WO2004027493A1 - 回折格子を用いた分光装置 - Google Patents
回折格子を用いた分光装置 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2004027493A1 WO2004027493A1 PCT/JP2003/012048 JP0312048W WO2004027493A1 WO 2004027493 A1 WO2004027493 A1 WO 2004027493A1 JP 0312048 W JP0312048 W JP 0312048W WO 2004027493 A1 WO2004027493 A1 WO 2004027493A1
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- diffraction grating
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
- G01J3/12—Generating the spectrum; Monochromators
- G01J3/18—Generating the spectrum; Monochromators using diffraction elements, e.g. grating
- G01J3/1804—Plane gratings
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
- G01J3/12—Generating the spectrum; Monochromators
- G01J3/18—Generating the spectrum; Monochromators using diffraction elements, e.g. grating
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
- G02B5/18—Diffraction gratings
- G02B5/1866—Transmission gratings characterised by their structure, e.g. step profile, contours of substrate or grooves, pitch variations, materials
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G02—OPTICS
- G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
- G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
- G02B6/24—Coupling light guides
- G02B6/26—Optical coupling means
- G02B6/28—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals
- G02B6/293—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means
- G02B6/29304—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means operating by diffraction, e.g. grating
- G02B6/29305—Optical coupling means having data bus means, i.e. plural waveguides interconnected and providing an inherently bidirectional system by mixing and splitting signals with wavelength selective means operating by diffraction, e.g. grating as bulk element, i.e. free space arrangement external to a light guide
- G02B6/29311—Diffractive element operating in transmission
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
- G01J3/02—Details
- G01J3/0205—Optical elements not provided otherwise, e.g. optical manifolds, diffusers, windows
- G01J3/0208—Optical elements not provided otherwise, e.g. optical manifolds, diffusers, windows using focussing or collimating elements, e.g. lenses or mirrors; performing aberration correction
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
- G01J3/02—Details
- G01J3/0205—Optical elements not provided otherwise, e.g. optical manifolds, diffusers, windows
- G01J3/0218—Optical elements not provided otherwise, e.g. optical manifolds, diffusers, windows using optical fibers
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
- G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
- G01J3/12—Generating the spectrum; Monochromators
- G01J3/18—Generating the spectrum; Monochromators using diffraction elements, e.g. grating
- G01J3/24—Generating the spectrum; Monochromators using diffraction elements, e.g. grating using gratings profiled to favour a specific order
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a spectroscopic device using a diffraction grating that separates light having different wavelengths.
- wavelength division multiplexing In recent years, with the rapid spread of the Internet, there has been a strong demand for an increase in the information transmission capacity of an optical fiber communication network, and the development of a wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) system has been rapidly progressing as a means for this.
- WDM wavelength division multiplexing
- optical functional elements such as optical demultiplexers, filters, and isolators with good wavelength selectivity. . In these functional elements, mass productivity, miniaturization, integration, stability, and the like are strongly demanded.
- a spectrometer is used for demultiplexing and detecting an optical signal in which a plurality of wavelengths are artificially multiplexed, such as wavelength division multiplexed optical communication.
- the spectrometer is also used for spectrum analysis of the light to be measured, such as spectroscopy.
- a spectroscope is also used in an optical disk system using a light source of a plurality of wavelengths. This spectroscopic device requires a spectroscopic element such as a prism, a wavelength filter, or a diffraction grating.
- a diffraction grating is a typical spectral element.
- the diffraction grating is manufactured by, for example, forming a periodic blazed fine uneven structure on the surface of a quartz or silicon substrate. The diffracted lights generated by the periodic concavo-convex structure interfere with each other, and light of a specific wavelength is emitted in a specific direction.
- the wavelength resolving power of a diffraction grating is proportional to the product of the order of the diffracted light and the number of gratings. What is effective in an actual spectroscopic element is the number of periods of the diffraction grating in a range through which a light beam passes. That is, in order to improve the resolution of the diffraction grating, it is necessary to increase the diameter of the light beam. In order to increase the diameter of the light beam, the components required for the optical system must be increased accordingly.
- FIG. 13A is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration of a transmission type diffraction grating 103 a having a blazed grating
- FIG. 13B is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration of a reflection type diffraction grating 103 b having a blazed grating. is there. As shown in FIG.
- the transmission diffraction grating 103a is formed by a plurality of grooves 107a when light 107a of a plurality of wavelengths is incident from a surface opposite to the surface on which the grooves 104a are formed.
- a plurality of diffracted lights 108 a and 109 a separated by different emission directions are emitted from the surface on which is formed.
- the reflection type diffraction grating 103 b reflects light 107 b of a plurality of wavelengths from the surface on which the groove 104 b is formed, and reflects the light.
- a plurality of diffracted light beams 108 b and 109 b separated by different reflection directions from the surface on which 4 b is formed are emitted.
- Reflective diffraction grating 1 Since the diffraction grating 103b has higher diffraction efficiency than the transmission diffraction grating 103a, the reflection diffraction grating 103b is usually used. However, the surface of the reflective diffraction grating 103b needs to be processed into a reflective surface.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above problems, and has as its object to provide a spectroscopic device that has high wavelength resolution and can be reduced in size.
- the present invention provides an incident-side optical waveguide that emits a light beam that includes a plurality of wavelength components and is approximated by a Gaussian beam, and is provided on the exit side of the incident-side optical waveguide, and is emitted from the incident-side optical waveguide.
- a light incident portion having a collimating lens that converts a light beam approximated by a Gaussian beam into a substantially parallel light beam, and a light beam that is converted into a substantially parallel light beam by the collimating lens is received, and the emission direction differs for each wavelength.
- a diffraction grating having a groove on a surface thereof for emitting the light beam to split the light beam, and a light emitting portion having a plurality of light collecting lenses for focusing each of the light beams separated by the diffraction grating.
- the effective diameter of the collimating lens and the condenser lens is d
- the focal length of the collimating lens and the condenser lens is f
- the physical outer diameter of the collimating lens and the condenser lens is D.
- the distance between the diffraction grating and each of the condenser lenses is L
- the incident angle of the light beam with respect to the diffraction grating when the light beam is incident on the diffraction grating is ⁇
- the numerical aperture of the incident side optical waveguide Is NA is perpendicular to the groove.
- ⁇ 0 ( ⁇ ! + ⁇ 2 ) ⁇ 2.
- a spectroscopic device using another diffraction grating of the present invention converts a surface light source having uniform light intensity and a light beam having a plurality of wavelength components emitted from the surface light source into a substantially parallel light beam.
- a light incident portion having a collimating lens; and a light beam that has been converted into a substantially parallel light beam by the collimating lens is incident thereon, and the light beam is separated by emitting light beams having different emission directions for each wavelength.
- the light-emitting device includes a diffraction grating having a groove, and a light-emitting portion having a plurality of light-collecting lenses for condensing each light beam split by the diffraction grating.
