WO2004017191A1 - 乱数生成装置及び乱数生成方法 - Google Patents
乱数生成装置及び乱数生成方法 Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO2004017191A1 WO2004017191A1 PCT/JP2003/001100 JP0301100W WO2004017191A1 WO 2004017191 A1 WO2004017191 A1 WO 2004017191A1 JP 0301100 W JP0301100 W JP 0301100W WO 2004017191 A1 WO2004017191 A1 WO 2004017191A1
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- random
- random number
- pulse
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- generating
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Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F1/00—Details not covered by groups G06F3/00 - G06F13/00 and G06F21/00
- G06F1/02—Digital function generators
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
- G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
- G06F7/00—Methods or arrangements for processing data by operating upon the order or content of the data handled
- G06F7/58—Random or pseudo-random number generators
- G06F7/588—Random number generators, i.e. based on natural stochastic processes
Definitions
- the present invention provides a physical noise based on a thermal noise generated randomly by a thermal noise generating element made of a resistor, a semiconductor, or a conductor, or a light noise generated randomly by a light emitting element such as an LED or a PIN diode.
- the present invention relates to a random number generation device and a random number generation method for generating random numbers.
- a method using a semiconductor such as a resistor or a diode or a conductor as a thermal noise generating element is known. Since the thermal noise generated in the thermal noise generating element is both random in frequency and amplitude, a physical random number can be extracted based on the thermal noise.
- Various random number generators using such a thermal noise generating element are disclosed in many documents. The most common method of generating a physical random number using a thermal noise generating element is to amplify and sample the thermal noise output from the thermal noise generating element at a certain instant, compare the value with a certain threshold, and calculate the random number. It is a method of taking out.
- the thermal noise output and amplified from the thermal noise generating element is sampled at regular intervals, and a rule is set to “1” if the sampled value exceeds a certain threshold, and “0” otherwise.
- a rule is set to “1” if the sampled value exceeds a certain threshold, and “0” otherwise.
- physical random numbers can be extracted digitally.
- Another method of generating a physical random number using a thermal noise generating element is to measure the time interval from when a randomly generated thermal noise exceeds a certain threshold to when it exceeds the next threshold, and calculate the time measurement value. Is known as it is as a random value.
- An example of a random number generation device according to this method is disclosed in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 2001-133. This is described in Japanese Patent Publication No. 44222/1992.
- a circuit is formed that amplifies the thermal noise output from the thermal noise generating element and generates a square pulse that rises at the moment when the peak of the thermal noise exceeds a certain threshold.
- a circuit that generates a high-frequency clock and a counter that counts the clock are provided. The clock generated between the generation of one pulse and the generation of the next pulse is counted by the counter, and this count value is calculated. Take it out as a random number. However, (shall be the n-bit) counter number of bits for the finite, when the count 2 n times the counter is reset, so start counting from 1 again, the type of random number values that are actually retrieved is the 2 n .
- the frequency of successive pulses based on thermal noise will increase in time.
- these pulses may not be able to be distinguished in a circuit due to frequency characteristics of the amplifier circuit. For this reason, the frequency of appearance of small values before the counter operation of the counter reaches one cycle is slightly reduced, and this is one of the causes of the non-uniform frequency of appearance.
- the present invention has been made under such a technical background, and it is possible to generate random numbers more quickly and make the appearance frequency of each value uniform while having a simple circuit configuration.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a random number generation device and a random number generation method. (Disclosure of the Invention)
- a random number generation device includes: a noise generation element; amplification means for amplifying a waveform based on noise generated in the noise generation element; and a signal output from the amplification means.
- a random pulse generating means for generating a random pulse at a time point when the value exceeds the threshold value from a state lower than a predetermined threshold value or at a time point when the value falls below the threshold value from a state higher than the threshold value;
- a reference pulse generating means for generating the reference pulse; and a time measuring means for measuring a time interval between the reference pulse and the random pulse, and outputs a value measured by the time measuring means as a random value.
