WO2004030128A1 - 燃料電池用触媒電極、燃料電池、および燃料電池用触媒担持粒子、燃料電池用触媒電極の製造方法 - Google Patents
燃料電池用触媒電極、燃料電池、および燃料電池用触媒担持粒子、燃料電池用触媒電極の製造方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2004030128A1 WO2004030128A1 PCT/JP2003/012108 JP0312108W WO2004030128A1 WO 2004030128 A1 WO2004030128 A1 WO 2004030128A1 JP 0312108 W JP0312108 W JP 0312108W WO 2004030128 A1 WO2004030128 A1 WO 2004030128A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- fuel cell
- catalyst
- carbon
- carbon nanohorn
- nanohorn aggregate
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/86—Inert electrodes with catalytic activity, e.g. for fuel cells
- H01M4/90—Selection of catalytic material
- H01M4/92—Metals of platinum group
- H01M4/925—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers
- H01M4/926—Metals of platinum group supported on carriers, e.g. powder carriers on carbon or graphite
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
- Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
Definitions
- Fuel cell catalyst electrode fuel cell, catalyst-carrying particles for fuel cell, and method for producing fuel cell catalyst electrode
- the present invention relates to a fuel cell catalyst electrode, a fuel cell, a fuel cell catalyst-carrying particle, and a method for producing a fuel cell catalyst electrode.
- a fuel cell is composed of a fuel electrode, an oxidizer electrode, and an electrolyte provided between them. Fuel is supplied to the fuel electrode, and oxidant is supplied to the oxidant electrode, and power is generated by an electrochemical reaction. When hydrogen is supplied to the fuel electrode and oxygen is supplied to the oxidant electrode, the electrochemical reactions occurring at each electrode are as follows.
- Oxidant electrode (force sword): 1 ⁇ 2 ⁇ 2 + 2 H + + 2 e— ⁇ H 2 O
- both electrodes are composed of a mixture of carbon particles carrying a catalytic substance and a solid polymer electrolyte.
- a fuel cell using an organic liquid fuel is one that reforms the organic liquid fuel into hydrogen gas and uses it as a fuel.
- organic liquid fuel directly to the fuel electrode without reforming, as typified by a toluene fuel cell.
- a catalyst material containing a metal salt is dissolved to make a solution.
- it is colloidal and attached to the carbon particles.
- the carbon particles to which the catalyst substance has adhered are subjected to a reduction treatment, so that the catalyst substance is supported on the carbon particles.
- This reduction treatment is generally performed in a hydrogen atmosphere at a temperature of 400 ° C. or higher.
- the average particle size of the catalyst substance increases to about 7 to 10 nm.
- agglomeration of the catalyst particles occurred.
- the surface area of the catalytic substance is reduced, and the catalytic activity at the catalytic electrode becomes insufficient.
- Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2002-159851 discloses a technology of an adsorbent, a catalyst and a catalyst carrier comprising a single-walled carbon nanohorn.
- the single-walled carbon nanohorn catalyst of this technology is A single-walled carbon nanohorn aggregate composed of spherical bon nanohorns is used as the oxidation catalyst in the liquid phase reaction.
- a metal catalyst is supported on the surface of a single-walled carbon nanohorn aggregate in which single-walled carbon nanohorns are aggregated in a spherical shape.
- the single-walled carbon nanohorn aggregate itself has the function of an oxidation catalyst (ethanol decomposes into acetoaldehyde and water, and acetoaldehyde decomposes into C ⁇ and CH 4).
- oxidation catalyst ethanol decomposes into acetoaldehyde and water
- acetoaldehyde decomposes into C ⁇ and CH 4
- a single-walled carbon nanohorn aggregate is used as a catalyst carrier, a highly dispersed metal catalyst having high catalytic activity can be obtained.
- a catalyst in which a platinum group metal is supported on the surface of a single-walled carbon nanohorn aggregate exhibits high catalytic activity in a liquid-phase oxidation reaction (production of aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids by an alcohol oxidation reaction). Disclosure of the invention
- An object of the present invention is to provide a catalyst electrode for a fuel cell having a large surface area of a catalyst substance carried on the surface of carbon particles and having high catalytic activity, and a fuel cell using the same.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a catalyst electrode for a fuel cell having high catalytic activity, in which a catalyst substance is supported on carbon particles in a favorable dispersed state, and a fuel cell using the same.
- Still another object of the present invention is to provide a catalyst-supporting particle for a fuel cell having high catalytic activity, in which a catalyst material having a small particle size is supported in a good dispersion state, and a method for producing a catalyst electrode for a fuel cell using the same. To provide.
- a fuel cell catalyst electrode of the present invention And a catalyst layer provided on the substrate.
- the catalyst layer includes carbon particles carrying a catalyst substance having an average particle diameter in a predetermined range, and a solid polymer electrolyte material mixed with the carbon particles.
- the carbon particles include a carbon nanohorn aggregate in which a plurality of carbon nanohorns are aggregated in a spherical shape.
- the carbon nanohorn aggregate supports a catalytic substance.
- the predetermined range is 0.1 nm or more and 5 nm or less.
- each of the plurality of carbon nanohorns includes a conical portion and a tube connected to the conical portion.
- the cones converge so that they protrude from the surface of the carbon nanohorn aggregate.
- the shape of the catalyst substance is substantially spherical.
- the catalyst substance is uniformly dispersed on the carbon nanohorn aggregate.
- the catalyst material includes any one of an alloy using at least two kinds of metals of gold and a platinum group metal, gold, and a platinum group metal.
- the carbon nanohorn is a single-layer carbon nanohorn.
- the carbon nanohorn is a single-layer graphite nanohorn.
- the carbon nanohorn aggregate is It is supported on at least one of carbon fiber, carbon nanofiber, and carbon nanotube.
- a fuel cell according to the present invention includes a solid polymer electrolyte membrane and catalyst electrodes for a fuel cell provided on both sides of the solid polymer electrolyte membrane.
