WO2005022689A1 - アンテナおよびその製造方法 - Google Patents
アンテナおよびその製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2005022689A1 WO2005022689A1 PCT/JP2004/012249 JP2004012249W WO2005022689A1 WO 2005022689 A1 WO2005022689 A1 WO 2005022689A1 JP 2004012249 W JP2004012249 W JP 2004012249W WO 2005022689 A1 WO2005022689 A1 WO 2005022689A1
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/36—Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith
- H01Q1/38—Structural form of radiating elements, e.g. cone, spiral, umbrella; Particular materials used therewith formed by a conductive layer on an insulating support
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/12—Supports; Mounting means
- H01Q1/22—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles
- H01Q1/24—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set
- H01Q1/241—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set used in mobile communications, e.g. GSM
- H01Q1/242—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set used in mobile communications, e.g. GSM specially adapted for hand-held use
- H01Q1/243—Supports; Mounting means by structural association with other equipment or articles with receiving set used in mobile communications, e.g. GSM specially adapted for hand-held use with built-in antennas
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
- H01Q1/48—Earthing means; Earth screens; Counterpoises
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q3/00—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system
- H01Q3/01—Arrangements for changing or varying the orientation or the shape of the directional pattern of the waves radiated from an antenna or antenna system varying the shape of the antenna or antenna system
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
- H01Q9/00—Electrically-short antennas having dimensions not more than twice the operating wavelength and consisting of conductive active radiating elements
- H01Q9/04—Resonant antennas
- H01Q9/0407—Substantially flat resonant element parallel to ground plane, e.g. patch antenna
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an antenna used for a wireless communication device using electromagnetic waves such as microwaves and millimeter waves.
- the present invention is particularly suitably used for a mobile communication terminal such as a mobile phone and a wireless LAN (Loca1AreaNewwrk;) used at home.
- circuits used in wireless communication devices using microwave to millimeter-wave frequency bands include circuits using coaxial lines and waveguides, and circuits using flat substrates.
- circuits using coaxial lines and waveguides have low loss, but are heavy and long.
- a circuit formed on a flat substrate such as a microstrip circuit or a coplanar circuit tends to increase transmission loss, but is flat, small, and lightweight.
- it has excellent features such as being easily formed by printing on a dielectric substrate and being capable of surface mounting various semiconductor devices. Therefore, antennas are used in radio circuits of mobile communication terminal stations such as mobile phones and wireless LANs by utilizing these characteristics.
- radio obstacles such as shields and reflectors between the mobile communication terminal station and the base station.
- the radio wave propagation environment often changes complicatedly due to the change in the position of such radio wave obstacles or mobile communication terminal stations.
- mobile communication terminal stations are required to be small and light, so that available power is limited. The Therefore, in order to achieve long-term wireless communication, it is desirable to reduce power consumption as much as possible.
- the antenna radiation characteristics (gain, directivity, etc.) of the mobile communication terminal station should be appropriately changed according to the situation.
- microstrip antenna which is a typical example of a conventional planar antenna, will be described with reference to FIG.
- a conventional example of a microstrip antenna is described in, for example, Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 5-34939.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a microstrip antenna described in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. Hei 5-3443915.
- the antenna shown in FIG. 1 has a dielectric layer 701, an excitation element 702 arranged on the upper surface side of the dielectric layer 001, and an antenna arranged on the lower surface side of the dielectric layer 701.
- a grounded conductor 0 3 a non-exciting element 704 provided at a position facing the excitation element 2 0 2, a dielectric substrate 0 5 located below the ground conductor 0 3, and a dielectric
- a microstrip line 706 formed on the lower surface of the substrate 705.
- a slot end 7 is formed in the ground conductor end 03, and the slot end 07 is located between the excitation element 72 and the microstrip line 706.
- the excitation element end 02 and the non-excitation element 704 in FIG. 17 have a square shape, but may have a circular shape.
- the excitation element end 02 and the microstrip The line 706 is arranged so as to sandwich the grounding conductor end 03, and the end of the slot is arranged at a portion corresponding to the center of the excitation element 720.
- the microwave propagating through the microstrip line 6 is coupled with the magnetic field inside the antenna via the end of the slot, and excites the fundamental mode electromagnetic field inside the antenna.
- Figure 18 shows the radiation pattern when five such excitations occur.
- the characteristics can be evaluated.
- Japanese Patent Laying-Open No. 62-196630 discloses a planar antenna in which a plurality of microstrip line conductors are arranged on the entire surface.
- this planar antenna an array of microstrip line conductors is formed, and the distance between the plane and the ground-side conductor is changed according to the situation.
- the above distance is changed by moving the entirety of the ground-side conductor.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and a main object of the present invention is to provide an antenna capable of comprehensively optimizing parameters such as directivity, gain, and efficiency of an antenna in accordance with a radio wave propagation environment. I do it.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus and a method that can easily design an antenna that can exhibit required antenna characteristics. Disclosure of the invention
- the antenna according to the present invention includes: a dielectric layer having an upper surface and a lower surface; a power-supply-side conductor pattern disposed on the upper surface side of the dielectric layer; and a ground-side conductor portion disposed on the lower surface side of the dielectric layer.