- the time counting means includes: a clock signal generating means for generating a clock signal having a frequency higher than the reference pulse; and a counting means for counting the number of clocks of the clock signal. A count value obtained by counting the number of clocks between the random pulse and the random pulse is used as a measured value.
- a random number generation device which has been made to solve the above-mentioned problems includes a noise generation element, an amplification means for amplifying a waveform based on a sound generated in the noise generation element, and an output from the amplification means.
- a first random pulse generating means for generating a first random pulse, and a signal output from the amplifying means is a predetermined threshold.
- a second random pulse generation means for generating a second random pulse when the value falls below the threshold from a higher state; a reference pulse generation means for generating a reference pulse having a fixed period; A clock signal generating means for generating a high-frequency clock signal; and first and second means for counting the number of clocks of the clock signal in opposite directions.
- the arithmetic means performs an exclusive OR operation on the values of the first town and the corresponding digit of the second counting means, and performs the arithmetic operation. Output the result as a random number.
- the noise generating element may be a thermal noise generating element or a light emitting element.
- the thermal noise generating element may generate a random number based on thermal noise
- the light emitting element may generate a random number based on light noise. it can.
- FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a random number generation circuit according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a diagram schematically showing the waveform of minute potential fluctuations due to thermal noise generated at both ends of the thermal noise generating element 10 (A), and the waveform of the thermal noise amplified by the amplifier 12 is schematically shown.
- FIG. 7B is a diagram (B), and
- FIG. 7C is a diagram schematically showing the waveform of a random pulse output from the random pulse generator 14a.
- FIG. 3 is a diagram for explaining the waveform of each unit in the A-type random number generation unit 8a in the upper part of FIG.
- Figure 4 shows a continuous experiment of counting the number of generated random numbers over 10 seconds using a random number generator with an average number of pulses generated from thermal noise of about 100,000 per second. It is the figure which showed the experiment result repeated 1000 times.
- Figure 5 shows the results of an experiment in which the time from one reference pulse to a random pulse was measured as the number of clock pulses using a random number generator with an average number of pulses generated from thermal noise of about 10,000 per second. It is the graph which showed the result.
- FIG. 6 is a diagram showing a result of taking a distribution of random numbers obtained by performing an experiment of actually generating random numbers using the random number generation circuit of FIG.
- FIG. 7 shows a number of random number generators shown in Fig. 1.
- FIG. 9 is a diagram illustrating a random number generation circuit that outputs random number values obtained from a batch as one random number value.
- FIG. 1 shows a block diagram of a random number generation circuit according to the present embodiment.
- the random number generator in Fig. 1 consists of two random number generators, 8a and 8b (the former is an A-type random number generator and the latter is a B-type random number generator), which are single thermal noise generators. Generate random numbers based on 10 respectively.
- the suffixes a and b are omitted, and the random number generation unit 8 and the like are simply described.
- a thermal noise generating element 10 may be separately provided for each random number generation unit.
- a thermal noise generating element 10 is an element that outputs a pulse-like potential change based on thermal noise, and usually a resistor is often used as a thermal noise generating element. It is generally accepted that the generation of thermal noise is a random phenomenon. In the circuit of Fig. 1, no voltage is applied to both ends of the thermal noise generating element 10, but this is because the voltage applied from the outside affects the potential variation between both ends of the thermal noise generating element, and the physical random number This is to eliminate impairment of the authenticity.
- Reference numerals 12a and 12b denote amplifiers that amplify the thermal noise generated in the thermal noise generating element 10, and reference numerals 14a and 14b denote random pulse generators that generate random pulses based on the thermal noise.
- 20a and 20b are clock pulse generators that generate clock pulses
- 16a and 16b are counters that count clock pulses
- 18a and 18b are counters, respectively.
- the reference pulse generators that trigger the 16a and 16b counting operations are shown.
- the single pulse generators 20a and 20b may not be provided separately as shown in FIG. 1, but may be a single pulse generator.
- Figure 2 (A) shows a small potential change due to thermal noise generated at both ends of the thermal noise generating element 10.
- the motion waveform is schematically shown.
- each thermal noise has a random duration and a random frequency.
