WO2005085921A1 - フォトニック結晶結合欠陥導波路及びフォトニック結晶デバイス - Google Patents
フォトニック結晶結合欠陥導波路及びフォトニック結晶デバイス Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005085921A1 WO2005085921A1 PCT/JP2005/003366 JP2005003366W WO2005085921A1 WO 2005085921 A1 WO2005085921 A1 WO 2005085921A1 JP 2005003366 W JP2005003366 W JP 2005003366W WO 2005085921 A1 WO2005085921 A1 WO 2005085921A1
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B6/122—Basic optical elements, e.g. light-guiding paths
- G02B6/1225—Basic optical elements, e.g. light-guiding paths comprising photonic band-gap structures or photonic lattices
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y20/00—Nanooptics, e.g. quantum optics or photonic crystals
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
- G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
- G02B6/12007—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind forming wavelength selective elements, e.g. multiplexer, demultiplexer
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- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
- G02F1/29—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the position or the direction of light beams, i.e. deflection
- G02F1/31—Digital deflection, i.e. optical switching
- G02F1/313—Digital deflection, i.e. optical switching in an optical waveguide structure
- G02F1/3132—Digital deflection, i.e. optical switching in an optical waveguide structure of directional coupler type
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
- G02F2202/00—Materials and properties
- G02F2202/32—Photonic crystals
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a photonic crystal coupling defect waveguide and a photonic crystal device, and more particularly, to the coupling of electromagnetic waves propagating through a plurality of defects in a two-dimensional or three-dimensional photonic crystal to a small spatial extent.
- Photonic crystal coupling to reduce the coupling length by realizing the defect waveguide, and using it, directional coupler (branch, coupler), multiplexing multiplexer, demultiplexer, resonator,
- the present invention relates to a photonic crystal device for transmitting light and electromagnetic waves, such as a modulator, a filter, and a switch.
- Non-Patent Document 1 summarizes trends in photonic crystal research in Japan and overseas. The results of various research institutes (companies, universities, national laboratories, etc.) are based on theoretical background, Relatively detailed introduction to specific manufacturing methods and material strength
- switches, resonators, and filters using mode coupling of a plurality of waveguides that have been designed and manufactured are described below.
- Non-Patent Document 2 describes a typical branched interferometer (Mach-Zehnder type) optical switch device using a photonic crystal structure. Although there are many prototypes in other documents, the operating principle of this device is not the directional coupler type used in the present invention.
- Non-Patent Document 3 describes a directional coupler type using mode coupling between two line-defect waveguides formed in a hexagonal lattice photonic crystal, and an optical switch that operates by applying an external electric field. Is described. However, this is only a comparison with conventional optical switches using structures other than photonic crystals, and specific improvement plans and design guidelines for shortening the coupling length of optical switches using photonic crystal structures are not seen. I can't. Also mention the use of nonlinearity due to quantum dots and ion doping. No prototype is found in other documents.
- Non-Patent Document 4 shows that an optical resonator based on a directional coupler-type operation principle can be realized. The force does not use a photonic crystal in its structure.
- Non-Patent Document 5 describes a simulation of a directional coupler-type filter and a demultiplexer using mode coupling between two line-defect waveguides formed in a hexagonal lattice photonic crystal. However, there is no mention of measures for reducing the bond length.
- Patent Documents 1 to 14 below describe an optical device using a photonic crystal.
- Patent Document 1 describes an optical switch device having a branching interferometer configuration having a photonic crystal structure as described in Non-Patent Document 2.
- Patent Document 2 describes an optical modulator device that can output an optical signal faithful to the waveform of an electric signal with a simple structure.
- Patent Document 3 describes an optical circuit in which three photonic crystals are arranged with their crystal orientations selected so as to obtain a parallel light beam, branching, and bending, respectively, to obtain a parallel light beam with high parallelism in a self-guided manner. Have been.
- Patent Document 4 describes a photonic crystal optical waveguide and a directional coupler device as described in Non-Patent Document 3.
- Patent Document 5 discloses a method of forming a two-dimensional or three-dimensional defect structure in a photonic crystal.
- Nick crystals are described.
- Patent Document 6 describes a photonic crystal made of ceramic
- Patent Document 7 describes a method of filling another functional material having an amplification effect or the like in a hole.
- various methods for forming a three-dimensional photonic crystal such as a self-closing method and a pile stacking method, are known. In this regard, see, for example, Patent Documents 8 and 9 below.
- Patent Document 1 JP-A-2002-303836
- Patent Document 2 JP-A-2002-196296
- Patent Document 3 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2002-169048
- Patent Document 4 JP 2001-281480 A
- Patent Document 5 JP-A-2003-43273
- Patent Document 6 JP-A-2001-72414
- Patent Document 7 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2002-277659
- Patent Document 8 JP 2001-249235 A
- Patent Document 9 JP 2001-518707 A
- Non-Patent Document 1 "Current Status and Future Prospects of Photonic Crystal Research-One Revised Version-One Technology One-bit Map”-, Optoelectronic Industry and Technology Promotion Association (Photonic Crystal Breakthrough Technology Forum), 2002 ( March 2002, 14-013-1.
- Tokubi Reference 2 Kazuhito Tinima, All— optical switch with switch— off time ime unrestricted by carrier lifetime, Japanese Journal of Applied
- Non-Patent Document 3 Hirohito Yamada, "Theoretical Analysis of Photonic Crystal Directional Coupler-Type Optical Switch"
- Non-Patent Document 4 Kiyoshi Kishioka, ⁇ Characteristics of Optical Resonator Consisting of Nonlinear Directional Coupler '', Transactions of the Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan, Vol. 123, No. 12, 2003, p. 1166-1173.
- Non-Patent Document 5 J. Zimmermann, M. Kamp, A. Forchel, R. Marz, "Photonic crystal waveguide directional couplers as wavelength selective optical filters", Optics communications 230, 2004, pp. 38 7-392.
