WO2004100414A1 - Verfahren zur preemphase eines optischen multiplexsignals - Google Patents
Verfahren zur preemphase eines optischen multiplexsignals Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2004100414A1 WO2004100414A1 PCT/EP2004/050546 EP2004050546W WO2004100414A1 WO 2004100414 A1 WO2004100414 A1 WO 2004100414A1 EP 2004050546 W EP2004050546 W EP 2004050546W WO 2004100414 A1 WO2004100414 A1 WO 2004100414A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- signal
- transmitter
- noise
- receiver
- signals
- Prior art date
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Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/29—Repeaters
- H04B10/291—Repeaters in which processing or amplification is carried out without conversion of the main signal from optical form
- H04B10/293—Signal power control
- H04B10/2933—Signal power control considering the whole optical path
- H04B10/2935—Signal power control considering the whole optical path with a cascade of amplifiers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04B—TRANSMISSION
- H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
- H04B10/25—Arrangements specific to fibre transmission
- H04B10/2507—Arrangements specific to fibre transmission for the reduction or elimination of distortion or dispersion
- H04B10/25073—Arrangements specific to fibre transmission for the reduction or elimination of distortion or dispersion using spectral equalisation, e.g. spectral filtering
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04J—MULTIPLEX COMMUNICATION
- H04J14/00—Optical multiplex systems
- H04J14/02—Wavelength-division multiplex systems
- H04J14/0221—Power control, e.g. to keep the total optical power constant
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for pre-emphasis of an optical multiplex signal according to the preamble of claim 1.
- Optical amplifiers for broadband optical signals have a wavelength-dependent gain, which is not completely eliminated by commonly used smoothing filters.
- WDM Wavelength Division Multiplex
- DWDM Dense Wavelength Division Multiplex
- the optical signal consists of several channels with different wavelengths, whose wavelength spacing can be below 100 GHz today. Due to the wavelength dependency of the gain of the amplifiers, power differences between the individual channels accumulate when passing through an optical channel, so that the channels have very different optical signal-to-noise ratios OSNR (optical signal-to-noise ratio) and powers at the receivers.
- OSNR optical signal-to-noise ratio
- preemphasis preemphasis in English usage
- JA Nagel and RW Tkach "Equalization in Amplifier WDM Lightwave Transmission Systems", IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, Vol. 4, No. August 8, 1992, pp. 920-922.
- OSNR the channel-side channel powers are tracked in an iterative process until the same signal-to-noise ratio OSNR values result at the end of the route for all channels.
- ASE A plified Spontaneous Emission
- the noise power superimposed on the channels is calculated from this by interpolation.
- the increased spontaneous emission ASE between the channels is dampened by optical components. This is the case, for example, if additional modules such as add-drop modules or interleaver filters are connected in the transmission path.
- All common measurement methods for the OSNR distribution at the end of the line have in common that they are limited to channels in the 100 GHz grid. Furthermore, the methods are usually too slow (separate measurements for channel powers and powers of the increased spontaneous emission ASE) to meet time requirements in dynamic optical networks, e.g. B. a maximum of about 10 seconds for a channel upgrade.
- a determination of the signal Noise-to-noise ratios OSNR no longer required at the receiver On the basis of a method for pre-emphasis of an optical multiplex signal, which as channels has a plurality of signals of different wavelengths, which are transmitted from transmitters to receivers, in which the powers of the signals are set at the transmitter and measured at the receiver, a determination of the signal Noise-to-noise ratios OSNR no longer required at the receiver. For this purpose, an average power of the signals at the transmitter is determined and then new powers of the signals from current powers of the signals at the transmitter and at the receiver and from the average power at the transmitter are set on the transmitter side such that signal-to-noise ratios at the receiver remain approximately the same.
- the main advantage of the invention is that no measurement of the signal-to-noise ratios or the noise powers, but only level measurements of signals are required.