- the surface of the ground-side conductor portion has a plurality of planar regions having dimensions smaller than a wavelength of an electromagnetic wave to be transmitted and received, and is provided between a virtual reference plane and the plurality of planar regions. The distance between them is adjusted for each planar area.
- the ground-side conductor portion includes an array of a plurality of conductor elements, each of which defines each of the plurality of planar regions, and at least one of the plurality of conductor elements is selected from the plurality of conductor elements.
- the distance between the conductor element and the reference plane can be changed.
- a drive unit capable of changing a distance between at least one conductor element selected from the plurality of conductor elements and the reference plane.
- the drive section can independently change the position and / or orientation of each conductor element included in the plurality of conductor elements.
- each of the plurality of conductor elements has a size smaller than a wavelength of an electromagnetic wave to be transmitted and received.
- the driver has an actuator formed by MEMS.
- each of the plurality of conductor elements has a main surface parallel to the reference plane, and the driving unit maintains the main surface in a flat state parallel to the reference plane. As it is, it can be moved back and forth in a direction perpendicular to the reference plane.
- the plurality of conductor elements are arranged in a matrix consisting of rows and columns.
- each of the plurality of conductor elements has a rectangular main surface, and the size of each main surface is substantially equal.
- At least one conductor element selected from the plurality of conductor elements is grounded to form a ground conductor portion.
- the dielectric layer is a layer of air.
- the dielectric layer is a dielectric plate.
- the power supply side conductor pattern includes a signal line strip.
- Another antenna of the present invention includes: a dielectric layer having an upper surface and a lower surface; a power-supply-side conductor pattern disposed on the upper surface side of the dielectric layer; and a ground-side conductor portion disposed on the lower surface side of the dielectric layer.
- the ground-side conductor portion is formed on a main surface of a substrate, and the main surface of the substrate includes a plurality of unit regions arranged in a matrix of rows and columns.
- the dimension of each unit area is smaller than the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave to be transmitted and received, and the distance between each surface of the plurality of unit areas and the reference plane is It has a size set in advance for each unit area.
- the substrate is located between the conductor portion and the power-supply-side conductor pattern, and functions as the dielectric layer.
- the main surface of the substrate includes a plurality of unit regions arranged in a matrix consisting of rows and columns, and a distance between the surface of each unit region and the reference plane is determined in advance for each unit region. It has the set size.
- the main surface of the substrate includes a plurality of planar regions whose distance from the reference plane varies depending on the position.
- a minimum dimension of the plurality of planar regions is smaller than a wavelength of an electromagnetic wave to be transmitted and received.
- a device includes: any one of the above antennas; and a circuit electrically connected to the power-supply-side conductor pattern and the ground-side conductor of the antenna.
- any one of the above-described antennas a circuit electrically connected to the power-supply-side conductor pattern and the ground-side conductor of the antenna, and at least one selected from the plurality of conductor elements.
- a control unit for controlling the form of the antenna so as to change the distance between one conductor element and the reference plane.
- An antenna control system may include any one of the above antennas, a circuit electrically connected to the power-supply-side conductor pattern and the ground-side conductor of the antenna, and the plurality of conductor elements.
- An antenna configuration control unit for controlling a configuration of the antenna so as to change a distance between at least one conductor element and the reference plane; and transmitting and receiving electromagnetic waves by the antenna by operating the circuit.
- An antenna that performs reception and evaluates the antenna characteristics of the antenna And a distance between the plurality of conductor elements and the reference plane is determined based on the antenna characteristics obtained by the antenna characteristic evaluation means, and controls the form of the antenna.
- the method for manufacturing an antenna according to the present invention includes the step (a) of preparing any one of the above antennas, and changing a distance between at least one conductor element selected from the plurality of conductor elements and the reference plane. (B) controlling the form of the antenna, (c) evaluating the antenna characteristics of the antenna, and (b) and (c) at least once. (D) determining a distance between the plurality of conductor elements and the reference plane based on the antenna characteristics obtained by the above.
- the method for controlling an antenna includes the step (a) of preparing any one of the above antennas, and changing a distance between at least one conductor element selected from the plurality of conductor elements and the reference plane.
- the step (b) of controlling the form of the antenna, the step (c) of evaluating the antenna characteristics of the antenna, and the steps (b) and (c) are performed at least once. Determining (d) a distance between the plurality of conductor elements and the reference plane based on antenna characteristics; and at least selecting from the plurality of conductor elements based on the distance determined in (d). And (e) controlling the form of the antenna so as to change the distance between one conductor element and the reference plane.
- FIG. 1A is a perspective view of a first embodiment of an antenna according to the present invention
- FIG. 1B is a sectional view
- FIG. 2 is a plan view showing a schematic configuration of the ground-side conductor according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a movable mechanism of a conductor element using a screw.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a movable mechanism of a conductor element using a solenoid coil.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a movable mechanism of a conductor element using a piezoelectric element.
- C FIG. 6 (a) is a view of a ground-side conductor portion in a specific example 1 of the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 6B is a diagram showing an embodiment, and
- FIG. 6B is a diagram showing a comparative example.
- FIG. 7 is a graph showing the Xz-plane directivity of Example 1 of the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 8 is a graph showing the yz-plane directivity of Example 1 of the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 9 (a) is a diagram showing a state (comparative example) in which the surface level of the conductor element of the ground-side conductor in Example 2 of the first embodiment of the present invention is not displaced.
