WO2004005760A1 - Type d'engrenage magnetique compose multiplicateur et sa transmission - Google Patents

Type d'engrenage magnetique compose multiplicateur et sa transmission Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2004005760A1
WO2004005760A1 PCT/CN2003/000362 CN0300362W WO2004005760A1 WO 2004005760 A1 WO2004005760 A1 WO 2004005760A1 CN 0300362 W CN0300362 W CN 0300362W WO 2004005760 A1 WO2004005760 A1 WO 2004005760A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
magnetic
magnets
wheels
wheel
base
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Application number
PCT/CN2003/000362
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Lehan Wei
Original Assignee
Lehan Wei
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Lehan Wei filed Critical Lehan Wei
Priority to AU2003231557A priority Critical patent/AU2003231557A1/en
Publication of WO2004005760A1 publication Critical patent/WO2004005760A1/zh

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
    • F16H—GEARING
    • F16H49/00—Other gearings
    • F16H49/005—Magnetic gearings with physical contact between gears
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02K—DYNAMO-ELECTRIC MACHINES
    • H02K49/00—Dynamo-electric clutches; Dynamo-electric brakes
    • H02K49/10—Dynamo-electric clutches; Dynamo-electric brakes of the permanent-magnet type
    • H02K49/102—Magnetic gearings, i.e. assembly of gears, linear or rotary, by which motion is magnetically transferred without physical contact

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a transmission component and a device, in particular to a magnetic gear wheel and a magnetic variable speed transmission device that uses the attraction and repulsion between magnets instead of mechanical force as the meshing force.
  • Mechanical gear is the most widely used transmission with the best performance. However, the gear has wear, needs lubrication, and has no overload protection function. Its maximum linear speed cannot exceed 250m / s, and it has high noise at high speeds and high manufacturing requirements.
  • EP1069671 published on January 17, 2001 and US patent 5,569,967 published on October 29, 1996 both disclose two magnetic gear structures.
  • EP1069671 discloses a magnetic gear that uses a repulsive force between homogeneous magnetic poles as a mesh to transmit torque.
  • the magnetic gear of this structure has a small maximum magnetic meshing force.
  • meshing force F is defined as the meshing force multiplied by the gear radius equal to the torque.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide a magnetic transmission device using a plurality of multi-layer planar magnetic gear wheels, the maximum meshing force of which is much larger than the magnetic gear disclosed in the aforementioned patent.
  • the magnetic transmission device includes a plurality of multi-layer planar magnetic gear wheels, each of which includes:
  • each magnetic disc wheel includes:
  • the magnets are arranged alternately, and on two adjacent magnetic disc wheels stacked in parallel, the magnets are aligned with each other in a direction perpendicular to the base, and the magnetic axes of the aligned magnets are in the same direction; A spacer between the magnetic disk wheels; and
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide a magnetic transmission device using a plurality of multi-layer spherical magnetic gear wheels, the maximum meshing force of which is much larger than the magnetic gear disclosed in the aforementioned patent.
  • the magnetic transmission device comprises a plurality of multilayer spherical magnetic gear wheels, each multilayer spherical magnetic gear wheel comprising:
  • each magnetic disk wheel includes:
  • a spherical shell-shaped base, the spherical shell-shaped bases of all the magnetic disk wheels have the same spherical center; and an even number of magnets arranged on an indexing circle at equal intervals, the indexing circle is located on the spherical-shell-shaped base and its The center of the circle is located on the line connecting the center of the spherical shell-shaped base with the center of the sphere.
  • the magnetic axes of all the magnets point or are opposite to the center of the base sphere, and the polarities of the magnets on the graduation circle are alternately arranged.