- the preemphasis according to the control formula according to the invention takes place much faster than a preemphasis based on signal-to-noise ratios OSNR. This means that system-related and therefore complex measurement of the noise power of the signals is no longer required. Setting the inverse function between power spectra leads to a very good approximation to identical signal-to-noise ratios OSNR for all channels.
- a tolerated deviation or deterioration can be defined in advance, ie the signal-to-noise ratios OSNR must change during the pre-phase in such a way that no transmission errors occur.
- a simple control formula according to the invention for the pre-phase results, which readjustment of the
- Another advantage of the method according to the invention is that a complicated measurement of noise power between the channels or even a direct and technically very complex measurement of the amplified spontaneous emission ASE superimposed on the channels for determining the signal-to-noise ratio OSNR is eliminated.
- the method is therefore ideal for any small wavelength spacing of the channels.
- a significant advantage of the invention is also that the described method against an existing one Tilting or insensitive to a further existing uneven spectral distribution of the powers and / or the signal-to-noise ratios OSNR on the transmitter.
- transmitter and “receiver” are used throughout the invention for the sake of ease of illustration. It should be clarified here that these printouts designate any point on a transmission path at which the preemphasis according to the invention can be carried out, i. H. z. B. on optical amplifiers, on multiplexers and demultiplexers, on spectrally controllable filters, etc. For this purpose, at least at a “transmitter” location, a first control and measurement module intended for the power spectrum and at a "receiver” location, a second for The intended range of measurement modules are available.
- a simple, suitable optical transmission path is specified for carrying out the method according to the invention for the pre-emphasis.
- This transmission link could be part of a more complex optical network.
- Fig. 1 power spectra of the channels on the transmitter and on the receiver before and after the pre-emphasis
- Fig. 2 spectra of the signal-to-noise ratios OSNR of the channels on the transmitter and on the receiver before the pre-emphasis and on the transmitter after the pre-emphasis
- the measured signal power spectrum LSI at the transmitter is constant with an average power value of -16 dBm.
- the measured signal power spectrum LS2 on the receiver has an arbitrary profile, the channels having power differences of up to 8dB.
- the deviation can represent both a linear function of the wavelength as in the case of a tilt or generally a non-linear function of the wavelength.
- FIG. 2 shows spectra OSNR1, 0SNR2 of the signal-to-noise ratios OSNR of the channels on the transmitter and on the receiver before the pre-emphasis and a spectrum of OSNR3 of the signal-to-noise ratios OSNR of the channels on the receiver after the pre-emphasis for the optical signal according to FIG. 1.
- the spectrum OSNR1 measured here for the experiment is constant at a mean value of 28 dB.
- the spectrum OSNR2 on the receiver has an arbitrary profile that deviates from an average value of approx. 23 dB. The deviation can represent both a linear function of the wavelength as in the case of a tilt or generally a non-linear function of the wavelength.
- the spectrum OSNR3 on the receiver is flat.
- FIG. 3 shows an optical transmission link with frequency-dependent elements located between transmitter OTT Tx and receiver OTT Rx - here intermediate amplifier OLR1, OLR2, ..., optical light waveguide LWL1, LWL2, ..., etc - for carrying out the method according to the invention to the preemphasis.
- a power measuring device M1, M2 is connected to the transmitter OTT Tx and the receiver OTT Rx and a power control device R1 to the transmitter OTT Tx, which only measures the level of the transmitted signals on the transmitter and receiver side or regulates the transmitter side.
- the mean value - here over a wavelength range - of a value X is signaled by the notation ⁇ X> between square brackets ⁇ X>.
- the input powers P TN ⁇ ) _new to be newly set for each channel can be reset very quickly using the average input power and the existing or newly measured input and output powers P T n ( ⁇ ) and P 0 u ⁇ ( ⁇ ) , As a result, no measurements of the signal-to-noise ratio OSNR or of noise powers are required.
- the readjustment is carried out by a simple inversion between the power spectra of the transmitter and the receiver.
- Preemphasis with regard to the required transmission tolerances is suitable for use in transmission systems. This also results in variants of the process that achieve greater accuracy, but which require knowledge of additional parameters that can either be measured directly on the system or already during production. Alternatively, typical values can also be used.
