer and developed.
- a gold thin film was deposited on the entire surface of the wafer by a vacuum evaporation method. Then, lift-off completes the patterning of the gold electrode on the Si wafer.
- Guinea pig papillary muscle cells were acutely isolated from guinea pigs and used as specimen cells.
- the delayed rectifier potassium channel Kr present in guinea pig papillary muscle cells is the target biological component of the drug under test.
- the surface of the sensor 120 to be seeded including the measuring electrode 102 of the sensor 120 was modified to have biocompatibility.
- a sensor including the surface of the measurement electrode 102 using collagen (Sigma, P-4511) which is a cell adhesive protein as an immobilizing material.
- the substrate 101 was covered by a predetermined method for one hour (at 37 ° C.). Then, it was rinsed several times with PBS (phosphate buffered saline).
- the cell suspension was resuspended in culture medium after concentration by isolated cells centrifuge, it was seeded at a concentration of the measuring electrode 102 in 1 X 10 5 cells ZCM 2 sensor 120, a predetermined The cells were cultured at 37 ° C and 5% CO for a period of time.
- control solution 1 was replaced with a control solution having a buffering effect with HEPES based on Hanks' solution.
- the solution was basically two types in addition to the above. The first is the control solution 1 described above. The positive control drug and the drug to be tested were used at a predetermined concentration in the control solution. Second, the control solution 1 has the same composition as that of the control solution 1 described above, and is a high ion concentration control solution in which only a specific ion concentration of the control solution 1 is set high. No operations such as crushing and pore formation were performed on the cells.
- terfenadine Sigma, T9652 was used as a positive control drug.
- ⁇ -conotoxin GVIA (Sigma, C9915) was used by mixing it with Control Solution 1 at a concentration of 1 ⁇ . It is known that ⁇ -conotoxin GVIA specifically inhibits voltage-dependent calcium channels and does not respond to channels present in muscle, but inhibits the aforementioned channels present in nerve synapses. It is expected that guinea pig papillary muscle cells do not respond to the delayed rectifier potassium ion channel. Control solution 1 contains 137 mM NaCl and 4 mM KCl in the ion concentration.KC1 of the high ion concentration control solution was set to 80 mM, and NaCl was reduced to 61 mM to avoid an increase in osmotic pressure. Was. In other words, the intracellular potential can be increased indirectly by replacing the solution with a high ion concentration control solution.
- the pharmaceutical safety test method and system of the present invention provide a measurement electrode corresponding to the fact that QT prolongation occurs without a process of applying an electric signal newly to the HERG channel by an external force. This method is useful as a method for evaluating open-channel candidate drugs with inherent dangers, in which the response and response time are prolonged irreversibly compared to the absence of the drug.
- the pharmaceutical safety test method and system of the present invention can be measured in a one-liquid system without disrupting the cell membrane and using an artificially prepared intracellular solution. Testing can be performed under measurement conditions close to the environment. Due to the effects of both, the pharmaceutical safety test method of the present invention can be a more reliable test than the conventional method.
- the external application electric circuit and the like can be omitted, and the device can be simply configured. Contributes to equipment productivity and manufacturability.
- the drug safety test system of the present invention judges the danger of the test drug using the voltage response difference of the sample cell composed of the target biological component containing the risk element to the test drug as an index.
- This is a high-throughput drug safety test system that is useful, for example, in a high-speed drug screening device that excludes candidate compounds that pose a danger to the human body in the early stage of new drug development.
- the pharmaceutical safety test method and system of the present invention can also be applied to uses such as a rapid diagnostic technique for congenital and acquired long Q Q syndrome.