  • the magnets are aligned with each other in a direction pointing to or in the direction of the base sphere center, and the magnetic axis directions of the mutually aligned magnets are the same;
  • a plurality of spacers located between two adjacent stacked magnetic disk wheels
  • the rotating shaft that points to the center of the spherical surface of the base and passes through the center of the base spherical shell of each magnetic disk wheel and the spherical shell-shaped spacer is fixed to the rotary shaft
  • the manner in which two multilayer spherical magnetic gear wheels mesh with each other is that all spherical bases have the same spherical center and the intersection of the axes of the two rotating shafts is located at the spherical center. Two adjacent magnetic pieces in one of the multilayer spherical magnetic gear wheels One of the multi-layer spherical magnetic wheel is inserted into the gap between the wheels.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide a method for rotating between linear motion and circular motion.
  • the changed magnetic transmission device has a maximum meshing force much larger than the magnetic gear disclosed in the aforementioned patent.
  • This magnetic transmission according to the invention comprises:
  • Multi-layer planar magnetic wheel which contains:
  • each magnetic disc wheel includes:
  • a flat circular base the bases of all the magnetic disk wheels are parallel to each other; and an even number of magnets arranged at an equal interval on an index circle, which is located on the base and is concentric with the base, and the magnetic axes of all the magnets Are perpendicular to the plane of the substrate, and the polarities of the magnets on the indexing circle are alternately arranged, and on two adjacent magnetic disc wheels stacked in parallel, the magnets are aligned with each other in a direction perpendicular to the substrate and are aligned with each other
  • the magnetic axis direction of the magnet is the same;
  • a plurality of spacers located between two adjacent stacked magnetic disk wheels
  • the base and spacers that pass through the center of the base and the spacers in each of the magnetic disk wheels are perpendicular to the substrate and the spacers;
  • Magnetic stripe it contains:
  • a slider capable of moving in a tangential direction of the magnetic disc wheel
  • a plurality of magnetic strips integrated with the slider the magnets are embedded at equal intervals, the magnetic poles of the magnets are alternately arranged along the movement direction of the slider, and the magnets are aligned in a direction parallel to the rotation axis.
  • the magnetic axis directions of the magnets in the same magnetic column are the same, and the distance between the magnets along the slider movement direction is equal to the arc distance between the magnets on the multi-layer planar magnetic wheel.
  • Another object of the present invention is to provide an intermeshing magnetic transmission device whose maximum meshing force is much larger than the magnetic gear disclosed in the aforementioned patent.
  • This magnetic transmission according to the invention comprises:
  • Multi-layer in-plane magnetic wheel which includes:
  • each magnetic disc wheel includes:
  • a flat circular base the bases of all the magnetic disk wheels are parallel to each other; and an even number of magnets arranged at an equal interval on an index circle, which is located on the base and is concentric with the base, and the magnetic axes of all the magnets Are perpendicular to the plane of the substrate, and the polarities of the magnets on the indexing circle are alternately arranged, and on two adjacent magnetic disc wheels stacked in parallel, the magnets are aligned with each other in a direction perpendicular to the substrate and are aligned with each other Magnetic axis direction the same;
  • a plurality of spacers located between two adjacent stacked magnetic disk wheels
  • the base and spacers that pass through the center of the base and the spacers in each of the magnetic disk wheels are perpendicular to the substrate and the spacers;
  • Multi-layer out-of-plane magnetic wheel which includes:
  • a plurality of magnetic disk wheels connected to the cylindrical rotating frame, and each magnetic disk wheel includes:
  • a flat ring-shaped base the bases of all the magnetic disk wheels are parallel to each other; and an even number of magnets arranged on an index circle at equal intervals, the index circles are located on the base and are concentric with the base, and the magnetic axes of all the magnets are Perpendicular to the plane of the substrate, and the polarities of the magnets on the indexing circle are alternately arranged, and on two adjacent magnetic disc wheels stacked in parallel, the magnets are aligned with each other in a direction perpendicular to the substrate, and are aligned with each other
  • the magnetic axis directions of the magnets are the same;
  • a rotating shaft that runs through the axis of the cylindrical rotating frame and is perpendicular to the plane of the annular base, the base is concentrically fixed to the cylindrical rotating frame, and the cylindrical rotating frame is fixed to the rotating shaft,
  • the manner in which the in-plane magnetic gear wheels and the out-plane magnetic gear wheels mesh with each other is that their rotation axes are parallel to each other, and one of the two adjacent magnetic disc wheels is inserted with a magnetic one of the other.