- the effective diameter of the collimating lens and the condenser lens is d
- the focal length of the collimating lens and the condenser lens is f
- the physical outer diameter of the collimating lens and the condenser lens is d
- the distance between the diffraction grating and each of the condenser lenses is L
- the incident angle of the light beam with respect to the diffraction grating when the light beam is incident on the diffraction grating is ⁇
- the radius of the light source and, to the numerical aperture of the surface light source and NA the length of the diffraction grating along a direction perpendicular to to said grooves and g v, along a direction parallel to the groove
- the length of the diffraction grating is g P
- the wavelengths of adjacent incident light to be separated are ⁇ and ⁇ 2
- the wavelength ⁇ and the light of the wavelength ⁇ 2 are When the angle difference between
- another spectroscopic device using the diffraction grating of the present invention includes: an incident side optical waveguide that emits a light flux that includes a plurality of wavelength components and is approximated by a Gaussian beam; and an output side of the incident side optical waveguide.
- a collimating lens that converts a light beam approximated by the Gaussian beam emitted from the incident-side optical waveguide into a substantially parallel light beam; and converts the light beam into a substantially parallel light beam by the collimating lens.
- a light condensing lens and a light emitting portion having a plurality of light emitting side optical waveguides through which the respective light beams condensed by the light condensing lens propagate. Further, the effective diameter of the collimating lens and the condenser lens is d, the focal length of the collimating lens and the condenser lens is f, and the diffraction grating when the light flux enters the diffraction grating.
- the incident angle of the light beam with respect to is ⁇
- the numerical aperture of the incident side optical waveguide is NA
- a spectroscopic device using another diffraction grating of the present invention converts a surface light source having a uniform light intensity and a light beam having a plurality of wavelength components emitted from the surface light source into a substantially parallel light beam.
- a light incident portion having a collimating lens; and a light beam that has been converted into a substantially parallel light beam by the collimating lens is incident thereon, and the light beam is separated by emitting light beams having different emission directions for each wavelength.
- a diffraction grating having a groove; a single condenser lens for condensing each light flux split by the diffraction grating; and a plurality of emission-side light guides through which each light flux condensed by the condenser lens propagates.
- a light emitting section having a wave path.
- the effective diameter of the collimator lens and the condenser lens is d
- the focal length of the collimator lens and the condenser lens is f
- the light flux with respect to the diffraction grating when the light flux enters the diffraction grating is d
- the radius of the surface light source is The numerical aperture and NA, an interval between the emission-side optical waveguide adjacent to the s, the length of the diffraction grating and g v along a direction perpendicular to the grooves, parallel to the front Kimizo
- the length of the diffraction grating along the direction is gp
- the wavelengths of adjacent incident light to be separated out of the light beams incident on the diffraction grating are ⁇ i and ⁇ 2
- the wavelength ⁇ and the wavelength ⁇ When the angle difference between the diffraction angles of the two lights by the diffraction grating is defined as ⁇ (radian), the following formula is satisfied.
- another spectroscopic device using the diffraction grating of the present invention includes: an incident side optical waveguide that emits a light flux that includes a plurality of wavelength components and is approximated by a Gaussian beam; and an output side of the incident side optical waveguide.
- a diffraction grating having a groove on the surface, and each light beam separated by the diffraction grating is collected.
- a light exit portion having a plurality of condenser lenses and an exit side optical waveguide on which light emitted from the condenser lens is incident, wherein the effective diameter of the collimating lens is d and The effective diameter of the lens is d ', the focal length of the collimating lens is f and the focal length of the focusing lens is f', the physical outer diameter of the collimating lens is D, and the physical diameter of the focusing lens is D.
- the outer diameter is D '
- the distance between the diffraction grating and each of the condenser lenses is L
- the light flux is
- NA the incident angle of the light beam with respect to the diffraction grating at the time of incidence on the diffraction grating
- NA the numerical aperture of the incident-side optical waveguide
- NA ′ the numerical aperture of the emission-side waveguide
- the wavelengths of adjacent incident light to be set are ⁇ i and ⁇ 2 , the average wavelength of the adjacent incident light of each of the wavelengths ⁇ and ⁇ 2 is ⁇ Q, and the light of the wavelength ⁇ i and the wavelength ⁇ 2
- ⁇ the angle difference between the diffraction angles by the diffraction grating
- a spectroscopic device using another diffraction grating of the present invention converts a surface light source having uniform light intensity and a light beam having a plurality of wavelength components emitted from the surface light source into a substantially parallel light beam.
- a light incident portion having a collimating lens; and a light beam that has been converted into a substantially parallel light beam by the collimating lens is incident thereon, and the light beam is separated by emitting light beams having different emission directions for each wavelength.
- a diffraction grating having a groove, a plurality of condenser lenses for condensing each of the light beams split by the diffraction grating, respectively, and an exit-side optical waveguide through which light emitted from the condenser lens enters.
- a light emitting portion wherein the effective diameter of the collimator lens is d and the effective diameter of the condenser lens is d ′,
- the focal length of the mate lens is f
- the focal length of the condenser lens is f '
- the physical outer diameter of the collimating lens is D
- the physical outer diameter of the condenser lens is D'
- the diffraction is
- the distance between a grating and each of the condenser lenses is L
- the incident angle of the light beam with respect to the diffraction grating when the light beam enters the diffraction grating is ⁇
- the radius of the surface light source is open talkative was NA and a numerical aperture of the emission-side waveguide and NA '
- the spectroscopic device using another diffraction grating of the present invention provides a light flux including a plurality of wavelength components and approximated by a Gaussian beam.
- An incident-side optical waveguide that emits light; and a collimating lens that is provided on the exit side of the incident-side optical waveguide and that converts a light beam approximated by the Gaussian beam emitted from the incident-side optical waveguide into a substantially parallel light beam.
- a light beam that has been converted into a substantially parallel light beam by the collimating lens is incident thereon, and emits a light beam having a different emission direction for each wavelength to disperse the light beam.
- an effective diameter of the collimating lens is d and an effective diameter of the condensing lens is d ′, and the focal length of the collimating lens is f and the focal length of the condensing lens is f.
- the incident angle of the light beam with respect to the diffraction grating when the light beam enters the diffraction grating is ⁇
- the numerical aperture of the incident side optical waveguide is NA
- the numerical aperture of the emission side waveguide is was a NA '
- the distance between the emission-side optical waveguides adjacent to the s and g v the length of the diffraction grating element in the direction perpendicular to the grooves, parallel to the groove the length of the diffraction grating along the direction and g P
- the wavelengths of adjacent incident light to be separated are ⁇ and ⁇ 2
- the average wavelength of the adjacent incident light at the wavelengths ⁇ and ⁇ 2 is ⁇ .