- the output lines P ou ⁇ ( ⁇ ) are defined as a function of the wavelength ⁇ as follows:
- h represented Planck 's constant, v the frequency of the channel under consideration and Bo the measurement bandwidth.
- a channel at wavelength ⁇ with an incoming line P ⁇ N ( ⁇ ) and an outgoing line P 0 ⁇ ( ⁇ ) has one accumulated noise power P ASE I, which can be calculated as follows: ⁇ [Fj ( ⁇ ) • Gj ( ⁇ ) - l] • fi Ai ( ⁇ ) • Gi ( ⁇ ) bo
- This equation describes the new channel powers to be set very precisely, but requires knowledge of numerous parameters.
- the influence of various parameters such as the noise figures Fi ( ⁇ ), the gains Gi ( ⁇ ) and the attenuations Ai ( ⁇ ) are considered on the wavelength dependence of the function Q ( ⁇ ).
- This aspect is first described using an exemplary embodiment for a transmission link with N + 1 optical amplifiers and with optical lines OLi interposed with N the optical amplifiers, in which a broadband optical signal with several channels is transmitted from the transmitter OTT Tx to the receiver OTT Rx.
- the gains of the amplifiers Vi are set in such a way that they compensate for the attenuation losses in the subsequent sections OLi (“span” in English), so that
- optical amplifiers Vi and the optical lines OLi are quasi-identical. This assumption is usually fulfilled, since with regard to gain and attenuation, critical technical property deviations of the components Vi, OLi are minimized or optimized as far as possible during their manufacture or when installing a network, and the wavelength dependence of the gain of optical amplifiers is almost independent of the one set Profit is.
- the function Q ( ⁇ ) / ⁇ Q ( ⁇ )> can be determined independently of the wavelength.
- the pre-emphasis is more than just a simple inversion of the power spectra between the receiver and the transmitter, but is still only based on signal power measurements or power settings.
- this dependency can be: the pre-phase can be taken into account more precisely than by means of the inversion of the power spectra mentioned previously.
- the new services to be set P TN ( ⁇ ) _new at the OTT Tx transmitter during the pre-emphasis are calculated as follows:
- the pre-emphasis is based on the simple inversion of the power spectra at the transmitter OTT Tx and at the receiver OTT Rx. If an additional power setting of the channels is provided on the transmitter OTT Rx, the pre-phase can also be controlled in a bidirectional manner. As a result, the signal-to-noise ratios OSNR on the receiver OTT Rx and on the transmitter OTT Tx have a flat spectrum.
- FIGS. 4 and 5 show the minimal signal-to-noise ratios OSNR (in dB) as a function of the exponent k for a link with 5 and 10 sections LWL1, LWL2, etc. according to FIG. 3.
- the section attenuation is 20 dB in each case.
- OSNR in dB
- the following figure 6 shows - for a changed mean input power at the transmitter OTT Tx - the optimal value of the exponent k ⁇ l as a function of the number (1 to 20) of sections LWL1, LWL2, etc for different section vapors (lOdB, 15 dB, 20 dB, 25 dB, 30 dB). It is also indicated that in addition to section damping and the number of sections, the power at the transmitter input also has a significant influence on the optimal value of the exponent k. As long as the wavelength dependence of the noise figure of the optical amplifiers OLR1, OLR2, etc. according to FIG. 3 is small compared to the wavelength dependence of the gain
- the modules used are measured during production and make these values available to the management system when they are installed in the system, which in turn can then determine the optimal parameter value.
- the individual receiver modules communicate the measured bit error frequencies to the management system. This uses this information to determine the optimal value of the exponent k.
- FIG. 7 shows a section of an optical network for which a pre-emphasis is to be carried out.
- network nodes attached at the end shown here as
- Add-drop modules OADM Add-drop modules OADM signals are coupled or decoupled.
