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  • C07D207/30—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D207/32—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D207/325—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
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  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
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  • C07D295/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms
  • C07D295/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms
  • C07D295/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms substituted by doubly bound oxygen or sulphur atoms
  • C07D295/104—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms substituted by doubly bound oxygen or sulphur atoms with the ring nitrogen atoms and the doubly bound oxygen or sulfur atoms attached to the same carbon chain, which is not interrupted by carbocyclic rings
  • C07D295/108—Heterocyclic compounds containing polymethylene-imine rings with at least five ring members, 3-azabicyclo [3.2.2] nonane, piperazine, morpholine or thiomorpholine rings, having only hydrogen atoms directly attached to the ring carbon atoms with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring nitrogen atoms substituted by doubly bound oxygen or sulphur atoms with the ring nitrogen atoms and the doubly bound oxygen or sulfur atoms attached to the same carbon chain, which is not interrupted by carbocyclic rings to an acyclic saturated chain
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  • C07D307/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D307/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
  • C07D307/34—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D307/38—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D307/40—Radicals substituted by oxygen atoms
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  • C07D333/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
  • C07D333/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings not substituted on the ring sulphur atom
  • C07D333/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one sulfur atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings not substituted on the ring sulphur atom with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to the ring carbon atoms
  • C07D333/22—Radicals substituted by doubly bound hetero atoms, or by two hetero atoms other than halogen singly bound to the same carbon atom

Definitions

• the present invention relates to novel compounds that have an affinity for a monoamine transporter, e.g., the dopamine transporter (DAT), or norepinephrine transporter (NET).
• a monoamine transporter e.g., the dopamine transporter (DAT), or norepinephrine transporter (NET).
• DAT dopamine transporter
• NET norepinephrine transporter
• Monoamine transporters play a variety of roles, and compounds with affinity for the monoamine transporters have been proposed for therapy and/or diagnosis of medical indications that include (but are not limited to) attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), Parkinson's disease, cocaine addiction, smoking cessation, weight reduction, obsessive-compulsive disorder, various forms of depression, traumatic brain injury, stroke, and narcolepsy.
• ADHD attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
• Examples of monoamine transporters include, e.g., the dopamine transporter (DAT), serotonin transporter (SERT) or norepinephrine transporter (NET). Therapies for treating diseases and disorders related to monoamine transport are needed.
• DAT neurodegenerative diseases
• ADHD Attention Deficit Disorder
• Other neuropsychiatric disorders including Tourette's Syndrome and Lesch Nyhan Syndrome and possibly Rett's syndrome, are also marked by changes in DAT density.
• the DAT also is the target ofthe most widely used drug for attention deficit disorder, methylphenidate.
• the capacity to monitor the transporter in persons suffering from this disorder can have diagnostic and therapeutic implications.
• the density ofthe DAT in the brains of substance abusers has also been shown to deviate from that in normal brain.
• the density is elevated in post-mortem tissues of cocaine abusers (Little et al., Brain Res. 1993, 628, 17-25).
• the density ofthe DAT in chronic nonviolent alcohol abusers is decreased markedly. (Tiihonen et al., Nature Medicine 1995, 1, 654-657).
• Brain imaging of substance abusers can be useful for understanding the pathological processes of cocaine and alcohol abuse and monitoring restoration of normal brain function during treatment. Accordingly, compounds that bind to the DAT provide important clinical information to assist in the diagnosis and treatment of these and other DAT related disease states.
• Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine) neurotransmission is regulated and terminated by active transport via the serotonin transporter (SERT).
• Inhibition of 5-hydroxytryptamine reuptake has an effect on diseases mediated by 5HT receptors.
• Compounds that provide such inhibition can be useful, for example, as therapeutic anti-depressants.
• Structurally related to dopamine and norepinephrine transporters (Nelson N. 1998. JNeurochem 71:1785-1803), the SERT is the primary site of action of diverse antidepressant drugs, ranging from tricyclics such as imipramine and amitriptyline, to serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors (SSRFs) such as citalopram, fluoxetine and sertraline.
• SSRFs serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors
• Antidepressant drugs delay the removal of extracellular serotonin from the synapse by blocking serotonin transport, thereby prolonging the duration of serotonin receptor activity.
• the increased availability of serotonin triggers a cascade of neuroadaptive processes, which produces symptom relief after two to four weeks.
• Presently known antidepressants also produce certain side effects and may selectively alleviate specific symptoms of depression (Nestler EJ. 1998. Biol Psychiatry 44:526-533). Thus, it is desirable to develop novel antidepressants.
• the majority of clinically approved drugs to treat depression or obsessive-compulsive disorder are high affinity inhibitors of serotonin and/or norepinephrine transport.
• the norepinephrine transporter (NET) regulates extracellular levels of norepinephrine in brain, in heart, and in the sympathetic nervous system. Clinically, the norepinephrine transporter is a principal target of selective or non-selective anti-depressant drugs and stimulant drugs of abuse such as cocaine and amphetamines. Blockade ofthe norepmephrine transporter is implicated in appetite suppression. Gehlert et al. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther.
• Imaging ofthe norepinephrine transporter may also be useful for viewing the status of sympathetic innervation in the heart and in other adrenergic terminals, and for detecting neuroblastomas.
• Monoamine transporters such as, the dopamine transporter, serotonin transporter and norepinephrine transporter, are localized on monoamine nerve terminals.
• Compounds that bind to these sites can be useful as (i) probes for neuro-degenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson's disease), (ii) therapeutic drags for neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease), (iii) therapeutic drugs for dopamine dysfunction (e.g., Attention Deficit Disorder), (iv) treatment of psychiatric dysfunction (e.g., depression) and (v) treatment of clinical dysfunction (e.g., migraine).
