WO2005033706A1 - Procede de detection et d'analyse d'interactions proteine-proteine - Google Patents

Procede de detection et d'analyse d'interactions proteine-proteine Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2005033706A1
WO2005033706A1 PCT/EP2004/010391 EP2004010391W WO2005033706A1 WO 2005033706 A1 WO2005033706 A1 WO 2005033706A1 EP 2004010391 W EP2004010391 W EP 2004010391W WO 2005033706 A1 WO2005033706 A1 WO 2005033706A1
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protein
protease
interaction
released
expression
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PCT/EP2004/010391
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German (de)
English (en)
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Sylvia Grünewald
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Axaron Bioscience Ag
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C40—COMBINATORIAL TECHNOLOGY
    • C40B—COMBINATORIAL CHEMISTRY; LIBRARIES, e.g. CHEMICAL LIBRARIES
    • C40B30/00—Methods of screening libraries
    • C40B30/04—Methods of screening libraries by measuring the ability to specifically bind a target molecule, e.g. antibody-antigen binding, receptor-ligand binding

Definitions

  • a large number of pathological processes in cells are caused by a disturbance in the control of signal transduction and can lead to metabolic diseases, carcinogenesis, immunological diseases or neurological deficits.
  • Such pathological processes can be caused in particular by specific mutations in the genes coding for proteins with an important function in neuronal signal transduction.
  • certain mutations in the genes of the NMDA receptor subunits change the composition and signal properties of the NMDA receptor-protein complex (Migaud, Charlesworth et al. 1998).
  • Protein interactions are therefore attractive targets for new diagnostics or therapeutics Consequently, there is a constant need for new and improved methods for the detection and characterization of protein interactions and for the identification of substances which can either inhibit or induce protein interactions and are suitable for use in diagnostics and therapy.
  • protein interactions are therefore attractive targets for new diagnostics or therapeutics Consequently, there is a constant need for new and improved methods for the detection and characterization of protein interactions and for the identification of substances which can either inhibit or induce protein interactions and are suitable for use in diagnostics and therapy.
  • protein interactions for understanding the interplay and complex formation of proteins in biological processes and their role as a target for therapeutic intervention, there are only a few suitable methods for analyzing protein interactions and searching for substances that influence protein interactions , available in vivo.
  • mass spectrometric analysis of purified protein complexes is the common method for identifying and analyzing protein interactions (Ashman, Moran et al. 2001). For example, Using a tandem affinity purification (TAP) (Rigaut, Shevchenko et al. 1999), denaturing one-dimensional gel electrophoresis and tryptic digestion of single bands in combination with mass spectrometric analysis, a large number of protein complexes are isolated from yeast and their components are determined (Gavin, Bosche et al. 2002).
  • TAP tandem affinity purification
  • Microarrays are another tool for the systematic analysis of protein-protein interactions, protein-peptide interactions or the interactions of proteins with low-molecular substances.
  • in vitro translated or recombinantly produced proteins or peptides, antibodies, specific ligands or low-molecular substances are applied to a carrier material in analogy to DNA microarrays.
  • Complex protein mixtures or substance libraries can thus be run simultaneously inter alia, to be screened for specific interactions (Ashman, Moran et al. 2001) (Xu, Piston et al. 1999).
  • the completely in vitro analyzes with protein or substance arrays also have major disadvantages.
  • proteins are produced or analyzed under completely artificial conditions.
  • peptides or proteins are fused to suitable capsid or coat proteins of filamentous bacteriophages so that they are accessible on the surface of the bacteriophage and can interact with a presented, usually immobilized protein, the so-called bait.
  • bait a presented, usually immobilized protein
  • peptide or protein libraries can be expressed and examined for interaction with the predetermined bait protein.
  • a major disadvantage of this method is that only protein interactions can be identified and analyzed that are possible under artificial conditions, since they take place in an in vitro environment. The screening for antagonists of protein-protein interactions remains limited to peptides and proteins as substance classes due to the combination of phenotype and genotype.
  • the so-called prey or prey component is often a fusion protein which, in addition to the transcriptional transactivation domain, is a gene product of a complex cDNA Library includes.
  • the activating transcription factor is functionally reconstituted.
  • Enzymes are used as reporter genes in the 2-hybrid system, with which the protein interaction can be detected either by growth selection or by a simple colorimetric test and which are very sensitive.
  • the most frequently used reporter gene whose protein-protein interaction-dependent expression can be detected by a simple colorimetric test, is the beta-galactosidase gene.
  • the 2-hybrid system was originally developed in yeast, but subsequently variants of the 2-hybrid system for use in E. coli and in higher eukaryotic cells have also been described (Luban and Goff 1995) (Karimova, Pidoux et al. 1998 ) (Fearon, Finkel et al. 1992) (Shioda, Andriole et al. 2000).
  • a major disadvantage of classic 2-hybrid-based systems is in the relatively high rate of both false-negative and false-positive interaction partners. This is due on the one hand to the high sensitivity of the reporters, but also to the spatial coupling of the interaction and the basal transcription machinery. Many proteins or protein domains coded in cDNA libraries can interact with one or more components of the transcription initiation complex, including transactivator-bound promoter DNA, and thus lead to a false positive signal (Bartel, 1993). Another major disadvantage is that the protein-protein interactions must be constitutive and must take place in the core of yeast cells.
