WO2005043534A1 - 情報記録装置及び方法、並びにコンピュータプログラム - Google Patents
情報記録装置及び方法、並びにコンピュータプログラム Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005043534A1 WO2005043534A1 PCT/JP2004/015942 JP2004015942W WO2005043534A1 WO 2005043534 A1 WO2005043534 A1 WO 2005043534A1 JP 2004015942 W JP2004015942 W JP 2004015942W WO 2005043534 A1 WO2005043534 A1 WO 2005043534A1
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- recording
- detrack
- information
- area
- information recording
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
- G11B7/00—Recording or reproducing by optical means, e.g. recording using a thermal beam of optical radiation by modifying optical properties or the physical structure, reproducing using an optical beam at lower power by sensing optical properties; Record carriers therefor
- G11B7/08—Disposition or mounting of heads or light sources relatively to record carriers
- G11B7/09—Disposition or mounting of heads or light sources relatively to record carriers with provision for moving the light beam or focus plane for the purpose of maintaining alignment of the light beam relative to the record carrier during transducing operation, e.g. to compensate for surface irregularities of the latter or for track following
- G11B7/0901—Disposition or mounting of heads or light sources relatively to record carriers with provision for moving the light beam or focus plane for the purpose of maintaining alignment of the light beam relative to the record carrier during transducing operation, e.g. to compensate for surface irregularities of the latter or for track following for track following only
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- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
- G11B20/00—Signal processing not specific to the method of recording or reproducing; Circuits therefor
- G11B20/10—Digital recording or reproducing
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- G—PHYSICS
- G11—INFORMATION STORAGE
- G11B—INFORMATION STORAGE BASED ON RELATIVE MOVEMENT BETWEEN RECORD CARRIER AND TRANSDUCER
- G11B7/00—Recording or reproducing by optical means, e.g. recording using a thermal beam of optical radiation by modifying optical properties or the physical structure, reproducing using an optical beam at lower power by sensing optical properties; Record carriers therefor
- G11B7/004—Recording, reproducing or erasing methods; Read, write or erase circuits therefor
- G11B7/0045—Recording
- G11B7/00458—Verification, i.e. checking data during or after recording
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a technical field of an information recording device and method, such as a DVD recorder, and a computer program for causing a computer to function as such an information recording device.
- Optical discs such as CDs (Compact Discs) and DVDs have become common. These optical disks record information on the optical disk and read the recorded information by a laser emitted from an optical pickup. The recording operation and the reproducing operation at this time are performed by moving the optical pickup along a track formed on the optical disk, for example, in a spiral shape. Further, the laser emitted from the optical pickup focuses on the information pit formed on the track, thereby reading the information content indicated by the information pit.
- CDs Compact Discs
- DVDs Digital Discs
- a so-called deformation force in which a laser irradiated from an optical pickup is out of focus, may occur during the recording or reproducing operation.
- Such defocus is not preferable from the viewpoint of appropriate information recording and reproduction.
- information is recorded on a recording layer different from the recording layer to be originally recorded, or information on a recording layer different from the recording layer to be originally reproduced is reproduced. Inconveniences such as occur.
- a technique has been developed in which the defocus can be detected by detecting the defocus and the jump of the recording layer caused by the defocus, thereby detecting the direction of the jump and the like.
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2000-09955
- the present invention has been made in consideration of, for example, the above-described conventional problems.
- an information recording method capable of recording information stably irrespective of occurrence of detrack during recording of information, for example. It is an object to provide a device and a method, and a computer program for causing a computer to function as such an information recording device.
- an information recording apparatus of the present invention comprises a recording unit that records information on an information recording medium, and a detrack detection unit that detects occurrence of detrack during recording of the information. And control means for controlling the recording means so as to return to the place where the detrack has occurred and resume recording when the occurrence of the detrack has been detected.
- an information recording method of the present invention includes a recording step of recording information on an information recording medium, a detrack detection step of detecting occurrence of detrack during recording of the information, And a control step of controlling the recording step to return to the place where the detrack has occurred and restart the recording when the occurrence of the detrack is detected.
- a computer program of the present invention includes an information storage device of the present invention.
- a recording control computer program for controlling a computer provided in a recording device the computer program causing the computer to function as at least a part of the recording unit, the detrack detection unit, and the control unit.
- FIG. 1 shows a basic structure of an optical disc used in an embodiment according to the information recording apparatus of the present invention, and an upper part is a schematic plan view of an optical disc having a plurality of areas, and a lower part corresponding to this is shown.
- the side part is a schematic conceptual diagram of the area structure in the radial direction.
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram conceptually showing a basic configuration of an embodiment according to the information recording apparatus of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram conceptually showing an example of a detrack in a single-layer disc.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic view conceptually showing an example of a detrack in a two-layer disc.
- FIG. 5 is a flowchart showing a flow of an entire recording operation of the information recording apparatus according to the embodiment.
- FIG. 6 is a flowchart showing a flow of a detrack detection operation of the information recording apparatus according to the embodiment.
- FIG. 7 is a flowchart showing a flow of operation after detrack detection of the information recording apparatus according to the embodiment.
- FIG. 8 is a graph conceptually showing a relationship between a recording power, a reproduction power, and the like of the information recording apparatus according to the embodiment.
- FIG. 9 is a data structure diagram conceptually showing data recorded by an example of the operation after detrack detection of the information recording apparatus according to the embodiment.
- FIG. 10 is a data structure diagram conceptually showing data recorded by another example of the operation after detrack detection of the information recording apparatus according to the embodiment.
- FIG. 11 is a data structure diagram conceptually showing one process of an operation when a detrack is detected during recording on a multilayer optical disc in the information recording apparatus according to the embodiment.
- FIG. 12 In the information recording apparatus according to the embodiment, detracking is performed during recording on a multilayer optical disc.
- FIG. 11 is a data structure diagram conceptually showing another process of the operation when detecting the.
- FIG. 13 is a data structure diagram conceptually showing another process of an operation when a detrack is detected during recording on a multilayer optical disc in the information recording apparatus according to the embodiment.
- An embodiment according to the information recording apparatus of the present invention comprises: a recording unit that records information on an information recording medium; and a detrack detection unit that detects occurrence of detrack during recording of the information.
- contents such as video information and audio information are recorded on an information recording medium such as a DVD or a CD by powerful recording means such as an optical pickup, a buffer, and an encoder.