• neuro-degenerative diseases e.g., Parkinson's disease
• therapeutic drags for neurodegenerative diseases e.g., Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease
• therapeutic drugs for dopamine dysfunction e.g., Attention Deficit Disorder
• psychiatric dysfunction e.g., depression
• clinical dysfunction e.g., migraine
• the present invention relates to compounds that bind and/or inhibit monoamine transporters such as the dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine transporters of mammalian systems. More specifically, the invention relates to compounds, such as pyrovalerone analogs, that are active (as racemates or purified enantiomers) in monoamine uptake systems and are selective for different monoamine uptake systems such as DAT, NET, and SERT.
• Compounds ofthe invention are represented by the following general formulae:
• Ri one to four substituents independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen (preferably F, Br, CI, or I), substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (preferably methyl, ethyl, isopropropyl, isobutyl, or t-butyl), substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy (preferably methoxy), substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyloxy, (CH 2 ) n -Ar, OH, OC(O)-alkyl (preferably methyl); CF 3 ; NO 2 ; NH 2 ; CN; NHCOCH 3 ; CO-alkyl (more preferably COCH 3 ), CH 2 OH, (CH 2 ) n OR 2 (in which n is 1 to 4) and(CH 2 ) n
• R 2 H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (preferably methyl, ethyl, isopropropyl, isobutyl, or t-butyl), substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy (preferably methoxy), substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyloxy, or CH 2 ArRi;
• X O, CH 2 , S, SO 2 , or SO; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt ofthe compound; with the proviso that, when the compound is a racemic mixture, the compound is not ⁇ - pyrrolidino-valerophenone, l-(p-methyl-phenyl)-2-pyrrolidino-pentan-l-one (also known as pyrovalerone), 1 -phenyl-2-pyrrolidino-3-methylbutan- 1 -one, 1 -(p-methoxy-phenyl)-2- pyrrolidino-pentan- 1 -one, 1 -(p-hydroxy-phenyl)-2-pyrrolidino-pentan- 1 -one, 1 -phenyl-2- pyrrolidino-butan-1 -one, l-phenyl-2-pyrrolidino-heptan-l -one, 1 -(p-chloro-phenyl)-2- p rroli
• Ri represents F (at the 2, 3 or 4 position); CI (at the 2, 3 or 4 position); I (at the 2, 3 or 4 position) 3,4-diCl; 3-Cl,4-C(CH )CH 3 ; 3-Br, 4-isopropyl; 3-1,4- C(CH 2 )CH 3 ; 4-Cl,3-C(CH 2 )CH 3 ; 4-Br,3-isopropyl; 4-1, 3-isopropyl; 3,4-diOH; 3,4-diOAc; 3,4- diOCH 3 ; 3-OH,4-Cl; 3-OH, 4-F; 3-OAc, 4-Cl; 3-OAc, 4-F; 3-Cl,4-OH; 3-F,4-OH; 3-Cl,4-OAc; or 3-F,4-OAc.
• R is an aromatic group.
• the invention also provides additional compounds, including compounds represented by Formulas I and II, as described hereinbelow.
• the compounds ofthe present invention can be racemic or pure R- or S-enantiomers.
• the structural formulae illustrated herein are intended to represent each enantiomer and diastereomer ofthe illustrated compound, and mixtures thereof, unless stated otherwise.
• the invention also includes salts, hydrates, and tautomeric forms ofthe compounds ofthe invention unless stated otherwise.
• the compounds ofthe present invention can be radiolabeled, for example, to. assay cocaine receptors. Certain preferred compounds of the present invention have a high selectivity for the DAT versus the SERT.
• Preferred compounds have an IC 50 SERT/DAT ratio of greater than about 10, preferably greater than about 30 and more preferably 50 or more. In addition, preferably the compounds have an IC 50 at the DAT of less than about 500 nM, preferably less than 60 nM, more preferably less than about 20 nM and most preferably less than about 3 nM.
• the present invention also provides pharmaceutical therapeutic compositions comprising the compounds formulated in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• Preferred monoamine transporters for the practice ofthe present invention include the dopamine transporter, the serotonin transporter and the norepinephrine transporter.
• the invention also provides a method for inhibiting dopamine reuptake of a dopamine transporter by contacting the dopamine transporter with a dopamine reuptake inhibiting amount of a compound ofthe present invention.
• Inhibition of dopamine reuptake of a dopamine transporter in a mammal is provided in accord with the present invention by administering to the mammal a dopamine inhibiting amount of a compound ofthe present mvention in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• Figure 1 is illustrative ofthe compounds of the present invention such as analogs of pyrovalerone, that have activity in monoamine uptake systems and are selective for different monoamine uptake systems such as DAT, NET, and SERT.
• the invention also relates to a method for treating a mammal having a disorder selected from neurodegenerative disease, psychiatric dysfunction, dopamine dysfunction, cocaine abuse and clinical dysfunction comprising administering to the mammal an effective amount of a compound ofthe present invention.
• the neurodegenerative disease is selected from Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease.
• An example of a psychiatric disorder which can be treated by the present methods is depression.
• the invention also relates to methods for treating dopamine related dysfunction in a mammal comprising administering to the mammal a dopamine reuptake inhibiting amount of a compound as described herein.
• An example of a dopamine related dysfunction is Attention deficit disorder.
• the invention also relates to methods for treating serotonin related dysfunction in a mammal comprising administering to the mammal a serotonin reuptake inhibiting amount of a compound as described herein.
• the invention also relates to methods for treating norepinephrine related dysfunction in a mammal comprising administering to the mammal a norepinephrine reuptake inhibiting amount of a compound as described herein.
• lower alkyl when used herein designates saturated branched or straight chain hydrocarbon monovalent substituents containing from 1 to about 8 carbon atoms such as methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, n-propyl, n-butyl, (CH 2 ) n CH3, C(CH 3 ) 3 ; etc., more preferably 1 to 4 carbons.