  • the plate wheel, and all the magnets on the magnetic plate wheel in each of the multi-layer in-plane magnetic gear wheel and the multi-layer out-of-plane magnetic gear wheel have the same magnetic arc distance on their respective indexing circles.
  • the magnetic transmission device of the invention has a series of advantages such as large meshing force, high rotation speed, low noise, no wear, cleanness, high efficiency, a certain speed ratio, overload protection function, and easy manufacturing and processing.
  • Figures 1 (a) and 1 (b) are structural diagrams of a single-layer magnetic gear wheel (ie, a magnetic disk wheel 26 and a spacer 27). The polarities of the magnets 1 to 24 on the index circle 29 are alternating.
  • Figure 1 (a) is a front view
  • Figure 1 (b) is an axial cross-sectional view.
  • Figures 2 (a) and 2 (b) show the polarity of the magnet.
  • the direction of the magnetic axis 30 is the direction from the S pole to the N pole in the magnet.
  • the three lines drawn on the pole surface are the N pole, of which Figure 2 (a) is a side view, and FIG. 2 (b) is a top view.
  • Figures 3 (a) and 3 (b) are structural diagrams of another single-layer magnetic gear wheel, wherein Figure 3 (a) is a front view, and Figure 3 (b) is an axial cross-sectional view.
  • Reference numerals 31 ⁇ 42 is a magnet
  • 43 is a base
  • 44 is a magnetic disc wheel
  • 45 is a spacer
  • 46 is a rotating shaft
  • 47 is an index circle.
  • FIG. 4 is an axial cross-sectional view of two multi-layer planar magnetic toothed wheels after meshing; the upper half is an axial cross-sectional view of the magnetic toothed wheel A formed after the magnetic disk wheel and the spacer shown in FIG. 1 are coaxially stacked.
  • the lower half is an axial cross-sectional view of the magnetic gear wheel C formed after the magnetic disc wheel and the spacer are coaxially stacked as shown in FIG. 3.
  • a row of magnets along the axial direction is called a magnetic row, and its magnetic axes are all in the same direction.
  • the magnet axes of adjacent magnets are opposite.
  • the magnetic axis directions of the magnets of the two magnetic gear wheels are all the same.
  • FIG. 5 is an axial cross-sectional view of the meshing state of two multilayer spherical magnetic gear wheels, and the 0 point is a common spherical center of all magnetic disk wheels and spacers of the two spherical magnetic gear wheels;
  • Figures 6 (a) and 6 (b) show the meshing of the magnetic wheel and the magnetic rod.
  • the upper part is a magnetic gear wheel
  • the lower part is a magnetic gear bar 86 and a dovetail rail 87.
  • FIG. 7 is an axial cross-sectional view of an inner meshing structure of two magnetic gear wheels. detailed description
  • FIG. 1 (a) and 1 (b) are structural diagrams of a multilayer planar magnetic wheel A according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention, wherein FIG. 1 (a) is a front view thereof, and FIG. 1 (b) is a multilayer In the axial sectional view of the planar magnetic gear wheel, for simplicity, only one layer is shown in FIG. 1 (b).
  • this layer of planar magnetic wheel includes a magnetic wheel 26, a spacer 27, and a rotating shaft 28.
  • the rotating shaft 28 runs through the center of the magnetic disk wheel 26 and penetrates the spacer. 27, and the magnetic disk wheel 26 and the spacer 27 are fixed on the rotating shaft 28 and the planes of both are perpendicular to the rotating shaft 28.