- a spectroscopic device using another diffraction grating of the present invention converts a surface light source having a uniform light intensity and a light beam having a plurality of wavelength components emitted from the surface light source into a substantially parallel light beam.
- a light incident portion having a collimating lens;
- a light beam converted into a substantially parallel light beam by a re-measurement lens is incident, and the light beam is emitted by emitting a light beam having a different emission direction for each wavelength to separate the light beam.
- the effective diameter of the collimating lens is d and the effective diameter of the condensing lens is d ', the focal length of the collimating lens is f and the focal length of the condensing lens is f', and the light flux is the diffraction grating.
- the incident angle of the light beam with respect to the diffraction grating when entering the diffraction grating is ⁇
- the radius of the surface light source is
- the numerical aperture of the surface light source NA
- the numerical aperture of the emission-side waveguide is N ⁇ ′.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration of a spectroscopic device using a diffraction grating according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 shows that ⁇ 36. It is a schematic diagram which shows the relationship of the light beam in the case of.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration of a spectroscopic device using a diffraction grating according to Embodiment 2 of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration of a spectroscopic device using a diffraction grating according to Embodiment 3 of the present invention.
- FIG. 6A is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration of a diffraction grating having a rectangular cross-sectional shape.
- FIG. 6B is an enlarged view of the diffraction grating of FIG. 6A.
- Fig. 7 is a graph showing the calculation results of the diffraction efficiency with respect to the wavelength of the incident light beam.
- FIG. 8 is a graph showing the calculation result of PDL with respect to the wavelength of the incident light beam.
- FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view illustrating a configuration of a diffraction grating having a two-dimensional photonic crystal structure.
- FIG. 1OA is a process chart showing a method of forming a deep groove grating of a diffraction grating.
- FIG. 10B is a process chart showing a method of forming a deep groove grating of a diffraction grating.
- FIG. 10C is a process chart showing a method of forming a deep groove grating of a diffraction grating.
- FIG. 10D is a process chart showing a method of forming a deep groove grating of a diffraction grating.
- FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram illustrating a configuration of a spectroscopic device using the diffraction grating of the first embodiment.
- FIG. 12 shows a diffraction grating photographed by SEM.
- FIG. 13A is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration of a conventional transmission type diffraction grating having a blazed grating.
- FIG. 13B is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration of a conventional reflection type diffraction grating having a blazed grating.
- the spectroscopic device using the diffraction grating according to the present embodiment is configured such that a light beam that can be regarded as a Gaussian beam, such as light emitted from a single mode optical fiber, is incident on the diffraction grating, and the light beams separated by the diffraction grating are separately collected.
- a spectroscope configured to collect light with a lens.When the adjacent wavelengths to be separated and the resolution power of the diffraction grating are determined, the wavelength separation with less polarization dependence is possible with high efficiency, and the size is reduced. Is possible.
- the spectroscope using another diffraction grating of the present embodiment is configured such that a light beam emitted from a light source, such as a multimode optical fiber end face, which can be regarded as a set of point light sources, is incident on the diffraction grating, and is separated by the diffraction grating.
- a light source such as a multimode optical fiber end face, which can be regarded as a set of point light sources
- a spectroscope configured to condense the separated light beams with separate condensing lenses, and when the adjacent wavelength to be separated and the resolution power of the diffraction grating are determined, the wavelength is highly efficient and less dependent on polarization. Separation is possible and miniaturization is possible.
- a beam that can be regarded as a Gaussian beam such as light emitted from a single mode optical fiber, is incident on the diffraction grating, and the beam split by the diffraction grating is shared.
- the spectroscope using another diffraction grating of the present embodiment is configured such that a light beam emitted from a light source, such as a multimode optical fiber end face, which can be regarded as a set of point light sources, is incident on the diffraction grating, and is separated by the diffraction grating.
- the spectrometer is configured to condense the luminous flux with a common condensing lens.
- the collimating lens and the condensing lens are different, and can be regarded as a Gaussian beam such as light emitted from a single-mode optical fiber.
- the spectroscope is configured so that the light beam is incident on the diffraction grating and the light beams separated by the diffraction grating are condensed by separate condenser lenses.
- the adjacent wavelengths to be separated and the resolution power of the diffraction grating are determined. In this case, it is possible to achieve wavelength separation with high efficiency and little polarization dependence, and also possible to reduce the size.
- the collimating lens and the condensing lens are different from each other.
- the spectroscope is configured to make the outgoing light beam incident on the diffraction grating and to condense the light beams separated by the diffraction grating with separate focusing lenses.
- the adjacent wavelengths to be separated and the resolving power of the diffraction grating When is determined, wavelength separation with high efficiency and little polarization dependence is possible, and miniaturization is possible.
- the collimating lens and the condensing lens are different from each other, and the light flux which can be regarded as a Gaussian beam such as the light emitted from a single mode optical fiber is used.
- the light flux which can be regarded as a Gaussian beam such as the light emitted from a single mode optical fiber is used.
- the light beam split by the diffraction grating is condensed by a common condenser lens.
- the adjacent wavelengths to be separated and the resolution power of the diffraction grating are determined.
- wavelength separation with high polarization efficiency and little polarization dependence is possible, and miniaturization is possible.
- the collimating lens and the condensing lens are different from each other.
- a surface of the diffraction grating on which a light beam is incident has a substantially rectangular shape or a substantially elliptical shape.
- the ratio of the effective area of the diffraction grating increases.
- the area of the diffraction grating where light does not enter can be reduced. Therefore, a diffraction grating can be manufactured at low cost.
- the collimating lens and the condenser lens are rod lenses having a refractive index distribution along a radial direction.
- the rod lens has good conformity with the optical fiber in shape, the alignment of the rod lens and the optical fiber can be facilitated when the rod lens is coupled to the optical fiber.
- the diffraction grating is a substrate having on its surface concave and convex grooves parallel to each other, and the vertical cross-sectional shape of the grooves is substantially rectangular.
- the groove can be manufactured with high accuracy, and the diffraction grating can obtain high diffraction efficiency.
- the diffraction grating is a two-dimensional photonic crystal having mutually parallel concave and convex grooves on the surface, and the vertical cross-sectional shape of the groove is a substantially rectangular shape.
- the diffraction grating can obtain high diffraction efficiency.
- FIG. 1 shows a spectroscopic device 100 according to Embodiment 1 of the present invention. It is the schematic diagram which showed the structure.
- the spectroscopic device 100 according to the first embodiment includes a light incident unit 10, a diffraction grating 20, and a light emitting unit 30.
- the light incident part 10 includes an optical fiber 11 that is an incident side optical waveguide, and a collimating lens 12 that converts a light beam into a substantially parallel light beam.
- the optical fiber 11 is a single mode fiber (including a polarization maintaining fiber) and has a numerical aperture of NA.