  • Interaction systems for yeast cells have recently been described which spatially decouple the location of the interaction from the activation of the reporter genes used or the selection mechanisms used for detection (Maroun and Aronheim 1999).
  • Related systems in yeast also allow the analysis of at least one interaction partner, which can be an integral or membrane-associated protein (Hübsman, Yudkovsky et al. 2001) (Ehrhard, Jacoby et al. 2000).
  • a selection system based on a particular type of protein transcomplementation is the "split ubiquitin system", which was originally developed for studies in yeast and recently also used in mammalian cells. It uses the separation of ubiquitin into two non-functional parts, an N- and a C-terminal fragment (NUb and Cub) (Johnsson and Varshavsky 1994) (Rojo-Niersbach, Morley et al. 2000) Ubiquitin is a small protein that labels proteins fused to its C-terminus for cellular degradation. This biological mechanism is used in the "Split Ubiquitin System" for the detection of protein interactions.
  • a first fusion protein comprising the C-terminal fragment Cub, a selection marker protein or fluorescent protein coupled thereto and a first interaction partner and a second fusion protein comprising the N-terminal fragment Nub and the
  • a correctly folded ubiquitin is restored, which can be recognized and processed by the proteasome and the coupled, initially active reporter is subsequently degraded.
  • the system therefore allows a negative, directed towards the absence of the selection marker Growth selection or the observation of the disappearance of a fluorescent reporter.
  • two different fusion proteins are expressed in a cell, each of which comprises an interaction partner and part of the ubiquitin.
  • One of the two fusion proteins also comprises a reporter protein which can be proteolytically cleaved by an ubiquitin-specific protease.
  • This reporter protein is only activated after a specific protein-protein interaction by an ubiquitin-specific Protease cleaved and activated.
  • a disadvantage of this method is its dependence on additional cellular factors, in this case ubiquitinases, which only exist in a certain cellular compartment.
  • the protein interaction or transcomplementation can also be detected directly in vivo.
  • a cell-permeable fluorescence-labeled antagonist metalhotrexate
  • the antagonist is not a substrate of the enzyme, but rather binds the enzyme as a competitive inhibitor. There is therefore no enzymatic amplification of the detection signal.
  • the detection signal in the DHFR-based system for analyzing protein interactions is only visible directly after the addition of the fluorescence-labeled inhibitor, i.e.
  • a DHFR-based method for the analysis of protein interactions which is based on the positive growth selection of cells with transcomplemented DHFR - and not on the application of methotrexate - offers a correspondingly higher sensitivity, but takes time of several days and weeks Circumstances that make this method seem unsuitable for use in high-throughput processes, such as in Mgh throughput screening.
  • Another application of transcomplementation for the analysis of protein-protein interactions is based on so-called protein splicing. Protein splicing is a post-translational protein modification by which an internal protein segment (intein) is cut out of a precursor fusion protein, whereby the flanking outer protein fragments (exteines) are ligated into a continuous polypeptide chain (Gimble, 1998).
  • two fusion proteins are expressed in cells, consisting of the two interacting proteins, the N- or C-terminal part of an inte and the C- or N-terminal part of a reporter protein such as GFP or luciferase Extein (Umezawa, Ozawa US 2003 / 0003506A1). If the protein-protein interaction brings together the two parts of the inte, the N- and C-terminal part of the reporter is assembled into a functional reporter protein by trans-splicing. However, the efficiency of the trans-splicing reaction has so far been relatively low, so that only stable protein-protein interactions can be detected with sufficiently high protein expression (Ozawa, 2001; Ozawa, 2000).
  • US 6562576 describes the use of auxotrophic proteins and a transcription factor as the protein serving as reporter protein in yeast cells.
  • a new method, which is also based on the trans-complementation of an enzyme, is disclosed in the patent application ("New methods for analyzing protein interactions in vivo").
  • This system consists of two switches, a trans-complemented protease and a recombinase, which make it possible to convert a transient protein interaction in vivo into a stable, amplified signal
  • a first fusion protein consisting of a first interaction partner and the N-terminal part of the protease and a second fusion protein consisting of a second interaction partner and the C-terminal part of the protease is heterologously expressed in the cell
  • a transcription factor anchored outside the nucleus and releasable via a specific protease recognition site is also expressed in the cell
  • a recombinase whose gene is switched on by this anchored transcription factor is un d expresses a reporter gene that can be activated by the recombinase in the cell.
  • the protease activity is reconstituted by interaction of the two interaction partners, whereby the anchored transcription factor is released. This can now induce the expression of the recombinase gene regardless of the duration of the interaction in the cell nucleus.
  • the recombinase in turn causes the expression of the reporter gene.
  • a critical point in this method is the anchoring of the transcription factor, which has to be done in such a way that the transcription factor comes as close as possible to the complemented protease in order to be cleaved effectively.
  • Another system, described for mammalian cells, is based on the activation and dimerization of modified type I cytokine receptors (Eyckerman, Verhee et al. 2001).
  • the STAT3 signaling pathway can only be activated in this system if there is an interaction between the bait receptor fusion protein and the prey fusion protein.
  • the Prey protein is fused to gpl30, which carries STAT binding sites.
  • the receptor-associated Janus kinases only phosphorylate gpl30 after bait-prey interaction, which leads to binding, phosphorylation and subsequent nuclear translocation of STAT3 transcription factors.