- the coupling length which is the spatial distance required for the energy of the electromagnetic field to be transferred to one waveguide force and the other waveguide, is also determined, and the coupling length changes shorter during propagation. I can't do it anymore. Therefore, there is no other way than to adjust the degree of coupling depending on the distance between the waveguides.However, if a sharp bend occurs in the dielectric waveguide, the propagating electromagnetic wave leaks to the outside. In order to move closer or farther away, a longer distance is required in the direction of propagation.
- the present invention considers the coupling length when a plurality of waveguides are mode-coupled to the coupling using a conventional waveguide or the coupling using only a photonic crystal defect waveguide. It is intended to be shorter in comparison with the case. It is an object of the present invention, in particular, to further reduce the coupling length by utilizing changes in the photonic crystal bond defect waveguide and the aforementioned photonic crystal elements and the like.
- the present invention relates to a photonic crystal including a directional coupler (branch, coupler) and a multiplexing multiplexer, demultiplexer, resonator, modulator, filter, switch, etc. based on the directional coupler. It is an object of the present invention to reduce the size and size of a nick crystal coupling defect device. Further, the present invention makes it possible to monolithically realize a photonic crystal coupling defect device in a higher-order device structure that requires them as components by forming a plurality of defect structures in one photonic crystal structure. It is intended to be.
- the photonic crystal structure is modified in order to shorten the coupling length of the photonic crystal coupling waveguide and the photonic crystal device.
- the photonic crystal defect waveguide is within the range where the periodic structural elements are uniformly distributed.
- the properties of electromagnetic waves propagating in a defective waveguide by changing the distribution interval (lattice constant), size, and shape of the elements that exist and changing them independently or globally at the same rate Can be changed relatively easily. Therefore, even after bringing a pair of waveguides to be coupled as close as possible, if such a change in the photonic crystal element is realized along the propagation direction of the waveguide, the coupling length can be further reduced. is there.
- the material of the photonic crystal is changed along the propagation direction of the waveguide, or the position of the photonic crystal element is locally changed, or in the case of a two-dimensional photonic crystal slab, the thickness of the slab It can also be obtained by changing the length.
- a photonic crystal including a photonic crystal element constituting a periodic structure, for suppressing propagation of an electromagnetic field including light or radio waves in a specific wavelength or frequency range;
- a coupling waveguide composed of at least two waveguides.
- the photonic crystal coupling for increasing the difference in the propagation constant between the even mode and the odd mode at a certain standard frequency and shortening the coupling length of the mode-coupled electromagnetic wave propagating in the coupling waveguide is reduced.
- a defective waveguide is provided.
- Waveguide force For outputting electromagnetic field to function as any one of directional coupler, splitter, coupler, multiplexing multiplexer, demultiplexer, resonator, filter, and switch in electromagnetic wave transmission
- a photonic crystal device is provided.
- the coupling length when a plurality of waveguides are mode-coupled is shorter than the coupling using a conventional waveguide or the coupling using only a photonic crystal defect waveguide.
- the present invention can further reduce the coupling length by using the photonic crystal coupling defect waveguide and the above-mentioned changes in the photonic crystal element and the like.
- the present invention also provides a directional coupler (branch, coupler) and a multiplexing multiplexer, demultiplexer, resonator, modulator, filter, Photonic crystal bond defect devices such as switches can be made shorter and smaller. Further, the present invention makes it possible to monolithically realize a photonic crystal coupling defect device in a higher-order device structure that requires them as components by forming a plurality of defect structures in one photonic crystal structure. It can be.
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic diagram of a photonic crystal coupling defect waveguide and a band structure diagram thereof.
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing a change in bond length.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram showing a photonic crystal coupling defect waveguide in which a medium is locally modified in order to shorten the coupling length.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing a photonic crystal coupling defect waveguide in which the lattice constant, the size, and the shape of a photonic crystal element are locally modified in order to shorten the coupling length.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic view showing a two-dimensional photonic crystal on-slab photonic crystal coupling defect waveguide in which the slab thickness is locally modified to reduce the coupling length.
- FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram showing a photonic crystal bonding defect waveguide in which a photonic crystal structure near a waveguide is modified in a region.
- FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram showing another example of a photonic crystal coupling defect waveguide in which the photonic crystal structure near the coupling waveguide is regionally modified.
- FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram showing a state in which a photonic crystal structure is modified so as to be different from each other in order to shorten the coupling length, and further modification is performed so that the width of the coupling waveguide is the same at the boundary between the regions.
- FIG. 11 is a schematic view of a two-dimensional photonic crystal coupling defect waveguide.
- FIG. 12 shows a schematic diagram of a three-dimensional photonic crystal coupling defect waveguide.
- FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram showing a coupling defect waveguide formed on a two-dimensional photonic crystal.
- FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram showing a directional coupler using a coupling defect waveguide formed on a photonic crystal.
- FIG. 15 This is a schematic diagram showing the principle of operation of a switch using a directional coupler using a photonic crystal coupling defect waveguide and the state of a switch device made smaller by shortening the coupling length.
- FIG. 16 is a schematic diagram showing an example of a discontinuous defect row mainly used for obtaining a delay line effect.
- FIG. 17 is a diagram showing an example in which a high-refractive-index difference waveguide, which is an example of an input / output port, is provided in a coupling waveguide formed on a two-dimensional photonic crystal slab.
- FIG. 18 is a structural example of a photonic crystal coupling defect waveguide composed of two single-line defect waveguides formed in an air-clad hexagonal lattice two-dimensional photonic crystal slab structure.
- FIG. 19 is a schematic diagram of an electromagnetic field distribution in a direction perpendicular to the waveguide direction of each mode propagating in the coupling waveguide.
- FIG. 21 is an explanatory diagram of a shift in the frequency direction of the band structure due to a substantial change in the refractive index of the medium.
- FIG. 22 is a view showing an example (1) of a region in which the photonic crystal structure is modified.
- FIG. 23 is a view showing an example (2) of a region where the photonic crystal structure is modified.