- the optical fiber 11 propagates a light beam that includes a plurality of wavelength components and is approximated by a Gaussian beam.
- NA is defined by the far field divergence angle at which the magnitude of the Gaussian beam is 1 Z e 2 of the center.
- the collimating lens 12 is installed on the exit end face of the optical fiber 11
- the light beam propagating through the optical fiber 11 is emitted from the optical fiber 11 and enters the collimating lens 12 to be substantially parallel It is converted into a luminous flux.
- the light beam emitted from the end face of the optical fiber 11 can be regarded as a Gaussian beam, has a large divergence angle, and includes a plurality of wavelength components.
- the collimated lens 12 converts this light beam into a light beam 4 that is a Gaussian beam with a small divergence angle and a large light beam.
- the diffraction grating 20 desirably has a substantially rectangular or elliptical shape on the surface on which the light beam 4 is incident. Grooves 21 are formed on the surface of the diffraction grating 20 so that the incident light beam can be converted into light beams having different wavelengths.
- the light is split by changing the emission direction every time.
- the light beam 4 which is a Gaussian beam emitted from the collimating lens 12 is incident on the diffraction grating 20 and is split into light beams 5 and 6 having different directions for each wavelength component.
- the shape of the diffraction grating 20 is desirably substantially rectangular or substantially elliptical.
- the light beam 4 is a circular beam
- the light beam 4 is incident perpendicularly to the diffraction grating 20
- the light beam 4 is circular at the incident surface of the diffraction grating 20.
- the light beam 4 enters the diffraction grating 20 at a position other than perpendicular to it.
- the light beam 4 has an elliptical shape on the incident surface of the diffraction grating 20.
- the diffraction grating 20 when the shape of the diffraction grating 20 is substantially elliptical, there is no useless portion where the light beam 4 does not enter, and the diffraction grating 20 can be manufactured at low cost. It should be noted that even if the surface of the diffraction grating 20 on which the light beam 4 is incident is substantially rectangular, the diffraction grating 20 can be manufactured at low cost because it has few unnecessary parts.
- the light emitting section 30 includes condenser lenses 31a and 31b and emission-side optical fibers 32a and 32b.
- the condensing lenses 3 la and 3 lb, and the outgoing optical fibers 32 a and 32 b are provided by the number of light beams split by the diffraction grating 20.
- the condenser lenses 31a and 31b are provided.
- the light beams 5 and 6 are condensed by the condenser lenses 31a and 31b, respectively, and coupled to the outgoing optical fibers 32a and 32b, respectively. Let the wavelength of light beam 5 be ⁇ and the wavelength of light beam 6 be ⁇ 2 .
- the light beam 4 incident on the diffraction grating 20 is light obtained by mixing the light beam 5 and the light beam 6.
- the wavelengths of the adjacent incident lights are ⁇ and ⁇ 2 , and the average wavelength ⁇ of these adjacent incident lights. Is
- ⁇ 0 ( ⁇ ⁇ + ⁇ 2 ) / 2
- the difference between the respective diffraction angles of the light beam 5 and the light beam 6 diffracted and split by the diffraction grating 20 is defined as ⁇ (the unit is radian).
- the collimating lens 12 and the condensing lenses 31a and 31b are gradient index rod lenses having the same focal length and size.
- the effective diameter is d and the physical outer diameter is D. I do.
- L be the distance between the diffraction grating 20 and the focusing lenses 31a and 31b.
- Beam waist radius is w. It is. Since the luminous flux of the luminous flux 4 is a Gaussian beam, its radius changes strictly according to the position. But the beam-est radius w. Is sufficiently large, collimating one Trends first light flux from 2 to condenser lens 3 1 a and 3 1 b 4, 5 and 6 radius (radius light intensity of the Gaussian beam is 1 / e 2 of the optical axis position) Can be regarded as a constant value equal to the beam waist radius w 0 .
- Beam waist radius is w.
- the divergence angle of the luminous flux 4 in the far field. Is represented by the following equation.
- FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram showing the relationship between luminous fluxes 5 and 6 when.
- FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram showing the relationship between luminous fluxes 5 and 6 when.
- the spread angle is 6>.
- the light beam 5 and the light beam 6 have an angle difference of ⁇ . 0 as can be seen from the Gaussian distributions 5a and 6a of the light flux 5 and the light flux 6, respectively. Is the maximum power of each luminous flux 5 and 6. This is the angle between the point of 13.5% and the central axis of each light flux 5 and 6. ⁇ 30.
- Figure 2 As can be seen, the luminous flux 5 and the luminous flux 6 are clearly separated because the Gaussian distributions 5a and 6a do not overlap.
- the effective diameter d of the collimating lens 12 and the condensing lenses 31a and 31b is 3w. It is necessary.
- the light beam 4 is perpendicularly incident on the diffraction grating 20
- the light beam 4 is circular on the incident surface of the diffraction grating 20 as described above. Therefore, in order for all the light beams 4 to be incident on the diffraction grating 20, the length of the diffraction grating 20 along the direction parallel to the groove 21 (the direction perpendicular to the plane of FIG. 1) is required.
- G is the smaller value of the lengths g P and g v of the diffraction grating 20. And That is, the length g P of the diffraction grating 20 along the direction parallel to the groove 21 and the length g v of the diffraction grating 20 along the direction perpendicular to the groove 21 are G. That is all.
- the effective diameter d and the length g P and g v of the diffraction grating 20 are 3 W.
- the actual spread of the Gaussian beam is the beam waist radius w. Because it is more widespread. That is, in order to use the energy of the of the light-beam 4 É1 ⁇ 2 base, as described above an effective diameter d and length g P and g v of the diffraction grating 2 0 3 W. It is necessary to be above. Therefore, from equation (3),
- the luminous flux 4 which is the Gaussian beam emitted from the optical fiber 11 is In order to capture light with a small loss, the effective diameter d of the collimating lens
- the radius of the collimating lens 12 is fNA, that is, if the diameter of the collimating lens 12 is 2 fNA, the light outside the light beam 4 cannot be taken in, resulting in loss. .
- the length g P of the diffraction grating 20 along the direction parallel to the groove 21 (the direction perpendicular to the plane of FIG. 1) is G. , So '
- the distance between the light beams 5 and 6 must be equal to the distance between the condenser lenses 31a and 31b.
- the distance between the luminous fluxes 5 and 6 is set to
- L which is the distance between 31a and 31b, and since this is the physical outer diameter D or more
- the single mode optical fiber 11 is used for the light incident portion 10, that is, the light beam 4 as the incident light beam can be regarded as a Gaussian beam, and the average wavelength ⁇ .
- the minimum size of each member of the spectroscopic device 100 and the entire size when the angle difference between the diffraction angle and the diffraction angle are determined can be obtained. These are shown below.
- the length g v of the diffraction grating 20 along the direction perpendicular to the groove 21 is a Zc os ci).