• lower alkoxy designates lower alkoxy substituents containing from 1 to about 8 carbon atoms such as methoxy, ethoxy, isopropoxy, etc., more preferably 1 to 4 carbon atoms.
• lower alkenyl when used herein designates aliphatic unsaturated branched or straight chain vinyl hydrocarbon substituents containing from 2 to about 8 carbon atoms such as allyl, etc., more preferably 2 to 4 carbons.
• lower alkynyl designates lower alkynyl substituents containing from 2 to about 8 carbon atoms, more preferably 2 to 4 carbon atoms such as, for example, propyne, butyne, etc.
• aliphatic is art-recognized and as used herein includes alkyl, alkenyl, and alkynyl groups as described above.
• substituted lower alkyl “substituted lower alkoxy,” “substituted lower alkenyl” and “substituted lower alkynyl,” when used herein, include corresponding alkyl, alkoxy, alkenyl or alkynyl groups substituted with halide, hydroxy, carboxylic acid, or carboxamide groups, etc.
• aromatic or "aryl" is art-recognized, and as used herein, refers to a carbocyclic or heterocyclic aromatic ring moiety.
• Aromatic ring systems include polycyclic aromatic systems such as naphthyl, benzofuranyl, and the like.
• Preferred aromatic moieties have 5 to 10 atoms in the aromatic ring system and may include 0 to 4 heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of O, N, and S.
• aromatic moieties include phenyl, naphthyl, furanyl, pyrrolyl, thiophenyl, indolyl, pyridyl, pyrazolyl, pyrazinyl, benzofuranyl, tetrazolyl, isoxazolyl, and the like.
• Aromatic groups may be unsubstituted or substituted with 1 to 4 substituents, including alkyl, halogen, hydroxyl, and the like.
• substantially enantiomerically pure refers to an enantiomer (e.g., the (S)-enantiomer) which is substantially free ofthe corresponding enantiomer (e.g., the (R)-enantiomer), i.e., not a racemic mixture of enantiomers.
• an enantiomer which is substantially enantiomerically pure is present is greater than about 80% enantiomeric excess (e.e.), more preferably greater than about 90%, 95%, or 98% e.e.
• X (a ring substituent in certain ofthe formulae above) contains a carbon atom as the ring member
• reference to X is sometimes made herein as a carbon group.
• X is a carbon group, as that phrase is used herein, it means that a carbon atom is a ring member at the X position.
• FIGURES Figure 1 is a chart showing the compounds ofthe invention and their Kj with respect to
• novel tropane compounds are provided that bind to monoamine transporters, preferably the DAT. Certain preferred compounds also have a high selectivity for the DAT versus the SERT. Preferred compounds ofthe invention include those having the formula:
• substituents independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen (preferably F, Br, CI, or I), substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (preferably methyl, ethyl, isopropropyl, isobutyl, or t-butyl), substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy (preferably methoxy), substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyloxy, (CH 2 ) n -Ar, OH, OC(O)-alkyl (preferably methyl); CF 3 ; NO 2 ; NH 2 ; CN; NHCOCH 3 ; CO-alkyl (more preferably COCH3), CH 2 OH, (CH 2 ) n OR 2 (in which n is 1 to 4) and(CH 2 ) n OCOR 2
• R 2 H, substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (preferably methyl, ethyl, isopropropyl, isobutyl, or t-butyl), substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy (preferably methoxy), substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyloxy, or CH 2 ArR ⁇ ;
• X O, CH 2 , S, SO 2 , or SO; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; with the proviso that, when the compound is a racemic mixture, the compound is not ⁇ - pyrrolidino-valerophenone, pyrovalerone, l-phenyl-2-pyrrolidino-3-methylbutan-l-one, l-(p- methoxy-phenyl)-2-pyrrolidino-pentan- 1 -one, 1 -(p-hydroxy-phenyl)-2-pyrrolidino-pentan- 1 -one,
• 2-pyrrolidino-pentan-l -one 1 -(m-methyl-phenyl)-2-pyrrolidino-pentan- 1 -one, 1 -phenyl-2- pyrrolidino-nonan-1-one, l-(p-methoxy-phenyl)-2-pyrrolidino-hexan-l-one, or ⁇ -(2'-methyl- pyrrolidino)-valerophenone.
• Ri represents F (at the 2, 3 or 4 position); CI (at the 2, 3 or 4 position); I (at the 2, 3 or 4 position) 3,4-diCl; 3-Cl,4-C(CH 2 )CH 3 ; 3-Br, 4-isopropyl; 3-1,4- C(CH 2 )CH 3 ; 4-Cl,3-C(CH 2 )CH 3 ; 4-Br,3-isopropyl; 4-1, 3-isopropyl; 3,4-diOH; 3,4-diOAc; 3,4- diOCH 3 ; 3-OH,4-Cl; 3-OH, 4-F; 3-OAc, 4-Cl; 3-OAc, 4-F; 3-Cl,4-OH; 3-F,4-OH; 3-Cl,4-OAc; or 3-F,4-OAc.
• Ri is an aromatic group.
• Ri is selected from the group consisting of methyl, isopropyl, isobutyl, tert-butyl, 3,4-diCl; 3-C1, 4-C(CH 2 )CH 3 ; 3-Br, 4-C(CH 2 )CH 3 ; 3-1, 4- C(CH 2 )CH 3 ; 4-Cl,3-C(CH 2 )CH 3 ; 4-Br, 3-C(CH 2 )CH 3 ; 4-1, 3-C(CH 2 )CH 3 ; 3,4-diOH; 3,4-diOAc; 3,4-diOCH 3 ; 3-OH, 4-Cl; 3-OH, 4-F; 3-OAc, 4-Cl; 3-OAc, 4-F; 3-C1, 4-OH; 3-F, 4-OH; 3-C1, 4-OAc; 3-F, 4-OAc; and CH 2 OH.