- the fuel cell catalyst electrode includes a conductive substrate and a catalyst layer provided on the substrate.
- the catalyst layer includes carbon particles supporting a catalyst substance having an average particle diameter in a predetermined range, and a solid polymer electrolyte material mixed with the carbon particles.
- the carbon particles include a carbon nanohorn aggregate in which a plurality of carbon nanohorns are aggregated in a spherical shape.
- the carbon nanohorn aggregate supports a catalytic substance.
- the predetermined range of the fuel cell catalyst electrode is:
- the catalyst electrode for a fuel cell includes a plurality of carbon nanohorns each including a conical portion and a tube connected to the conical portion.
- the cones are assembled so that they protrude from the surface of the carbon nanohorn aggregate.
- the catalyst electrode for the fuel cell has a substantially spherical catalyst material.
- the catalyst electrode for the fuel cell has a catalyst substance uniformly dispersed on a carbon nanohorn aggregate.
- the catalyst electrode for a fuel cell includes an alloy using at least two metals of gold and a platinum group metal, gold, And any one of the platinum group metals.
- the catalyst electrode for the fuel cell is such that the carbon nanohorn is a single-layer carbon nanohorn.
- the catalyst electrode for the fuel cell is a single-layer graphitic nanohorn made of carbon nanohorns.
- the catalyst electrode for a fuel cell has a carbon nanohorn aggregate supported on at least one of carbon fiber, carbon nanofiber, and carbon nanotube.
- a method for producing catalyst-carrying particles for a fuel cell comprises: (a) mixing a solution containing a metal salt of a catalyst metal with a carbon nanohorn aggregate; And (b) reducing the carbon nanohorn aggregate at a temperature of 10 ° C. or more and 100 ° C. or less so that the catalyst metal is supported on the carbon nanohorn aggregate.
- the carbon nanohorn aggregate a plurality of carbon nanohorns are aggregated in a spherical shape.
- a method for producing a catalyst electrode for a fuel cell comprises: (C) mixing a solution containing a metal salt of a catalyst metal with a carbon nanohorn aggregate, and adding the catalyst metal to the carbon nanohorn aggregate. (D) reducing the carbon nanohorn assembly so that the catalyst metal is supported on the carbon nanohorn assembly at a temperature of 10 ° C. or more and 100 t or less; and (e) ) A coating solution containing the reduced carbon nanohorn aggregate and the solid polymer electrolyte material is applied to the substrate and dried. And the step of causing Here, in the carbon nanohorn aggregate, a plurality of carbon nanohorns are aggregated in a spherical shape.
- a method for manufacturing a fuel cell according to the present invention comprises: (f) mixing a solution containing a metal salt of a catalyst metal and a carbon nanohorn aggregate, and placing the catalyst metal on the carbon nanohorn aggregate. , (G)
- the carbon nanohorn aggregate a plurality of carbon nanohorns are aggregated in a spherical shape.
- FIG. 1 is a sectional view schematically showing an example of the configuration of the fuel cell according to the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing an example of the configuration of a composite electrolyte including the carbon nanohorn aggregate according to the present invention, a catalyst metal, and a solid polymer electrolyte.
- FIG. 3 is a flowchart showing a method for manufacturing a catalyst electrode.
- FIG. 4 is a flowchart showing a method for manufacturing a fuel cell. BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
- FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view schematically illustrating an example of the structure of the fuel cell according to the present embodiment.
- the fuel cell 100 includes a catalyst electrode-solid polymer electrolyte membrane assembly 101.
- the catalyst electrode-solid polymer electrolyte membrane assembly 101 includes a fuel electrode 102, an oxidant electrode 108, and a solid polymer electrolyte membrane 114.
- the fuel electrode 102 and the oxidant electrode 108 are collectively referred to as a catalyst electrode.
- the fuel electrode 102 includes a substrate 104 and a catalyst layer 106.
- the oxidizer electrode 108 includes a base 110 and a catalyst layer 112.
- One or more catalyst electrode-solid polymer electrolyte membrane assemblies 101 are electrically connected via a fuel electrode side separator 120 and an oxidizer electrode side separator 122.
- the fuel 124 is supplied to the fuel electrode 102 of each catalyst electrode-solid polymer electrolyte membrane assembly 101 via the fuel electrode separator 120.
- the oxidizer electrode 128 of the catalyst electrode-solid polymer electrolyte membrane assembly 101 is supplied with the oxidizer 126 via the oxidizer electrode side separator 122.
- Fuels 124 are exemplified by liquid hydrocarbons such as ethanol and hydrogen.
- the oxidizing agent 126 is exemplified in a gas containing oxygen such as air.
- the fuel electrode 102 and the oxidant electrode 108 include carbon particles carrying a catalyst and fine particles of a solid polymer electrolyte.
- the catalyst layer 106 was placed on the substrate 104, The catalyst layer 112 is formed on the substrate 110.
- the surface of the substrate (104, 110) may be subjected to a water-repellent treatment.
- Examples of the substrate 104 and the substrate 110 include porous substrates such as carbon paper, molded carbon, sintered carbon, sintered metal, and foamed metal.
- Examples of the water repellent treatment of the substrate include a treatment using a water repellent such as polytetrafluoroethylene.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram showing a state of carbon particles supporting a catalyst.
- a state is shown in which a catalytic metal 405 is supported on the surface of a carbon nanohorn aggregate 401 as a catalyst carrier.
- the catalyst layer 106 or the catalyst layer 112 includes the catalyst-supporting carbon particles and the solid polymer electrolyte 403 shown in FIG.
- a carbon nanohorn aggregate 401 in which carbon nanohorns 407, which are new carbon allotropes consisting only of carbon atoms, are aggregated in a substantially spherical shape is used as the carbon particles carrying the catalyst.
- substantially spherical does not necessarily mean a true sphere, but also includes a variety of other shapes such as an elliptical shape and a donut shape.