- the length g P of the diffraction grating 20 along the direction perpendicular to the groove 21 is a.
- the distance between the collimating lens 12 and the diffraction grating 20 is not limited. Therefore, the shorter the better.
- the minimum value of the physical outer diameter D of the collimating lens 12 and the condenser lenses 31a and 31b is the effective value of the collimating lens 12 and the condenser lenses 31a and 31b. What is necessary is just to make it equal to the diameter d.
- the above description is about the conditions for minimizing the spectroscopic device 100 when the collimating lens 12 and the condenser lenses 31a and 31b have the same focal length and size.
- the collimator lens 12 and the condenser lenses 31a and 31b Must be different.
- the conditions for minimizing the spectrometer 100 when the collimating lens 12 is different from the converging lenses 31a and 31b will be described below with reference to FIG.
- the numerical aperture of the optical fiber 11 is NA as in the case described above, and the numerical aperture of the output side optical fibers 32a and 32b is NA '.
- the collimating lens 12 is the same as described above, and the effective diameter of the collimating lens 12 is d, the focal length is f, and the physical outer diameter is D.
- the condenser lenses 3 la and 3 1 b are different from those described above, and the effective diameters of the condenser lenses 3 1 a and 31 b are d ′, the focal length is f ′, and the physical outer diameter is D ′. I do.
- the conditions for minimizing the dividing apparatus 100 at this time are shown below.
- the minimum value of the effective diameter d of the collimating lens 12 is 9 ⁇ . / ( ⁇ Y) or 3 f ⁇ NA, whichever is greater.
- the minimum value of the size of the diffraction grating 20 (having a substantially rectangular shape or a substantially elliptical shape) is as follows, as described above.
- the length g v of the diffraction grating 20 along the direction perpendicular to the groove 21 is a / cos *.
- the length g P of the diffraction grating 20 along the direction perpendicular to the groove 21 is a.
- the distance between the collimating lens 12 and the diffraction grating 20 is not limited. Therefore, the shorter the better.
- the minimum value of the physical outer diameter D of the collimating lens 12 is equal to the effective diameter d of the collimating lens 12.
- the physical outer diameter D 'of the condenser lenses 31a and 31b may be equal to the effective diameter d' of the condenser lenses 31a and 31b.
- the spectrometer 100 capable of separating the wavelength with high efficiency and little polarization dependence is minimized.
- FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration of a light separating device 200 according to Embodiment 2 of the present invention.
- the difference between the spectroscopic device 200 according to the second embodiment and the spectroscopic device 100 of the first embodiment is that an optical fiber that is a multimode fiber is used instead of the optical fiber 11 that is a single mode fiber.
- Other configurations are almost the same in that 11a is used. So Therefore, the same reference numerals are given to the same members, and the description is omitted.
- the optical fiber 11a in the light incident portion 10 of the second embodiment is a multi-mode fiber
- the light propagating through the optical fiber 11a and emitted is a surface having a uniform light intensity. It can be regarded as the light emitted from the light source (optical fiber 11a).
- the minimum conditions of the spectrometer 200 in this case will be described below.
- the core radius of the optical fiber 11a (that is, the size of the surface light source) is Wi
- the numerical aperture of the optical fiber 11a as the surface light source is NA
- the collimating lens 12 and the converging lens of the same shape Assuming that the focal distance between 31a and 31b is f, the divergence angle 0 (half angle) of the collimated light beam 4 is expressed by the following equation.
- the focal length f between the collimating lens 12 and the condenser lenses 31a and 31b is
- the diffraction grating 20 along the direction parallel to the effective diameter d of the collimating lens 12 and the condenser lenses 31a and 31b and the groove 21 (perpendicular to the plane of the paper in Fig. 4) Length g P and direction perpendicular to groove 2 1 (paper in Figure 4
- the length g v of the diffraction grating 20 along the direction parallel to the surface and along the surface on the side where the light beam 4 of the diffraction grating 20 is incident) is required to be equal to or greater than the diameter of the light beam 4 .
- G is the smaller value of the lengths g P and g v of the diffraction grating 20.
- the radius of the luminous flux is represented by fNA, so that d ⁇ 2fNA (10)
- equation (11) corresponds to the case where the light beam 4 is perpendicularly incident on the diffraction grating 20.
- the length g v of the diffraction grating 20 when the light beam 4 enters the diffraction grating 20 at an incident angle ⁇ is
- the multi-mode optical fiber 11a is used for the light incident portion 10, that is, the incident light beam 4 is emitted from a surface light source (optical fiber 11a) having uniform light intensity. It can be regarded as emission and average wavelength ⁇ .
- the minimum size of each member of the spectroscopic device 200 and the entire size when the angle difference ⁇ between the diffraction angles is determined can be obtained. These are shown below.
- the minimum value of the size of the diffraction grating 20 (having a substantially rectangular shape or a substantially elliptical shape) is as follows.
- the length g v of the diffraction grating 20 along the direction perpendicular to the groove 21 is 2 f ⁇ NA / cos ⁇ .
- the length g P of the diffraction grating 20 along the direction parallel to the groove 21 is 2 f ′ NA.
- the distance between the collimating lens 12 and the diffraction grating 20 is not limited. Therefore, the shorter the better.
- the spectral device using the diffraction grating of the second embodiment can achieve high efficiency and wavelength separation with little polarization dependence, and can minimize it.
- the above description has described the conditions for minimizing the spectroscopic device 200 when the collimating lens 12 and the condenser lenses 31a and 31b have the same focal length and size.
- the collimating lens 12 and the condensing lenses 31a and 31 b must be different.
- the conditions for minimizing the spectrometer 200 when the collimating lens 12 and the focusing lenses 31a and 3lb are different will be described below with reference to FIG.
- the numerical aperture of the optical fiber 11a is NA as in the case described above, and the numerical aperture of the output side optical fibers 32a and 32b is NA '.
- the collimating lens 1 2 is the same as the case described above, where the effective diameter of the collimating lens 12 is d, the focal length is f, and the physical outer diameter is D.
- the condenser lenses 3 la and 3 1 b are different from those described above.
- the effective diameter of the condenser lenses 3 la and 3 lb is d ', the focal length is f', and the physical outer diameter is D '. I do.
- the conditions for minimizing the framing apparatus 200 at this time are shown below.
- the minimum value of the effective diameter d of the collimating lens 12 is 2f ⁇ ⁇ .
- the minimum value of the effective diameter d 'of the condenser lenses 3la and 3lb is 2f' ⁇ '.
- the minimum value of the focal length f of the collimating lens 12 is It is.
- the minimum value of the focal length f ′ of the condenser lenses 31a and 31b is f ( ⁇ / ⁇ ').
- the minimum value of the size of the diffraction grating 20 (having a substantially rectangular shape or a substantially elliptical shape) is as follows.