- an information recording medium such as a DVD or a CD
- powerful recording means such as an optical pickup, a buffer, and an encoder.
- Various information including information, data information for a computer, and the like can be recorded.
- the present embodiment particularly includes a detrack detection unit and a control unit.
- the detrack detection means detects whether or not a force causing detrack has occurred during recording of information by the recording means.
- the occurrence of detrack is detected by monitoring the focus position, tracking position, and the like of a laser beam emitted from an optical pickup or the like, as described later.
- the control means When the detrack is detected by the detrack detection means, the control means returns to the place where the detrack occurred (that is, the position before jumping by the detrack) and records by that time.
- the recording means is controlled so as to restart the recording of the information.
- the recording operation is performed while buffering information in a state that can be immediately recorded (or so as to be able to grasp at least how much information to be recorded has been recorded) in a buffer of a predetermined size.
- detracking occurs in which the information capacity to restart recording among the information stored in the buffer is not too small or too small, depending on the information that has been reproducibly recorded when detracking occurs. Actual recording for the place or alternate area It is possible to
- the information recording apparatus of the present embodiment even if a detrack occurs during a recording operation, information is appropriately recorded, and the information reproducing apparatus is used to generate the detrack. This makes it possible to reproduce the information recording medium. As a result, there is a great advantage that an information recording medium which cannot be used conventionally can be effectively used.
- the information recording medium that can be recorded by the information recording apparatus according to the present embodiment may be a single-layer information recording medium or an information recording medium having a plurality of recording layers. Is also good.
- the detrack that can be detected is not only the detrack on the same recording layer but also the detrack to one of the multiple layers (so-called defocus). it can. In these respects, the information recording device according to the present embodiment has more excellent effects as compared with the above-described prior art.
- One aspect of the embodiment of the information recording apparatus of the present invention further includes a buffer having a predetermined size, which buffers the information and supplies the information to the recording unit, and the control means includes a buffer having a predetermined size.
- the buffer and the recording unit are controlled so that the recording of the information stored in the buffer is restarted from the place where the information should be restarted.
- the predetermined size is equal to or larger than a minimum unit in which error correction is possible.
- the control means when the occurrence of the detrack is detected, it is determined whether or not an error can be corrected for the erroneously recorded detrack destination area by the recording unit. Determining means for determining whether or not the error correction is possible, wherein the control means returns to a place where the detrack has occurred and restarts the recording. Control the recording means.
- the force ie, for example, whether or not it can be reproduced
- the erroneously recorded portion that is, the area or the recording area
- ECC Error Correction Code
- the “erroneous recording” in the present invention is intended to indicate a state where information cannot be recorded at a position to be originally recorded due to the occurrence of detrack (that is, for example, a recording position before the occurrence of detrack). Therefore, if it is determined that the error can be corrected, the erroneously recorded portion can be used again, and the recording capacity of the information recording medium can be effectively used. For this reason, it is not only possible to detect the detrack and return to the original position, but also determine whether or not the recording area at the destination of the detrack is available or not, and then use the recording area. In this regard, it can be said that the above-mentioned technology includes the excellent advantages not provided in the prior art. Further, by providing such a determination means, it is possible to adopt various configurations as described below, and thereby to enjoy various benefits.
- the determination may be made based on the error correction capability of the ECC as described later, or the determination may be made by performing a reproduction check of an erroneously recorded portion as described later. You can set it.
- the control unit determines the erroneously recorded detrack destination area as an unusable area. And the recording means may be controlled to return to the place where the detrack has occurred and restart the recording.
- the unusable area refers to, for example, a “diffet area”, which is a part of an information recording medium on which information that cannot be physically or optically reproduced is recorded. Indicates the area.
- This diffeat area is, for example, a diffuser in a lead-in area as described later.
- the position, size, and the like are managed in the management information. Therefore, even if the information recording medium is reproduced by an information reproducing apparatus such as a player, for example, the information can be appropriately reproduced by avoiding the differential area by reading the differential management information.
- the information recording medium does not support registration as a differential area as described above, an unusable area is stored in, for example, management information contained in a lead-in area (for example, described later). Registration in the file system can prevent the inconvenience of reproducing the erroneously recorded portion. That is, a general information recording medium currently on the market, such as a CD or a DVD, has the management information. Therefore, the information recording apparatus according to the above-described embodiment has the advantage in this aspect. It has the advantage that it can be enjoyed.
- control unit when it is determined that the error correction is possible, the control unit further sets the erroneously recorded detrack destination area as a caution area.
- the recording means may be configured to be controlled so as to register.
- the information recording according to the present embodiment can be continued even if recording is continued without being registered as a caution area. It is possible to enjoy the various benefits of the device.
- the control unit registers the caution area as an unusable area.
- the recording means may be configured to be controlled.
- the information recording medium is When the recording medium is an information recording medium having a recording layer, the control unit controls the recording unit so that an area of another layer corresponding to the erroneously recorded detrack area is registered as an unusable area. It may be configured to do so.
- the influence that can be given to another layer due to erroneous recording on the one layer is suppressed, and the reliability is improved. Recording of certain information becomes possible. More specifically, for example, in the case of an information recording medium having two recording layers, during recording on the recording layer on the near side as viewed from the recording means, the recording layer on the back side as viewed from the recording means If a detrack occurs on the recording medium, any erroneous recording due to the detrack may affect not only the recording layer on the back side but also the recording layer on the front side between the recording means and the recording layer on the back side. Is presumed to have reached. In this case, of the recording layer on the near side, a part which is presumed to have some influence is registered as a differential area or an unusable area.
- a part of another layer corresponding to a part where erroneously recorded information is recorded in one layer and corresponding to another part is, for example, a part of the recording at the position of track number 100 of one layer. If detracking occurs and an erroneous recording is made at the position of track number 100 in another layer, it is presumed that the influence of the erroneous recording is exerted not only on the position of track number 100 on the other layer. The purpose is to register as an unusable area including the surrounding area part.
- corresponding in the present invention means that, for example, not only a part of one layer but another layer having the same track number, but also a peripheral area part that may be affected by erroneous recording is included. It is. However, registering a part of another layer having the same track number as that of one layer as a default area or an unusable area is also naturally included in the scope of the present invention.