• Rj is selected from the group consisting of H, 4-methyl, 3,4-diCl; and 4-Br.
• R 2 is selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl (more preferably methyl and -CH -phenyl.
• R 3 is selected from the group consisting of lower alkyl (more preferably methyl), halogen (more preferably chloro), hydroxyl, and -OCH 3 .
• both m and n are 1.
• R' represents one to four substituents independently selected from the group consisting of H, halogen (preferably F, Br, CI, or I), substituted or unsubstituted alkyl (preferably methyl, ethyl, isopropropyl, isobutyl, or t-butyl), substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy (preferably methoxy), substituted or unsubstituted alkenyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkenyloxy, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted alkynyloxy, (CH 2 ) n -Ar, OH, OC(O)-alkyl (preferably methyl), CF 3 , NO 2 , NH 2 , CN, NHCOCH 3 , CO-alkyl (more preferably COCH 3 ), CH 2 OH, (CH 2 ) n OR 2 (in which n is 1 to 4) and (CH 2 )
• Compounds of Formula I may exist either as the racemate or as the substantially enantiomerically pure R- or (most preferably) S- enantiomer (e.g., the 2S enantiomer) at the carbon atom adjacent the ketone functionality.
• R' is 4-F, 4- Br, or 4-1; R' is 3,4-Cl; R' is 3,4-OH; R' is 4-acetamido; R' is 4-nitro; R' is 2-methyl; R' is 3-1; R is 4-hydroxymethyl; R' is 4-C(O)O-alkyl (most preferably methyl); R' is 4-alkynyl (more , preferably 4-(prop-l-ynyl); or R' is an aromatic ring attached at the 4-position (more preferably 4-(2'-thienyl), 4-(2'-furyl) or 4-(2' -naphthyl). In more preferred embodiments, R' is 3,4- dichloro.
• R' represents 3-OAc, 4-OAc, or 3,4-diOAc (OAc ebing the group OCOCH ).
• the aliphatic group is an n-propyl group.
• R' is H, 4-methyl, 4-methoxy, 4-hydroxy, or 3-methyl.
• the aliphatic chain is an allyl group, most preferably where R is 4-methyl.
• the aliphatic chain is an ethyl group, most preferably where R' is 3,4-Cl.
• the aliphatic chain is an isobutyl group, most preferably where R' is 4-methyl.
• r is 2, most preferably when R is 3,4-Cl.
• the invention provides compounds represented by the structure (Formula II)
• R" represents one to four substituents selected from the group consisting of halogen, lower alkyl, lower alkenyl, lower alkynyl, aryl, -CF 3 , hydroxy, nitro, amido (more preferably - NHC(O)-methyl), -(O)CO-alkyl (preferably -(O)CO-methyl) and -C(O)O-alkyl (preferably - C(O)O-methyl; and pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof, hi Formula II, the indication (S) signifies that the compound possesses the 2S configuration, hi preferred embodiments ofthe compound of Formula II, R" represents 4-alkyl, more preferably 4-methyl. In other preferred embodiments, R" represents 3,4-dichloro.
• novel compounds are provided that bind to monoamine transporters, preferably the DAT. Certain preferred compounds also have a high selectivity for the DAT versus the SERT.
• the novel compounds for example pyrovalerone analogs are potent and selective DAT inhibitors (see, e.g., Table 2 and Figure 1). It has now been found that the 2S-enantiomer of pyrovalerone is a more potent DAT inhibitor than the 2R-enantiomer.
• a compound of Formula I is the substantially enantiomerically pure 2S-enantiomer. In certain preferred embodiments, a compound of Formula I is the substantially enantiomerically pure 2R-enantiomer.
• the 2R-pyrovalerone overlay places the propyl chain in a position similar to that ofthe 2 ⁇ -carbomethoxy ofthe tropane (azabicyclo[3.2.1]octane).
• the starting materials, 2 are commercially available or accessible by literature routes from 1 (a substituted benzonitrile) or valerophenone. Bromination (Br 2 , A1C1 3 ) of 2 generally proceeds in high yield and treatment with the secondary amine provides 4 in good yield.
• Other analogs have alternate aromatic systems, e.g. naphthyl, thiophene or pyrrole, shorter or longer alkyl chains, or are compounds in which the N to aromatic centroid distance has been altered (e.g. 7, 8).
• R R B a 4-CH 3 h. 3-CH 3 r ⁇ 4-OH b.H i.3-F n.4-OCH 3 c.4-F j.3-Br o.4-NH 2 d.4-Br k. 3-CI p.4-NHCOCH 3 e. 4-Cl 1.3-1 q.4-N0 2 f.3,4-Cl 2 r.4-CF 3 g.4-I
• the compounds ofthe present invention provide a broad array of molecules including compounds that bind with very high affinity.
• Selectivity for inhibition ofthe DAT versus the serotonin transporter (SERT) is another property ofthe compounds ofthe invention of considerable relevance for development of medications and for probes useful to image the DAT in living brain.
• Preferred compounds for DAT imaging agents have high DAT: SERT selectivity.
• the compounds ofthe present invention can exhibit extremely potent and selective binding for the DAT, either in vivo or in vitro.
• Preferred compounds ofthe present invention exhibit the desired targetnon-target (DAT: SERT) specificity.
• the selectivity ratio of binding of SERT to binding of DAT is greater than about 10 (i.e., the compounds bind to DAT with 10-fold greater affinity than to SERT), preferably greater than about 30 and more preferably 50 or more.
• the preferred compounds are potent, preferably having an IC 50 for DAT less than about 500 nM, preferably less than 60 nM, more preferably less than about 20 nM, and most preferably less than about 3 nM.