- the length g v of the diffraction grating 20 along the direction perpendicular to the groove 21 is 2 f ′ NA / cos *.
- the length g P of the diffraction grating 20 along the direction parallel to the groove 21 is 2f ⁇ NA.
- the distance between the collimating lens 12 and the diffraction grating 20 is not limited. Therefore, the shorter the better.
- the minimum value of the physical outer diameter D of the collimating lens 12 is equal to the effective diameter d of the collimating lens 12.
- the physical outer diameter D 'of the condenser lenses 31a and 31b may be equal to the effective diameter d' of the condenser lenses 31a and 31b.
- the collimating lens 1 2 and the focusing lens 3 1 When a and 3 lb are different from each other, it is possible to minimize the spectroscopic device 200 capable of wavelength separation with high efficiency and low polarization dependence.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram showing a configuration of a spectroscopic device 300 according to Embodiment 3 of the present invention.
- the difference between the spectroscopic device 300 of the third embodiment and the spectroscopic device 100 of the first embodiment is that only one common condenser lens 33 is provided for each light beam having a different wavelength. Is a point. At the exit end of the condenser lens 33, exit side optical fibers 34a and 34b are provided.
- the spectroscopic device 300 of the third embodiment may be either the single mode optical fiber 11 of the first embodiment or the multimode optical fiber 11 a of the second embodiment. It is.
- Other configurations of the spectroscopic device 300 according to Embodiment 3 and the spectroscopic device 100 of Embodiment 1 are almost the same. Therefore, the same reference numerals are given to the same members, and the description is omitted.
- the spectroscopic device 300 after the light is separated by changing the emission direction for each light beam having a different wavelength by the diffraction grating 20, all the separated light beams 5 and 6 are collected.
- the light enters the lens 3 3.
- the light beams 5 and 6 After being incident on the condenser lens 33, the light beams 5 and 6 are coupled to the exit-side optical fibers 34a and 34b arranged side by side on the exit end side of the condenser lens 33, respectively.
- the collimating lens 12 and the condensing lens 33 are lenses having the same shape, the focal length is f, the effective diameter is d, and the physical outer diameter is D.
- the optical fiber 11 is a single mode fiber (including a polarization maintaining fiber).
- the numerical aperture is NA.
- NA is defined by the far-field divergence angle at which the intensity of the Gaussian beam becomes 1 / e 2 at the center.
- the minimum value of the effective diameter d of the collimating lens 12 and the condensing lens 33, which are lenses having the same shape, is 9 ⁇ . ( ⁇ ⁇ -) and the larger of 3 f ⁇ ⁇ . If the focal length f of the collimating lens 1 2 and the focusing lens 3 3 can be freely selected, if both are equal, that is, the focal length f is
- the minimum value of the size of the diffraction grating 20 (having a substantially rectangular shape or a substantially elliptical shape) is as follows.
- the length g v of the diffraction grating 2 0 along the vertical direction becomes a Zc os *. Also, the length gp of the diffraction grating 20 along the direction parallel to the groove 21 is a.
- a condition is added for the distance between adjacent light condensing points, that is, the distance s between the optical axes of the outgoing optical fibers 34a and 34b. That is, assuming that the focal length of the collimating lens 1 2 and the focusing lens 3 3 is f,
- the numerical aperture of the optical fiber 11 is the same as in the above case, NA
- the numerical aperture of the output side optical fibers 34a and 34b is NA '.
- the collimating lens 12 is the same as described above, and the effective diameter of the collimating lens 12 is d, the focal length is ⁇ , and the physical outer diameter is D.
- the condenser lens 33 is different from the one described above, and the effective diameter of the condenser lens 33 is d ', the focal length is, and the physical outer diameter is D'.
- the minimum value of the effective diameter d of the collimating lens 12 is 9 ⁇ . // The larger value of ( ⁇ ) and 3 f ⁇ N A.
- the minimum value of the effective diameter d 'of the condenser lens 3 is also 9 ⁇ . It is the larger of ⁇ ( ⁇ ⁇ ) and 3 f ⁇ NA.
- the focal length f ′ of the condenser lens 33 may be f (N ⁇ / ⁇ ′).
- the minimum value of the size of the diffraction grating 20 (having a substantially rectangular shape or a substantially elliptical shape) is as follows.
- the length g v of the diffraction grating 20 along the direction perpendicular to the groove 21 is a no cos ⁇ . Also, the length gp of the diffraction grating 20 along the direction parallel to the groove 21 is a.
- the condition of the interval between adjacent light condensing points that is, the optical axis interval s of each of the output side optical fibers 34 a and 34 b is
- the minimum value of the spectroscopic device 300 according to the third embodiment in the case where the light incident portion 10 has the optical fiber 11a which is a multimode fiber will be described.
- the numerical aperture of the optical fiber 11a, which is a surface light source, is NA
- the focal length between the collimating lens 12, which is a lens having the same shape, and the condenser lens 33, is f.
- the effective diameter of the collimating lens 12 and the focusing lens 33 is d, and their physical outer diameter is D.
- the conditions under which the spectroscopic device 300 of the third embodiment is minimized are described in the second embodiment. Can be obtained in the same manner as the conditions (a) and (b) described in (1). Specifically, the following conditions are required.
- the minimum value of the effective diameter d of the collimating lens 12 and the focusing lens 33 is 2 f ⁇ NA.
- the minimum value of the focal length f between the collimating lens 12 and the focusing lens 33 is ip.
- the minimum value of the size of the diffraction grating 20 (having a substantially rectangular shape or a substantially elliptical shape) is as follows.
- the length g v of the diffraction grating 20 along the direction perpendicular to the groove 21 is 2 f ⁇ NA / cos ⁇ .
- the length g P of the diffraction grating 20 along a direction parallel to the groove 21 is 2 f ⁇ NA.
- a condition is added for the distance between adjacent light condensing points, that is, the distance s between the optical axes of the outgoing optical fibers 34a and 34b. That is, assuming that the focal length of the collimating lens 12 and the focusing lens 33 is f,
- the numerical aperture of the optical fiber 11a is NA as in the case described above, and the numerical aperture of the output side optical fibers 34a and 34b is NA '.
- the collimating lens 12 is the same as the case described above.
- the effective diameter of the collimating lens 12 is d
- the focal length is f
- the physical outer diameter is D.
- the condenser lens 33 is different from the one described above, and the effective diameter of the condenser lens 33 is d ', the focal length is f', and the physical outer diameter is D '.
- the minimum value of the effective diameter d of the collimating lens 12 is 2 fNA. You. Similarly, the minimum value of the effective diameter d ′ of the condenser lens 33 is 2 f ′ ⁇ ⁇ A ′.
- the minimum value of the focal length f between the collimating lens 12 and the condensing lens 33 is as follows. Further, the focal length f ′ of the condenser lens 33 is f ( ⁇ / ⁇ ′).