- this potential fluctuation is extremely small, the waveform before amplification cannot be observed in such a form.
- the amplifier 12 amplifies the thermal noise generated at both ends of the thermal medical sound generating element 10.
- thermal noise is a very small fluctuation in potential, so in order to obtain the required amplification degree, amplifiers 12 must be installed in multiple stages as necessary, for example, a preamplifier circuit and a main amplifier circuit. Can also be configured.
- FIG. 2 (B) schematically shows the waveform of the thermal noise amplified by the amplifier 12. Since the actual amplification circuit has restrictions on the frequency characteristics and amplification degree, it is not possible to faithfully amplify the waveform based on thermal noise. In the output of the amplifier circuit, potential fluctuations and extremely minute fluctuations that are more rapid as the frequency band beyond the amplifiable frequency band are canceled out. Also, the width of the pulse based on the thermal noise output from the amplifier circuit is affected by the time constant inherent in the width circuit. Therefore, the waveform shown in FIG. 2 (B) was obtained under the influence of the circuit characteristics of such an amplifier circuit. The average duration of the pulse of FIG. 2 (B) thus obtained is about 200 nanoseconds as shown in FIG.
- the random pulse generator 14 sets a threshold in advance from the randomly generated thermal noise, and when the output of the amplifier 12 exceeds this threshold, the random pulse generator 14 This circuit extracts pulses (called “random pulses”).
- the higher the threshold value the smaller the number of random pulses obtained, the lower the speed of random numbers that can be generated, and the greater the effect of eliminating the effects of noise other than thermal noise.
- this threshold value is low, the obtained randomness is small.
- the pulse generators 14a and 14b generate a random signal that rises when a waveform based on thermal noise exceeds a predetermined threshold value.
- 14b generates a random pulse that rises when the waveform based on the thermal noise falls below a predetermined threshold from a state higher than the predetermined threshold.
- the thresholds of the random pulse generators 14a and 14b may be the same or different.
- FIG. 2 (C) schematically shows the waveform of the random pulse output from the random pulse generator 14a.
- the random pulse generators 14a and 14b are configured so that each of the generated random pulses has a pulse width of 10 nanoseconds.
- these random pulses are based on thermal noise, the fact that they are obtained by applying circuit processing to a signal based on thermal noise means that the frequency of this random pulse is truly random. there is a need force s to separately verify how.
- the reference pulses generated from the reference pulse generators 18a and 18b are trigger pulses for the counters 16a and 16b to start counting, respectively.
- each of the counters 16a and 16b will be described as a 4-bit counter.
- the mouthpiece generators 20a and 20b always generate clock pulses of a frequency sufficiently higher than the reference pulses generated by the reference pulse generators 18a and 18b (for example, about 300 times). Has been generated.
- the counter 16a is a forward counter, and is incremented by one each time one clock pulse is received.
- the counter 16b is a backward counter, and is decremented by one each time a clock pulse is received. Then, each counter is reset every time it counts 4 bits (that is, up to 16), and counts from the beginning of playback.
- the point that the pair of reference panelless generators 18a and 18b, the forward counter 16'a and the reverse counter 16b are provided is one of the random number generation circuits of the present embodiment.
- the reference pulse generators 18a and 18b generate reference pulses at a frequency whose cycle is substantially equal to this 100 microseconds.
- the counter 1 6 a, 1 6 b here is described as 4-bit counter, which is one example, for example, 8-bit force Unta, it may also be a 1 6-bit ⁇ counter or the like Rere.
- Fig. 3 shows the waveform of each part in the A-type random number generator 8a in the upper part of Fig. 1, that is, the reference pulse (A) generated from the reference pulse generator 18a and the random pulse generator 14a.
- the reference pulse (A) generated from the reference pulse generator 18a the reference pulse (B) generated from the reference pulse generator 18a
- the random pulse generator 14a the random pulse generator 14a.
- the waveform of the random number generator 8b is omitted here.
- the count values of the 4-bit counter 16a shown in FIG. 3 (D), "3", “5", “6”, “8", are random numbers as they are. You.