- a “photonic crystal” is an artificial material in which a medium having a different dielectric constant and conductivity is periodically arranged in a certain medium, and has a specific frequency range called a photonic band gap. Has the property of suppressing propagation of electromagnetic fields. For example, if a semiconductor plate (slab) is provided with, for example, air holes of a fixed size at regular intervals as “elements” (photonic crystal elements) of the periodic structure, it is necessary to use It becomes a photonic crystal that realizes a photonic band gap in the plane direction (“two-dimensional photonic crystal slab”). Photonic crystals can be considered as periodic structures designed to prevent electromagnetic waves from penetrating into them. The periodic intervals are called "lattice constants".
- the above-mentioned periodic structure is realized in only one direction, it is a “one-dimensional photonic crystal”, and if it is only in the plane direction, it is a “two-dimensional photonic crystal”. If it has a three-dimensional periodic structure, it is called a “three-dimensional photonic crystal”.
- the one-dimensional photonic crystal is also called a multilayer film. Generally, the square root of the dielectric constant indicates the refractive index.
- a two-dimensional photonic crystal for example, a two-dimensional hexagonal lattice crystal, a two-dimensional triangular lattice crystal, or a two-dimensional square lattice crystal is often used.
- a three-dimensional photonic crystal for example, a three-dimensional face-centered cubic lattice crystal, a three-dimensional body-centered cubic lattice crystal, or a rectangular laminated structure is often used.
- a material for manufacturing these photonic crystals for example, a metal conductor, a semiconductor, a synthetic resin, a polymer, and a glass are often used.
- the electromagnetic field oscillating at a frequency within the range of the photonic band gap in the photonic crystal is localized at the defect. The light cannot propagate to the surrounding photonic crystal.
- Photonic crystal defect waveguides are devices for controlling the propagation direction of electromagnetic waves, just like waveguides such as “waveguides”, “coaxial cables”, “high index difference waveguides”, and “optical fibers”. It can be said that. These waveguides localize the electromagnetic field only inside and do not leak or hardly leak electromagnetic waves outside.
- the “high refractive index difference waveguide” is a device that functions as a waveguide by providing a region of a medium having a relatively different refractive index from that of a medium and confining an electromagnetic wave therein. For light, a silicon wire waveguide has been realized.
- the ratio of the lattice constant to the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave propagating through the defect waveguide in vacuum is referred to as "normalized frequency".
- the standard frequency Nf can be represented by the following equation.
- a "point defect” is a portion of a photonic crystal that is missing when only one element of the periodic structure constituting the photonic crystal is not continuous with other defects. Is a phrase that indicates The term “line defect” is a phrase indicating a portion where a plurality of point defects are continuous or intermittent. Generally, a defect waveguide in a photonic crystal is realized by this line defect (“line defect waveguide”). These terms are generally used in the field of photonic crystals.
- FIG. 9 is an explanatory diagram of a point defect and a line defect.
- This example shows a case where a photonic crystal 6 such as a Si slab (mouth) or the like is provided with air circular holes ( ⁇ , an element realizing a periodic structure) periodically in a dimensional square lattice.
- FIG. 9 (A) shows a periodic structure without defects
- FIG. 9 (B) shows one having one “point defect” at the lower right.
- FIGS. 9C and 9D show examples of line defects.
- FIG. 10 shows another explanatory view of the point defect and the line defect.
- FIG. 10A shows a line defect including a bend and a point defect
- FIG. 10B shows two continuous point defects or a line defect having a length of two elements.
- Electromagnetic waves are phenomena that are spatial and temporal vibrations (especially often periodic vibrations) of an electromagnetic field. Generally speaking, when electromagnetic waves are propagated, energy is transferred to space Move. When a change in the value of an electromagnetic field (electric and magnetic fields) occurs at a certain location, the change necessarily propagates to the surrounding electromagnetic field over time.
- Electromagnetic waves have different modes of propagation, depending on the transmission line or propagation path, a form of guided wave propagation characterized by a particular shape of the electromagnetic field.
- Coupled In a certain propagation path, power transfer to a specific mode in another propagation path is referred to as "coupling".
- the “coupling length” is a spatial distance required for the energy of one electromagnetic wave to transfer to the other waveguide force. Note that one force may represent the distance required for 100% energy to transfer to the other waveguide.
- the change in phase per unit length along the propagation direction of an electromagnetic wave oscillating at a certain frequency is called a "phase constant" or "wave number” . If there is no loss in the propagation path, these are called “propagation constants”. equal.
- FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram of a photonic crystal coupling defect waveguide having a two-dimensional periodic structure.
- FIG. 12 shows a schematic diagram of a photonic crystal coupling defect waveguide having a three-dimensional periodic structure.
- These figures are schematic diagrams of a coupling waveguide having a plurality of two-dimensional or three-dimensional point defects 1 or line defects 2 or line defects 3 including a bend in the photonic crystal 6, respectively. This is because the point defects 1 for localizing the electromagnetic waves within them and the line defects 2 and 3 as waveguides for guiding the electromagnetic waves are arranged and coupled in various combinations nearby.
- the combination of defects may be three or more. Further, the thickness of the line defect may be various.
- FIG. 13 shows a schematic diagram of a photonic crystal coupling defect waveguide composed of two single line defects on a two-dimensional hexagonal lattice crystal structure having a circle as an element.
- single line defects Are arranged with one row of photonic crystal elements separated therefrom, and the coupling defect waveguides are described.
- the present invention is not limited to this, and they may be arranged with a plurality of rows separated.
- the line defect may be a stepped shape that includes a line defect including curl.
- the photonic crystal coupling waveguide in the present embodiment is a coupling having a photonic crystal 6 having a photonic crystal element 7, a line defect 2 forming a waveguide, and an input terminal or an output terminal 8.
- the coupling defect waveguide 4 is composed of at least two waveguides.
- the photonic crystal 6 includes a photonic crystal element 7 constituting a periodic structure, and suppresses propagation of an electromagnetic field including light or radio waves in a specific wavelength or frequency range.
- the line defect 2 is a defect in which the photonic crystal element 7 constituting the periodic structure of the photonic crystal 6 is locally removed and a plurality of defects are connected as lines in the photonic crystal to form a waveguide. is there.