  • FIG. 1 (b) this layer of planar magnetic wheel includes a magnetic wheel 26, a spacer 27, and a rotating shaft 28.
  • the rotating shaft 28 runs through the center of the magnetic disk wheel 26 and penetrates the spacer. 27, and the magnetic disk wheel 26 and the spacer 27 are fixed on the rotating shaft 28
  • the magnetic disk wheel 26 is composed of a rotatable flat disc-shaped substrate 25 and magnets 1 to 24 arranged on the substrate 25.
  • the magnets 1 to 24 are arranged on the substrate 25 at equal intervals.
  • a circle, the circle passing through the geometric center of these magnets is the index circle 29.
  • the directions of the S to N poles in the magnets 1 to 24 shown in FIG. 2 (a) are referred to as magnetic shafts 30, and the magnetic shafts 30 of all the magnets run almost on the rotating shafts 28.
  • the magnetic shafts 30 of the magnets 1 to 24 on the graduation circle 29 are alternately arranged.
  • the polarities of the magnets 1 to 24 along the graduation circle are alternately arranged on the substrate 25, that is, the polarities of any magnetic pole and adjacent magnetic poles are opposite. Therefore, the number of magnets Z on each magnetic disc wheel 26 is an even number.
  • the magnets 1 to 24 are embedded in the substrate 25 and the thickness in the direction of the magnetic axis 30 thereof is equal to the thickness of the substrate 25.
  • the thickness of the spacer 27 is slightly larger than the thickness of the substrate 25.
  • the shapes of the magnets 1 to 24 can be cylindrical, prismatic, elliptical or other shapes.
  • the base 25 and the spacer 27 should be made of electrically insulating or high resistivity materials to eliminate or reduce eddy currents. Of course, in low-speed applications Metals can also be used.
  • the multi-layer planar magnetic wheel A is composed of a plurality of identical magnetic disc wheels 26 and a plurality of identical spacers 27 which are coaxially overlapped with each other.
  • two adjacent magnetic disc wheels 26 are separated by a space.
  • the magnets on two adjacent magnetic disc wheels are aligned with each other in a direction parallel to the rotation axis, and a row of magnets aligned in a direction parallel to the rotation axis is called a magnetic column.
  • the magnetic axes of the magnets of the same magnetic column in the same direction are required to be superposed, that is, the polarities of the magnets of the same magnetic column are alternately arranged. In other words, in the direction parallel to the axis of rotation, all adjacent magnets are attracted to each other. Because the magnetic poles are alternately arranged along the indexing circle direction and the rotation axis direction, the magnetic lines of force of the entire magnetic gear wheel are cage-shaped, and the rotation axis is a symmetry axis. The magnetic lines of force of any magnetic column move forward along the common magnetic axis and then return from the two magnetic columns on both sides to form a loop.
  • FIG. 4 shows an axial cross-sectional view of the multilayer planar magnetic wheel A that is formed by superposition. For convenience, only three magnetic disk wheels are drawn here.
  • a multi-layer magnetic gear wheel is equivalent to a mechanical gear
  • two meshing magnetic gear wheels are equivalent to a transmission device composed of two meshing mechanical gears
  • a multi-stage transmission magnetic gear wheel group is equivalent to a multi-level transmission mechanical gear.
  • each magnet on a magnetic disc wheel is equivalent to each tooth of a mechanical gear
  • the number of magnets Z on a magnetic disc wheel is equivalent to the number of teeth of a gear.
  • the circle passing through the geometric center of each magnet on a magnet wheel is called an index circle, which is equivalent to the index circle of a mechanical gear.
  • the diameter d of the index circle in a magnetic gear wheel is equivalent to the diameter of the index circle of a gear.