- the coupled signals can either come from another transmission link or can come directly from transmitters Tx located at the location of the add-drop module OADM.
- Tx located at the location of the add-drop module OADM.
- OSNR stands that would result from the stand-alone operation of the transmission link in the network
- G ( ⁇ ) denotes the wavelength-dependent gain of the transmission link under consideration.
- the parameter ot should be selected so that the mean power ⁇ P ⁇ n> of the channels at the input remains unchanged. He can e.g. B. can be determined using an iterative method on the computer.
- the above equation includes further parameters such as the signal-to-noise ratios OSNR TM at the input of the transfer link and the OSNR pp resulting in stand-alone operation at the output of the transfer link. The latter two parameters can of course be obtained from measurements. However, it is advantageous to use the results of a numerical planning tool.
- FIG. 8 shows a point-to-point transmission link with several optical amplifiers
- FIG. 9 shows signal-to-noise ratios after a pre-emphasis as
- FIGS. 10 a, b, c, d signal-to-noise ratios as a function of the exponent k with different gain gains
- FIG. 8 shows a point-to-point transmission link with a plurality of optical amplifiers VI, V2, V3, V4, between which transmission fibers LWL1, LWL2, LWL3 are connected. Instead, it could be a section of an optical network.
- the optical amplifiers VI, V2, V3, V4 used can be controlled or regulated in such a way that the slope of the optical power spectrum at the output of each amplifier VI, V2, V3, V4 has a predetermined value.
- An important parameter of the method described below is the slope of the power spectrum, which can be defined as the slope of a straight line that approximates the logarithmic power distribution over the carrier frequency in the sense of a minimal sum of the error squares (linear regression). This slope is referred to below as the power tilt and has the unit dB / THz.
- the aim of the process is to optimize the
- VI, LWLl, V2 corresponds to the tilt of the noise figure (see curves A, B, C, D, E for 5 transmission sections above). With a larger number of sections (see lower curves for 20 transmission sections), the maxima shift to larger tilt values.
- This optimal power tilt value can be determined and how this optimization can be combined with the pre-emphasis method of the previous signal-to-noise ratios OSNR and the pre-emphasis with power tilt.
- EDFA erbium doped fa provided amplifier VI, V2, V3, V4 so that the power tilt at the input of the subsequent V2, V3, V4 and at the output of the preamplifier V4 at the end of the line disappears (power tilt should be zero).
- the signal-to-noise ratios OSNR of the output spectrum are then determined.
- the subsequent pre-emphasis of the signal-to-noise ratio OSNR becomes optimal Result.
- the target spectrum at the input of the booster VI can be determined after the pre-phase with power tilt described so far, using a standardized correction function Q ( ⁇ )
- G l ⁇ nk ⁇ ) - Gsr ⁇ ) are used, where N stands for the number of identical transmission sections in the entire transmission link.
- the optimal power tilt at the input of the amplifiers VI, V2, V3, V4 now corresponds to the tilt of the product of this quantity and the effective noise figure F sff , the term of the effective noise figure being explained further below.
- the tilt of the large Q ( ⁇ ) (m dB / THz) and the tilt of the effective noise figure F eff (also m dB / THz) can be added to the resulting power tilt.
- the effective noise figure F eff is best calculated by a planning tool that knows typical values for the gain curve Gi c ( ⁇ ) and the noise figure F k ( ⁇ ) of the individual amplifiers VI, V2, .... With the path attenuations a k ( ⁇ ), the effective noise figure F eff ( ⁇ ) now results for N transmission path LWLl, LWL2, ... and (N + l) amplifier VI, V2, ...