• the DAT is enantioselective (Reith, M. E. A. et al., Biochem. Pharmacol. 1986, 35, 1123-1129; Ritz, M. C. et al., Science 1987, 237, 1219-1223; Madras, B. K. et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1989, 251, 131-141; Meltzer, P. C. et al., J. Med. Chem. 1994, 37, 2001-2010; Sershen, H. et al, Neuropharmacology 1980, 19, 1145- 1148; Carroll, F. I. et al, J. Med. Chem. 1992, 35, 969-981; Carroll, F. I.
• the amine-containing compounds ofthe invention can be prepared either as free bases or as a pharmacologically active salt thereof such as hydrochloride, tartrate, sulfate, mesylate, naphthalene-l,5-disulfonate or the like (i.e., a pharmaceutically acceptable salt).
• a pharmaceutically acceptable salt such as hydrochloride, tartrate, sulfate, mesylate, naphthalene-l,5-disulfonate or the like.
• Additional pharmaceutically acceptable salts are known in the art, and a suitable salt form ofthe compounds of the invention can be chosen according to such considerations as solubility, crystallinity, ease of synthesis, and the like.
• a compound ofthe invention is at least 70% pure, more preferably at least 80, 90, 95, 98, or 99% pure.
• the present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions, preferably comprising the compounds ofthe present invention in a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• compositions are well known to those skilled in the art.
• An exemplary pharmaceutical composition is a therapeutically effective amount of a compound ofthe invention optionally included in a pharmaceutically-acceptable and compatible carrier.
• pharmaceutically-acceptable and compatible carrier refers to e.g., one or more compatible solid or liquid filler diluents or encapsulating substances that are suitable for administration to a human or other animal.
• the route of administration can be varied but is principally selected from intravenous, nasal, transdermal and oral routes.
• parenteral administration e.g., it will typically be injected in a sterile aqueous or non-aqueous solution, suspension or emulsion in association with a pharmaceutically-acceptable parenteral carrier such as physiological saline.
• a pharmaceutically-acceptable parenteral carrier such as physiological saline.
• therapeutically-effective amount is that amount ofthe present pharmaceutical compositions which produces a desired result or exerts a desired influence on the particular condition being treated.
• concentrations may be used in preparing compositions incorporating the same ingredient to provide for variations in the age ofthe patient to be treated, the severity ofthe condition, the duration ofthe treatment and the mode of administration.
• An effective dose ofthe compound is typically administered to a patient based on IC 50 values determined in vitro or in vivo (e.g., in animal studies).
• compositions ofthe invention are capable of being commingled with the compounds ofthe present invention, and with each other, in a manner such that there is no interaction that would substantially impair the desired pharmaceutical efficacy.
• Dose ofthe pharmaceutical compositions ofthe invention will vary depending on the subject and upon particular route of administration used.
• Pharmaceutical compositions ofthe present invention can also be administered to a subject according to a variety well-characterized protocols.
• the pharmaceutical composition is a liquid composition in pyrogen-free, sterilized container or vial.
• the container can be unit dose or multidose.
• instructions for administration ofthe pharmaceutical composition to a subject may be included, e.g., as a label for the container or as instructions packaged with the container.
• the compounds and pharmaceutical preparations ofthe present invention can be used to inhibit the %-hydroxytryptamine reuptake of a monoamine transporter, particularly reuptake by the dopamine transporter, serotonin transporter or norepinephrine transporter.
• Dysfunction of dopamine neurons has been implicated in several neuropsychiatric diseases. Imaging ofthe dopamine neurons offers important clinical information relevant to diagnosis and therapeutic treatments. Dopamine neurons produce dopamine, release the neurotransmitter and remove the released dopamine with a dopamine transporter protein.
• Compounds that bind to the dopamine transporter are effective measures of dopamine neurons and can be transformed into imaging agents for PET and for SPECT imaging (see, e.g., Example 70, infra, for use of PET imaging).
• an essential first step is to measure the affinity and selectivity of a candidate at the dopamine transporter.
• the affinity can be measured by conducting radioreceptor assays.
• a radiolabeled marker for the transporter e.g., ( H)WTN 35,428, is incubated with the unlabeled candidate and a source ofthe transporter, usually brain striatum. The effect of various concentrations ofthe candidate on inhibiting ( H)WIN 35,428 binding is quantified.
• the concentration ofthe compound that inhibits 50% of ( 3 H)WIN 35,428 bound to the transporter is used as a measure of its affinity for the transporter.
• a suitable range of concentrations ofthe candidate typically is about InM up to about 100 nM, more preferably 1 to 10 nM. It is also desirable to measure the selectivity ofthe candidate ofthe dopamine compared with the serotonin transporter.
• the serotonin transporter is also detectable in the striatum, the brain region with the highest density of dopamine neurons and in brain regions surrounding the striatum. It is desirable to determine whether the candidate compound is more potent at the dopamine than the serotonin transporter.
• the invention provides a method for inhibiting 5- hychoxyfr ptamine reuptake of a monoamine transporter. The method includes the step of contacting the monoamine transporter with a compound of the invention.
• the step of contacting can occur, e.g., in vitro, e.g., when a whole cell, cell lysate, or purified enzyme is contacted with a solution ofthe candidate compound for assay purposes.
• the step of contacting can also opccur in vivo, e,.g., by administering the compound to a test subject or to a subject in need of such treatment, under conditions such that the compound contacts a monoamine transporter in vivo.
• This invention will be illustrated further by the following examples. These examples are not intended to limit the scope ofthe claimed invention in any manner.
• the Examples provide suitable methods for preparing and testing compounds ofthe present invention. However, those skilled in the art may make compounds ofthe present invention by any other suitable means.
• substantially pure enantiomers can be prepared either by a suitable asymmetric synthesis (e.g., according to methods known in the art), or a racemic mixture can be prepared and the enantiomers separated, e.g., using chiral chromatography columns, or by separation using a chiral ligand such as a tartrate (see, e.g., Example 39, infra.