  • magnetic gears also have the ability to set the gear ratio. For example, assuming that the number of magnets of each sprocket wheel corresponding to the meshed two magnetic gear wheels is ⁇ 1 and Z, and the rotation speeds are ( ⁇ and ⁇ ! ', Respectively, the rotation speed ratio is: If a multi-speed transmission or gear set is formed like a mechanical gear, the speed ratio is
  • the meshing principle of the magnetic transmission device is described by taking the meshing of two magnetic gear wheels as an example.
  • the structure of the magnetic gear C engaged with the magnetic gear A is basically the same as that of the magnetic gear A.
  • 31 to 42 are magnets
  • 43 is a base
  • 45 is a spacer
  • 46 is a rotating shaft.
  • the diameter of the indexing circle 47 of the magnetic gear wheel C and the number of magnets on each magnetic disk wheel are different from those of the magnetic gear wheel A, but the two meshing magnetic gear wheels are required to belong to their respective magnets.
  • the interval between the arcs on the indexing circle of is the same, that is, the same modulus m is required.
  • the magnetic gear wheel A is formed by stacking n magnetic wheel wheels
  • the magnetic gear wheel C may take n-1, n or n + 1 magnetic wheel wheels.
  • the index circle is also required to be substantially tangent.
  • the lower half of FIG. 4 shows an axial cross-sectional view of a multi-layer planar magnetic gear wheel C formed by superposition.
  • Fig. 4 shows the state after the magnetic gears A and C are engaged.
  • the meshing manner of the two multilayer planar magnetic wheel A and C is that the respective rotation axes are parallel to each other, and the gap between two adjacent magnetic disc wheels in the multilayer planar magnetic wheel C is both One magnetic disk wheel of the multilayer planar magnetic wheel A is inserted, and all the magnets on the magnetic disk wheel in each of the multilayer planar magnetic wheel A have the same arc distance between the magnets on their respective indexing circles, that is, Have the same magnetic arc distance, in other words, the modulus m of the two multi-layer planar magnetic gear wheels is the same.
  • a magnetic permeability plate 57 and 58 with high magnetic permeability may be attached to the outer surfaces of the two outermost magnetic disc wheels.
  • each of the magnets 1 to 24 of the magnetic toothed wheel A is located in a magnetic potential well formed by several magnets 31 to 42 of the magnetic toothed wheel C.
  • the magnetic Each of the magnets 31 to 42 of the wheel C is also located in a magnetic potential well formed by the magnets 1 to 24 of the magnetic wheel A.
  • the polarity of the magnets is alternately arranged on the index circle and in the direction parallel to the axis of rotation to make the potential well deeper and the potential well wall steeper, so that when the magnet has a tendency to leave the potential well, a greater magnetic force is generated.
  • the magnetic interaction is not limited to a row of magnets at the tangent of two indexing circles.
  • This row of magnets also has magnetic interactions with neighboring magnets, and between adjacent rows of magnets. There are also interactions, but this effect diminishes as it moves away from the tangency.
  • the meshing force is exactly the algebraic sum of the tangential components of these forces along the tangential direction of the index circle.
  • FIGs 6a and 6b show the structure after the magnetic wheel and the magnetic rod are meshed, Figure 6a is a front view, and Figure 6b is a cross-sectional view taken along line A'-A 'in Figure 6a.
  • the upper part of the figure is a magnetic gear wheel, and the lower part is a magnetic gear wheel.
  • the structure of the magnetic gear wheel is the same as that described in FIG. 1.
  • the magnetic gear wheels 88 and 89 and the spacers 85 are coaxially superimposed on each other. It rotates about the rotation shaft 84.
  • the magnet wheel 88 is also composed of a base 83 and magnets 71-82 arranged on the base 83.
  • the magnetic stripe is composed of a slider 86 and a plurality of magnetic strips 90, 91, and 92 integrated with the slider 86.
  • the magnetic strips 90, 91, and 92 are embedded with magnets 64-70 at equal intervals.