- (c) are diagrams respectively showing an example in which the surface level of a specific conductor element is displaced by "1.2 mm.
- FIG. 10 (a) shows an embodiment of the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 10B is a graph illustrating the Xz plane directivity according to Example 2
- FIG. 10B is a graph illustrating the yz plane directivity according to Example 2.
- FIG. 11 (a) is a perspective view showing a second embodiment of the antenna according to the present invention
- FIG. 11 (b) is a sectional view thereof.
- FIGS. 12 (a) to 12 (c) are perspective views showing a manufacturing method according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIGS. 13 (a) and 13 (b) are diagrams showing specific examples of the second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 14 is a graph showing xz-plane directivity of an example of the second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 15 is a graph showing the yz plane directivity of the example of the second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 16 is a block diagram of an example of a device provided with the antenna according to the first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a conventional microstrip antenna.
- Fig. 18 shows the directivity of a conventional microstrip antenna.
- the design of a conventional general planar antenna is limited by the design freedom of the antenna shape that determines the current and magnetic current.
- an attempt to optimize the antenna characteristics of a microstrip antenna has generally been made by optimizing the shape of the feed-side conductor pattern.
- the conductor pattern on the power supply side is a conductor (signal line and resonance structure) of a specific shape provided on the upper surface side of the dielectric layer.
- a power-supply-side conductor pattern is arranged on the upper surface side of the dielectric layer, and a ground conductor portion is arranged on the lower surface side of the dielectric layer.
- the dielectric layer is usually formed from a solid material having dielectric properties, but can be a fluid such as air.
- the grounding conductor has been excluded from the object of line layout design in order to optimize the antenna characteristics.
- the current flowing through the feeder-side conductor pattern ing After such a ground conductor, the current flowing through the feeder-side conductor pattern ing.
- the present inventor has paid attention to this fact, and found that it is possible to control the current and magnetic current by changing the shape of the grounding-side conductor, thereby changing the antenna characteristics, and arrived at the present invention. Led to.
- Equation 2 where r is a point far away from the antenna, r 'is a point inside finite space V, r is a unit vector, k is a wave number, and j is an imaginary unit.
- the antenna is designed such that the integral becomes a finite value by adjusting the shape of the ground conductor.
- the above-mentioned vector potential A and magnetic vector potential Am take finite values.
- an electromagnetic field is emitted to a distant place.
- the shape of the ground conductor portion can be arbitrarily designed. By doing so, it is possible to control the radiation characteristics (frequency directivity, etc.) of the antenna.
- a movable mechanism capable of dynamically changing the surface shape of the ground-side conductor is provided to the ground-side conductor, so that radiation such as the directivity, gain, and resonance frequency of the antenna can be obtained. Since the characteristics can be changed at any time, it is possible to control the radiation characteristics in accordance with the propagation environment of the radio wave and to always exhibit the optimum characteristics.
- FIG. 1A is an exploded perspective view showing the antenna of the present embodiment
- FIG. 1B is a cross-sectional view of the antenna.
- the antenna of this embodiment includes a dielectric layer 102 having an upper surface (feed line side: a front side) and a lower surface (ground conductor side: a back side); Signal line strip (feeding side conductor pattern) 101 disposed on the upper surface side of 02, grounding conductor portion 104 disposed on the lower surface side of dielectric layer 1 ⁇ 2, and grounding conductor And a support member 103 for supporting the part 1 to 4.
- a dielectric layer 102 having an upper surface (feed line side: a front side) and a lower surface (ground conductor side: a back side);
- Signal line strip (feeding side conductor pattern) 101 disposed on the upper surface side of 02, grounding conductor portion 104 disposed on the lower surface side of dielectric layer 1 ⁇ 2, and grounding conductor
- a support member 103 for supporting the part 1 to 4.
- the first feature of the ground-side conductor portion 144 in the present embodiment is that it has a “surface” whose distance from a certain virtual reference plane varies depending on the position.
- the ground-side conductor 1 14 This “front surface” is a portion of the entire surface of the ground-side conductor portion 104 that faces or is in contact with the lower surface of the dielectric layer 102.
- the “reference plane” described above corresponds to the upper surface of the dielectric layer 102 in the present embodiment, or a plane parallel to the upper surface.
- the ground-side conductor portion 104 is arranged in a concave portion of the support member 103 having a rectangular frame-shaped protrusion, and is provided with 7 £ conductor elements ( ⁇ is an integer of 2 or more). — 1 to 10 4—
- the conductor elements 104-1 to 104- ⁇ of the present embodiment are supported so that the distance from the reference plane can be changed, and the “surface” of the ground-side conductor 104 is
- the conductor element 104 is constituted by the upper surface of the element.
- the ⁇ conductor elements 104-1-1-1 ⁇ 4-1-1 can be independently moved vertically (in a direction perpendicular to the reference plane). By adjusting the distance between the upper surface of the conductor element 104 and the reference plane and the reference plane, the overall shape of the ground-side conductor 1 ⁇ 4 can be changed, thereby improving the antenna characteristics. Can be controlled.
- the distance between the upper surface of the ground-side conductor portion 104 and the lower surface of the dielectric layer 102 differs depending on the position of the conductor element.