- the input end or output end 8 is for inputting, outputting, or outputting an electromagnetic field.
- a plurality of continuous, intermittent, or single defect structures can be created within one range.
- two defect waveguides are placed at an appropriate distance from each other, and one When an electromagnetic field including light is incident, coupling occurs in those waveguides, and an electromagnetic field is also induced in the other waveguide.
- FIG. 14 shows a configuration diagram of a general example of a branching device, a coupler, and a directional coupler.
- This device uses a coupling defect waveguide composed of two line defects formed on a photonic crystal with a two-dimensional periodic structure. This phenomenon is used to obtain two or more outputs from an electromagnetic field input from one place.
- a coupler that can obtain an output from a certain point is a coupler (the middle part of Fig. 14), and a directional coupler (the lower part of Fig. 14) that combines these two structures.
- a coupler or a branching device functions and does not have power, it may be called a directional coupler.
- various photonic crystal defect devices such as a multiplexer and a demultiplexer can be formed using a photonic crystal defect waveguide.
- FIG. 15 shows a switch using a directional coupler based on a photonic crystal coupling defect waveguide.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram illustrating the operation principle of the device.
- FIG. 15 (A) is a schematic diagram illustrating the operation principle of a switch device using a directional coupler using a photonic crystal coupling defect waveguide.
- FIG. 15B shows a state in which the size of a similar switch device is reduced by shortening the coupling length based on the present embodiment. Note that the shortening of the coupling length in the present embodiment will be described later.
- the medium constant of the photonic crystal is changed, the coupling length changes with time, so that the output position also changes.
- the Pockels effect primary electro-optic effect
- the Kerr effect secondary electro-optic effect
- a non-linear medium region is realized by embedding quantum dots, doping with certain ions, or the like, around or inside the defect.
- This means that the effective dielectric constant and conductivity of the non-linear medium are controlled by an external force control signal (if the amplification effect is observed in that region, this is equivalent to the fact that the effective conductivity is negative).
- an external force control signal if the amplification effect is observed in that region, this is equivalent to the fact that the effective conductivity is negative.
- a defect waveguide for control signal realized by another two-dimensional photonic crystal is laminated on a two-dimensional photonic crystal provided with a waveguide through which the electromagnetic wave to be processed propagates, with a certain medium in between. Then, a method of electromagnetically coupling the two by removing the medium sandwiched only at the position of the medium (see Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2001-242329)
- ion doping is performed in the same manner as in the case of an optical fiber amplifier such as erbium 'ion' doping or the like. You may dope ions.
- the coupling length of an electromagnetic wave propagating through a plurality of mode-coupled waveguides depends on the magnitude of the propagation constant (or wave number) of each mode constituting the mode coupling along the waveguide direction.
- a coupled waveguide composed of two waveguides it is regarded as a directional coupler in which the even mode and the odd mode of the electromagnetic wave propagating in the waveguide interfere, and the coupling length at that time is the even mode and the odd mode.
- the electric field or magnetic field in the waveguide is represented as the sum of the even mode and the odd mode.
- E (z) the electric field E (z)
- j8 e, j8 o propagation constants of even and odd modes
- z distance in the propagation direction
- Ee, Eo electric field amplitudes of even mode and odd mode.
- FIG. 19 is a schematic diagram of an electromagnetic field distribution in a direction perpendicular to the waveguide direction of each mode propagating in the coupling waveguide.
- the electromagnetic field input from the left end (input end) of the waveguide I the sum of the even mode and the odd mode is output at the right end (output end) of the waveguide II.
- the right end of waveguide I and the left end of waveguide ⁇ are offset by the sum of the even or odd mode electric or magnetic fields. And no electromagnetic field is output.
- the bond length Lc is represented by the following equation.
- the coupling length is a function of (depends on) the propagation constant (or wave number) along the waveguide direction of each mode (even or odd) constituting the mode coupling. It is inversely proportional to the difference between the propagation constants of the even mode and the odd mode.
- the equation (3) for the coupling length Lc also relates to the distance between the waveguides. Generally, the longer the distance between the waveguides, the longer the coupling length. Therefore, it is better to bring both waveguides as close as possible. If the distance between the waveguides changes, the structure of the coupling waveguide also changes, and the propagation constant of the even or odd mode that propagates across the two waveguides that make up the coupling waveguide also changes. . Therefore, the bond length, which is a function of them, also changes as shown in equation (3).
- the coupling length Lc can also be expressed as follows as a function of a mode coupling constant indicating the degree of coupling between the two waveguides.
- the mode coupling constant is the mode coupling constant
- ⁇ is the difference between the propagation constants of the modes propagating in each waveguide when the two waveguides constituting the coupling waveguide exist independently. This is based on a concept different from that described above in which the mode coupling phenomenon is interpreted as even-odd mode interference propagating through the coupling waveguide.
- the mode here refers to a propagation mode in each of the waveguides when two waveguides constituting the coupled waveguide that do not relate to the above even and odd modes exist independently. Since it is appropriate to consider that the mode coupling constant (degree of coupling) is smaller as the distance between the waveguides is larger, it can be said from Equation (4) that the larger the distance between the waveguides, the longer the coupling length. .
- the number of waveguides constituting the coupling waveguide is not two but three or more, basically the same is applied to every two waveguides. The tendency is that the bond length of every two strands is shorter when they are placed in the same position.
- the coupling length can be shortened.
- the size of various devices using a directional coupler can also be reduced.
- the number of the waveguides constituting the coupling waveguide is three or more instead of only two, there is a high possibility that a higher-order mode is generated even if only two of the even and odd modes are generated.
- the mode coupling phenomenon in that case can also be regarded as interference of those modes, and the differential coupling length of the propagation constants of those modes can be considered, so that it is basically the same as above.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a photonic crystal coupling defect waveguide and its band structure diagram.
- Figure 1 shows an example of a photonic crystal coupling defect waveguide (upper part in Fig. 1) composed of two identical photonic crystal single-line defect waveguides constructed on a two-dimensional photonic crystal slab.
- the structure diagram that is, the relationship between the propagation constant (wave number) and the normalized frequency is shown.