- the count value of the 4-bit counter 16b which is the reverse counter of the random number generation unit 8b in the lower stage, becomes the tongue number as it is.
- the random numbers obtained as the count values of both counters are independent of each other, and do not depend on each other. Therefore, two random numbers are obtained during one cycle of the thermal noise waveform from a single thermal noise generating element.
- Figure 5 shows the measurement of the time from one reference pulse to a random pulse as the number of clock pulses using a random number generator with an average number of pulses of about 10,000 per second based on thermal noise. 4 is a graph showing the results of the experiment. The frequency of one dot force time interval shown in FIG. Also in FIG. 5 , the scale on the vertical axis indicating the frequency is logarithmic.
- the exponential distribution as shown in FIG. 5 can be represented as a distribution proportional to e X p ( ⁇ t / T 0 ).
- T is the time interval
- This average time interval ⁇ Is shown by an arrow in FIG.
- the fact that the time interval between thermal noises shows an exponential function distribution as shown in Fig. 5 means that when the measured value of this time is used as a random number, the appearance of each random number The frequency is not completely uniform, and the higher the value, the more difficult it is. In an actual random number generation device, only the extremely short time interval from the time interval of zero to a few microseconds is used for random number generation on the horizontal axis of FIG. The uniformity is extremely small.
- the reference pulse is introduced, the time from the reference pulse to the random pulse is measured, and the measured value is directly extracted as a random number.
- the introduction of the reference pulse in this manner has the following advantages.
- the width of the pulse based on the thermal noise output from the amplifier circuit 12 is about 200 nanoseconds.
- This pulse width depends at least in part on the high frequency characteristics of the amplifier circuit 12.
- the time from a random pulse to the next random pulse is measured without introducing a reference pulse, and this is output as a random value. If they occur consecutively in a short time of the order of nanoseconds, the two cannot be distinguished. As a result, small values such as “0”, “1”, “2”, etc., before the counter is reset once, cannot be retrieved. Of course, when the counter is reset, it starts counting again from the beginning, so these values do not appear at all. However, the frequency of their appearance cannot be avoided compared to other values. In other words, the frequency of occurrence of random numbers will be non-uniform.
- Time interval is 200 nano Even if it is considerably shorter than a second, the time interval can be measured. For this reason, even a small value such as “0”, “1”, “2”, etc. before the power counter is reset in one cycle can be taken out. This means that, in other words, the high-frequency characteristics of the amplifier circuit 12 have been equivalently improved. As a result, the random number values, especially small values, and the non-uniformity of the appearance frequency of the values are improved.
- This exclusive OR circuit 22 takes the exclusive OR of the corresponding digits of the judge direction counter 16a and the reverse direction counter 16b, and obtains the obtained 4-bit value as a random value. put out. For example, considering the first digit, if the first digit value of counter 16a is “0” and the first digit value of counter 16b is “0”, the result of exclusive OR Is “1”. If the first digit value of the counter 16a is “1” and the first digit value of the counter 16b is “1”, the result of the exclusive OR is “1”. It becomes. On the other hand, if one of the first fi of the counter 16a and the first digit of the counter 16b is “0” and the other is “1”, the result of the exclusive OR is “0 J”. The same applies to other digits.
- FIG. 6 shows the results of taking the distribution of random numbers obtained by conducting an experiment for actually generating random numbers using the random number generation circuit of Fig. 1.
- a random number generator with a clock frequency F of 100 MHz and a random pulse generation number N of about 100,000 per second is used.
- FIG. 6 (b) shows the distribution of the appearance frequency of each count value of the backward counter 16b. As can be seen from the figure, the distribution is slightly but clearly rising. In other words, the appearance frequency of the 4-bit count value increases as the value increases. This slope is theoretically N / F-0.001. Actually, when the slope shown in Fig. 6 (b) is obtained, it is 0.001 094, which shows that it is in good agreement with the theory.
- Figure 6 (c) shows the distribution of values obtained by performing an exclusive OR operation on the corresponding digits of the count values of the forward counter 16a and the reverse counter 16b. ing. As you can see, the distribution is almost horizontal. In other words, the 4-bit random value obtained as a result of the exclusive OR operation can be considered as an almost perfect random number with a uniform appearance frequency.