  • STAT regulated reporter genes are expressed depending on the bait-prey interaction. To identify new intracellular interaction partners, a selection strategy was established that mediates puromycin resistance (Eyckerman, Verhee et al. 2001).
  • the method allows the detection of a protein-protein interaction on the membrane by the expression of a reporter gene, it requires the coupling of at least one interaction partner to said membrane receptor.
  • the complex quaternary structure of the receptor kinase GP130 Multimer is not suitable for analyzing difficult protein classes such as membrane proteins. The system is unable to analyze transient or weak interactions due to insufficient signal amplification and stability.
  • the measurement of protein interactions and in particular the screening for molecules which influence protein interactions is typically carried out in vitro, in particular in the case of high-throughput screening methods.
  • Various methods are available, which are based on different physical principles. These include surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy, fluorescence energy transfer,
  • at least one of the interaction partners is typically produced and purified recombinantly and then in the absence or presence of biological or synthetic substances with one of the physical methods for its interaction with the second Interaction partner, which is either also present in purified form or is presented in suitable cell preparations, is examined.
  • the complex is formed under natural conditions. However, he must survive the biochemical process of precipitation, which is generally includes cell disruption or solubilization of the proteins, as well as several incubation and washing steps. Because of the disadvantages outlined above, this method is not suitable for screening.
  • the protein interaction takes place in an in vitro environment.
  • the in vitro conditions under which the protein interactions are screened do not reflect the complicated influencing parameters and actual conditions that exist when the protein interaction takes place in the cell.
  • the above-described yeast two-hybrid method and in particular the reverse yeast two-hybrid method enable in vivo screening for substances which influence protein-protein interactions.
  • the reverse yeast two-hybrid system is used to find substances that inhibit protein-protein interactions.
  • a toxic marker is used as the reporter gene ie URA3 or CYH2, so that the dissociation of the protein-protein interaction examined offers a selective growth advantage (Vidal, 1999).
  • the yeast two hybrid method also has the major disadvantage for screening for substances that only protein-protein interactions that take place in the cell nucleus can be investigated. This excludes all protein-protein interactions that occur compartment-specifically outside the cell nucleus or are dependent on post-translational modifications.
  • Another disadvantage for the screening of substances in all yeast systems lies in the different permeability of yeast cell membranes with the surrounding cell wall compared to mammalian cells.
  • New methods for analyzing protein interactions in vivo also describes ideas for finding substances that inhibit protein-protein interactions Illustrated method illustrated in such a way that two interacting proteins X and Y are fused to the intact TEV protease or to a (still to be found) TEV inhibitor. As long as the two proteins X and Y interact, the TEV inhibitor fused to Y arrives in close proximity to the TEV protease fused to X and inhibits it so that a double switch signal cannot be triggered.
  • a fundamental disadvantage that Yeast Two Hybrid systems and the double switch system have in common is that, due to the transcriptional readout, many steps are required between the test interaction and the generation of the selectable phenotype. Each of these steps provides points of attack for substances, which significantly increases the likelihood of false positive signals.
  • the new method overcomes major disadvantages of the prior art, since it is particularly suitable for looking for modulators for protein interactions,
  • the invention further relates to the cells into which the protein components required in the various embodiments according to the invention have been heterologously introduced at the DNA level in the form of expression vectors.
  • the kit can furthermore also comprise expression vectors which also contain modified variants of these constructs instead of the nucleic acid constructs mentioned above.
  • modified expression vectors do not code for specific domains of the fusion proteins, such as the protease fragments, the functional protease, the interaction partners of the protein interaction or the protein to be released, but instead have cloning sites in order to clone the respective domains in the reading frame of the fusion protein.
  • FIG. 1 shows a flow diagram of a method according to the invention, in which an inhibition of a protein interaction is detected by a competitive assay.
  • FIG. 1 shows two types of fusion proteins in which the first fusion protein consists of an interaction partner (black cylinder) and a functional protease (two hatched half-moons).
  • the second fusion protein has a domain which is connected to the interaction partner via a protease interface (PS).
  • PS protease interface
  • This domain (gray triangle) consists of a protein with a detectable property. Without the addition of an inhibitor, proteolytic cleavage of the protein occurs, mediated by the interaction of the fusion proteins (1).
  • the cleaved proteins can be isolated and detected in a competitive assay (2).
  • Figures 3 and 4 show the process steps analogous to 1 and 2 when an inhibitor of the protein interaction is present.
  • Fig. 3 shows two types of fusion proteins.
  • the first fusion protein contains a domain which is connected to the rest of the fusion protein by a protease interface (PS).
  • This domain (gray triangle) consists of a protein with a detectable property.
  • the second fusion protein also has a protease fragment (hatched half-moon, PI) and a domain like the first fusion protein.
  • the protein domains can be cleaved by an interaction of the two fusion proteins and the resulting complementation of the protease and identified in subsequent method steps on the basis of their detectable property.
  • a third type of fusion protein consists of a protein with a detectable property (gray triangle), which is connected via a protease interface (PS) to a domain that anchors the fusion protein in the cell.
  • PS protease interface