- the photonic crystal coupling defect waveguide shown in the upper part of Fig. 1 is an example in which two rows of photonic crystal elements are arranged between two coupling defect waveguides.
- the diagram of the coupling defect waveguide as a directional coupler is not an accurate one but a schematic diagram.
- the design parameters of the photonic crystal structure conform to, for example, the document “A. Chutinan, et al .: Appl. Phys. Letters, Vol. 80, 2002, pp. 1698-1700”.
- the difference between the propagation constants of the even mode and the odd mode at a certain standard frequency affects the coupling length. From FIG. 1, it can be seen that the difference in the magnitude of the propagation constant of the mode in the waveguide direction increases as the normalized frequency decreases. Also, if the difference between the propagation constants increases, the coupling length decreases as shown in equation (3). For example, the difference between the propagation constants of the two modes when the normalized frequency is about 0.274 is shown in the figure. As the normalized frequency approaches about 0.268, the difference between the propagation constants of the two modes increases. Bond length is reduced (see thick arrow).
- FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing how the bond length changes.
- the upper part of FIG. 2 schematically shows the coupling length when the normalized frequency is 0.274 [cZa].
- the perfect bond length is 64a (a is the lattice constant).
- the lower part of Fig. 2 schematically shows the coupling length when the normalized frequency is 0.270 [cZa].
- the complete coupling length is 19a (a is a lattice constant), and the coupling length is shorter than that at the time of the standard frequency in the upper part of FIG.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a photonic crystal coupling defect waveguide in which the medium is locally modified to reduce the coupling length.
- One of the photonic crystal coupling defect waveguides according to the present embodiment substantially changes the standardization frequency in order to increase the difference between the propagation constants of each mode propagating in the coupling waveguide.
- the medium constant such as the dielectric constant or refractive index, conductivity, and magnetic permeability of the material constituting the photonic crystal differs over part or all of a predetermined range including or near the defect waveguide of the photonic crystal. It is what it was.
- a material B different from the material A can be partially used.
- the band structure of the photonic crystal changes with respect to the standardized frequency, and the fact that the medium constant differs regionally means that the standardized frequency differs in different regions.
- FIG. 4 shows the region constant and the size of the photonic crystal element in order to shorten the coupling length.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a photonic crystal coupling defect waveguide whose shape has been modified.
- One of the photonic crystal coupling defect waveguides according to the present embodiment is a photonic crystal coupling defect waveguide
- the normalized frequency is substantially changed.
- One or more of the height and the shape are different in area.
- the standardization frequency is proportional to the lattice constant.
- the normalized frequency Nf depends only on the lattice constant a. Therefore, if only the lattice constant is reduced, the normalized frequency becomes smaller. In other words, if the wavelength of the input signal does not change and the entire photonic crystal structure decreases in a similar manner, this is caused by increasing the wavelength of the input signal without changing the photonic crystal structure itself (decreasing the frequency ). As a result, the difference between the propagation constants of the even mode and the odd mode becomes large, so that the coupling length becomes short.
- the shape of the photonic crystal element does not change, and the size of the photonic crystal element also changes at the same ratio as the change in the lattice constant of the photonic crystal element (for example, from a to a ′ in the figure).
- the change in the lattice constant and the change in the standard frequency become equivalent (middle left in FIG. 4).
- the same effect can be obtained even if only the lattice constant is changed and the photonic crystal element remains the same size (lower right in FIG. 4).
- the photonic crystal element is, for example, an air hole and has a dielectric constant (refractive index) smaller than that of the material of the photonic crystal such as a semiconductor, a modification that does not change the hole radius by reducing only the lattice constant. Then, the ratio (filling rate) of the holes closed in the photonic crystal structure increases compared to before the modification, so that the average refractive index of the entire photonic crystal decreases. In other words, since the holes are not small, the imperfect but simultaneous reduction of the lattice constant and the reduction of the average or substantial medium constant occur simultaneously. In this case, both effects work in the direction to shift the band structure upward.
- the shape of the photonic crystal element may be changed in a region (the lower left in FIG. 4).
- the shape of a photonic crystal element can be changed to a circular force ellipse.
- the shape to be changed can be an appropriate shape.
- the size of the photonic crystal element may be changed and the lattice constant may be kept the same. ( Figure 4, middle right). This also substantially changes the medium constant of the entire photonic crystal. Note that the size of the photonic crystal element can be set as appropriate. The effect of the substantial change of the medium constant is also used in the following example.
- FIG. 20 is an explanatory diagram of a change in the band structure with respect to the normalized frequency due to a substantial change in the refractive index of the medium.
- a photonic crystal is realized as a structure in which air holes are periodically arranged in a certain material
- the entire structure becomes The (average) refractive index decreases.
- the band structure shifts in a positive direction with respect to frequency as shown. This is substantially equivalent to a lower normalized frequency.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram showing a two-dimensional photonic crystal slab-shaped photonic crystal coupling defect waveguide in which the slab thickness is locally modified to reduce the coupling length.
- One of the photonic crystal coupling defect waveguides of the present embodiment substantially changes the standard frequency in order to increase the difference between the propagation constants of each mode propagating in the coupling waveguide.
- the equivalent refractive index is different in area. For example, by changing the thickness of the slab, the equivalent refractive index is changed.
- the modulus is generally smaller as the slab thickness is smaller (see, for example, the document "Kono, Kito: Basics of Optical Waveguide Analysis, Modern Engineers"). Therefore, in a photonic crystal in which the slab thickness is different from one region to another, this is equivalent to a difference in the medium constant (particularly, the refractive index) depending on the region.
- the slab is thinned instead of making larger holes (drilling).
- Most of the electromagnetic field distribution of electromagnetic waves propagating in a photonic crystal line defect waveguide concentrates on the defect part, but also slightly exudes to the part where the photonic crystal elements are arranged beside the waveguide. . This changes the state by changing the size or shape of the element.
- the effective (average) refractive index of the structure appears to have changed (change in effective refractive index).
- the above situation can be applied to the vertical direction. As the slab thickness becomes smaller, the effective refractive index also becomes smaller.