- the ground-side conductor 1 ⁇ 4 and the support member 103 are shown integrally, but in reality, the support member 103 is a ground-side conductor. It does not need to function as a part of, but may be made of an insulator.
- the supporting member 103 at least a portion facing or contacting the lower surface of the dielectric layer 102 is provided with conductivity, and the conductive portion is connected to the ground-side conductor portion 103. It may function as a part.
- the dielectric The size of the lower surface of the layer 102 and the outer size of the support member 104 are designed to be equal, but the antenna of the present invention is not limited to such an example.
- the outer size of the support member 104 may be designed to be relatively large so that the sum of the upper surfaces of the conductor elements 104-1 to 104-N is substantially equal to the lower surface of the dielectric layer 102. .
- each of the conductor elements 114-1 to 104-N has a square upper surface and their sizes are equal to each other.
- each conductor element 104-1-104-N has a dimension smaller than the wavelength of the transmitted / received radio wave, for example, about several mm X several mm, or less than 1 mm X 1 mm depending on the frequency of the radio wave. It is.
- the shape of the top surface of each conductive element 104-1 to 104-N is not limited to a square, but may be a triangle or an M polygon (M is an integer of 5 or more).
- the top surface of the conductor elements 104-1 to 104-N may be partially or entirely formed of a curve. Furthermore, the top surface shape of the plurality of conductor elements 104-1 to 104-N constituting one ground-side conductor portion 104 is not limited to one type. That is, the shape and size of the conductor elements need not be the same over all the elements, and may be an array of conductor elements 104-1 to 104-N, each having a different shape. Adjacent conductor elements need not be arranged without gaps, and a region where no conductor element exists may exist on the support member 103.
- conductor elements 10 4— 1 to 10 4— each of ⁇ 1 can be displaced in the z-axis direction.
- Conductor elements 10 4— 1 to 1 ⁇ 4 1 There can be a wide variety of mechanisms that allow displacement of the z-axis in N.
- the support member 103 has a pair of conductor elements "104-1-1 to 104-N" It is also possible to form an array of minute recesses to be inserted, and to insert the conductor elements 104-1-1 to 4-N in each recess.
- the antenna or antenna module in order to dynamically and appropriately change the z-axis position of any conductor element, the antenna or antenna module must have a movable mechanism (a drive unit such as an actuator).
- a drive unit such as an actuator
- a drive that operates a small conductor element with high control can be suitably made, for example, by MEMS (Micro-ectro-Mechanical Systems).
- the antenna shown in FIG. 3 includes a movable mechanism having screws 901-1 to 9-1N, nuts 92-1 to 902-N, and elastic springs 93-1 to 903-N.
- Each of the screws 901-1 to 901 -N is driven to rotate by a control unit 904 provided with a corresponding actuator.
- the control unit 9 ⁇ 4 includes a circuit for transmitting a signal for driving the actuator at an arbitrary position selected, and independently controls the position of each conductor element 104-1 to 104-N in the Z-axis direction. Can be displaced.
- FIG. 4 shows an antenna with another type of movable mechanism.
- the movable mechanism shown in Fig. 4 consists of a solenoid coil 1 001 — 1 to 100 1 — N, a variable resistor 10 ⁇ 2 — 1 to 1 002 — N, and a spring 1 ⁇ 3 — 1 to 10 3 — N and switch 1 004— 1 to 1 004—N.
- the magnitude of the current flowing through each solenoid coil 1 001 — 1-1 OC — N the magnitude of the magnetic field generated at each solenoid coil 1 001 — 1-1 ⁇ 01 N is controlled, and the conductor element is thereby controlled.
- the position in the Z-axis direction of 104-1-104-N can be displaced independently.
- FIG. 5 shows an antenna provided with yet another type of movable mechanism.
- the movable mechanism shown in Fig. 5 is composed of a support rod 1 1 ⁇ 1 — 1-1 1 01 — N that supports conductor elements, and a piezoelectric element 1 1 03-1 to 1 1 03—N and the piezoelectric element 1 103—1 to 1 1 03—N Variable constant-voltage source for adjusting the voltage applied to 1 1 0 2-1-1-1 02—N and switch 1 1 04—1 to 1104—N.
- Piezoelectric elements 1 103— 1 to 1103—N are elements formed by laminating two types of materials having different piezoelectric coefficients. The bending angle changes.
- the piezoelectric element 1 1 0 3—1 to 1 1 0 3— The voltage applied to N can be changed for each element. As a result, it becomes possible to individually adjust the positions of the support rods 111-1-1 to 111-1N in the z-axis direction.
- each of the conductor elements 104-1-1 to 104-N can be displaced in the vertical direction with respect to the support member 103, and can be fixed at any displaced position.
- the antenna according to the present invention may include a movable mechanism other than the movable mechanisms shown in FIGS.
- the individual conductor elements may be displaced using static electricity or a shape memory alloy.
- the conductor elements 104-1 to 1- 0 4—At least part of N needs to be grounded.
- grounding may be performed, for example, by directly interconnecting adjacent conductor elements.
- adjacent conductor elements may be electrically separated, and each conductor element may be directly connected to the ground electrode via a movable mechanism or the like. It is not necessary that all of the conductor elements arranged in a matrix are grounded, and some of the conductor elements may be in a floating state without being grounded.