- FIG. 7 shows a random number generation circuit that connects a large number of random number generation circuits shown in FIG. 1 and outputs the random number values obtained from each of the random number generation circuits collectively as one random number value.
- 22 2 , ⁇ ' ⁇ 22 2 ⁇ are exclusive OR circuits.
- Reference numeral 24 denotes a random number control circuit that controls how to extract a random number value.
- the random number generation speed can be increased accordingly.
- the appearance frequency of the random number value of one random number generation circuit is made uniform, but when these are connected in multiple stages, the obtained high-speed random numbers become more uniform. Have sex. Therefore, when the random number generation circuit shown in FIG. 1 is connected in many stages to increase the random number generation speed, there is a further advantage that the integrity of the physical random numbers can be maintained.
- the reference pulse is used as a trigger pulse for starting the counting operation of the counters 16a and 16b, and the power counting operation is terminated when a random pulse arrives.
- the same effect can be obtained if the random pulse is used as a trigger pulse for starting the counting operation and the counting operation is terminated when the reference pulse arrives.
- the value obtained by taking the exclusive OR of the corresponding digits of the counters 16a and 16b is output as the final random number value. It is also possible to output the count value as it is as the final random value.
- the present invention is also applicable to a case where a time interval between noise pulses is measured based on the noise of light emitted from the light source and a physical random number is generated based on the measured time interval.
- a physical random number is extracted based on thermal noise generated randomly by the thermal noise generating element and light noise randomly generated by the light emitting element, so that a physical random number can be generated with a simple circuit configuration.
- the random number generation speed can be increased and the random number appearance frequency can be made uniform. It can be suitably applied to various simulations using random numbers, for example, financial derivative products (derivatives), building strength simulations, weather forecasts, and advanced gaming machines using simulations.
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Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
AU2003285742A AU2003285742A1 (en) | 2002-08-14 | 2003-02-04 | Random number generator and random number generation method |
JP2004528826A JP4195007B2 (ja) | 2002-08-14 | 2003-02-04 | 乱数生成装置及び乱数生成方法 |
EP03788003A EP1544726B1 (en) | 2002-08-14 | 2003-02-04 | Random number generator and random number generation method |
US11/058,725 US8234322B2 (en) | 2002-08-14 | 2005-02-14 | Apparatus and method for generating random numbers |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
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JP2002236689 | 2002-08-14 | ||
JP2002-236689 | 2002-08-14 |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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US11/058,725 Continuation US8234322B2 (en) | 2002-08-14 | 2005-02-14 | Apparatus and method for generating random numbers |
Publications (1)
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WO2004017191A1 true WO2004017191A1 (ja) | 2004-02-26 |
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Family Applications (1)
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PCT/JP2003/001100 WO2004017191A1 (ja) | 2002-08-14 | 2003-02-04 | 乱数生成装置及び乱数生成方法 |
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Country | Link |
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US (1) | US8234322B2 (ja) |
EP (1) | EP1544726B1 (ja) |