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Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé de détection et d'analyse quantitative et/ou qualitative d'interactions protéine-protéine, lequel se caractérise en ce que la libération protéolytique d'au moins une protéine se fait par: a) l'expression d'une première protéine de fusion, comprenant un premier partenaire d'interaction et un fragment de protéase; b) l'expression d'une seconde protéine de fusion, comprenant un second partenaire d'interaction et un second fragment de protéase; c) la transcomplémentation d'une protéase fonctionnelle par l'interaction du premier et du second partenaire d'interaction; d) l'expression d'une troisième protéine de fusion, comprenant une protéine à libérer et un domaine provoquant l'ancrage de la protéine de fusion à l'extérieur du noyau cellulaire; et e) la séparation protéolytique de la protéine à libérer par la protéase complémentée. Eventuellement, au moins une des deux premières protéines de fusion comporte un autre domaine qui provoque l'ancrage de la protéine de fusion à l'extérieur du noyau cellulaire.
PCT/EP2004/010391 2003-09-17 2004-09-16 Procede de detection et d'analyse d'interactions proteine-proteine WO2005033706A1 (fr)

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DE2003143375 DE10343375A1 (de) 2003-09-17 2003-09-17 Verfahren zur Detektion und Analyse von Protein-Protein-Interaktionen
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Cited By (4)

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US8027030B2 (en) 2007-06-15 2011-09-27 Historx, Inc. Method and system for standardizing microscope instruments
US8417015B2 (en) 2007-08-06 2013-04-09 Historx, Inc. Methods and system for validating sample images for quantitative immunoassays
US8655037B2 (en) 2007-05-14 2014-02-18 Historx, Inc. Compartment segregation by pixel characterization using image data clustering
US9240043B2 (en) 2008-09-16 2016-01-19 Novartis Ag Reproducible quantification of biomarker expression

Families Citing this family (2)

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DE102014203266B4 (de) 2014-02-24 2018-07-19 Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. Zusammensetzung mit FRET-Paar in definierter Geometrie
DE102015006187B4 (de) * 2015-05-15 2018-12-13 Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen Klonierungssystem und Verfahren zur Identifizierung von Interaktionspartnern in Proteinkomplexen

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Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US8655037B2 (en) 2007-05-14 2014-02-18 Historx, Inc. Compartment segregation by pixel characterization using image data clustering
US8027030B2 (en) 2007-06-15 2011-09-27 Historx, Inc. Method and system for standardizing microscope instruments
US8120768B2 (en) 2007-06-15 2012-02-21 Historx, Inc. Method and system for standardizing microscope instruments
US8417015B2 (en) 2007-08-06 2013-04-09 Historx, Inc. Methods and system for validating sample images for quantitative immunoassays
US9240043B2 (en) 2008-09-16 2016-01-19 Novartis Ag Reproducible quantification of biomarker expression

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