- the relational expression between the slab thickness and the effective refractive index is omitted (see, for example, “Basics of Optical Waveguide”, Modern Engineering Co., Ltd.).
- the difference in the medium constant is almost equivalent to the difference in the standard frequency, as described above (for example, FIG. 20 and its description).
- FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing a photonic crystal coupling defect waveguide in which the photonic crystal structure near the coupling waveguide is regionally modified.
- the properties (band structure) of each mode propagating through the coupling waveguide are changed at different rates.
- One of the photonic crystal coupling defect waveguides according to the present embodiment is one of the electromagnetic wave propagating in the coupling waveguide in order to increase the difference in propagation constant between modes propagating in the coupling waveguide.
- the periodic structure of the photonic crystal is regionally changed near the coupling defect waveguide. If the photonic crystal structure near the coupling defect waveguide changes, the force that changes the propagation constant of each mode of the electromagnetic wave propagating through the coupling waveguide also changes.Electromagnetic field distribution of each mode is not the same. It is expected that this will be different for each mode, and the rate of change of each mode can be varied so that the difference between their propagation constants is not the same as each other. Therefore, if a region having a different photonic crystal structure in the vicinity of the coupling defect waveguide is provided, the coupling length in that region becomes smaller than that of the other regions.
- the size of only the element between the coupling defect waveguides is changed (left in the middle of FIG. 6), or the size of the element adjacent to the outside between the coupling defect waveguides or in a predetermined range outside is changed ( It can be a combination of these (right in Fig. 6 middle left) and a combination of these (lower left in Fig. 6).
- the size of the element is made large, it is not limited to this and may be made small.
- the lattice constant and the shape of the element may be changed as described above.
- photonic crystal elements of different sizes or shapes are added (Fig. 6, lower right).
- the change of the above-described elements and the addition of Z or different elements also have the effect that the substantial medium constant of the structure becomes different.
- FIG. 7 shows another example of a photonic crystal coupling defect waveguide in which the photonic crystal structure near the coupling waveguide is regionally modified.
- FIG. 7 shows an example in which three or more photonic crystal elements exist between the coupling waveguides.
- the upper left diagram in the second row of FIG. 7 shows the size of the element near the coupling waveguides (in this example, near the center) changed.
- the middle part of the second stage in FIG. 7 shows a change in the size of the element adjacent to the waveguide among the elements between the coupling waveguides.
- the size of the elements in the predetermined range may be changed.
- the diagram on the right side of the second stage in FIG. 7 shows the case where all the sizes of the elements between the coupling waveguides are changed.
- the diagram on the left of the third row in Fig. 7 changes the size of the element adjacent to the waveguide among the elements outside of each waveguide constituting the coupling waveguide.
- the middle diagram in the third row of FIG. 7 shows that among the elements outside each waveguide constituting the coupling waveguide, the size of the element adjacent to the waveguide is changed, and the element between the coupling waveguides is changed. The size of the element adjacent to the waveguide is changed.
- the diagram on the right side of the third stage in Fig. 7 shows that among the elements outside the waveguides constituting the coupled waveguide, the size of the element adjacent to the waveguide is changed, and the elements between the coupled waveguides are changed. The size is changed.
- the sizes of the elements in a predetermined range may be changed.
- the force whose element size is increased is not limited to this, and may be reduced.
- the lattice constant, the shape of the element, and the like may be changed as described above.
- the lower left part of FIG. 7 shows the addition of photonic crystal elements of different sizes or shapes.
- FIG. 21 is an explanatory diagram of a change in the band structure due to a change in the photonic crystal structure near the waveguide.
- the example shown in FIG. 21 is intended to modify the band structure itself.
- the structure changes, and the difference between the propagation constants of the even mode and the odd mode at the normalized frequency increases. This reduces the coupling length.
- the size of the element between the waveguides the same applies to the case where the size of the element, the Z or the shape, and the lattice constant are changed in the range as shown in FIGS.
- FIG. 8 shows a state in which the photonic crystal structures are modified so as to be different from each other in order to shorten the coupling length, and further modification is performed so that the width of the coupling waveguide becomes the same.
- FIG. The broken line in FIG. 8 corresponds to the photonic crystal coupling defect waveguide shown in FIGS.
- the positions of the photonic crystal elements e.g., This is a photonic crystal defect coupling waveguide in which the shape (center position) and shape are further changed.
- the width of the defect waveguide is different, which causes reflection of the propagated electromagnetic wave. This further modification has the effect of preventing this.
- the electromagnetic field distribution of the electromagnetic wave propagating in the photonic crystal line defect waveguide is mostly concentrated on the defect portion, but slightly exudes to the portion where the photonic crystal elements are arranged beside the waveguide. ing. Since the extent of this seepage generally depends on the magnitude of the mode propagation constant, the extent of this seepage on the other side and on the other side of the boundary between regions where the photonic crystal structures have been modified so as to be different from each other. different.
- the waveguide width may be adjusted by further changing the position (for example, the center position) and the shape of the photonic crystal element so that the range of the seepage is substantially the same. In this case, the waveguide width is not always constant at the boundary.
- each of the plurality of waveguides forming the coupling defect waveguide has a different degree of leakage of the electromagnetic field distribution from each other. There may be cases. In consideration of this case, each of the plurality of waveguides may be adjusted to have a different waveguide width.
- the photonic crystal element in a photonic crystal coupling defect waveguide having a line-defect waveguide width W and a hole diameter d of a photonic crystal element, the photonic crystal element is positioned adjacent to the waveguide without changing the center position of the element. If the size of the contacting element is doubled, the line defect waveguide after changing the element size The width of the road is reduced by ad-d. Therefore, the width of the line-defect waveguide can be kept constant at W by moving the center position of the element adjacent to the waveguide in the direction in which the waveguide force also moves away by an amount corresponding to the decrease in the width. In this figure, the case where the hole becomes larger> 1) is shown.
- the width of the line-defect waveguide can be reduced by changing the direction in which the center position of the element is moved. It can be kept constant.