- the carbon nanohorn aggregate 401 is an aggregate of carbon nanohorns 407.
- the carbon nanohorn 407 is a carbon nanotube having a conical portion having a conical shape at one end and a tubular portion (tube) connected to the conical portion.
- the carbon nanohorn aggregate 401 is formed by a plurality of carbon nanohorns 407 assembled by van der Waalska that works between the conical portions. At that time, center on the tube side The cones are assembled so that the cones protrude from the surface like horns.
- the diameter of the carbon nanohorn aggregate 401 is 120 nm or less, typically 10 nm or more and 100 nm or less.
- Each of the carbon nanohorns constituting the carbon nanohorn assembly 401 has a tube diameter of about 2 nm and a typical length of 30 nm to 50 nm.
- the conical section has an average inclination of the shaft section of about 20 °. Due to such a unique structure, the carbon nanohorn aggregate 401 has a packing structure with a very large specific surface area.
- Carbon nanohorn aggregates 4 0 1 usually, room temperature, 1.0 1 3 2 5 X 1 0 5 P in an inert gas atmosphere of a, a laser that the solid carbon single substance such as graph eye preparative and target It can be manufactured by the ablation method. Further, the size of the pores between the spherical particles of the carbon nanohorn aggregate 401 can be controlled by the production conditions by the laser-ablation method, the oxidation treatment after the production, and the like.
- the carbon nanohorns are chemically bonded to each other at the center of the force-pononnanohorn assembly 401. Alternatively, a shape in which the carbon nanotubes are round like a kemari can be considered.
- These force nanohorn aggregates 401 are not limited by the central structure. It is also conceivable that the center is hollow.
- the carbon nanohorn 407 may have a closed end or a non-closed end. Also, the cone shape at one end The vertices may end in a rounded shape. When the carbon nanohorns 407 constituting the carbon nanohorn aggregate 401 terminate in a conical apex at one end in a rounded shape, the portions with rounded apexes are radially aggregated outward. ing. Further, a part of the structure of the carbon nanohorn 407 may be incomplete and may have fine pores. Further, the carbon nanohorn aggregate 401 can include carbon nanotubes.
- the carbon nanohorn aggregate 401 can be a single-walled carbon nanohorn. By doing so, the hydrogen ion conductivity in the carbon nanohorn aggregate 401 can be improved. Further, the carbon nanohorn aggregate 401 can be a single-layer carbon nanohorn aggregate composed of a single-layer graphite nanohorn. By doing so, the electrical conductivity of the carbon nanohorn aggregate 401 is improved, so that its performance when used for a catalyst electrode for a fuel cell can be improved. As the catalyst metal 405, for example, the following substances can be used.
- Examples of catalysts for the fuel electrode 102 include platinum, rhodium, palladium, iridium, osmium, ruthenium (above, platinum group), gold, silver (above, precious metals including platinum group), rhenium, nickel, cobalt , Lithium, lanthanum, strontium, yttrium and the like. These may be used in combination of two or more. You may use the alloy which combined these two or more types.
- the catalyst for the oxidant electrode 108 the above-mentioned exemplified substances can be used as in the case of the catalyst for the fuel electrode 102.
- the catalyst for the fuel electrode 102 and the catalyst for the oxidant electrode 108 may be the same or different.
- the particle size of the catalyst metal 405 is preferably 5 nm or less. In that case, the specific surface area of the catalyst is large, and the catalyst efficiency is high. Therefore, high reactivity can be obtained with a small amount of catalyst. Further, since the carbon nanohorn aggregate 401 is used for the carbon particles, the surface area of the carbon particles is extremely large, and the amount of the catalyst metal 405 carried is large. In addition, due to the unique three-dimensional structure of carbon nanohorn aggregate 401, catalytic metal 405 and solid polymer electrolyte
- the contact area with 4003 is also large.
- hydrogen ions generated by the catalytic reaction are efficiently transmitted. Therefore, the catalyst electrode (fuel electrode 102 and oxidant electrode 108) for a fuel cell according to the present invention has an extremely large area used for the catalytic reaction, and improves the output when used in a fuel cell. It can be done.
- the average particle size of the catalytic metal 405 is 2 nm or less. By doing so, the specific surface area of the catalyst substance can be further reduced. Therefore, the catalyst efficiency when used in a fuel cell is increased, and the output of the fuel cell can be further improved.
- the lower limit is not particularly limited, but is, for example, 0.1 nm or more, preferably 0.
- the catalyst metal 405 is preferably substantially spherical.
- “It is almost spherical” This means that the average value of the ratio of the major axis to the minor axis of the catalyst metal 405 is 3 or less. By doing so, the uniformity of the shape of the catalyst metal 405 can be improved, and the specific surface area of the catalyst metal 405 can be further increased. Further, it is preferable that the catalyst metal 405 is uniformly dispersed on the carbon nanohorn aggregate 401.
- uniformly dispersed means a state in which the formation of agglomerates and secondary particles is suppressed, and the catalyst metal 405 is supported on the surface of the carbon nanohorn aggregate 401 in a good dispersion state. . By doing so, the surface area used for the catalytic reaction can be further increased. Therefore, when used in a fuel cell, its output can be improved.
- the solid polymer electrolyte 403 electrically connects the carbon nanohorn aggregate 401 supporting the catalyst metal 405 to the solid polymer electrolyte membrane 114 on the surface of the catalyst electrode.
- the fuel 124 reaches the surface of the catalytic metal 405. Therefore, the solid polymer electrolyte 403 is required to have hydrogen ion conductivity.
- an organic liquid fuel such as methanol is supplied to the fuel electrode 102, fuel permeability is required, and in the oxidant electrode 108, oxygen permeability is required. Therefore, as the solid polymer electrolyte 403, a material excellent in hydrogen ion conductivity and organic liquid fuel permeability such as methanol is preferable.
- an organic polymer having a polar group such as a strong acid group such as a sulfone group or a phosphoric acid group or a weak acid group such as a lipoxyl group is preferable.