- the first embodiment according to the information recording method of the present invention comprises a recording step of recording information on an information recording medium, a detrack detection step of detecting the occurrence of detrack during recording of the information, and the occurrence of the detrack. And a control step of controlling the recording step so as to return to the place where the detrack has occurred and restart the recording when the detrack is detected.
- the information is recorded in the recording step.
- the control step for example, the optical pickup or the like can be returned to the place where the detrack has occurred, and the recording can be resumed. Therefore, it is possible to enjoy various benefits similar to those of the above-described embodiment of the information recording apparatus of the present invention.
- the embodiment of the information recording method according to the present invention can also adopt various aspects.
- the embodiment of the computer program according to the present invention causes a computer to function as the embodiment of the above-described information recording device (including its various forms). More specifically, the computer is caused to function as at least a part of the recording unit, the detrack detection unit, and the control unit in the above-described embodiment of the information recording apparatus.
- the computer program is read from a recording medium such as a ROM, a CD-ROM, a DVD-ROM, or a hard disk for storing the computer program and executed by the computer.
- a recording medium such as a ROM, a CD-ROM, a DVD-ROM, or a hard disk for storing the computer program and executed by the computer.
- the computer program is executed after being downloaded to a computer via communication means, the above-described embodiment of the information recording apparatus of the present invention can be realized relatively easily.
- the embodiment of the computer program of the present invention can also adopt various aspects.
- the embodiment according to the present invention of a computer program product in a computer-readable medium clearly embodies a computer-executable program instruction in order to solve the above-mentioned problem, and
- the information recording apparatus according to the present invention described above is caused to function as an embodiment (including its various forms). More specifically, the computer is caused to function as at least a part of the recording unit, the detrack detection unit, and the control unit in the above-described embodiment of the information recording apparatus of the present invention.
- the computer program product of the present invention it is possible to store the computer program product in a ROM, a CD-ROM, a DVD-ROM, a hard disk, or the like. If the computer program product is read into a computer from a recording medium, or if the computer program product, which is, for example, a transmission wave, is downloaded to a computer via a communication unit, the above-described information recording apparatus according to the present invention is realized. At least a part of the recording unit, the detrack detection unit, and the control unit in the embodiment can be implemented relatively easily. More specifically, the computer program product is a computer-readable code () that functions as at least a part of the recording unit, the detrack detection unit, and the control unit in the above-described embodiment of the information recording apparatus of the present invention. Or computer readable instructions).
- FIG. 1 shows a schematic plan view of the structure of an optical disk having a plurality of areas on the upper side, and shows a conceptual diagram of the area structure in the radial direction on the lower side.
- the optical disc 100 can be recorded by various recording methods such as a magneto-optical method and a phase change method, which can record (write) only a plurality of times or once.
- a lead-in area 104, a data recording area 106, and a lead-out area 108 are provided on the recording surface on the disk body having a diameter of about 12 cm with the center hole 102 as the center and the inner circumferential force toward the outer circumference.
- groove tracks and land tracks are alternately provided spirally or concentrically around the center hole 102, and the groove tracks may be fogged. Prepits may be formed on one or both of the tracks.
- the present invention is not particularly limited to an optical disk having such three areas.
- the file structure described below can be constructed.
- the lead-in area 102 and the lead-out area 108 may have a further subdivided configuration (see FIG. 8 and the like). Subsequently, an embodiment according to the information recording apparatus of the present invention will be described with reference to FIG. 2 to FIG.
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram conceptually showing the basic configuration of the information recording apparatus according to the present embodiment.
- the information recording apparatus 200 includes an optical pickup 501, a spindle motor 502, a head amplifier 503, a driver Z strategy circuit 504, a buffer 505, a DVD modulator 506, Data ECC (Error Correction Code) generator 507, buffer 508, interface 509, sum generator 520, demodulator 521, pit data ECC circuit 522, dropout detector 523, and push-pull generation 530, LPF (Low Pass Filter) 531, BPF (Band Pass Filter) 532, HPF (High Pass Filter) 533, TE (Tracking Error) detector 534, Poble detector 535, LPP (Land Pre Pit) detector 536, FE (Focus Error) detector 537, servo unit 540, recording clock generator 541, LPP data detector 542, detrack detector 550, and CPU 560.
- LPF Low Pass Filter
- BPF Band Pass Filter
- HPF High Pass Filter
- TE Track Error
- Poble detector 535 LPP (
- the optical pickup 501 performs recording or reproduction on the optical disc 100, and also includes a semiconductor laser device, various lenses, an actuator, and the like. More specifically, the optical pickup 501 irradiates the optical disc 100 with a light beam B such as a laser beam at the first power as read light at the time of reproduction, and modulates the optical disk 100 at the second power as write light at the time of recording. While irradiating.
- the optical pickup 501 is configured to be movable in the radial direction or the like of the optical disc 100 in accordance with tracking servo by an actuator, a slider, or the like (not shown) driven by the control of the servo unit 540. By controlling the servo unit 540, the focus of the light beam B is changed according to the focus servo, so that force control can be performed.
- the optical pickup 501 includes a four-division detection circuit (not shown).
- the quadrant detection circuit divides the reflected light of the light beam B into four areas A, B, C, and D shown in the upper part of FIG. 2, and outputs signals corresponding to the light amounts of the respective areas.
- the spindle motor 502 is configured to rotate the optical disc 100 at a predetermined speed while receiving spindle servo by the servo unit 540 or the like.
- the head amplifier 503 amplifies each output signal of the optical pickup 501 (that is, the reflected light of the light beam B), and outputs the divided read signal a corresponding to the area A, the divided read signal b corresponding to the area B, The divided read signal c corresponding to the area C and the divided read signal d corresponding to the area D are output.
- the driver Z strategy circuit 504 drives the semiconductor laser provided in the optical pickup 501 so that the optimum recording laser power can be determined. Thereafter, the driver Z strategy circuit 504 is configured to drive the semiconductor laser of the optical pickup 501 with the optimum recording laser power determined by the OPC (Optical Power Calibration) process during data recording. During this data recording, the optimum laser power is modulated according to the recording data.