- the width of the line-defect waveguide is constant at the boundary between the regions.
- the width of the waveguide is not limited to a constant value. The center position of an adjacent element may be moved.
- FIG. 16 is an explanatory diagram of a discontinuous defect row.
- an intermittent point defect or a line defect waveguide used to cause a group velocity delay of a propagated electromagnetic wave in the field of a photonic crystal is a part of the line defect waveguide or
- a photonic crystal coupling defect waveguide including a discontinuous defect row employed as a whole may be used.
- the line defect may be formed by discretely arranging some defects at a certain distance.
- a waveguide consisting of such discontinuous defect rows can have a very low group velocity and has a delay line effect, so that a smaller structure can be expected compared to a simple line defect structure.
- FIG. 16 shows some examples of a waveguide including discontinuous defect rows in a two-dimensional hexagonal lattice, but is not limited thereto.
- a photonic crystal element or the like is arranged in a region of a defect range (here, in the case of a single line defect), and a defect row or a point defect is periodically present.
- the medium constant of the photonic crystal medium is changed mainly by a DC electric control signal from the outside, and the coupling length depends on the intensity of the control signal.
- This is the principle of operation of the directional coupler switch device. This embodiment can be applied to a photonic crystal device.
- photonic crystal coupling defect waveguide light or electromagnetic wave control signal
- a photonic crystal coupling defect waveguide may be used in which the medium constant of the photonic crystal medium is changed to change the coupling length with time depending on the intensity and phase of the control signal. This can also be applied to directional coupler type switch devices.
- the two photonic crystal coupling defects are arranged at positions close to or adjacent to each other so that the waveguide directions are parallel or almost parallel. It can be used as a basic photonic crystal coupling defect waveguide, such as one composed of a single line defect waveguide! / ⁇ .
- FIG. 17 shows an example in which a two-dimensional photonic crystal is taken as an example, and an input / output port 9 using a high refractive index difference waveguide is provided in a photonic crystal coupling defect waveguide as a directional coupler.
- the input / output port 9 is composed of an appropriate waveguide or cable, such as a waveguide, a coaxial cable, an optical fiber, and a photonic crystal defect waveguide, in addition to the high refractive index difference waveguide. Is also good.
- the input / output port 9 can be provided at, for example, the input end or the output end 8.
- the photonic crystal coupling defect waveguide shown in Fig. 17 is a device used for communication, measurement, calculation, and the like, and an input signal for performing input / output for application as an electromagnetic field transmission line.
- This is a photonic crystal coupling defect waveguide provided with a coupling portion with an external system composed of an excitation source that generates a signal and a receiver for an output signal via the photonic crystal coupling defect waveguide.
- the coupling portion include direct connection with the same photonic crystal defect waveguide or high refractive index difference waveguide, and connection with an optical fiber by the end face coupling method.
- polymer waveguides with functions of coupling with a tapered (tapered) fiber and spot size conversion for example, see the literature “Natomi:“ SOI photonic crystal slab ”applied physics, No. 72, No. 7, 2003, pp 914-918. ").
- FIG. 22 is a diagram showing an example (1) of a region in which the photonic crystal structure is modified.
- a to h are examples showing ranges in which, for example, the material, lattice constant, element size or shape, slab thickness, and the like are changed as described above.
- ah indicate (a) the whole including the photonic crystal defect waveguide, b) the part including the photonic crystal defect waveguide, and (c) the photonic crystal defect waveguide.
- D Part of the vicinity between the waveguides, not including the photonic crystal defect waveguide,
- e All of the vicinity of the waveguide, including the photonic crystal defect waveguide
- F photonic conclusion
- G A part near the waveguide including the crystal defect waveguide,
- g) A part near the coupling waveguide (outside) without the photonic crystal defect waveguide, and
- a photonic crystal defect waveguide Excluded indicates a part near the coupling waveguide (outside).
- the photonic crystal coupling defect waveguide as shown in Fig. 3-5 is intended, for example, to shift the band structure with respect to the normalized frequency, which is the whole of the photonic crystal or the waveguide. It is not effective unless some structure including is changed. Therefore, the photonic crystal structure is modified by changing the material, the lattice constant, the size or shape of the element, the thickness of the slab, etc. within the range of a or b in FIG. The range of c-h in Fig. 22 may be used.
- the photonic crystal coupling defect waveguides as shown in Figs. 6 and 7 have an even mode and an odd mode band structure by modifying the structure near the waveguide where the electromagnetic field distribution of the propagating electromagnetic wave is concentrated. Are changed at different degrees, and as a result, the difference between the propagation constants of the two modes in the waveguide direction is intended to be larger than before the modification. Therefore, the photonic crystal structure is modified within the range of c-h in FIG. Note that the range may be a or b in FIG.
- FIG. 23 is a diagram showing an example (2) of a region in which the photonic crystal structure is modified.
- the photonic crystal coupling defect waveguide as shown in Fig. 3-5 is for the case where the slab thickness is reduced and the lattice constant is uniformly shortened over the entire photonic crystal structure. This can be done regardless of the type (for example, the range in Figure 23b).
- the photonic crystal structure is locally modified as shown in FIGS. 6 and 7, the modification can be performed, for example, in a range near a waveguide (or a defect) (for example, a range in FIG. 23C).
- various devices can be configured such that the above-described photonic crystal coupling defect waveguide is included therein.
- Any of the above-described photonic crystal coupling defect waveguides can operate as a directional coupler.
- the directional coupler is used as a basic element for realizing various devices such as a multiplexer / demultiplexer, a demultiplexer, a resonator, a filter, and a switch.
- a multiplexing multiplexer is a coupler that multiplexes a plurality of signals in wavelength division multiplexing, which is a transmission method in which a plurality of different frequency signals are propagated through one waveguide. Yes, it is also a filter.
- FIG. 18 shows an example of a photonic crystal coupling defect waveguide formed of two single-line defect waveguides formed in an air-clad two-dimensional photonic crystal slab structure as an example of an actual photonic crystal.
- a hexagonal lattice crystal is cited as an example of the crystal structure.