- organic polymers include sulfone-containing perfluorocarbons (Naphion (DuPont), Perfluorocarbons (Flemion S membrane (made by Asahi Glass Co., Ltd.), etc.); polystyrene sulfonic acid copolymer, polyvinyl sulfonic acid copolymer, crosslinked alkyl sulfonic acid derivative, fluororesin skeleton Copolymers such as fluorine-containing polymers composed of sulfonic acid and sulfonic acid; acrylamide—copolymerization of acrylamides such as 2-methylpropanesulfonic acid with acrylates such as n-butyl methacrylate And a copolymer obtained by the above method.
- polystyrene examples include amine-substituted polystyrene such as polybenzimidazole derivative, polybenzoxazole derivative, polyethyleneimine cross-linked product, polysilamine derivative, and polydimethylethylethylstyrene.
- Nitrogen- or hydroxyl-containing resins such as nitrogen-substituted polyacrylates such as tylaminoethyl polymethacrylate; silanol-containing polysiloxanes; hydroxyl-containing polyacryl resins such as hydroxyshethylpolymethyl acrylate; and para-hydroxypolystyrene
- nitrogen-substituted polyacrylates such as tylaminoethyl polymethacrylate
- silanol-containing polysiloxanes hydroxyl-containing polyacryl resins such as hydroxyshethylpolymethyl acrylate
- para-hydroxypolystyrene A hydroxyl group-containing polystyrene resin; and the like can also be used.
- a crosslinkable substituent such as a vinyl group, an epoxy group, an acrylic group, a methyl group, a cinnamoyl group, a methylol group, an azide group, or a naphthoquinone diazide group is appropriately introduced into the above polymer. May be.
- the solid polymer electrolytes 403 in the fuel electrode 102 and the oxidant electrode 108 may be the same or different.
- the solid polymer electrolyte 403 is a carbon nanohousing. Although it is illustrated as being provided so as to be coupled only to a part of the carbon nano-assembly 401, it may be formed so as to surround the entire carbon nanohorn aggregate 401 and connected.
- the carbon nanohorn aggregate 401 supporting the catalyst metal 405 is made of carbon and has high electric conductivity. Since the horn has a structure that protrudes radially from the center, the fuel oxidant moves through the gap between the horn and can reach the catalyst. Furthermore, since the horn has a structure in which the horn protrudes radially from the center, the surface area is very large, and the amount of the supported catalyst metal 405 can be made very large.
- the horn is connected to the solid polymer electrolyte 403 or the adjacent horn, ions and electrons can easily move. That is, it is very suitable and effective as a carrier for the catalyst metal 405 in the catalyst layers 106 and 112.
- the solid polymer electrolyte membrane 114 separates the fuel electrode 102 from the oxidant electrode 108. In addition, they transfer hydrogen ions and water molecules between them.
- the solid polymer electrolyte membrane 114 is preferably a membrane having high hydrogen ion conductivity. In addition, it is preferable that it is chemically stable and has high mechanical strength.
- Materials constituting the solid polymer electrolyte membrane 114 include polar groups such as strong acid groups such as sulfone group, phosphate group, phosphone group and phosphine group, and weak acid groups such as olepoxyl group.
- Organic polymers having groups are preferred.
- Such organic polymers include aromatic-containing polymers such as sulfonated poly (4-phenoxybenzoyl_1,4-phenylene) and alkylsulfonated polybenzoimidazole; polystyrene sulfonic acid copolymer.
- Copolymers such as copolymers, polyvinyl sulfonic acid copolymers, cross-linked alkyl sulfonic acid derivatives, fluorine-containing polymers composed of a fluororesin skeleton and sulfonic acid; acrylamides 2-acrylamides such as methylpropanesulfonic acid And copolymers obtained by copolymerizing acrylates such as n-butyl methacrylate; sulfonate-containing perfluorocarbon (Naphion (manufactured by DuPont: registered trademark), Aciplex (manufactured by Asahi Kasei Corporation)); Perfluorocarbon containing lipoxyl group (Flemion S membrane (Asahi Glass Co., Ltd .: Rokusho mark)); and the like are exemplified.
- aromatic-containing polymers such as sulfonated poly (4-phenoxybenzoyl_1,4-phenylene) and alkylsulfonated polybenzimidazole are selected, permeation of organic liquid fuel can be suppressed, It is possible to suppress a decrease in battery efficiency due to crossover.
- a gaseous fuel or a liquid fuel can be used.
- gaseous fuel for example, hydrogen can be used.
- liquid fuel the organic compounds contained in the fuel 124 include, for example, alcohols such as methanol, ethanol and propanol, ethers such as dimethyl ether, cycloparaffins such as cyclohexane, and hydroxyl groups. , Carboxyl group, amino group, amide group, etc.
- Cycloparaffins having a group, mono-substituted or di-substituted cycloparaffins, and the like can be used.
- cycloparaffins refer to cycloparaffins and substituted products thereof, and include those other than aromatic compounds.
- the method for manufacturing the fuel cell 100 is not particularly limited, but for example, it can be manufactured as follows.
- FIG. 3 is a flowchart showing a method for manufacturing a catalyst electrode.
- the catalyst metal 405 can be supported on the carbon nanohorn aggregate 401 by a generally used impregnation method.
- a catalytic substance containing a metal salt of catalytic metal 405 is dissolved or dispersed in a solvent to produce a contact-colloidal solution (step S O 1).
- the colloidal solution is mixed with the carbon nanohorn aggregate 401 to attach the catalytic substance to the carbon nanohorn aggregate 401 (step S02).
- the carbon nanohorn aggregate 401 is subjected to a reduction treatment so that the catalytic metal 405 is supported on the carbon nanohorn aggregate 401 (step S03).
- step S04 the particles of the carbon nanohorn aggregate 401 supporting the catalytic substance and the solid polymer electrolyte 403 are dispersed in a solvent to produce a paste (step S04).