- OPC Optical Power Calibration
- the OPC process is a process of detecting an optimum recording laser power (ie, a calibration of the recording laser power). More specifically, for example, short pits corresponding to 3T pulses and long pits corresponding to 11T pulses are alternately formed, for example, in an OPC area 110 (see FIG. 9 and the like) described later, together with a non-recording section having the same length. Then, by performing this with, for example, 16 different laser powers, the influence of asymmetry is minimized, and the recording laser power for recording is obtained so as to obtain the best reproduction quality.
- the “asymmetry” is a phenomenon in which short pits or long pits gradually increase or decrease by the same amount before and after in the longitudinal direction during mass production of optical disks.
- the notifier 505 stores recording data modulated by the DVD modulator 506, and is configured to be able to output the data to the driver Z strategy circuit 504.
- the DVD modulator 506 is configured to perform DVD modulation on recording data and output the modulated data to the buffer 505.
- DVD modulation for example, 8-16 modulation may be performed.
- the data ECC generator 507 adds a code for error correction to the recording data input from the interface 509. Specifically, an ECC code is added for each predetermined block unit (for example, ECC cluster unit), and output to the DVD modulator 508.
- predetermined block unit for example, ECC cluster unit
- the buffer 508 buffers the recording data input from the interface 509, and Output to the ECC generator 507.
- the pit data is reproduced data output from the ECC circuit 522 is buffered and output to an external output device via the interface 509 as appropriate.
- the interface 509 is configured to accept input of recording data from an external input device and output reproduction data to an external output device.
- the optical pickup is driven with the optimum recording power by being output to the driver Z strategy circuit 504 via 5 and recorded on the optical disc 100!
- the sum generation circuit 520 adds the divided read signals a, b, c, and d to generate the sum read signal S
- the addition circuit power to output RF also becomes.
- the total reading signal SRF is a signal indicating the length of the recording mark.
- Demodulator 521 reproduces pit data based on total read signal SRF. More specifically, the demodulator 521 generates reproduced data by demodulating the reproduced pit data using a predetermined table, for example, using a reproduction synchronization signal as a reference position. For example, when EFM modulation is adopted as a modulation method, a process of converting 14-bit pit data into 8-bit reproduced data is performed. Then, a descrambling process for rearranging the order of the reproduction data in accordance with a predetermined rule is executed, and the processed reproduction data is output.
- a predetermined table for example, using a reproduction synchronization signal as a reference position. For example, when EFM modulation is adopted as a modulation method, a process of converting 14-bit pit data into 8-bit reproduced data is performed. Then, a descrambling process for rearranging the order of the reproduction data in accordance with a predetermined rule is executed, and the processed reproduction data is output.
- the pit data ECC circuit 522 performs error correction processing, interpolation processing, and the like on the reproduction data generated by the demodulator 521. Thereafter, the reproduction data is output to the interface 509 via the buffer 508, and reproduced by an external output device such as a speaker or a display.
- the dropout detector 523 is configured to be able to detect whether or not the sum output signal SRF is output from the sum generator 520. Then, it outputs to the detrack detector 550 the detection result, that is, the fact that the total reading signal SRF is output or not output.
- the push-pull signal generator 530 calculates (a + d)-(b + c) using the divided read signals, and generates a push-pull signal.
- the component (a + d) corresponds to the regions A and D on the left side in the reading direction, while the component (b + c) corresponds to the region B on the right side in the reading direction.
- the value of the push-pull signal indicates the relative positional relationship between the light beam B and the pit.
- the LPF 531 cuts the signal component on the high frequency side of the push-pull signal output from the push-pull generator 530, and outputs the signal component on the low frequency side to the TE detector 534. That is, here, a tracking error signal component is extracted and output to the TE detector 534.
- the BPF 532 extracts a signal component related to a pebble signal from the push-pull signal outputted from the push-pull generator 530, and outputs the signal component to the pebble detector 535.
- the HPF 533 cuts the signal component on the low frequency side of the push-pull signal output from the push-pull generator 530, and outputs the signal component on the high frequency side to the LPP detector 536. That is, here, the LPP signal is extracted and output to the LPP detector 536.
- the TE detector 534 detects a tracking error from the tracking error signal component of the push-pull signal input via the LPF 531. Then, a tracking error signal is output to servo unit 540. The tracking error signal is also output to the detrack detector 550.
- the wobble detector 535 detects a wobble signal component of the push-pull signal input via the BPF 532, and based on the period of the wobble signal, for example, a natural number of one period of the wobble signal. Detects relative position information based on slot units corresponding to double length. The relative position information is output to the recording clock generator 541. The relative position information is also output to the servo unit 540 and the LPP data detector 542.
- the LPP detector 536 detects an LPP signal component of the push-pull signal input via the HPF 533, and based on the LPP signal, detects a pre-signal indicated by an LPP (land pre-pit). Detect format address information. Then, the pre-format address information is output to the recording clock generator 541. Also this pref The format address information is also output to the servo unit 540 and the LPP data detector 542.
- the FE detector 537 detects a focus error based on the signal intensity distribution in the quadrant detector from the sum reading signal SRF output from the sum generator 520. Then, a focus error signal is output to servo unit 540. The focus error signal is also output to the detrack detector 550.
- the servo unit 540 moves the objective lens of the optical pickup 501 based on a tracking error signal, a focus error signal, a wobble signal, an LPP signal, and the like obtained by processing the light reception result of the optical pickup 501. It executes various servo processes such as tracking control, focus control or spindle control.
- the recording clock generator 541 is based on the period (or relative position information) of the cobble signal output from the cobble detector 535 and the pre-format address information output from the LPP detector 536, Generates and outputs a timing signal indicating the reference clock for data recording. Therefore, it is possible to specify the recording start position at the time of data recording regardless of whether the recording start position is started from the management unit of the preformat address information.
- the LPP data detector 542 is configured to be able to acquire various management information and the like necessary for recording from the LPP signal output from the LPP detector 536. For example, it is configured to be able to acquire recommended recording power and recommended strategy recorded by LPP as described below.
- the detrack detector 550 is configured to be able to detect whether or not a force causing detrack occurs while data is being recorded on the optical disc 100. More specifically, to the detrack detector 550, a tracking error signal is input from the TE detector 534, and a focus error signal is input from the FE detector 537, and these signals are higher than a predetermined value. It is configured to be able to monitor whether it is large or not. The detrack detector 550 is configured to be able to monitor whether or not the sum reading signal SRF output from the sum generator 520 is input, as the output of the dropout detector 523. Further, the detrack detector 550 determines the timing at which the optical pickup 501 performs recording (or the period of a wobble signal).