- the antenna of the present embodiment by changing the surface shape of the ground-side conductor 104, the two-dimensional distribution of the electromagnetic field in the antenna plane is changed, thereby changing the current flowing through the ground conductor.
- the magnetic current pattern can be changed.
- these conductor elements can be individually displaced.
- multiple leads By individually adjusting the displacement of the body elements, various electromagnetic field distributions can be realized. For example, a groove structure having a specific resonance frequency, a structure in which the effective permittivity is distributed to change the wavefront of an electromagnetic wave to be fed, or a structure in which these are combined can be realized. And the frequency and directivity of the radiated electromagnetic wave can be controlled by the difference in those antenna shapes.
- the antenna characteristics can be changed to an appropriate state in accordance with the frequency of the radio signal and the environment of radio wave propagation around the antenna.
- FIGS. 6 (a) and 6 (b) show the displacement pattern of the conductor element of this embodiment
- Fig. 6 (b) shows the displacement pattern based on the top surface of the conductor element (a plurality of surface areas included in the surface of the ground-side conductor).
- 7 shows a comparative example located at the same distance from the quasi-plane.
- each of the conductor elements 104-1-1 to 4-1N in the present embodiment is a square of 0.6 mm on each side, and is arranged in a matrix of 5 rows ⁇ 5 columns. I have. Outside the array of conductive elements 104-1-1 to 104-N, there are protrusions of the support members 1 to 3 with a frame border. A conductor layer is formed on the upper surface of the protruding portion, and together with the upper surface of the conductor element, forms the “surface” of the ground-side conductor.
- the surface of the ground-side conductor is a square having a side of 10 mm as a whole.
- the surface of the ground-side conductor is substantially flat, and the distance from the reference plane is substantially constant regardless of the position.
- the surface of the grounding-side conductor portion is different in distance from the reference plane, depending on the position. That is, the surface of the ground-side conductor has a plurality of plane regions having dimensions smaller than the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave to be transmitted and received, and the distance between a certain virtual reference plane and the plurality of plane regions is different from each other. Adjusted for each planar area. Specifically, the top surface of each conductor element is located on the “surface” of the ground-side conductor shown in Fig.
- each conductor element in a direction away from the dielectric layer (not shown). It is displaced.
- the amount of displacement on the top surface of each conductor element is one of 0.00, 0.25, 0.5 ⁇ , 75.75, 1.00, and 1.25 (unit: mm).
- FIGS. 6 (a) and (b) the position of the strip line formed on the upper surface of the dielectric layer is indicated by a broken line for reference.
- the stripline extends along the X-axis direction so as to cross the center of the conductor on the ground side. Power is supplied to the strip line from the port on the negative side of the X-axis, and the port on the positive side of the X-axis of the strip line is set to be non-reflective.
- the dielectric layer is disposed on the positive side of the z-axis with respect to the ground-side conductor.
- the dielectric layer of this example is a substrate formed of a material having a dielectric constant of 3.5, and has a thickness of 0.3 mm.
- FIG. 8 is a graph showing the far-field directivity in the xz plane
- FIG. 8 is a graph showing the far-field directivity in the yz plane.
- the directivity is generated in the direction of the angle of 45 degrees.
- the radiation characteristics of the antenna can be adjusted in various ways, and the radiation characteristics of the antenna can be dynamically and appropriately adjusted according to changes in the environment of radio wave propagation. It will be possible to optimize it.
- FIGS. 9 (a) and 9 (b) show the ground-side conductor element 10 in this embodiment.
- the position (surface level) of the conductor element that has been hatched eight times is 1.2 mm below the reference plane. More specifically, in the example shown in FIG. 9A, the surfaces of all the conductive elements 104— “1 to 104—25 are at the same level as the reference plane and are not displaced.
- Figure 9 (a) shows a comparative example. are doing.
- the surface of the eight or seven conductor elements arranged in an L shape is 1.2 mm lower than the reference plane, respectively. The surface of the conductor element is at the same level as the reference plane.
- each of the conductor elements 104-1 to 104-25 in the present embodiment is a square of 0.9 mm on each side, and is arranged in a matrix of 5 rows ⁇ 5 columns. .
- the antenna according to the present embodiment is designed to exhibit high sensitivity to an electromagnetic wave having a frequency of 3 GHz.
- the antenna according to the first embodiment described above is designed to exhibit high sensitivity to an electromagnetic wave having a frequency of 60 GHz.
- FIGS. 9 (a) to 9 (c) the position of the strip line formed on the upper surface of the dielectric layer is indicated by a broken line for reference.
- the strip line extends along the X-axis direction so as to cross the center of the ground-side conductor. Power is supplied to the strip line from the port provided on the negative side of the X-axis, and the port on the positive side of the X-axis of the strip line is set to be non-reflective.
- the width of the strip line is ⁇ .
- the dielectric layer (not shown in FIG. 9) is arranged on the positive side of the z-axis with respect to the ground-side conductor.
- the dielectric layer of this example is a substrate formed of a material having a dielectric constant of 3.5, and has a thickness of 0.3 mm ( for each antenna having the configuration shown in FIGS. 9A to 9C). , Frequency 3
- FIG. 10 (a) is a graph showing the far-field directivity in the xz plane
- FIG. 10 (b) is a graph showing the far-field directivity in the yz plane. It is normalized so that the directivity in the maximum radiation direction becomes ⁇ dB.