- This paste is applied to substrates 104 and 110 and dried (step SO 5). This makes it possible to obtain a catalyst electrode.
- the reduction treatment is performed at a low temperature of 100 ° C. or less including room temperature, for example, at 100 ° C. or more and 100 ° or less.
- the average particle diameter of the catalyst metal 405 supported on the surface of the carbon nanohorn aggregate 401 can be formed into extremely small spherical particles of 5 nm or less, for example, 1 nm or more and 2 nm or less. Further, the catalyst metal 405 can be uniformly dispersed on the carbon nanohorn 407 particles.
- the particle size of the solid polymer electrolyte 403 in the catalyst paste is, for example, not less than 0.05 // m and not more than 1 / m.
- the carbon nanohorn aggregate 401 and the particles of the solid polymer electrolyte 403 are used, for example, in a weight ratio of 2: 1 to 40: 1.
- the weight ratio of water to solute in the paste is, for example, about 1: 2 to 10: 1.
- the carbon nanohorn aggregate 401 may be used by being supported on a carbon fiber, a carbon nanofiber, a carbon nanotube, or the like by heat treatment or the like. That is, the carbon nanohorn aggregate 410 1 supported on carbon fiber or the like is used as the carbon nanohorn aggregate 401 in step S 02. By doing so, the fine structures of the catalyst layer 106 and the catalyst layer 112 can be arbitrarily adjusted.
- the method for applying the paste to the substrates 104 and 110 is not particularly limited, and for example, methods such as brush coating, spray coating, and screen printing can be used.
- the paste is applied, for example, in a thickness of about 1 m or more and 2 mm or less.
- Heating is performed at a heating temperature and for a heating time according to the nitrogen resin, to produce a fuel electrode 102 or an oxidant electrode 108.
- the heating temperature and the heating time are appropriately selected depending on the material to be used.
- the heating temperature can be 100 to 250, and the heating time can be 30 seconds to 30 minutes.
- a fuel cell 100 is produced as follows.
- FIG. 4 is a flowchart showing a method of manufacturing a fuel cell.
- the solid polymer electrolyte membrane 114 is prepared by using an appropriate method according to the material to be used (step S11).
- the solid polymer electrolyte membrane 114 is composed of an organic polymer material
- a liquid obtained by dissolving or dispersing the organic polymer material in a solvent is cast on a peelable sheet such as polytetrafluoroethylene. And dried.
- the catalyst electrodes (the fuel electrode 102 and the oxidant electrode 108) are produced by the above-described steps S01 to S05 (step S12).
- the obtained solid polymer electrolyte membrane 114 is sandwiched between the fuel electrode 102 and the oxidizer electrode 108 and hot-pressed to produce a catalyst electrode-solid polymer electrolyte membrane assembly 101 (step S13).
- Hot pressing conditions are selected according to the material.
- solid polymer electrolyte membrane 114 When the solid polymer electrolyte on the extreme surface is composed of an organic polymer having a softening point or a glass transition point, the hot pressing temperature should be higher than the softening temperature or the glass transition temperature of these polymers. Specifically, for example, temperature
- the carbon nanohorn aggregate 401 was used as the catalyst-supporting carbon particles, and the catalyst metal 405 supported on the surface of the carbon nanohorn aggregate 401 was averaged. Since it is spherical with a particle diameter of 5 nm or less and the catalyst metal 405 is uniformly dispersed, the catalyst utilization efficiency is high and excellent battery characteristics are obtained.
- the use of the fuel cell according to the present embodiment is not particularly limited. Appropriately used for small-sized electrical equipment.
- the carbon nanohorn aggregate was manufactured by the laser ablation method. That is, sintered round bar carbon as solid carbon material is placed in a vacuum vessel. Installed in, after evacuating the inside of the container to a 1 0- 2 P a, was introduced to the A r gas becomes 1. 0 1 3 2 5 X 1 0 5 atmosphere pressure P a. Then in, at room temperature the C_ ⁇ 2 laser light having a high output to the solid carbon material was irradiated for 3 0 min. The laser output was continuous oscillation with a power of 100 W and a pulse width of 2 Oms, and irradiation was performed so that the angle between the laser and the surface of the solid carbon material was 120 °. Observation of the resulting soot-like substance with a transmission electron microscope (TEM) confirmed that it had a carbon nanohorn aggregate structure.
- TEM transmission electron microscope
- the resulting soot-like substance is subjected to ultrasonic treatment (400 kHz, 60 minutes) and decantation four times in ethanol, and as a result, carbon nanohorn aggregates consisting of one or several particles are obtained.
- the particles could be obtained.
- the particle size of the obtained carbon nanohorn aggregate was in the range of 1 O nm to 10 O nm according to TEM observation of the particles.
- catalyst-carrying carbon particles were produced.
- a mixture of 1 O g of carbon nanohorn aggregates and 500 g of a dinitrodiamine white gold nitric acid solution containing 3 wt% of platinum serving as a catalyst was stirred, and then added with a reducing agent of 98 vZv% X ethanol solution 60 m 1 did.
- This dispersion was stirred and mixed at a boiling point of about 95 for 8 hours, and platinum fine particles serving as a catalyst substance were supported on a carbon nanohorn aggregate.
- the carbon nanohorn aggregate supporting the platinum fine particles was separated by filtration, dried, and reduced in a hydrogen stream at room temperature (20 ° C.) for 5 hours to obtain catalyst-supported carbon particles.
- Platinum loading is about 50% based on the weight of carbon nanohorn aggregate Met.
- the platinum supported on the carbon nanohorn aggregate was spherical with an average particle diameter of 1 to 2 nm and a ratio of the major axis to the minor axis of the particles of about 1. It was also confirmed that the particles were uniformly dispersed on the carbon nanohorn. Also, when the reduction was performed at each of the temperatures of 60 and 80 T :, the shape and size of the platinum particles were almost equal to those when reduced at room temperature. When the reduction was carried out with 40 O :, the average particle diameter of the platinum particles was about 5 nm spherical.