- the minimum value of the size of the diffraction grating 20 (having a substantially rectangular shape or a substantially elliptical shape) is as follows.
- the length g v of the diffraction grating 20 along the direction perpendicular to the groove 21 is 2 i ′ NAZcos (i).
- the length g P of the diffraction grating 20 along a direction parallel to the groove 21 is 2 ⁇ ⁇ NA.
- the condition of the interval between adjacent light condensing points that is, the optical axis interval s of each of the output side optical fibers 34 a and 34 b is as follows:
- the spectroscopic device 300 using the diffraction grating of Embodiment 3 can achieve high efficiency when the adjacent wavelengths to be separated and the resolution power of the diffraction grating are determined. Wavelength separation with little polarization dependence is possible and can be minimized.
- a method using a ferrule for a plurality of optical fibers or an optical fiber 34a and 34b in a V-groove array is used.
- a method of arranging b is known and can be easily realized.
- a refractive index distribution type lens was used for the collimating lens 12 and the condenser lenses 31 a, 3 lb, and 33 in Embodiments 1 to 3.
- the refractive index distribution type lens can be usually manufactured by ion exchange of a homogeneous glass rod. Therefore, a high-performance lens with a small outer diameter of 2 mm or less is inexpensive. 3 012048
- this lens is desirable to use this lens as 12 and condenser lenses 31a, 31b and 33.
- a lens system combining a plurality of spherical lenses made of homogeneous glass or plastic, an aspheric lens, a spherical lens, etc. are used. You may do it.
- the collimating lens 12 of Embodiments 1 to 3 and the condensing lenses 31a, 3lb, and 33 are of the same type and have the same shape and characteristics. It is also desirable for convenience in manufacturing. However, as described above, if each condition is satisfied, the collimating lens 12 and the condenser lenses 31a, 31b, and 33 are different lenses, and the spectrometers 100, 200, and It is possible to construct 300.
- the spectrometers 100, 200, and 300 of the first to third embodiments split the light beam 4 into two light beams 5 and 6, the number of light beams to be split may be further increased. .
- the distance L and the optical axis interval s may be unified under the above-described minimum conditions.
- the spectrometers 100, 200, and 300 can be set to the minimum size.
- the setting may be made such that the above-described conditions for minimizing the spectrometer 100, '200 and 300' are individually satisfied for each adjacent wavelength. . Thereby, the spectrometers 100, 200, and 300 can be set to the minimum size.
- FIG. 6A is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration of a diffraction grating having a rectangular cross-sectional shape
- FIG. 6B is a further enlarged view of the diffraction grating of FIG. 6A.
- Embodiment 1 In FIG. 3, a diffraction grating 20 having a rectangular cross section as shown in FIG. 6A (hereinafter referred to as a deep groove type) is used.
- FIG. 6A shows a transmission type diffraction grating 20.
- a parallel light beam 4 containing two wavelengths is incident, the exit angles from the surface opposite to the incident surface are mutually different. Different split beams 5 and 6 are emitted.
- the diffraction grating 20 used in the first to third embodiments will be described.
- the diffraction grating 20 when the groove depth, groove width and period are shown in FIG. 6B, optimizing the groove width and the aspect ratio (ratio between groove depth and groove width) gives a wide wavelength range. It is generally known that a diffraction efficiency close to 100% can be theoretically obtained over a wide range, and that there is almost no difference in efficiency depending on the polarization direction (TE polarization, TM polarization) (Jiro Koyama, Hiroshi Nishihara Lightwave Electron Optics, Chapter 4, Corona, 197, 1988).
- the diffraction efficiency of the first-order light by the deep groove diffraction grating 20 was calculated, for example, under the following conditions.
- Substrate material quartz (refractive index: 1.46)
- FIG. 7 shows the calculation results of the diffraction efficiency with respect to the wavelength of the incident light beam. From Fig. 7, over the very wide wavelength range of 1300 nm (1.3 m) to 1600 nm (1.6 zm), both TE polarized light indicated by a broken line and TM polarized light indicated by a solid line are 89% or more. That high diffraction efficiency is secured 8
- PDL polarization dependent loss
- FIG. 8 shows the PDL calculation results for the wavelength of the incident light beam. From Fig. 8, it can be seen that the PDL is 0.23 dB or less over the above wavelength band of 1300 nm (1.3 m) to 1600 nm (l. 6 m).
- the diffraction efficiency is high, so that it is desirable to use the deep groove type diffraction grating 20.
- the burden of high aspect ratio processing can be reduced.
- a material having a higher refractive index as a substrate material, equivalent characteristics can be obtained even with a relatively low aspect ratio.
- the high refractive index material include metal oxides such as titanium oxide and tantalum oxide, and silicon nitride.
- FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional view showing a configuration of a diffraction grating having a two-dimensional photonic crystal structure.
- a periodic structure multilayer film 25 formed by alternately laminating first layers 23 and second layers 24 on the substrate 22 of the diffraction grating 20 is formed.
- a diffraction grating 20 having a two-dimensional photonic crystal structure can be manufactured.
- Such a structure may be adopted. Thereby, the aspect ratio of the diffraction grating 20 can be reduced.
- the material of the diffraction grating 20 may be appropriately selected depending on the purpose of use. There is no particular limitation on the material on the premise that transparency in the operating wavelength range of the light beam can be ensured. However, when it is used for high energy irradiation such as a pulse wave by an ultraviolet laser, quartz having high energy resistance is desirable. Unless it is used under severe conditions such as high energy irradiation, a high refractive index material may be used, which can reduce the load on the processing process.
- FIGS. 10A to 10D are process diagrams showing a method of forming a deep groove grating of a diffraction grating. After a photoresist 46 is spin-coated on the quartz substrate 42, a line pattern having a desired period is formed by exposure (FIG. 10A;).
- the light source for the exposure at this time naturally has the photosensitive wavelength of the photoresist 46.
- the photosensitive wavelength of the photoresist 46 For example, mask exposure using ultraviolet light such as g-ray or i-ray lamp, direct drawing or mask exposure using ultraviolet laser such as He-Cd laser, two-beam interference exposure, and electron beam It is only necessary to use the direct drawing or the like. It is preferable to use them properly considering the cost and the cycle width of the pattern.
- a metal film 47 is formed on the resist pattern (FIG. 10B).
- a film forming method for example, sputtering or vacuum evaporation may be used.
- the metal film 47 for example, chromium, nickel, or the like can be used.
- vacuum evaporation from the viewpoint of damage to the photoresist and improvement in the accuracy of the polishing.
- an unnecessary metal film 47 is removed together with the photoresist 46 by a lift-off method to form a metal mask pattern (FIG. 10C).
- a method of exchanging the order of the process shown in FIG. 10A and the process shown in FIG. 10B to form a mask pattern by the metal film 47 by etching is also possible.