  • the magnetic poles are arranged alternately, and the spacing between the magnets is equal to the arc spacing between the magnets on the magnetic wheel. In a direction parallel to the rotation axis 84, the corresponding magnets on each magnetic stripe are aligned into a magnetic column.
  • the magnetic axis directions of the magnets of the same magnetic column are the same, the magnetic axis directions of adjacent magnetic columns are opposite, and the sliders of the magnetic rods are aligned. 86 can slide in the dovetail groove 87 below.
  • Figures 6a and 6b only two disk wheels and three disk strips are shown in Figures 6a and 6b.
  • the magnetic stripe and the slider are connected as a whole, and the spacers between the magnetic stripe 90, 91, and 92 are omitted.
  • the meshing force is generated in the same manner as the aforementioned multi-layered planar magnetic wheel. When the magnetic gear wheel rotates clockwise, the magnetic gear bar slides to the left; and when the magnetic gear wheel rotates counterclockwise, the magnetic gear bar slides to the right.
  • the magnetic toothed wheel can also be made into the internal toothed type.
  • the two magnetic toothed wheels that mesh with each other have the same rotation direction.
  • Figure 7 shows the structure after the two internally-engaged magnetic wheels are engaged.
  • the larger one of the two meshing meshing wheels must be outside, called the outer magnet wheel, and the smaller size must be inside, called the inner magnet wheel.
  • the structure of the inner magnetic wheel is the same as that described in FIG. 1, and is also composed of a plurality of magnetic disk wheels 93, 94 and 95, a plurality of spacers 98, 99 and a rotating shaft 100.
  • the outer magnetic wheel is composed of a cylindrical rotating frame 103, and a cylinder.
  • the ring-shaped magnetic disc wheels 101, 102 and the rotating shaft 104 are connected together, and the spacers are omitted here and replaced by a part of the cylindrical rotating frame.
  • the magnets 96, 97, 105, and 106 are arranged on the indexing circle at equal intervals, and the polarity is also alternately arranged on the indexing circle.
  • the magnets are aligned axially into a magnetic column, the magnetic axes of the same magnetic column are in the same direction, and the magnetic axes of adjacent magnetic columns are opposite.
  • the requirement for the meshing of the two magnetic wheels is also that the arc distance between the magnets on the single magnetic disk wheel on the two wheels is equal.
  • the generation of the meshing force is the same as that of the aforementioned multilayer planar magnetic wheel.
  • one magnetic wheel rotates, it drives the other magnetic wheel to rotate in the same direction, and its speed ratio is inversely proportional to the number of magnets on a single magnetic disk wheel.
  • the outer magnetic wheel is drawn in Figure 7. 2 magnetic disc wheels and 3 magnetic disc wheels inside.
  • the spacer and the base can be integrally formed to form a whole.
  • FIG. 5 is an axial cross-sectional view of the meshing state of two multilayer spherical magnetic gear wheels.
  • This structure can be formed by the following geometric operations of the two multilayer planar magnetic gear wheels shown in Figure 4:
  • Two multilayer planar magnetic gear wheels Using the respective rotation axes 55 and 56 as the rotational symmetry axes, the base plates 51, 52, 60, 61, and 62 and the magnetically permeable plates (not shown), the spacers 53, 54 and 63 on the bases 52 and 62 are bent into Concentric spherical shells, while bending, will also reduce the bases 60, 61 and 62, magnetic plates (not shown), spacers 53, 54, 63, and magnets on the side of the spherical shell, which are reduced in proportion to the radius of the spherical shell.
  • the magnet will become a cone, and its inner and outer bottom surfaces will become concave and convex spherical shapes.
  • the geometric operation must also meet an important condition, that is, the centers of two meshing multilayer spherical magnetic gear wheels coincide at the same point 0. It is a necessary condition to ensure that the two magnetic gear wheels can mesh.
  • the solid angles of the bases, spacers, and magnets on the center of the sphere are the same, the number of magnets on each magnetic disk wheel is the same, and the magnets on the same magnetic disk wheel are the same size.