- the configuration is such that the timing signal generated by the recording clock generator 541 can be compared with the timing signal generated by the recording clock generator 541.
- the optical pickup 501 is configured to be able to monitor the preformat address information (or the physical address value) at a given position.
- the detrack detector 550 is configured to be able to acquire preformat address information from the LPP detector 536 via a signal line (not shown).
- the optical disc 100 is an optical disc having a multi-layer recording layer, it is preferable that the optical disc 100 be configured so that a layer flag for identifying each layer can be detected.
- the detrack detector 550 detects whether or not the detrack has occurred on the optical disc 100 during recording based on the monitored signals, flags, and the like. If at least one of these signals indicates an abnormal value, it may be determined that detracking has occurred, or a combination of two or more of these signals indicates an abnormal value. If V ⁇ , it may be determined that detrack has occurred.
- the detrack detector 550 detects the position on the optical disc 100 where the detrack occurred (for example, the physical address value on the optical disc 100) and the erroneous recording on the optical disc 100 after the detrack occurred.
- the time (or the distance, the size of the recording area where the erroneous recording was performed, etc.) can be detected.
- the detrack detector 550 is preferably configured to output a signal indicating occurrence of detrack to the CPU 560.
- the CPU 560 instructs each means such as a driver Z strategy circuit 504, a servo unit 540, an LPP data detector 542, and a detrack detector 550 to detect the optimum recording laser power, that is, The entire information recording device 1 is controlled by outputting a system command. Further, it is preferable that, when the occurrence of detrack is input from the detrack detector 550, a command to stop the subsequent data recording is output to the optical pickup 501 or the like. Normally, software for operating the CPU 560 is stored in an internal or external memory.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram conceptually showing the occurrence of detrack on a single-layer disc
- FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram conceptually showing the occurrence of detrack in a layer disc.
- Detrack on the outer peripheral side may occur.
- the detrack detector 550 stops detecting the SRF signal, increases the GO tracking error signal, and stops inputting a synchronization signal for GiO recording (that is, a timing signal) at a predetermined timing ( iv) It may be configured to determine that detrack has occurred by detecting a phenomenon such as discontinuous pre-addresses.
- the detrack detector 550 detects that (i) the SRF signal is not detected for a moment, (ii) the tracking error signal becomes large, the synchronization signal for GiO recording is not input at a predetermined timing, and Gv) the light beam.
- the signal indicating the reflected light of B changes (V) By detecting such a phenomenon that the pre-address becomes discontinuous, it is possible to judge that detrack has occurred.
- the above-described detrack occurs even when recording is performed from the outer peripheral side toward the inner peripheral side, and even if the optical disk is a write-once optical disk or a rewritable optical disk.
- a similar detrack occurs.
- the detrack detector 550 is configured to properly detect these detracks.
- the detrack detector 550 outputs (0SRF signal is not detected, (ii) tracking error signal is increased, synchronization signal for GiO recording is not input at a predetermined timing, Gv) focus error signal. (V) Pre-address becomes discontinuous (vi) By detecting phenomena such as different layer flags, it may be configured to determine that detrack has occurred! .
- detrack detector 550 determines that (i) the SRF signal is not detected, the GO tracking error signal increases, and (m) the synchronization signal for recording is a predetermined value. (Iv) The focus error signal increases, (V) the signal indicating the reflected light of the reproduction beam changes, (vi) the pre-address becomes discontinuous, (vii) the layer flag differs, etc. By detecting the above phenomenon, it may be configured to determine that detrack has occurred.
- the detrack detector 550 determines the position at which these detracks occur and the time during which the optical pickup has continued erroneous recording due to the detrack (or the distance or the recording area where the erroneous recording was performed). Etc.) are detected.
- the information recording apparatus also serves as an embodiment of the information recording / reproducing apparatus. That is, the recorded information can be reproduced via the head amplifier 503, the sum generator 520, the demodulator 521, and the pit data ECC circuit 522. In this embodiment, the function of the information reproducing apparatus or the function of the information recording / reproducing apparatus is realized. Including.
- FIG. 5 is a flowchart showing the flow of the entire recording operation of the information recording apparatus according to the present embodiment, and is a flowchart showing the flow of the detrack detection operation of the information recording apparatus according to the present embodiment.
- 6 is a flowchart illustrating a flow of an operation after detrack detection of the information recording apparatus according to the embodiment.
- the information recording device 1 performs a recording operation as a normal operation (step S101). Thereafter, under the control of the CPU 560, the detrack detector 550 determines whether or not the detrack is being detected (Step S102). The detrack detection operation will be described later in detail (see FIG. 6).
- step S102 if no detrack has occurred (step S102: No), the information recording device 1 continues recording as it is, and proceeds to step S104.
- step S102 the information recording device 1 performs a corresponding operation at the time of detracking under the control of the CPU 560, which is a specific example of the "control means" of the present invention.
- Step S103 The corresponding operation at the time of detrack will be described later in detail (see FIG. 7).
- the determination operation in step S102 may be performed periodically at predetermined intervals, may be performed irregularly, or the determination operation is always performed while the recording operation is continued. You may do it.
- an interruption and a trigger may be activated by a track event. Further, it may be performed at a predetermined timing under the control of the CPU 560, or may be performed according to a user's instruction of the information recording device 1 input using, for example, a remote controller or an operation button.
- a detrack detector 550 which is a specific example of the “detrack detector” of the present invention, monitors the output from the FE detector 537 and determines whether the focus error signal is larger than a predetermined value. It is determined whether or not it is (step S201).
- the predetermined value may be individually determined experimentally, empirically, mathematically or theoretically, or by simulation, depending on the characteristics of the optical disc 100, the characteristics of the focus error signal output from the FE detector 537, and the like. It is preferable to specify a more appropriate predetermined value.
- Step S201: Yes when it is determined that the focus error signal is larger than the predetermined value (Step S201: Yes), the detrack detector 550 determines that detrack has occurred (Step S201). S208).
- Step S201: No the output from the TE detector 534 is monitored to determine whether the tracking error signal is larger than the predetermined value. Is determined (step S202).