- the catalyst metal is uniformly dispersed on the surface of the carbon nanohorn aggregate, and the average particle diameter is 1 nm to 2 nm. And could be made extremely small.
- Acetylene black (manufactured by Denki Kagaku Co., Ltd.) was used as a carbon material, and a catalyst metal was supported in the same manner as in Example 1.
- the obtained catalyst-carrying carbon particles were observed by TEM in the same manner as in Example 1.
- the platinum supported on acetylene black had an average particle diameter of about 7 nm.
- the shape of the platinum particles was not constant, and some particles were aggregated.
- c in the case where the reduction in the usual 4 0 0 average particle size of the catalytic metal on acetylene black was about 1 0 nm
- a catalyst electrode for a fuel cell and a fuel cell were produced using the catalyst-carrying carbon particles (carbon nanohorn aggregate) produced in Example 1.
- the alcohol solution of the solid polymer electrolyte Aldrich's 5% Naphion solution manufactured by Chemical Company was used. This was mixed and stirred with n-butyl acetate so that the mass of the solid polymer electrolyte was from 0 :! to 0. AmgZ cmS, to prepare a colloidal dispersion of the solid polymer electrolyte.
- the colloid was adsorbed on the surface of the carbon nanohorn aggregate by adding the powder of the carbon nanohorn aggregate supporting platinum in Example 1 to the above-mentioned colloidal dispersion of the polymer electrolyte. The resulting dispersion was pasted using an ultrasonic disperser.
- This base was applied on carbon paper as a substrate (gas diffusion layer) by a screen printing method, and then heated and dried to produce an electrode for a polymer electrolyte fuel cell.
- Carbon paper manufactured by Toray Industries, Inc.
- Carbon paper having a thickness of 0.19 mm was used as the substrate.
- the obtained catalyst electrode for a fuel cell was hot-pressed on both sides of Naphion 115 manufactured by DuPont at a temperature of 120 to 200 ° C and a pressure of 50 to;
- One solid polymer electrolyte membrane assembly was fabricated. This was set in the fuel cell single cell measurement device.
- the output characteristics of the cell were measured using oxygen and hydrogen (1.0 13 25 X 105 Pa, room temperature) as the gas supplied to the cell. As a result, a high output characteristic of 0.80 W was exhibited. This is because platinum, a catalytic substance, is This is probably because the surface area of the bon-nanohorn aggregate became fine and spherical, and the specific surface area increased, thereby improving the catalytic activity and increasing the surface area involved in the catalytic reaction.
- Comparative Example 1 a catalyst electrode for a fuel cell and a fuel cell were produced and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 2 using the acetylene black powder carrying platinum.
- the output was 0.60 W, but the platinum supported on the same acetylene black was reduced at room temperature. When it was used, the output was 0.65 W. Therefore, although the output characteristics were slightly improved by performing the reduction process at low temperature during the preparation of the catalyst-supporting carbon particles, the output was lower than when the carbon nanohorn aggregate was used as the carbon material.
- Example 2 In the same manner as in Example 1, a solution in which the catalyst metal was dissolved from platinum chloride and ruthenium chloride was prepared so that the catalyst metal became an alloy of platinum and ruthenium, and was supported in the form of a carbon nanohorn aggregate.
- the reduction process is
- the test was performed at room temperature in an argon gas stream containing 4 wt% hydrogen.
- the catalyst metal had an average particle diameter of l to 2 nm and a particle length ratio of about 1 to 2 nm. Of spherical and carb It was confirmed that the particles were uniformly dispersed on the nanohorn. Therefore, even when the catalyst metal is a platinum-ruthenium alloy, the carbon nanohorn aggregate is used as the carbon material, and the reduction process is performed at room temperature to reduce the particle size of the catalyst metal and to reduce the carbon nanohorn aggregate. It was confirmed that it was uniformly dispersed on the body surface.
- the obtained catalyst-carrying carbon particles were observed by TEM in the same manner as in Example 1.
- the platinum-ruthenium alloy supported on acetylene black had an average particle diameter of about 7 nm.
- the shape of the catalyst metal was not constant, and some particles were aggregated.
- the average particle diameter of the catalyst metal on acetylene black was about 10 nm. Therefore, it was found that by performing the reduction treatment at a low temperature, the effect of reducing the size of the catalyst particles was obtained even when acetylene black was used.
- Example 3 Using the catalyst-carrying carbon particles (carbon nanohorn aggregates) obtained in Example 3, a fuel cell was produced in the same manner as in Example 2.
- a direct methanol fuel cell is supplied by supplying 10 V ZV% methanol and 1.013 25 X 105 Pa oxygen to the fuel electrode and oxidizer electrode of the obtained battery, respectively.
- the output characteristics were measured at room temperature. As a result, it was confirmed that the output characteristics were improved to 0.20 W.
- Comparative Example 3 a catalyst electrode for a fuel cell and a fuel cell were prepared and evaluated in the same manner as in Example 4 using acetylene black powder carrying platinum.
- the catalyst-supporting carbon particles used for the catalyst electrode were made into carbon nanohorn aggregates, and the reduction treatment at the time of supporting the catalyst metal was performed at a low temperature to reduce the particle size of the catalyst metal. And force—It was possible to disperse uniformly on the surface of the bon nanohorn assembly. ⁇ In addition, it is clear that the fuel cell fabricated using the carbon nanohorn assembly supporting the catalyst metal has excellent output characteristics. became. It is to be noted that the present invention is not limited to the above embodiments, and each embodiment can be appropriately modified within the scope of the technical idea of the present invention.
- the carbon particles are formed into a carbon nanohorn aggregate in which carbon nanohorns are aggregated in a spherical shape, and the average particle diameter of the catalyst material is set to 5 nm or less, so that the catalyst material supported on the carbon particle surface
- a catalyst electrode for a fuel cell having a large surface area and a high catalytic activity and a fuel cell using the same are realized.