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
US10/554,171 US7460784B2 (en) | 2003-05-08 | 2004-04-16 | Method for preemphasising an optical multiplex signal |
CA2524832A CA2524832C (en) | 2003-05-08 | 2004-04-16 | Method for pre-emphasizing an optical multiplex signal |
CN200480012511XA CN1784849B (zh) | 2003-05-08 | 2004-04-16 | 用于对光复用信号进行预加重的方法 |
EP04741464.4A EP1620964B1 (de) | 2003-05-08 | 2004-04-16 | Verfahren zur preemphase eines optischen multiplexsignals |
ES04741464T ES2749718T3 (es) | 2003-05-08 | 2004-04-16 | Procedimiento para preenfatizar una señal multiplex óptica |
Applications Claiming Priority (6)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
DE10320715.5 | 2003-05-08 | ||
DE10320715 | 2003-05-08 | ||
DE10328622.5 | 2003-06-25 | ||
DE10328622 | 2003-06-25 | ||
DE10344067 | 2003-09-23 | ||
DE10344067.4 | 2003-09-23 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2004100414A1 true WO2004100414A1 (de) | 2004-11-18 |
Family
ID=33436869
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/EP2004/050546 WO2004100414A1 (de) | 2003-05-08 | 2004-04-16 | Verfahren zur preemphase eines optischen multiplexsignals |
Country Status (7)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US7460784B2 (de) |
EP (1) | EP1620964B1 (de) |
CN (1) | CN1784849B (de) |
CA (1) | CA2524832C (de) |
DE (1) | DE102004018166A1 (de) |
ES (1) | ES2749718T3 (de) |
WO (1) | WO2004100414A1 (de) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN116015462A (zh) * | 2023-02-27 | 2023-04-25 | 中国科学院国家授时中心 | 一种应用于光纤时间传递的edfa光增益设置方法 |
Families Citing this family (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE102004047693A1 (de) * | 2004-09-30 | 2006-04-20 | Siemens Ag | Preemphase eines optischen Wellenlängen-Multiplexsignals |
US7457032B2 (en) * | 2005-09-22 | 2008-11-25 | Bti Photonic Systems Inc. | Arrangement, system, and method for accurate power measurements using an optical performance monitor (OPM) |
US8055129B2 (en) * | 2008-05-07 | 2011-11-08 | Alcatel Lucent | Alien wavelength channel balancing and line amplifier optimization |
JP5648436B2 (ja) * | 2010-11-12 | 2015-01-07 | 富士通株式会社 | プリエンファシス制御方法 |
CN104104445B (zh) * | 2013-04-10 | 2017-06-30 | 富士通株式会社 | 非线性加权系数的计算装置以及方法 |
US10070206B2 (en) * | 2014-12-30 | 2018-09-04 | Infinera Corporation | Reduction of wavelength selective switch (WSS) filter-based impairment using differentiated channel modulation formats |
CN108512596B (zh) * | 2018-03-09 | 2019-06-21 | 烽火通信科技股份有限公司 | 用于级联光放大器通信系统的osnr计算方法及装置 |
CN114499667B (zh) * | 2022-01-28 | 2023-06-13 | 上海交通大学 | 单纤双向光纤链路中双向光放大器增益的优化装置与方法 |
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US5790289A (en) * | 1995-05-26 | 1998-08-04 | Kokusai Denshin Denwa Kabushiki Kaisha | WDM optical communication method with pre-emphasis technique and an apparatus therefor |
WO2002009299A2 (en) * | 2000-07-21 | 2002-01-31 | Sycamore Networks, Inc. | Method and apparatus for extending fiber transmission distance with multiple pre-emphases in optically amplified dwdm system |
US20020154356A1 (en) * | 2001-03-16 | 2002-10-24 | Peter Krummrich | Optical transmission system with an improved signal-to-noise ratio |
EP1280288A1 (de) * | 2001-07-27 | 2003-01-29 | Alcatel | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum automatischen Verstärkungsausgleich in einem optischen Übertragungssystem |
EP1349310A2 (de) * | 2002-03-29 | 2003-10-01 | Nortel Networks Limited | Leistungsgleichsteuerung in DWDM optischen Netzwerken |