- This predetermined value is also experimentally, empirically, mathematically, or mathematically similar to the focus error signal described above, depending on, for example, the characteristics of the optical disc 100 and the characteristics of the tracking error signal output from the TE detector 532. It is preferable to specify a more appropriate predetermined value individually or specifically using a theory or a simulation.
- Step S202 determines that detrack has occurred (Step S202). S208).
- step S202: No it is determined whether or not there is continuity in the address of the subsequently recorded data (for example, the physical address on the optical disc 100). Is determined (step S203).
- the detrack detector 550 monitors the physical address (or preformat address information or LPP signal) of the data recording position so that the physical address has a certain continuity. It is preferable to determine whether or not there is a force.
- the detrack detector 550 determines that detrack has occurred unless there is a special condition such as an instruction to record data at a track position distant from the CPU 560. Well.
- Step S203: Yes the detrack detector 550 determines that detrack has occurred (Step S208).
- step S203: No it is determined whether or not the layer flag is appropriate (step S204). That is, in the optical disk 100 having a plurality of recording layers, by reading the layer flag of each recording layer, the layer to be recorded by the instruction of the CPU 560 is the same as the layer actually recording. Judge whether the force is or not. If they are the same, it is determined that the layer flag is appropriate. If they are not, the layer flag is not appropriate!
- step S204 may be omitted when recording is performed on the optical disc 100 having a single recording layer.
- Step S204: Yes it is determined that detrack has occurred (Step S208).
- step S204: Yes it is determined whether the input of the recording synchronization signal is appropriate (step S205).
- the input of the recording synchronization signal is appropriate (step S205).
- step S205 determines that detrack has occurred (step S205). S208).
- step S206 it is determined whether or not an SRF signal is output (step S206).
- the determination may be made based on an input signal from the dropout detector 523.
- step S206: Yes when it is determined that there is no output of the SRF signal (step S206: Yes), the detrack detector 550 determines that detrack has occurred (step S208). On the other hand, if it is determined that an SRF signal is output (step S206: No), the detrack detector 550 determines that detrack has not occurred at the present time (step S207).
- step S208 If it is determined in step S208 that detrack has occurred, the error value is recorded on the optical disk 100 to which the detrack has occurred, ie, the address value at which the detrack occurred. , Etc. are obtained (step S209).
- the data may be recorded immediately before the occurrence of the detrack is detected by the operation of the detrack detector 550, and the address value may be set as “the address value at which the detrack occurred”. That is, the pre-format address information (or the physical address value) detected by the LPP detector 542 immediately before detecting the occurrence of the detrack may be set as the “address value at which the detrack occurred”.
- the time at which the detrack occurs may be obtained as the "time of erroneous recording,” until the time when the "recording stop” operation described below is performed. Good.
- the operation in step S209 may be configured to be performed when the operation in step S301 in FIG. 7 is performed.
- the distance may be converted based on the amount of data transmitted from the memory (or the buffer 508, the buffer 505, or the like).
- the detrack detection device 550 is configured to determine that detrack has occurred when the three conditions that input is not performed at a fixed timing are satisfied. That is, it is determined that the SRF signal determined in step S206 is no longer detected, the tracking error signal determined in step S202 is equal to or more than a predetermined value, and that the input of the recording synchronization signal determined in step S205 is not appropriate. It is preferable to determine that detrack has occurred in the event of the occurrence. The same is true for a wide variety of other detracks (eg, the detracks shown in FIGS. 3 and 4).
- step S301 when a detrack is detected, the recording operation is stopped (step S301). Specifically, the irradiation of the recording laser from the optical pickup 501 is stopped according to the instruction of the CPU 560. This can prevent erroneous recording at the detrack destination. It is more preferable that the stop of the recording operation is performed at the same time as the occurrence of the differential in step S208 in FIG. 6 is detected. It is preferable to stop the recording operation until the operation corresponding to the detrack detection is completed!
- the output power without stopping the irradiation of the recording laser can be reduced to the extent that the data cannot be recorded. It is preferable to stop the recording operation and detect the address of the detrack destination at the same time by lowering to.
- the irradiation power of the laser is, according to the magnitude of the output power, the range in which data can be reproduced, the range in which data can be erased, and the data. Data can be recorded. Therefore, in FIG. 8, if the output power is equal to or higher than Pi, data recording is possible. If the output power is lower than Pi, data recording is difficult or impossible. Is possible. Therefore, in step S301, it is preferable to reduce the output power of the optical pick 501 to a predetermined value less than Pi. Thus, data is not recorded on the recording layer to which the laser is irradiated. Because the recording laser irradiation is continued, the recording operation can be resumed quickly when recording is resumed after the detracking operation is completed. It has the advantage that it can be done.
- the output power of the recording laser should be reduced to a value at which data cannot be erased. If the output power is high enough to erase data, the recording layer of the optical disc 100 changes due to the irradiation of the recording laser, and erroneous recording occurs after the laser irradiation (that is, after detracking occurs). It may adversely affect the proper recording of subsequent data in the (area where it was performed). However, if the output power is reduced to a value at which data cannot be erased, the irradiation of the recording laser has almost no effect on the recording layer of the optical disc 100 (that is, the irradiation after that). V, the data can be properly recorded for the area) t, which has the advantage.
- CPU 560 determines whether or not the destination where optical pickup 501 irradiates the laser with detracking (ie, the detracking destination) is a caution area (step S303). .
- the detracking destination irradiates the laser with detracking
- the caution area is an area that has been erroneously recorded by detracking in the past and has been determined to be error-correctable. Such a caution area will be described later in detail.
- step S303 if it is determined that the area is the area requiring caution (step S303: Yes), then, it is determined whether or not the power recorded at the detrack destination can be reproduced (step S303).
- the data is actually read and a force that can be reproduced (that is, a force that can be output as appropriate data is determined.
- step S304 if it is determined that reproduction is possible (step S304: Yes), the area in which the erroneous recording was performed is registered as a caution area, for example, in the file system 113 (step S304).
- the optical pickup 501 is moved to the recording position before the occurrence of the detrack, and the recording is restarted (step S310). At this time, the recording operation is performed immediately before the detrack occurs, and the physical address of the area is stored. For example, under the control of the CPU 560, which is one example of the “control means” of the present invention, The optical pickup 501 is moved to the position of the physical address, and the continuation of the data recorded immediately before the occurrence of the detrack is recorded. [0123] More specifically, when detracking is detected, the memory address of the data sent for writing, the pre-address, and the write clock count from a pre-recorded predetermined signal (for example, a synchronization signal) are determined.