• TLC Thin layer chromatography
• PMA phosphomolybdic acid
• Preparative TLC is carried out on Analtech uniplates Silica Gel GF 2000 microns. Flash chromatography is carried out on Baker Silica Gel 40mM. Elemental Analyses are performed by Atlantic Microlab, Atlanta, GA and are within 0.4% of calculated values for each element. A Beckman 1801 Scintillation Counter is used for scintillation spectrometry. 0.1% Bovine Serum Albumin (“BSA”) is purchased from Sigma Chemicals.
• BSA Bovine Serum Albumin
• the resulting yellow mixture was warmed slowly to room temperature and stirred for 3 h.
• the yellow solution was hydrolyzed cautiously by addition of aq. Na 2 CO 3 (20% solution) until the pH was 8, then water (50 mL) was added and the solution was allowed to stand overnight. Neutral organics were extracted from the mixture by , separation ofthe CH 2 C1 layer which was then discarded.
• the aqueous layer was acidified to pH 3 with 1 M HCI, most ofthe water was removed by rotary evaporation, and the remaining volume of ca 10 mL was allowed to cool in the refrigerator. After 3 d, a white solid separated from the solution and was collected by filtration.
• 1-p-tolyl-ethanone (25 g, 104 mmol) was freed from its hydrogen chloride salt by treatment with aqueous Na 2 CO 3 and extraction into Et 2 O. The organics were dried (MgSO ), filtered and reduced in vacuo to a yellow oil. This oil was taken up in toluene (200 mL), and NaNH 2 was added to the stirring solution which was subsequently heated to approximately 120 °C (oil bath temperature) for 0.5 h.
• Propargyl bromide (13 mL, 80% w/w solution in toluene, 14 g, 115 mmol) was added to the resulting cooled (oil bath temperature at approximately 100 °C) orange mixture at such a rate that steady reflux was allowed to occur with concommitant NH 3 evolution.
• the mixture was cooled slowly to room temperature and was then hydrolyzed cautiously by addition of water (100 mL).
• the toluene layer was separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with toluene (2 x 50 mL).
• the combined organics were dried (MgS0 4 ), filtered and reduced in vacuo to a brown oil that was taken up in Et 2 0 (50 mL).
• Benzylmagnesium chloride (3.9 mL, 2.0 M solution in THF, 7.8 mmol, 1.1 mol eq.) was added via syringe over 5 min to the solution which was subsequently hydrolyzed by addition of 1 M HCI (20 mL). The resulting flocculent white precipitate was collected by filtration, washed with 1 M HCI (5 mL), then Et 2 O (50 mL), dried under suction, then in air.
• Example 10 Compound 0-2529 and Compound 0-2530 - 2-Pyrrolidin-l-yl p-tolyl-pentan-l-ol, hydrogen chloride salt and 2-Pyrrolidin-l-yl p-tolyl-pentan-l-ol, hydrogen chloride salt.
• DIASTEREOISOMER 2 - 0-2530 Pyrovalerone, hydrogen chloride salt (1.50 g, 5.32 mmol) was suspended in THF (20 mL).
• LiAIH 4 (0.20 g, 5.3 mmol) was added in several small portions at room temperature to the stirring mixture with slight heat evolution. The resulting clear solution was hydrolyzed cautiously with H 2 O, then made acidic by addition of 1M aqueous HCI. The aqueous extracts were collected and basified to pH 8-9 with 20% aqueous Na 2 CO 3 . The organics were extracted into Et 2 0, dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered, and reduced to an oil in vacuo. Chromatography (5% NEt3/15% EtO Ac/80% hexanes) gave the two diastereoisomers.
• Example 11 Compound 0-2537 l-(4-Propynyl-phenyl)-2-pyrrolidin-l-yl-pentan-l-one, hydrogen chloride salt. l-(4-Iodo-phenyl)-2-pyrrolidin-l-yl-pentan-l-one, hydrogen chloride salt (500 mg, 1.27 mmol) was taken up in Et 2 NH (10 mL) and degassed by purging with N 2 .
• the hydrogen chloride salt was prepared from 2M ethereal HCI and recrystallized twice from EtOH/Et 2 O to give pure l-(4-Propynyl-phenyl)-2-pyrrolidin-l-yl-pentan-l-one, as a colorless crystalline solid (260 mg, 67%).
• Example 12 Compound 0-2512 l-(3,4-Dimethoxy-phenyl)-2-pyrroIidin-l-yl-pentan-l -one, hydrogen chloride salt.
• Example 13 Compound 0-24944-Methyl-2-pyrrolidin-l-yl-l p-tolyl-pentan-l-one, hydrogen chloride salt. This compound was prepared, in 68% yield, as described in General Procedure A, with slight modifications; Mp 218°C (dec); 1H NMR ⁇ 10.9 - 10.75 (br, IH), 8.06 (d, 2H), 7.45 (d, 2H), 5.46 (m, 1 H), 3.75 - 3.6 (br, 1 H), 3.6 - 3.4 (br, 1 H), 3.3 - 3.0 (br, m, 2H), 2.42 (s, 3H),
• Example 15 Compound 0-2482 1 -Naphthalen-2-yl-2-pyrrolidin-l -yl-pentan- 1 -one, hydrogen chloride salt. This compound was prepared, in 51 % yield, as described in General Procedure A, with slight modifications; Mp 221 - 223°C (dec); 1H NMR ⁇ 10.8 - 10.6 (br, IH), 8.92 (s, IH),
• Example 16 Compound 0-2481 2-Pyrrolidin-l-yI-l-(4-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-pentan-l-one, hydrogen chloride salt.
• Example 17 Compound 0-2480 2-Pyrrolidin-l-yl-l-m-tolyl-pentan-l-one, hydrogen chloride salt.