JP (1) | JP4195007B2 (ja) |
AU (1) | AU2003285742A1 (ja) |
WO (1) | WO2004017191A1 (ja) |
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EP1755033A1 (en) * | 2004-05-24 | 2007-02-21 | Leisure Electronics Technology Co., Ltd. | Random number extraction method and random number generation device using the same |
JP2007323135A (ja) * | 2006-05-30 | 2007-12-13 | Fdk Corp | 物理乱数生成装置 |
WO2009028717A1 (ja) * | 2007-08-29 | 2009-03-05 | Osamu Kameda | 乱数の生成システム及び方法 |
JP2009302979A (ja) * | 2008-06-13 | 2009-12-24 | Toshiba Corp | 乱数生成装置 |
CN114123977A (zh) * | 2021-11-26 | 2022-03-01 | 南京鼓楼医院 | 一种基于可控断裂结的白噪声发生方法 |
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ATE404914T1 (de) | 2006-02-15 | 2008-08-15 | Jaycrypto Ltd | Verfahren und vorrichtung zum erzeugen von initialwerten für einen zufallszahlengenerator |
GB0603523D0 (en) | 2006-02-22 | 2006-04-05 | Qinetiq Ltd | Apparatus and method for generating random numbers |
US8583712B2 (en) | 2007-09-18 | 2013-11-12 | Seagate Technology Llc | Multi-bit sampling of oscillator jitter for random number generation |
CA2781608C (en) * | 2009-11-25 | 2018-11-06 | Aclara RF Systems Inc. | Random number generator |
US8762439B2 (en) * | 2011-04-14 | 2014-06-24 | Apple Inc. | System and method for random number generation using asynchronous boundaries and phase locked loops |
US9477443B1 (en) | 2013-06-06 | 2016-10-25 | Tectrolabs L.L.C. | Method and apparatus of entropy source with multiple hardware random noise sources and continuous self-diagnostic logic |
WO2014200326A1 (en) * | 2013-06-11 | 2014-12-18 | Mimos Berhad | Device and method for outputting random data |
US10367645B2 (en) * | 2016-10-26 | 2019-07-30 | International Business Machines Corporation | Proof-of-work for smart contracts on a blockchain |
KR102372740B1 (ko) * | 2019-04-09 | 2022-03-14 | 한국전자통신연구원 | 난수 생성 장치 및 이의 동작 방법 |
KR20200144192A (ko) * | 2019-06-17 | 2020-12-29 | 한국전자통신연구원 | 난수 생성 장치 및 이의 동작 방법 |
US10901695B1 (en) * | 2020-03-03 | 2021-01-26 | Randaemon Sp. Z O.O. | Apparatus, systems, and methods for beta decay based true random number generator |
US20210325508A1 (en) * | 2021-06-24 | 2021-10-21 | Intel Corporation | Signal-to-Noise Ratio Range Consistency Check for Radar Ghost Target Detection |
CN117149136B (zh) * | 2023-10-30 | 2024-03-29 | 华中师范大学 | 一种产生随机电报噪声的方法及系统 |
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Cited By (9)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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EP1755033A1 (en) * | 2004-05-24 | 2007-02-21 | Leisure Electronics Technology Co., Ltd. | Random number extraction method and random number generation device using the same |
EP1755033A4 (en) * | 2004-05-24 | 2007-10-10 | Leisure Electronics Technology | RANDOM NUMBER EXTRACTING METHOD AND RANDOM NUMBER GENERATING DEVICE USING THE SAME |
US8037117B2 (en) | 2004-05-24 | 2011-10-11 | Leisure Electronics Technology Co., Ltd. | Random number derivation method and random number generator using same |
JP2007323135A (ja) * | 2006-05-30 | 2007-12-13 | Fdk Corp | 物理乱数生成装置 |
JP4678335B2 (ja) * | 2006-05-30 | 2011-04-27 | Fdk株式会社 | 物理乱数生成装置 |
WO2009028717A1 (ja) * | 2007-08-29 | 2009-03-05 | Osamu Kameda | 乱数の生成システム及び方法 |
JP2009302979A (ja) * | 2008-06-13 | 2009-12-24 | Toshiba Corp | 乱数生成装置 |
CN114123977A (zh) * | 2021-11-26 | 2022-03-01 | 南京鼓楼医院 | 一种基于可控断裂结的白噪声发生方法 |
CN114123977B (zh) * | 2021-11-26 | 2022-11-29 | 南京鼓楼医院 | 一种基于可控断裂结的白噪声发生方法 |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
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US8234322B2 (en) | 2012-07-31 |
EP1544726A1 (en) | 2005-06-22 |
JPWO2004017191A1 (ja) | 2005-12-08 |
JP4195007B2 (ja) | 2008-12-10 |
AU2003285742A1 (en) | 2004-03-03 |
EP1544726A4 (en) | 2007-10-03 |
EP1544726B1 (en) | 2012-08-22 |
US20050198091A1 (en) | 2005-09-08 |
AU2003285742A8 (en) | 2004-03-03 |
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