- a pre-recorded predetermined signal for example, a synchronization signal
- the optical pickup is returned to the track in front of the track where the address where the detracked address is stored, and while reading data, the write clock is synchronized with the read clock, and the predetermined signal strength also counts the clock. When the part where the detrack has occurred is reached, the writing is restarted.
- step S304 determines that reproduction is not possible.
- an erroneously recorded area is registered as a differential area, as in the description of FIG. 9 (step S306).
- it may be registered in the file system 113 as an unusable area.
- the optical pickup 501 is moved to the recording position before the occurrence of the detrack, and the recording is restarted (step S310).
- step S303 if it is determined that the area is not the area requiring attention (step S303: No), then, it is determined whether or not the error-recorded area is error-correctable. (Step S307). In this case, under the control of the CPU 560, the determination is made based on whether or not the erroneously recorded area (or the erroneously recorded period) exceeds the ECC correctable range (or capability).
- the erroneously recorded area greatly exceeds the unit (or correctable unit) of the ECC cluster on the relatively large optical disc 100, even if it is determined that error correction of the area is not possible, If the area where the erroneously recorded area is relatively small is much smaller than the unit of the ECC cluster, it may be determined that error correction of the area is possible.
- step S307 if it is determined that the error can be corrected (step S307: Yes), the erroneously recorded area is registered as a caution area, for example, in the file system 113 (step S308).
- the optical pickup 501 is moved to the recording position before the occurrence of the track, and the recording is restarted (step S310).
- step S307 if it is determined that error correction is not possible (step S307: No), the erroneously recorded area is registered as a differential area as in the description of Fig. 9 (step S309). .
- FIG. 3 is a data structure diagram conceptually showing a data structure of an optical disc 101 capable of performing tato management.
- the optical disc 101 has a lead-in area 114, a data recording area 116 and a lead-out area 118.
- the lead-in area 114 further includes an OPC area 110, a differential management area 111, and a control information area 112, and a file system 113 is recorded therein.
- the OPC area 110 is an area used for detection of the optimum recording laser power (that is, calibration of the recording laser power). For example, after the test writing of the OPC pattern is completed, the test-written OPC pattern is reproduced, and the reproduced OPC pattern is sampled sequentially to detect the optimum recording laser power. Also, an optimum recording laser power value obtained by OPC may be recorded.
- differential management information that is data for managing the differential generated on the optical disk 101 is recorded.
- the differential management information includes, for example, the position (or address) and size of the data recording area 116 where the differential occurred, and the data that should have been originally recorded or recorded at the position where the differential occurred.
- the address value of the save destination of the save data is recorded.
- the control information area 112 (122) is an area in which control information is recorded.
- the control information is information for controlling recording and reading on the data recording area 116, and includes, for example, information indicating an attribute and a type of the optical disk 101, information for managing data addresses, for example, information of a disk drive or the like.
- the information includes information for controlling the recording operation and the reading operation of the recording device 1.
- the file system 113 is a specific example of “management information” of the present invention, and records various management information necessary for the recording operation and the reproducing operation of the optical disc 101.
- it includes area configuration data of the entire optical disc 101 (for example, a distribution map of a recorded data recording area and an unrecorded data recording area, etc.), information for specifying a usable area, and the like.
- information indicating that a specific area in the data recording area 114 is a caution area is recorded.
- a spare area 119 is provided in the lead-out area 118.
- the spare area 119 is an area for saving the save data. Then, move to spare area 119.
- the address value or the like of the saved data on the spare area 119 is recorded in the above-described differential management information.
- detrack occurs in a predetermined area 117a on the data recording area 116, and the focus of the optical pickup 501 moves to the area 117b (ie, detrack). I do.
- the detrack detector 550 detects the occurrence of detrack by the operation from step S201 to step S207 in FIG. 6 described above, and performs the operation in step S309 (or step S306) in FIG.
- the area 117b is registered as a differential area as shown in FIG. 9 (c).
- the address value and the size of the area 117b are specified, and the differential management information including the address value and the size is recorded in the differential management area 111. If there is data recorded in the area 117b and it is determined that the data cannot be reproduced, for example, there may be circumstances such as the information recording device 1 recording the data in a memory or the like. For example, the data may be recorded in the spare area 119.
- FIGS. 10 (a) and 10 (b) it is also possible to use the file system 113 to register the concerned area as an unallocated area.
- FIG. 10A if the optical disc 102 does not have the differential management area 111 and the spare area 119, it cannot be registered as a differential area as shown in FIG. Therefore, in this case, as shown in FIG. 10B, if the area is registered as an unusable area in the file system 113, an error occurs due to the occurrence of detracking when the optical disc 102 is reproduced. This makes it possible to prevent the recorded area 117a from being erroneously reproduced.
- step S307 if it is determined that error correction is not possible (step S307: No), the erroneously recorded area is registered as the differential area, as described in FIG. 9 (step S3). 09). Instead of registering the erroneously recorded area as the differential area, the area may be registered in the file system 113 as an unusable area, as described in FIG.
- step S309 when the area erroneously recorded in step S309 is registered as a differential area, after that, the optical pickup 501 is moved to the recording position before the occurrence of detrack, and recording is restarted (step S310). .
- the recording may be performed using the recording data buffered in the buffer 505. This makes it relatively easy to identify the data portion where the recording operation has been stopped in step S301, and at a higher speed than it is necessary to modulate the recording data via the DVD modulator 506 and the data ECC generator 507 again.
- the recording operation can be restarted.
- step S304 instead of determining whether the data can be actually read and reproduced, similar to the determination in step S307, the data recorded at the detrack destination has an error. It may be configured to determine whether or not the force has been erroneously overwritten while leaving the correctable range.
- FIGS. 7 to 10 are data conceptually showing an operation process when a detrack is detected during recording on a parallel type multilayer optical disc in the information recording apparatus 1 according to the present embodiment.
- FIG. 11 to 13 are data conceptually showing an operation process when a detrack is detected during recording on a parallel type multilayer optical disc in the information recording apparatus 1 according to the present embodiment.
- the optical disc 103 having two recording layers will be described as an example.