- a catalyst electrode for a fuel cell having high catalytic activity in which agglomeration of a catalyst substance is suppressed and supported in a good dispersion state, and a fuel cell using the same are realized.
- a catalyst-supporting particle for a fuel cell having a high catalytic activity in which a catalyst substance having a small particle size is supported in a good dispersion state, and a method for producing a catalyst electrode for a fuel cell using the same. Is achieved.
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Inert Electrodes (AREA)
- Fuel Cell (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU2003266573A AU2003266573A1 (en) | 2002-09-24 | 2003-09-22 | Catalytic electrode for fuel cell, fuel cell, catalyst bearing particle for fuel cell and process for producing the catalytic electrode for fuel cell |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP2002277063A JP3826867B2 (ja) | 2002-09-24 | 2002-09-24 | 燃料電池用触媒担持粒子および燃料電池用触媒電極の製造方法 |
JP2002-277063 | 2002-09-24 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO2004030128A1 true WO2004030128A1 (ja) | 2004-04-08 |
Family
ID=32040397
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/JP2003/012108 WO2004030128A1 (ja) | 2002-09-24 | 2003-09-22 | 燃料電池用触媒電極、燃料電池、および燃料電池用触媒担持粒子、燃料電池用触媒電極の製造方法 |
Country Status (4)
Country | Link |
---|---|
JP (1) | JP3826867B2 (ja) |
AU (1) | AU2003266573A1 (ja) |
TW (1) | TW200415823A (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2004030128A1 (ja) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2007102564A1 (en) * | 2006-03-06 | 2007-09-13 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Solid polymer fuel cell and method for producing mea used for solid polymer fuel cell |
Families Citing this family (11)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US9346673B2 (en) | 2004-06-23 | 2016-05-24 | Samsung Sdi Co., Ltd. | Electrode for fuel cell, membrane-electrode assembly for fuel cell comprising the same, fuel cell system comprising the same, and method for preparing the electrode |
JP4674452B2 (ja) * | 2004-08-26 | 2011-04-20 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | チューブ型燃料電池用膜電極複合体 |
KR100578981B1 (ko) | 2004-09-08 | 2006-05-12 | 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 | 연료전지용 전극, 이를 포함하는 연료전지 시스템 |
KR100658675B1 (ko) | 2004-11-26 | 2006-12-15 | 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 | 연료전지용 전극, 이를 포함하는 연료전지 및 연료전지용전극의 제조방법 |
JP2006179412A (ja) * | 2004-12-24 | 2006-07-06 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | 燃料電池用電極触媒層、およびこれを用いた燃料電池 |
KR100684797B1 (ko) | 2005-07-29 | 2007-02-20 | 삼성에스디아이 주식회사 | 연료 전지용 전극, 이를 포함하는 막-전극 어셈블리 및이를 포함하는 연료 전지 시스템 |
JP5386986B2 (ja) * | 2007-01-25 | 2014-01-15 | 日本電気株式会社 | 触媒担持カーボンナノホーン複合体およびその製造方法 |
JP5287256B2 (ja) * | 2007-01-31 | 2013-09-11 | 日本電気株式会社 | ナノカーボン集合体、及び、その製造方法 |
JP5417771B2 (ja) * | 2008-08-27 | 2014-02-19 | 日本電気株式会社 | 触媒ペーストの製造方法 |
JP5470509B2 (ja) * | 2008-11-27 | 2014-04-16 | 独立行政法人産業技術総合研究所 | 電極用白金クラスター及びその製造方法 |
JP5229297B2 (ja) * | 2010-10-20 | 2013-07-03 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 燃料電池の製造方法 |
Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS5696458A (en) * | 1979-09-27 | 1981-08-04 | Prototech Co | Electric catalyst gas diffusing electrode with thin carbon cloth as support* method therefor and electrochemical battery including same electrode |
JPH04132168A (ja) * | 1990-09-21 | 1992-05-06 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 液体燃料電池 |
JPH06163056A (ja) * | 1992-11-19 | 1994-06-10 | Asahi Chem Ind Co Ltd | 高分子電解質型燃料電池 |
JP2001519594A (ja) * | 1997-10-10 | 2001-10-23 | ミネソタ マイニング アンド マニュファクチャリング カンパニー | 膜電極組体のための触媒及び作製方法 |
JP2002083604A (ja) * | 2000-06-30 | 2002-03-22 | Toshiba Corp | 触媒担持カーボンナノファイバーの製造方法、燃料電池電極用スラリー組成物、および燃料電池 |
JP2002159851A (ja) * | 2000-11-24 | 2002-06-04 | Japan Science & Technology Corp | 単層カーボンナノホーンからなる吸着材、触媒および触媒担体 |
Family Cites Families (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JP3453377B2 (ja) * | 2002-01-08 | 2003-10-06 | 科学技術振興事業団 | カーボンナノチューブ・カーボンナノホーン複合体とその製造方法 |
-
2002
- 2002-09-24 JP JP2002277063A patent/JP3826867B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2003
- 2003-09-22 AU AU2003266573A patent/AU2003266573A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-09-22 WO PCT/JP2003/012108 patent/WO2004030128A1/ja not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2003-09-24 TW TW092126341A patent/TW200415823A/zh unknown