FR2845841A1 (fr) * | 2002-10-11 | 2004-04-16 | Corvis France R Et D | Procede et dispositif d'egalisation du rapport signal a bruit dans un systeme de transmission wdm |
Family Cites Families (8)
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US5225922A (en) * | 1991-11-21 | 1993-07-06 | At&T Bell Laboratories | Optical transmission system equalizer |
FR2738698B1 (fr) * | 1995-09-08 | 1997-10-17 | Alcatel Nv | Procede et systeme d'egalisation des niveaux respectifs de puissance des canaux d'un signal optique spectralement multiplexe |
JP3992811B2 (ja) * | 1997-08-01 | 2007-10-17 | 富士通株式会社 | 光伝送システム及び送信端局 |
CN2319832Y (zh) * | 1997-12-05 | 1999-05-19 | 清华大学 | 实现波分复用系统动态增益谱均衡的均衡放大器 |
DE19848989C2 (de) | 1998-10-23 | 2000-12-28 | Siemens Ag | Verfahren zur kanalweisen Einstellung von Sendesignalleistungen eines Wellenlängenmultiplex-Übertragungssystems |
JP2001203414A (ja) | 2000-01-18 | 2001-07-27 | Fujitsu Ltd | 光信号対雑音比測定方法、並びに、該測定方法を利用した光信号対雑音比測定装置、プリエンファシス方法、光通信システム、測定回路、および、制御装置 |
US20020109883A1 (en) * | 2001-02-12 | 2002-08-15 | Teradvance Communications, Llc | Method and apparatus for optical data transmission at high data rates with enhanced capacity using polarization multiplexing |
US8199696B2 (en) * | 2001-03-29 | 2012-06-12 | Qualcomm Incorporated | Method and apparatus for power control in a wireless communication system |
-
2004
- 2004-04-14 DE DE200410018166 patent/DE102004018166A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2004-04-16 WO PCT/EP2004/050546 patent/WO2004100414A1/de active Search and Examination
- 2004-04-16 CN CN200480012511XA patent/CN1784849B/zh not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-04-16 EP EP04741464.4A patent/EP1620964B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2004-04-16 CA CA2524832A patent/CA2524832C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2004-04-16 US US10/554,171 patent/US7460784B2/en active Active
- 2004-04-16 ES ES04741464T patent/ES2749718T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5790289A (en) * | 1995-05-26 | 1998-08-04 | Kokusai Denshin Denwa Kabushiki Kaisha | WDM optical communication method with pre-emphasis technique and an apparatus therefor |
WO2002009299A2 (en) * | 2000-07-21 | 2002-01-31 | Sycamore Networks, Inc. | Method and apparatus for extending fiber transmission distance with multiple pre-emphases in optically amplified dwdm system |
US20020154356A1 (en) * | 2001-03-16 | 2002-10-24 | Peter Krummrich | Optical transmission system with an improved signal-to-noise ratio |
EP1280288A1 (de) * | 2001-07-27 | 2003-01-29 | Alcatel | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum automatischen Verstärkungsausgleich in einem optischen Übertragungssystem |
EP1349310A2 (de) * | 2002-03-29 | 2003-10-01 | Nortel Networks Limited | Leistungsgleichsteuerung in DWDM optischen Netzwerken |
FR2845841A1 (fr) * | 2002-10-11 | 2004-04-16 | Corvis France R Et D | Procede et dispositif d'egalisation du rapport signal a bruit dans un systeme de transmission wdm |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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CN116015462A (zh) * | 2023-02-27 | 2023-04-25 | 中国科学院国家授时中心 | 一种应用于光纤时间传递的edfa光增益设置方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
US20060233552A1 (en) | 2006-10-19 |
CA2524832A1 (en) | 2004-11-18 |
ES2749718T3 (es) | 2020-03-23 |
US7460784B2 (en) | 2008-12-02 |
CA2524832C (en) | 2015-06-09 |
EP1620964A1 (de) | 2006-02-01 |
CN1784849A (zh) | 2006-06-07 |
EP1620964B1 (de) | 2019-07-17 |
DE102004018166A1 (de) | 2004-12-16 |
CN1784849B (zh) | 2010-09-08 |
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