- a layer for selective etching and a layer for a core are formed on a medium serving as a base.
- the core must be made of a material through which an electromagnetic field of a corresponding wavelength can propagate. Therefore, for example, GaAs or the like is used in the 1.55 / zm band of optical communication.
- a material having a high selectivity to the core and a material such as AlGaAs for GaAs is used.
- a photonic crystal is formed by providing periodic holes in the core portion, but a part of the photonic crystal is arranged without forming holes and defects are formed.
- the shape, size, and arrangement of the vacancy / defects can be relatively freely designed by microfabrication techniques in general semiconductor processes using EB (electron beam exposure) technology and dry etching. Thereafter, an air cladding region is provided below the core by performing selective etching through the holes. Further, by using a medium having a lower refractive index than that of the core instead of using air as the clad portion, a more robust device can be realized as compared with the case of air clad. If a non-linear medium part is to be used partially between two line defects or the like, it is realized by forming InAs quantum dots or the like locally by selective growth.
- a single-line defect waveguide (A-A ') and a similar waveguide ( ⁇ - ⁇ ') are arranged close to and parallel to each other so as to realize coupling.
- Non-Patent Document 1 describes a method for forming a defect of a two-dimensional or three-dimensional photonic crystal. As described above, an appropriate method can be adopted. As a method for forming a two-dimensional or three-dimensional defect structure in a photonic crystal, an appropriate method can be adopted (for example, see Patent Documents 5 to 9).
- a part of the material in the slab plane is locally different, a material of the slab in the thickness direction is partially different, or both of these configurations are provided. Is also good.
- Ph—C photonic crystal
- portions having different materials or medium constants are connected by portions where the material or medium constant changes gradually or continuously.
- the portion in which the slab thickness is changed is equivalent to the fact that the medium constant changes “substantially”.
- a thinner slab means, for example, that the scraped-out part is replaced by air, which reduces (decreases) the overall medium constant.
- parts having different slab thicknesses may be connected by a part where the slab thickness changes gradually or continuously.
- a part or all of the periphery of or inside the defect of the photonic crystal further includes a nonlinear medium region realized by formation of quantum dots or ion doping, and the nonlinear medium region includes light or radio waves.
- the effective dielectric constant, conductivity, and magnetic permeability of the medium may be varied by more than one or two or more.
- a quantum dot can be added as one of the means for changing the medium constant.
- the control signal from the outside may be, for example, a steady (non-time-varying, direct-current) electric or magnetic field, or a time-varying electromagnetic field (a so-called electromagnetic wave; light is a kind of electromagnetic wave).
- the control signal of the external force may be heat.
- outside The heat applied from the part further includes a region for changing one or more of the effective dielectric constant, conductivity, and magnetic permeability of the photonic crystal, the propagation constant of electromagnetic waves and
- Z or the degree of coupling may be controlled.
- the following is an example.
- Example 1 When heat is applied to a polymer medium by a heater or laser irradiation, the medium constant changes due to a temperature change. Quartz-based and polymer-based materials are examples of those having a thermo-optic effect.
- Example 2 When a DC electric field is applied to a LiNbO medium, the medium constant changes. LiNbO is
- Example 3 When a DC electric field is applied to a structure composed of a plurality of compound semiconductors having different compositions and a current is injected, the medium constant changes. For example, when a compound semiconductor such as GaAs or InP is gradually changed in composition to form a laminated structure, and a DC electric field is applied to the laminated structure, the medium constant of the structure changes. This is due to, for example, the carrier effect.
- Example 4 When excitation light is applied to a GaAs medium, the medium constant changes.
- Example 5 When an optical pulse is applied to a GaAs medium containing quantum dots, the average medium constant changes.
- the size of the photonic crystal element and the lattice constant can be changed at the same ratio.
- an element having a size and Z or shape different from the photonic crystal element is added to a part of the photonic crystal including a part or all of the coupling waveguide. It may be different from other parts.
- the lattice constant, the size of the photonic crystal element, one or more of the shapes of the photonic crystal element may be different from other portions, and the line defect or the width of the waveguide may be locally changed.
- the lattice constant, the size of the photonic crystal element, the lattice defect, or the line defect of the coupling waveguide or the photonic crystal adjacent to or near the waveguide or between the waveguides are different from the other parts, and the position of the photonic crystal elements can be locally shifted such that the line defects or the width of the waveguide does not change or does not change at all.
- the thickness of the slab can be changed in a step shape or a step shape.
- the present invention is, for example, a device that uses an electromagnetic field including light for communication, measurement, calculation, and the like, and
- the present invention can be applied to all circuits realized using an electromagnetic transmission line.
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- 2005-03-01 WO PCT/JP2005/003366 patent/WO2005085921A1/ja active Application Filing
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Cited By (7)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JP2008530605A (ja) * | 2005-02-11 | 2008-08-07 | コミサリヤ・ア・レネルジ・アトミク | 導波路型変調器および関連する変調方法 |
US8478088B2 (en) | 2008-03-07 | 2013-07-02 | Nec Corporation | Optical switch and manufacturing method thereof |
WO2009128480A1 (ja) | 2008-04-15 | 2009-10-22 | 住友電気工業株式会社 | 光導波路用母材の製造方法 |
CN108307658A (zh) * | 2013-09-12 | 2018-07-20 | 江伟 | 高密度光子集成的波导超晶格 |
JP2015162787A (ja) * | 2014-02-27 | 2015-09-07 | 国立大学法人大阪大学 | 方向性結合器および合分波器デバイス |
KR20170069253A (ko) * | 2014-10-07 | 2017-06-20 | 테크니셰 유니베르시테트 드레스덴 | 방향-선택적 간섭계형 광필터 |
KR102211661B1 (ko) | 2014-10-07 | 2021-02-03 | 세노릭스 게엠베하 | 방향-선택적 간섭계형 광필터 |
Also Published As
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JP4093281B2 (ja) | 2008-06-04 |
JPWO2005085921A1 (ja) | 2008-01-24 |
US20070280592A1 (en) | 2007-12-06 |
US7440658B2 (en) | 2008-10-21 |
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