• Example 18 Compound 0-2479 2-Pyrrolidin-l-yl-l-o-tolyl-pentan-l-one, hydrogen chloride salt. This compound was prepared, in 39% yield, as described in General Procedure A, however, we were unable to obtain a crystalline sample ofthe compound.
• Example 19 Compound 0-2477 2-Pyrrolidin-l-yl-methyl-l p-tolyl-pentan-1-one, hydrogen chloride salt. This compound was prepared from 1-o-Tolyl-pentan-l-one (3.5 g, 20 mmol) using the same method as described for General Procedure A with the following modifications. No chromatography was performed.
• the solvent was removed by rotary evaporation and the residue was separated between 1 M aqueous HCI and Et 2 O.
• the aqueous extracts were basified with 20% aqueous Na 2 CO 3 to pH 8-9 and the organics were extracted into Et 2 O.
• the organics were dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered, and reduced to an oil in vacuo.
• Column chromatography (10% McOH/CH 2 Cl 2 ) gave the pure free base.
• the hydrogen chloride salt was prepared by reaction with 2 M ethereal HCI and filtration of the resulting white precipitate.
• This oil (crude 2-tributylstannyl-(N- methylpyrrole)) was added to a solution of 2-Pyrrolidin-l-yl- 1 -(4'-bromo-phenyl)-pentan-l-one (which had been freed from its hydrogen chloride salt by treatment with 20% aqueous .Na 2 CO 3 and extraction into Et 2 O) in dioxane (30 mL). The resulting solution was degassed by purging with N 2 . [Pd(PPh 3 ) ] (264 mg, 0.22 mmol) was added and the mixture was heated to 95 - 100°C (oil bath temperature) for a period of 10 h. The solvent was removed in vacuo.
• the pure free base was obtained by column chromatography (5% McOH/CH 2 Cl 2 ) as a yellow oil.
• the hydrogen chloride salt was prepared by treatment with 2M ethereal HCI. Lyophilization of an aqueous solution ofthe salt afforded a pale green solid characterized as 2-Pyrrolidin-l-yl- l-(4-N- methylpyrrole-phenyl)-pentan-l-one, as its hydrogen chloride salt (1.4 g, 36%).
• Example 22 Compound 0-2438 2-Pyrrolidin-l-yl-l-(4-thiophen-2-yl-phenyl)-pentan-l-one, hydrogen chloride salt. This compound was prepared using a procedure analogous to that described General Procedure A, except that commercially available 2-tributylstannyl thiophene was employed as a starting material, and chromatography was not performed on the crude free base. The crude hydrogen chloride salt was readily obtained by treatment ofthe crude free base with 2M ethereal HCI. Recrystallization from hot EtOH gave the title compound as a colorless crystalline solid (1.23 g, 61%).
• Example 23 Compound 0-2441 2-Pyrrolidin-l-yl-l-(4-furan-2-yl-phenyl)-pentan-l-one, hydrogen chloride salt. This compound was prepared using a procedure analogous to that previously described except that commercially available 2-tributylstannyl furan was employed as a starting material, and chromatography was not performed on the crude free base.
• N-[4-(2- Pyrrolidin-l-yl-pentanoyl)-phenyl]-acetamide, hydrogen chloride salt (4.5 g, 18 mmol) was added over 20 min, then the mixture was heated to reflux for 1 h. The solution was cooled, then quenched cautiously with aqueous ⁇ a 2 SO (100 mL of a 1.6 M solution, 0.16 mol). The organics were separated and extracted into Et O, then back-extracted into 1 M aqueous HCI. The acidic extracts were basified with 20% aqueous Na 2 CO 3 to pH 8-9 and extracted into Et 2 O. The organic extracts were dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered, then treated with 2 M ethereal HCI.
• Example 25 Compound 0-2439 N-[4-(2-Pyrrolidin-l-yl-pentanoyl)-phenyl]-acetamide, hydrogen chloride salt.
• Example 26 Compound 0-2419 2-Pyrrolidin-l-yl-l-(4'-bromo-phenyl)-pentan-l-one, hydrogen chloride salt.
• Example 27 Compound O-2418 2-Pyrrolidin-l-yl-l-(4'-hydroxy-phenyl)-pentan-l-one, hydrogen chloride salt. 2-Pyrrolidin-l-yl-l-(4'methoxy-phenyl)-pentan-l-one (9.00 g, 30,3 mmol) was freed from its hydrogen chloride salt by basification to pH 8-9 with 20% aqueous Na 2 CO 3 and extraction into CH 2 C1 2 .
• Example 28 Compound O-2417 2-Pyrrolidin-l-yl-l-(4'-methoxy-phenyl)-pentan-l-one, hydrogen chloride salt.
• Example 29 Compound O-2525 3-Pyrrolidin-l-yl-l- ⁇ -tolyl-pentan-l-one, hydrogen chloride salt. This compound was prepared from l-/?-Tolyl-pent-2-en-l-one using the procedure of General Procedure A).
• Example 30 Compound O-2524 l-(3,4-Dichloro-phenyl)-3-pyrrolidin-l-yl-pentan-l-one, hydrogen chloride salt.
• l-(3,4-Dichloro-phenyl)-pen-2-en-l-one (1.29 g, 5.63 mmol) was taken up in EtOH (10 mL), cooled on an ice bath, and degassed by purging with N 2 . Pynolidine (0.80 g, 11 mmol) was added dropwise over 2 min. After 0.5 h, the ethanolic solution was separated between 1M aqueous HCI and Et 2 O.
• the HCI extracts were collected and back-extracted into Et 2 0 by treatment with 20% aqueous Na 2 CO 3 .