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS5696458A (en) * | 1979-09-27 | 1981-08-04 | Prototech Co | Electric catalyst gas diffusing electrode with thin carbon cloth as support* method therefor and electrochemical battery including same electrode |
JPH04132168A (ja) * | 1990-09-21 | 1992-05-06 | Matsushita Electric Ind Co Ltd | 液体燃料電池 |
JPH06163056A (ja) * | 1992-11-19 | 1994-06-10 | Asahi Chem Ind Co Ltd | 高分子電解質型燃料電池 |
JP2001519594A (ja) * | 1997-10-10 | 2001-10-23 | ミネソタ マイニング アンド マニュファクチャリング カンパニー | 膜電極組体のための触媒及び作製方法 |
JP2002083604A (ja) * | 2000-06-30 | 2002-03-22 | Toshiba Corp | 触媒担持カーボンナノファイバーの製造方法、燃料電池電極用スラリー組成物、および燃料電池 |
JP2002159851A (ja) * | 2000-11-24 | 2002-06-04 | Japan Science & Technology Corp | 単層カーボンナノホーンからなる吸着材、触媒および触媒担体 |
Non-Patent Citations (3)
Title |
---|
SUMIO IIJIMA: "Carbon Nanotube no Kagaku to Oyo", JAPANESE SCIENTIFIC MONTHLY, vol. 55, no. 8, 15 August 2002 (2002-08-15), pages 733 - 737, XP002976591 * |
YOSHIMI KUBO: "Carbon Nanohorn o Mochiita Keitai Nenryo Denchi no Kaihatsu", MATERIALS INTEGRATION, vol. 15, no. 6, June 2002 (2002-06-01), pages 9 - 13, XP002976592 * |
YOSHIMI KUBO: "Denkyoku ni Carbon Nanohorn o Saiyo shita Micro FC", BATTERY GIJUTSU SYMPOSIUM, vol. 10TH, 17 April 2002 (2002-04-17), pages E5.3.1 - E5.3.6, XP002976593 * |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
WO2007102564A1 (en) * | 2006-03-06 | 2007-09-13 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Solid polymer fuel cell and method for producing mea used for solid polymer fuel cell |
US8124297B2 (en) | 2006-03-06 | 2012-02-28 | Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha | Solid polymer fuel cell and method for producing MEA used for solid polymer fuel cell |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
TW200415823A (en) | 2004-08-16 |
AU2003266573A1 (en) | 2004-04-19 |
JP2004152489A (ja) | 2004-05-27 |
JP3826867B2 (ja) | 2006-09-27 |
Similar Documents
Publication | Publication Date | Title |
---|---|---|
US8247136B2 (en) | Carbon based electrocatalysts for fuel cells | |
CN110870118B (zh) | 膜电极组件、其制造方法及包括其的燃料电池 | |
JP3587199B2 (ja) | 燃料電池用触媒担持粒子およびそれを用いた複合電解質、触媒電極、燃料電池、ならびにそれらの製造方法 | |
US20080020924A1 (en) | Method of fabricating platinum alloy electrocatalysts for membrane fuel cell applications | |
US20070161501A1 (en) | Method for making carbon nanotube-supported platinum alloy electrocatalysts | |
CN111527633A (zh) | 催化剂、其制备方法、包含所述催化剂的电极、膜-电极组件和燃料电池 | |
KR20200042903A (ko) | 촉매 조성물, 촉매 조성물을 제조하기 위한 방법, 연료 전지 전극을 제조하기 위한 촉매 조성물의 용도, 그리고 이와 같은 촉매 조성물을 갖는 연료 전지 | |
WO2004030128A1 (ja) | 燃料電池用触媒電極、燃料電池、および燃料電池用触媒担持粒子、燃料電池用触媒電極の製造方法 | |
US20100183945A1 (en) | Electrode catalyst for fuel cell, process for producing the same and solid polymer fuel cell comprising the same | |
JP2003317735A (ja) | 固体高分子電解質型燃料電池、燃料電池用固体高分子電解質膜および燃料電池の製造方法 | |
US20100015475A1 (en) | Solid polymer fuel cell and method for activating same | |
JP5151146B2 (ja) | 固体高分子型燃料電池及びそれに用いる固体高分子型燃料電池用meaの製造方法 | |
JP3780971B2 (ja) | 固体電解質型燃料電池、固体電解質型燃料電池用触媒電極、固体電解質型燃料電池用固体電解質膜、およびそれらの製造方法 | |
KR102455396B1 (ko) | 연료전지 전극 촉매층 형성용 촉매 잉크 및 이의 제조 방법 | |
KR100585551B1 (ko) | 연료전지용 전극의 제조방법 | |
JP3608564B2 (ja) | 燃料電池およびその製造方法 | |
JP3599044B2 (ja) | 燃料電池用触媒電極およびそれを用いた燃料電池、およびそれらの製造方法 | |
JP5417771B2 (ja) | 触媒ペーストの製造方法 | |
EP4235876A1 (en) | Catalyst layer for fuel cell, manufacturing method therefor, and membrane-electrode assembly and fuel cell which comprise same | |
JP2003323896A (ja) | 固体電解質型燃料電池 | |
CN114583192A (zh) | 形成电极的组合物、电极、制造电极的方法、膜-电极组件和燃料电池 |
Legal Events
Date | Code | Title | Description |
---|---|---|---|
AK | Designated states |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): AE AG AL AM AT AU AZ BA BB BG BR BY BZ CA CH CN CO CR CU CZ DE DK DM DZ EC EE EG ES FI GB GD GE GH GM HR HU ID IL IN IS JP KE KG KP KR KZ LC LK LR LS LT LU LV MA MD MG MK MN MW MX MZ NI NO NZ OM PG PH PL PT RO RU SC SD SE SG SK SL SY TJ TM TN TR TT TZ UA UG US UZ VC VN YU ZA ZM ZW |
|
AL | Designated countries for regional patents |
Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): GH GM KE LS MW MZ SD SL SZ TZ UG ZM ZW AM AZ BY KG KZ MD RU TJ TM AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HU IE IT LU MC NL PT RO SE SI SK TR BF BJ CF CG CI CM GA GN GQ GW ML MR NE SN TD TG |
|
DFPE | Request for preliminary examination filed prior to expiration of 19th month from priority date (pct application filed before 20040101) | ||
121 | Ep: the epo has been informed by wipo that ep was designated in this application | ||
122 | Ep: pct application non-entry in european phase | ||
NENP | Non-entry into the national phase |
Ref country code: JP |
|
WWW | Wipo information: withdrawn in national office |
Country of ref document: JP |