- FIG. 10 (b) according to the antenna having the form shown in FIG. 9 (a), a substantially uniform directivity exists from 190 degrees to +90 degrees. Still, according to the antenna having the configuration shown in Fig. 9 (b), strong directivity appears at around 40 degrees, and according to the antenna having the configuration shown in Fig. 9 (lcj), It shows strength and directivity.
- the directivity of the antenna can be controlled.
- the frequency of the radiated electromagnetic wave can be changed, and the radiation characteristics of the antenna can be improved. It can be adjusted in various ways.
- This flexible variability of the radiation characteristics is a characteristic realized only by a structure in which the ground conductor is a two-dimensional array structure of conductor elements and these are individually displaced. Therefore, it is possible to have Flip environmental changes dynamically and suitable JiSi optimize the radiation characteristics of the antenna of the radio wave propagation I Shinano 0 (Embodiment 2)
- FIG. 11A is a perspective view illustrating the lower surface of the antenna of the present embodiment
- FIG. 11B is a cross-sectional view of the antenna of the present embodiment.
- the ground-side conductor portion 501 in the present embodiment like the ground-side conductor portion 104 in the first embodiment, has a surface whose distance from a virtual reference plane differs depending on the position.
- the antenna of the present embodiment is significantly different from the antenna of the first embodiment in that the ground-side conductor 501 is not divided into a plurality of conductor elements.
- a dielectric layer 102 having a signal line strip provided on an upper surface is prepared.
- the dielectric layer 1-2 is made of, for example, ceramics such as alumina and sapphire, semiconductor materials such as gallium arsenide and silicon, plastic materials such as fluororesins, composite materials such as duroids, and materials such as epoxy. It is a dielectric substrate (Ref. R. Garg et al., Microstrip Antenna Design Handbook, Artecn House, Norwood, MA, 2001), and its thickness is set, for example, in the range of about 0.1 to 1. Omm. You. Thereafter, the other surface (lower surface) of the dielectric layer 102 is processed by a method such as etching to obtain a dielectric layer 102 having a structure shown in FIG. 12 (b).
- the processing surface of the dielectric layer 102 is metallized by a thin film deposition technology such as a sputtering method and a plating technology, and a ground-side conductor portion is formed on the processing surface.
- a thin film deposition technology such as a sputtering method and a plating technology
- a ground-side conductor portion is formed on the processing surface.
- the ground-side conductor 501 is formed of a material such as copper, silver, gold, aluminum, or the like, and its thickness is set, for example, in a range of about 0.1 to 0.1 mm.
- the thickness of the ground-side conductor portion 501 deposited by the sputtering method is substantially constant irrespective of the position of the dielectric layer 102, but the thickness of the conductor portion 501 is not necessarily uniform. No need to be. If the film deposited to form the ground-side conductor portion 501 has poor step coverage, the ground-side conductor portion 501 may be extremely thin or nonexistent at the step portion of the processed surface. is there. Even in such a state, there is a possibility that the design may be performed on the surface without any inconvenience, but in order to improve the step coverage and suppress the disconnection of the conductor 501, a taper should be applied to the step on the processing surface. I prefer that.
- the ground-side conductor portion 501 does not need to cover the entire processed surface of the dielectric layer 102, and a region may be intentionally provided so that the conductor portion 501 does not exist.
- a conductive film to be the ground-side conductor 501 is formed on the processed surface of the dielectric layer 102, and then the conductive film may be patterned.
- the method of forming the dielectric layer 102 having a processed surface is not limited to the above-described method of etching a flat dielectric substrate.
- a dielectric material may be formed on a selected region on one side thereof. Specifically, after depositing a dielectric film on one surface of the dielectric substrate, unnecessary portions of the dielectric film may be removed by etching. In this case, the first prepared dielectric substrate does not have to be etched and not etched.
- An etching stop layer may be interposed between the dielectric substrate and the dielectric film, or the dielectric substrate and the dielectric film may be formed from a material having a high etching selectivity.
- the etching time may be changed depending on the location. Specifically, for example, after a mask pattern is formed to cover a selected region of the dielectric substrate, a process of etching a region not covered by the mask pattern to a predetermined depth is performed. This etching may be physical etching by ion beam etching or sand blast, or may be chemical etching using a gas or a chemical solution reactive with the dielectric substrate. In order to form irregularities having different depths / heights, a sequence of a mask pattern forming step—an etching step ⁇ a different mask pattern forming—an etching step—may be repeated.
- a resin layer is used as 2 and a dielectric layer 102 having a processed surface of a desired shape is formed by injection molding or the like.
- a dielectric layer 102 having a processed surface of a desired shape is obtained by rolling, a signal line strip and a ground conductor are formed on the dielectric layer 102 after that.
- the surface shape of the ground-side conductor of the antenna can be flexibly designed.
- the shape of the ground-side conductor cannot be dynamically changed after the antenna is manufactured.
- the form of the ground-side conductor in the antenna of the present embodiment is the same as that of the antenna of the first embodiment in a situation where a radio wave environment in which this antenna is used is assumed. It is preferable to decide to use the tena for optimization.