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| JP2007225425A (ja) * | 2006-02-23 | 2007-09-06 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 細胞電気生理センサとそれを用いた測定方法およびその製造方法 |
| JP2007298351A (ja) * | 2006-04-28 | 2007-11-15 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 細胞電気生理測定デバイスおよびこれの製造方法 |
| JP2007333571A (ja) * | 2006-06-15 | 2007-12-27 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 細胞電気生理センサおよびそれを用いた細胞電気生理現象の測定方法 |
| JP2007333569A (ja) * | 2006-06-15 | 2007-12-27 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 細胞電気生理センサおよびそれを用いた細胞電気生理現象の測定方法 |
| JPWO2006022092A1 (ja) * | 2004-08-25 | 2008-05-08 | 松下電器産業株式会社 | 細胞電位測定プローブ |
| WO2014045618A1 (ja) * | 2012-09-19 | 2014-03-27 | 独立行政法人科学技術振興機構 | 神経細胞ネットワークの形成及びその利用、並びに神経細胞播種デバイス |
| WO2016092803A1 (ja) * | 2014-12-12 | 2016-06-16 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 電気化学測定デバイスおよび当該電気化学測定デバイスを備える電気化学測定装置 |
| WO2023286507A1 (ja) * | 2021-07-15 | 2023-01-19 | 株式会社Screenホールディングス | 信号処理装置、信号処理方法および信号処理プログラム |
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| JP2013224934A (ja) * | 2012-03-21 | 2013-10-31 | National Institute For Materials Science | 微量サンプル測定用センサー素子 |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| JPWO2006022092A1 (ja) * | 2004-08-25 | 2008-05-08 | 松下電器産業株式会社 | 細胞電位測定プローブ |
| JP2007225425A (ja) * | 2006-02-23 | 2007-09-06 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 細胞電気生理センサとそれを用いた測定方法およびその製造方法 |
| JP2007298351A (ja) * | 2006-04-28 | 2007-11-15 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 細胞電気生理測定デバイスおよびこれの製造方法 |
| JP2007333571A (ja) * | 2006-06-15 | 2007-12-27 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 細胞電気生理センサおよびそれを用いた細胞電気生理現象の測定方法 |
| JP2007333569A (ja) * | 2006-06-15 | 2007-12-27 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 細胞電気生理センサおよびそれを用いた細胞電気生理現象の測定方法 |
| CN104640971A (zh) * | 2012-09-19 | 2015-05-20 | 独立行政法人科学技术振兴机构 | 神经细胞网络的形成及其利用、以及神经细胞播种器件 |
| WO2014045618A1 (ja) * | 2012-09-19 | 2014-03-27 | 独立行政法人科学技術振興機構 | 神経細胞ネットワークの形成及びその利用、並びに神経細胞播種デバイス |
| JPWO2014045618A1 (ja) * | 2012-09-19 | 2016-08-18 | 国立研究開発法人科学技術振興機構 | 神経細胞ネットワークの形成及びその利用、並びに神経細胞播種デバイス |
| US9829477B2 (en) | 2012-09-19 | 2017-11-28 | Japan Science And Technology Agency | Formation and use of neuronal network, and neuron seeding device |
| WO2016092803A1 (ja) * | 2014-12-12 | 2016-06-16 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 電気化学測定デバイスおよび当該電気化学測定デバイスを備える電気化学測定装置 |
| JPWO2016092803A1 (ja) * | 2014-12-12 | 2017-09-28 | パナソニックIpマネジメント株式会社 | 電気化学測定デバイスおよび当該電気化学測定デバイスを備える電気化学測定装置 |
| WO2023286507A1 (ja) * | 2021-07-15 | 2023-01-19 | 株式会社Screenホールディングス | 信号処理装置、信号処理方法および信号処理プログラム |
| JP2023013011A (ja) * | 2021-07-15 | 2023-01-26 | 株式会社Screenホールディングス | 信号処理装置、信号処理方法および信号処理プログラム |
| JP7807881B2 (ja) | 2021-07-15 | 2026-01-28 | 株式会社Screenホールディングス | 信号処理装置、信号処理方法および信号処理プログラム |
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