- a method using a thick-film metal mask by lift-off (a method of sequentially performing the steps of FIGS. 10A to 10D) is used for processing at a high aspect ratio. It turned out to be more suitable.
- the vertical deep groove 41 is processed using an ion etching apparatus (FIG. 10D).
- the etching equipment should be selected according to the material to be processed. However, in order to process large areas efficiently, high-density plasma such as inductively coupled plasma (ICP) or magnetic neutral discharge (NLD) is required. It is desirable to use ionic ion etching.
- the mask formed by the remaining metal film 47 may be removed with an etchant or the like.
- the spectroscopic device according to the present invention can be used as a multiplexing device that sends light of a plurality of wavelengths to a single optical fiber by reversing the direction of the light beam.
- the spectroscopic devices of Embodiments 1 to 3 can be used for wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) communication in the information communication field.
- WDM wavelength division multiplexing
- CWDM low-density wavelength division multiplexing
- the spectroscopes of Embodiments 1 to 3 can be made compact and low in cost, and are very suitable for introduction into such a system.
- One of them is simultaneous recording and reading using multiple wavelengths.
- This is a system that multiplexes light of multiple wavelengths into an optical head, demultiplexes the light, and writes or reads with light of multiple wavelengths, enabling parallel processing of information.
- the head material must be small in view of scanning over the disk, and the spectrometers 100, 200, and 300 described in the first to third embodiments are required to have a small size. It is suitable for incorporation into such a system.
- the wavelength range to which the spectrometers 100, 200, and 300 of the first to third embodiments can be applied is not particularly limited as long as the transmittance of the optical element can be secured. It can be used in a wavelength range of 100 to 160 nm for optical discs, and 200 to 800 nm for optical discs.
- the light incident portion 10 and the light emitting portion 30 are formed of an optical fiber (the optical fibers 11 and 11a and the output side optical fibers 32a, 32b, and 34a). And 34b) and a lens (collimating lens 12 and focusing lens 31a, 3lb and 33).
- a flat optical waveguide may be used instead of an optical fiber.
- the light incident section 10 may be configured to use light from a multi-wavelength light source via a collimating lens.
- a light receiving element is provided in the light emitting section 2 to serve as a monitor for measuring the light intensity for each wavelength. You can also.
- Example 1 an example of the configuration of the spectroscopic device of Embodiment 2 will be described with reference to FIG.
- FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram illustrating a configuration of a spectroscopic device using the diffraction grating of the first embodiment.
- the collimator lens 52 and the condenser lenses 55a and 55b are graded index rod lenses (outer diameter 1.8 mm, focal length 1.84 mm) manufactured by Nippon Sheet Glass.
- the collimating lens 52 is fixed to the tip of the incident side optical fiber 51.
- the condenser lenses 55a and 55b are fixed to the distal ends of the output-side optical filters 56a and 56b, respectively.
- the physical outer diameter D is 2.4 mm.
- the diffraction grating 54 has a configuration similar to that of the diffraction grating 20 shown in FIG.6A, in which a deep groove shape is formed on one side of a synthetic quartz plate having a thickness of lmm by etching to have an area of 3 ⁇ 3 mm. . That is, the groove period, groove width, and groove depth, which are the dimensions of the diffraction grating 54, are as shown in FIG. 6B. Grooves period have you to the diffraction grating 54 6 0 0 nm, the groove width G w 3 3 0 nm and the groove depth G d was 1 1 0 0 nm.
- FIG. 12 is a photograph of the diffraction grating 54 taken by SEM. As shown in FIG. 12, the black grooves 57 are regularly arranged, and it can be seen that a structure almost as designed was obtained.
- the light beam from the collimating lens 52 was incident on the diffraction grating 54 installed at a distance of 1.1 mm from the collimating lens 52 at an incident angle of 29 °.
- the exit angles of the primary light by the diffraction grating 54 were 35.0 ° and 23.7 ° for the light beams of wavelengths ⁇ and ⁇ 2 respectively.
- the distance between the condenser lenses 55a and 55b (the distance between the optical axes) was 2.8 mm.
- Table 1 shows the results of measuring the diffraction efficiency of the primary light by the diffraction grating 54 in Example 1 while changing the direction of the polarization of the incident light.
- Example 1 a specific example of the spectroscopic device satisfying the conditions of Embodiment 2 was described.
- the collimating lens 52 and the condenser lenses 55a and 55b have room for further miniaturization (FIG. 11).
- the second embodiment has the same configuration as that of the first embodiment.
- the collimating lens 52 and the condensing lens are formed by using the input side optical fiber 51, the output side optical fibers 56a and 56b, and the diffraction grating 54. This is a design example of minimizing the size of 55a and 55b. Since the structure of the spectroscopic device of the second embodiment is also shown in FIG. 11, the second embodiment will be described with reference to FIG.
- the minimum value of the focal length f of the collimating lens 52 and the condenser lenses 55a and 55b is
- Condenser lens 5 5a and If the physical outer diameter D of 55b is set to 0.3 mm, which is a little larger than the effective diameter, the distance L between the diffraction grating and the condenser lens is DZA 1.52 mm.
- NA 0.1.
- the size of the diffraction grating 20 is 6 ⁇ 4 mm.
- the spectrometers 100, 200, and 300 using the diffraction gratings of Embodiments 1 to 3 can be miniaturized, and have high efficiency and low polarization dependence. Wavelength separation is possible. Industrial applicability
- the spectroscopic device using the diffraction grating of the present invention is small in size, capable of high efficiency, and capable of wavelength separation with little polarization dependence, and thus is used for a communication system, a pickup device for an optical disc, or the like.
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- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Spectrometry And Color Measurement (AREA)
- Diffracting Gratings Or Hologram Optical Elements (AREA)
- Optical Integrated Circuits (AREA)
Abstract
Description
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AU2003264540A AU2003264540A1 (en) | 2002-09-20 | 2003-09-22 | Spectrometer using diffraction lattice |
JP2004538010A JPWO2004027493A1 (ja) | 2002-09-20 | 2003-09-22 | 回折格子を用いた分光装置 |
US10/528,521 US7170600B2 (en) | 2002-09-20 | 2003-09-22 | Spectrometer using diffraction grating |
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JP2002-275218 | 2002-09-20 | ||
JP2002275218 | 2002-09-20 |
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US (1) | US7170600B2 (ja) |
JP (1) | JPWO2004027493A1 (ja) |
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WO (1) | WO2004027493A1 (ja) |
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Also Published As
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AU2003264540A1 (en) | 2004-04-08 |
JPWO2004027493A1 (ja) | 2006-01-19 |
AU2003264540A8 (en) | 2004-04-08 |
US20060023212A1 (en) | 2006-02-02 |
US7170600B2 (en) | 2007-01-30 |
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