- the surface of the ground-side conductor in the finally manufactured antenna has conductor elements 104-1 to 104-1 shown in FIG. 1 04—affected by the array pattern of ⁇ . That is, the surface of the dielectric layer 102 on which the ground-side conductor portion 501 is formed has a plurality of unit regions arranged in a matrix of rows and columns (the size of each unit region is smaller than the wavelength of an electromagnetic wave to be transmitted and received).
- the distance between each surface of the unit area and the reference plane is designed to have a size set in advance for each unit area, in which case the surface of each unit area is typically , Substantially parallel to the reference plane.
- FIGS. 13 (a) and 13 (b) show the surface configuration of the ground-side conductor for the two types of antennas.
- This ground-side conductor portion is composed of a substrate having a plurality of grooves formed on the surface, and a conductive layer formed on the surface of the substrate.
- the outer shape of the substrate is a square with one side of 10 mm, and the thickness is about 0.3 mm.
- FIGS. 13 (a) and 13 (b) show a sectional view parallel to the yz plane and a sectional view parallel to the Xz plane, respectively. '
- grooves with lengths A1 to A5, width B, and depth C are arranged at intervals D in the X-axis direction. The center of each groove is shifted by a distance E in the y direction from the position of the strip line.
- grooves of length A, width B, and depth C are arranged at intervals D in the X-axis direction. The center of each groove is the position of the strip line Are shifted by a distance E in the y direction.
- the dielectric layer and the strip line are the same as those in the embodiment described above.
- power is supplied to the strip line from the port on the positive side of the X-axis, and the port of the strip line on the negative side of the X-axis is set to have no reflection.
- FIG. 14 is a graph showing the far-field directivity in the xz plane
- FIG. 15 is a graph showing the far-field directivity in the yz plane.
- the curves (c) and (d) in FIGS. 14 and 15 show data for the antenna of FIG. 13 (a) and the antenna of FIG. 13 (b), respectively.
- FIGS. 13 (a) and 13 (b) grooves are formed on the lower surface of the dielectric substrate.
- an uneven pattern as shown in FIG. 6 is formed on the lower surface of the dielectric substrate. It may be formed.
- the ground side as shown in FIGS. 13A and 13B is used. It is also possible to realize the form of the conductor. In such a case, the shape and arrangement of the grooves can be changed dynamically and appropriately, so that the radiation characteristics of the antenna that are suitable for the radio wave propagation environment can be realized. Become.
- the dielectric layer 102 is formed from a solid dielectric material.
- the dielectric layer 102 may be a fluid (for example, air) layer, or may be a different dielectric.
- the material may be laminated in layers.
- the dielectric layer 102 does not need to be flat, but may be curved.
- the power-supply-side conductor pattern is not limited to the strip-down pattern shown in the figure.
- the illustrated form of the support member 103 is merely an example, and the support member 103 may have a shape having substantially no projecting portion on the frame or a more complicated shape.
- FIG. 16 is a block diagram showing an embodiment of a device provided with an antenna according to the present invention.
- the device according to the present embodiment includes an antenna 5 ⁇ according to the first embodiment of the present invention, a communication circuit 61 connected to the antenna 5 ⁇ , and a ground-side conductor in the antenna 50. (Hereinafter referred to as “antenna mode”).
- a drive unit 51 that can change the position of the conductive element included in the antenna 50 in the z-axis direction, a design unit 53 that determines the antenna configuration, and a configuration design control unit 54 that controls the drive unit 51
- a storage unit 55 for storing information about the antenna.
- the information about the antenna stored in the storage unit 55 includes, for example, the size of the conductor element and the dielectric substrate, Includes initial conditions for the form of the ground-side conductor.
- the apparatus further includes a level detector 1 for detecting the level of a signal transmitted and received by the antenna 50, and a directivity of the antenna 50 based on the level of the signal detected by the level detector 71.
- Directivity discriminator 72 for measurement, gain discriminator 73 for measuring gain from detected signal level, and impedance matching of antenna 50 and communication circuit 61 based on detected signal level
- an impedance discriminating unit 4 for determining the value.
- the form design unit 53 determines an initial antenna form based on the information stored in the storage unit 55. Based on the design result of the form design unit 53, the form design control unit 54 controls the drive unit 51 in such a manner that the form of the ground-side conductor in the antenna 50 is as designed.
- the drive section 51 drives an actuator or the like so that each conductor element of the ground-side conductor section in the antenna 50 forms a desired antenna configuration.
- the antenna 5 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ can be used for both transmission and reception, optimization of the form of the antenna 50 depends on whether the antenna functions for transmission or when the antenna functions for reception. It is desirable to do this independently on both sides.
- the communication circuit 61 sends a signal for transmission to the antenna 50.
- the signal is input after the level detector 1.
- a member for directional coupling to a high-frequency signal is provided in a signal path between the communication circuit 61 and the antenna 50. Therefore, the communication circuit 61 After the signal flows to the antenna 50, the signal can be adjusted so that the signal reflected from the antenna 50 to the communication circuit 61 does not return.
- the level detection unit 1 can detect both the level of the signal sent from the communication circuit 61 to the antenna 50 and the level of the signal reflected by the antenna 50.