- the optical disc 103 has two recording layers, and the lower recording layer in FIG. 11 (hereinafter, appropriately referred to as “first layer”) includes a lead-in area 114, Data recording area 116 and It has a readout area 118.
- the lead-in area 114 further has an OPC area 110, a diffet management area 111 and a control information area 112, and a file system 113 is recorded.
- the lead-out area 118 has a spare area 119.
- second layer includes a lead-in area 124, a data recording area 126, and a lead-out area 128.
- the lead-in area 124 further has an OPC area 120, a differential management area 121, and a control information area 122, and a file system 123 is recorded.
- the lead-out area 128 has a spare area 129.
- An optical pickup 501 is located on the first layer side of the optical disc 103, and is irradiated with the first layer side light beam B to record and reproduce data. In the second layer, data is recorded and reproduced by the light beam B transmitted through the first layer.
- the information recording device 1 detects the detrack by the various operations described above, and takes the corresponding operation as described above (see FIGS. 6 and 7).
- the differential management information is recorded in the differential management area 121, and is recorded in the area 127b as necessary.
- the stored data (that is, saved data) is recorded in the spare area 129.
- the first layer area 117b located between the light pickup 501 and the area 127b also receives the light beam. Irradiation is presumed to have some effect. Therefore, in this case, the data registered in the area 117b is also registered as a diffeat area, the defect management information is recorded in the diffeat management area 111, and the data recorded in the area 117b (if necessary). Immediately, the evacuation data) is recorded in the spare area 119.
- the area 117b is not limited to an area having the same size (or the same track number) as the area 127b. That is, for example, in the case of the disk-shaped optical disk shown in FIG. 1, the same track number is determined by the displacement (that is, eccentricity) of each center hole 102 of the first layer and the second layer. It is also conceivable that the area of the first layer and the area of the second layer related to the signal are not arranged linearly with respect to the light beam B. Therefore, in this case, for example, not only the area of the first layer having the same track number as the area 127b but also the area in the vicinity thereof is registered as a differential area, so that reliable recording is possible. It is preferable from the viewpoint of reproduction.
- the optical beam B is converged from the optical pickup 501 toward the area 127b, the light beam B is applied to the area 127b, and the first layer is irradiated with the light beam B to a size larger than a certain size. It is considered to be. Therefore, from this viewpoint as well, it is preferable to register not only the first layer area having the same track number as the area 127b, but also the area near the first layer as the differential area.
- the information recording apparatus of the present embodiment even if a detrack occurs during the recording operation, the data is appropriately recorded, and the information reproducing apparatus such as a DVD player is used. Thus, the optical disk on which the detrack has occurred can be appropriately reproduced. As a result, there is a great advantage that an optical disk which cannot be used after detracking can be used effectively.
- the optical disk 100 as an example of the information recording medium and the player according to the optical disk 100 as an example of the information reproducing apparatus are not limited to the optical disk and the player.
- the present invention can be applied to other information recording media compatible with other high-density recording or high transfer rates, and players thereof.
- the information recording / reproducing apparatus for recording / reproducing information on / from a parallel-type multilayer optical disc (FIGS. 11 to 13) in which the recording directions on the first and second layers are the same has been described.
- the present invention can be applied to an information recording / reproducing apparatus for recording / reproducing information to / from a multilayer optical disc of the opposite type in which recording directions on the first and second layers are opposite.
- the present invention is not limited to the embodiments described above, and can be appropriately modified within the scope of the claims and the entire specification that can be read and does not contradict the gist or idea of the present invention.
- An information recording apparatus and method, and a computer program for recording control are also included in the technical scope of the present invention.
- the information recording apparatus and method and the computer program according to the present invention include, for example, The present invention can be used for a recorder or a player for a high-density optical disk capable of recording various types of information at a high density for consumer or business use. Further, for example, the present invention can also be used for a recording or reproducing device mounted on various types of computer equipment for consumer or business use or connectable to various types of computer equipment.
Abstract
Description
Claims
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JP2005515139A JP3858199B2 (ja) | 2003-10-30 | 2004-10-27 | 情報記録装置及び方法、並びにコンピュータプログラム |
US10/577,773 US7577065B2 (en) | 2003-10-30 | 2004-10-27 | Information recording device and method, and computer program |
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WO2008099590A1 (ja) * | 2007-02-14 | 2008-08-21 | Panasonic Corporation | 光ディスク装置 |
JP2008192209A (ja) * | 2007-02-01 | 2008-08-21 | Marvell World Trade Ltd | 磁気ディスクコントローラおよび方法 |
JP2008192211A (ja) * | 2007-02-01 | 2008-08-21 | Marvell World Trade Ltd | 磁気ディスクコントローラおよび方法 |
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US20080175123A1 (en) * | 2005-03-31 | 2008-07-24 | Koninklijke Philips Electronics, N.V. | Method For Reproducing Information From a Plural Layer Optical Information Carrier |
JP4676240B2 (ja) * | 2005-04-25 | 2011-04-27 | 株式会社日立製作所 | 光ディスク装置、光ディスク装置のフォーカスオフセット及び記録パワー調整方法並びに光ディスク装置のフォーカスオフセット及び記録パワーの調整用プログラム |
US7659975B1 (en) * | 2005-09-21 | 2010-02-09 | Kla-Tencor Technologies Corp. | Methods and systems for inspection of a wafer or setting up an inspection process |
US20090310451A1 (en) * | 2006-06-09 | 2009-12-17 | Sung Hoon Kim | Recording medium, and a method and apparatus for managing the recording medium |
JP2009295211A (ja) * | 2008-06-03 | 2009-12-17 | Hitachi Ltd | 光ディスク装置 |
KR20110074956A (ko) * | 2008-10-27 | 2011-07-05 | 파나소닉 주식회사 | 정보 기록 매체, 기록 장치 및 재생 장치 |
US20100103793A1 (en) * | 2008-10-27 | 2010-04-29 | Panasonic Corporation | Multilayer optical information recording medium, method for recording information in the multilayer optical information recording medium, recording/reproducing apparatus |
US20100172226A1 (en) * | 2008-10-27 | 2010-07-08 | Panasonic Corporation | Information recording medium, reproduction apparatus and recording apparatus |
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US20070030773A1 (en) | 2007-02-08 |
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US7577065B2 (en) | 2009-08-18 |
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