• the ethereal extracts were dried (MgSO 4 ), filtered, and treated with 2M ethereal HCI. Laborious trituration afforded a white powder which was collected on a frit and washed copiously with Et 2 O. This white powder was identified as 1- (3,4-Dichloro-phenyl)-2-pyrrolidin-l-yl-methyl-pentan-l-one, hydrogen chloride salt (0.99 g, 50%).
• Example 31 Compound O-2495 l-(3-Iodo-phenyl)-2-pyrrolidin-l-yl-pentan-l-one, hydrogen chloride salt.
• Example 32 Compound O-23902-Pyrrolidin-l-yl-l-(3,4-Dichloro-phenyl)-pentan-l -one, hydrogen chloride salt.
• Example 33 Compound O-23892-ButyIamin-l-yl-l-(3,4-dichloro-phenyl)-pentan-l-one, hydrogen chloride salt.
• Example 34 Compound O-2388 2-Piperidin-l-yl-l-(3,4-dichloro-phenyl)-pentan-l-one, hydrogen chloride salt.
• Example 39 Compound O-2440 and Compound O-2442 (2R)-2-Pyrrolidin-l-yl-l- ?-toIyl-pentan-l- one, hydrogen chloride salt (O-2440) and (25)-2-Pyrrolidin-l-yl-l- J p-tolyl-pentan-l-one, hydrogen chloride salt (O-2442). Pyrovalerone.HCl (10.0 g, 35.5 mmol) was freed from its hydrogen chloride salt by extraction into Et 2 O from 20% aqueous Na 2 CO 3 at pH 8-9.
• Example 40 4-(2-Bromo-pentanoyl)-benzonitrile. 1H NMR ⁇ 8.11 (d, 2H), 7.80 (d, 2H), 5.07 (dd, IH), 2.25 - 2.05 (m, 2H), 1.7 - 1.35 (m, 2H), 1.00 (t, 3H).
• Example 51 2-Bromo-l-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-pentan-l-one. 1H ⁇ MR ⁇ 8.05 (dd, 2H), 7.16 (dd, 2H), 5.09 (dd, IH), 2.25 - 2.05 (m, 2H), 1.7 - 1.35 (m, 2H), 0.99 (t, 3H).
• Example 52 2-Bromo-l-phenyl-pentan-l-one. 1H ⁇ MR ⁇ 8.02 (d, 2H), 7.62 (m, IH), 7.49 (t, 2H),
• Example 53 2-Bromo-l-(3,4-dichloro-phenyl)-butan-l-one. 1H NMR ⁇ 8.09 (d, IH), 7.84 (dd, IH), 7.57 (d, IH), 4.95 (dd, IH), 2.35 - 2.05 (m, 2H), 1.09 (t, 3H).
• Example 54 2-Bromo-l-(3,4-dichloro-phenyl)-pentan-l-one. 1H NMR ⁇ 8.09 (d, IH), 7.84 (dd,
• Example 60 l-(3,4-Dimethoxy-phenyl)-pentan-l-one. This compound was prepared following General Procedure C. The crude material was further purified by distillation (Bp 131 °C, 0.05 mmHg) to give the pure title compound in 80% yield. 1H NMR ⁇ 7.60 (dd, IH), 7.54 (d, IH), 6.89 (d, IH), 3.95 (s, 3H), 3.94 (s, 3H), 2.93 (t, 2H), 1.72 (m, 2H), 1.42 (m, 2H), 0.96 (t, 3H).
• Example 61 4-Methyl-l-p-tolyl-pentan-l-one.
• Example 64 l-(3,4-Dichloro-phenyl)-pen-2-en-l-one.
• 2-Bromo-l-(3,4-dchloro-phenyl)-pentan-l- one (3.36 g, 10.9 mmol) was dissolved in DMF (60 mL).
• Li 2 CO 3 (1.28 g, 17 mmol) and LiBr (0.99 g, 11.5 mmol) was added to the solution which was then heated with stirring to 110 - 120 °C (oil bath temperature) for 1.5 h.
• the mixture was diluted with H 2 O (100 mL) and the organics were extracted into EtOAc (3 x 50 mL).
• Example 69 1-m-Tolyl-pentan-l-one. This compound was prepared following General Procedure C and was purified by distillation (Bp 64 - 68°C, 0.1 mmHg). The yield was 98% 1H NMR ⁇ 7.86 (d, 2H), 7.26 (d, 2H), 2.94 (t, 2H), 2.41 (s, 3H), 1.71 (m, 2H), 1.41 (m, 2H), 0.95 (t, 3H).
• Example 70 Dopamine transporter occupancy of pyrovalerone analogs Entry of compounds into brain is an important criterion for assessing the diagnostic and therapeutic potential of compounds targeted to the central nervous system. Access of compounds into brain targets may be attenuated by rapid peripheral metabolism, by sequestration by proteins or organs in peripheral tissues, or by the blood brain barrier. Brain imaging is an efficient method for determining the biological potential of a novel compound designed to affect brain function or to image the brain. As the compounds ofthe invention are high affinity ligands for the dopamine transporter, we determined whether they occupy the dopamine transporter in living brain within 1 hour of administration.
• PET imaging was conducted with the high affinity dopamine transporter probe [11CJCFT ([11C]WIN 35,428).
• Rhesus monkeys were anesthetized with ketamine and xylazine and an indwelling intravenous catheter was placed in a leg vein.
• DAT density binding potential
• monkeys were administered the test compound intravenously via the indwelling catheter and PET imaging was conducted one hour after administration. Imaging data from the pre- and post-drug session were compared and occupancy was calculated on the basis of reduced [11C]CFT binding potential one hour or longer after administration ofthe compound.
• Table 1 summarizes pilot data from this study.
• test compounds occupy the dopamine transporter in living brain, as detected by PET imaging.
• Compounds O-2371 and O-2442 were the most efficient in entering the brain and occupying the majority of DAT sites (using cerebellum as the negative control).

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