- the directivity determining unit 2 determines whether or not the directivity of the antenna 50 at the time of transmission is within an allowable range, based on the level of the high-frequency signal detected by the level detecting unit 71. Specifically, when the level of the signal reflected from the antenna 50 differs depending on the direction of the antenna 50, if the difference in the level of the reflected signal in each direction falls within a certain range, the directivity becomes higher. It is determined that it is within the allowable range, and if it is not within a certain range, it is determined that the directivity is not within the allowable range. Thus, the directivity of the antenna 50 at the time of transmission is determined.
- the directivity is as small as possible, and sometimes it is desirable that the directivity is high.
- the range for judging pass / fail is determined by the type, use, reception, ⁇ Varies depending on the type of transmission.
- the gain discriminating unit 73 determines whether or not the ratio of the level of the transmission signal transmitted from the communication circuit 61 to the level of the signal reflected from the antenna 50 is within an allowable range. Determining whether the gain is good or not ⁇ Generally, it is desirable that the ratio between the level of the transmitted signal and the level of the reflected signal be as large as possible. Will be determined.
- the impedance discriminating unit 74 determines whether the level of the signal output from the communication circuit 61 and the level of the signal reflected from the antenna 50 are within an allowable range or not. Judge whether impedance matching with 50 is good or not. Generally, antenna 5 A large level ratio of the reflected signal to the input signal to o means that impedance matching has not been achieved. Therefore, if this level ratio is above a certain value, it is determined that the impedance matching is good.
- the form design unit 53 re-designs the form of the antenna until it is determined that all of the directivity, the gain property, and the impedance matching are good, and sets the form design control unit 54 and the drive unit 51 together.
- the configuration of the antenna 50 is dynamically reconfigured. Then, when it is finally determined that the directivity, the gain, and the input impedance matching of the antenna 5 are all good, information (data) on the form is stored in the storage unit 55.
- the mode of the antenna 50 is optimized in a mode in which directivity is emphasized and gain is ignored.
- the change of the antenna configuration and the evaluation of the antenna characteristics are repeated.However, a plurality of patterns of the antenna configuration depending on the radio wave environment are stored in the storage unit in advance, and the change of the radio wave environment is monitored. Upon detection, an appropriate antenna configuration may be selected from the plurality of patterns. This selection may be made automatically by the device or by the user of the device.
- an antenna module that integrates a circuit that controls the drive unit of a conductor element with an antenna into devices such as mobile terminals and mobile phones, it is possible to optimize the antenna characteristics dynamically and appropriately. Is obtained.
- the radiated electric power can be controlled by controlling the shape of the ground-side conductor.
- the frequency of the magnetic wave can be set. Therefore, it is possible to design the frequency band and directivity of the radiated electromagnetic wave regardless of the stripline pattern. For example, a rectangular waveguide type resonance structure with a short-circuited end face on the ground-side conductor surface can be created. Similarly, it is possible to simultaneously manufacture resonance structures having different resonance frequencies and change the resonance frequency by changing the shape of the ground-side conductor. This changes the frequency of the radiated electromagnetic wave.
- a resonance type antenna it is possible to design not only a resonance type antenna but also a non-resonance type antenna, for example, as a leaky wave antenna. It is possible to switch between the above-mentioned resonance structure and the structure that generates leaky waves.
- the radiation mechanism is not limited to waveguide-type resonance or leakage wave.
- the directivity can be changed by changing the structure of a portion that does not significantly contribute to the resonance frequency. Variations in directivity and gain can be obtained by designing the positional relationship between the radiation structure and the feed line and the position in the plane of the board.
- the vector potential and the magnetic vector potential are determined from Equations 1 and 2 from the current and the magnetic current flowing through the ground-side conductor. It is necessary to provide the antenna with a shape that allows the vector potential and the magnetic vector potential to take a finite value. However, the structure of the present invention provides the antenna with such characteristics that these potentials can take a finite value. Can be given to Since it is possible to have various antenna characteristics in this way, we searched for the shape of the ground conductor that would best satisfy each specification such as frequency band and directivity, It can be realized and used. Industrial applicability
- the antenna of the present invention exhibits radiation characteristics in accordance with a radio wave propagation environment, and thus is useful as an antenna for mobile communication terminals such as mobile phones and wireless LANs.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
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JP2005513450A JP3866273B2 (ja) | 2003-08-27 | 2004-08-19 | アンテナおよびその製造方法 |
US11/173,049 US7250909B2 (en) | 2003-08-27 | 2005-07-01 | Antenna and method of making the same |
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JP2003-303376 | 2003-08-27 | ||
JP2003303376 | 2003-08-27 |
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US11/173,049 Continuation US7250909B2 (en) | 2003-08-27 | 2005-07-01 | Antenna and method of making the same |
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WO2005022689A1 true WO2005022689A1 (ja) | 2005-03-10 |
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PCT/JP2004/012249 WO2005022689A1 (ja) | 2003-08-27 | 2004-08-19 | アンテナおよびその製造方法 |
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US (1) | US7250909B2 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP3866273B2 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2005022689A1 (ja) |
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Also Published As
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US7250909B2 (en) | 2007-07-31 |
US20050264452A1 (en) | 2005-12-01 |
JP3866273B2 (ja) | 2007-01-10 |
JPWO2005022689A1 (ja) | 2006-11-02 |
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