  • the size of the magnets on different magnet wheels is different.
  • the solid angles of the sphere wheels and spacers of different multi-layer spherical magnetic wheels on the sphere center may be different.
  • the manner in which two multi-layer spherical magnetic gear wheels mesh with each other is that all spherical shell bases have the same sphere center 0 and the intersection point of the axes of the two rotating shafts is also located at the sphere center 0.
  • One of the multi-layer spherical magnetic toothed wheels is inserted into the gap between the adjacent magnetic plate wheels.
  • This multi-layer spherical magnetic gear wheel can transmit power when the two shafts have any included angle, and its function is equivalent to the meshing of two bevel gears in a mechanical gear.
  • the maximum meshing force of the multilayer spherical magnetic wheel is similar to that of the multilayer planar magnetic wheel.
  • multi-layer spherical magnetic gear wheels can also be made inwardly-geared. Since the basic principle is the same, it will not be described again.
  • a multilayer planar magnetic wheel is actually a special case of a multilayer spherical magnetic wheel when the spherical shell radius approaches infinity.
  • the materials used for the magnet in the present invention include ordinary permanent magnets (NdFeB, ferrite, magnetic steel, etc.), superconducting permanent magnets, superconducting wire wound electromagnets, and ordinary wire wound electromagnets.
  • magnetic guide plates can be provided at both ends of the device to guide the magnetic lines of force. Therefore, except that the gap between the magnets is air, the paths of the magnetic lines of force are all in the magnet and the magnetic conductive material. Within the material, the magnetic resistance in the magnetic field circuit mainly comes from the gap between adjacent magnets. Since this gap can be made very small, when a high-permeability material is used as the inner core of the electromagnet, a small excitation current can 'form a magnetic induction strength of more than 1T, so ordinary electromagnets are used to proxy permanent magnets. It is also feasible.
  • the above-mentioned magnetic transmission device can have a very large maximum meshing force and transmission power.
  • a magnetic transmission device composed of a multi-layer planar magnetic wheel made of an existing commercially available NdFeB permanent magnet as an example, it is assumed that the residual magnetic induction Br of the permanent magnet is 1T and the coercive force He is 1000KA / m, one of which
  • the indexing circle diameter of the multi-layer planar magnetic gear wheel is 100mm (maximum outer diameter of 115mm) and the thickness is 50mm.
  • the indexing circle diameter of the other multi-layer plane magnetic gearwheel is 50mm (maximum outer diameter of 65mm) and the thickness is 60m ,
  • the maximum meshing force F max will exceed 400 Newtons. If a large wheel is used as the driving wheel and the rotation speed is 1000 rpm, the rotation speed of the small wheel as the driven wheel is 2000 rpm, so it can transmit more than 100KW of power.
  • a superconducting wire-wound magnet is used or a superconducting permanent magnet that captures magnetic flux (such as the superconductor YBa 2 Cu 3 0 7 _ x produced by melt-texturing method)
  • the generated magnetic field is stronger and the maximum meshing force will be more Big.
  • the C wheel when the load of the C wheel increases, the C wheel has a greater lag in the rotation angle. If the load of the C wheel continues to increase, the cog force will further increase, and finally reach the maximum values Fma X , Fma X is the maximum meshing force. After exceeding this value, the meshing force decreases, and then the meshing force reverses. At this time, the A wheel is accelerated by the C wheel instead. When this happens, the A-round will output energy for a while and receive energy for a while, and its average output power will be zero. The C wheel will gradually stop under the load, while the A wheel will reach the no-load limit speed under the action of the power source. This condition is called disengagement. Because it is magnetically engaged, the A and C wheels will not be damaged when disengaged. This is the overload protection function. Therefore, the magnetic gear has a torque limiting function, and the situation of the spherical magnetic gear is the same.
  • Magnetic gear wheels are driven by magnetic field forces rather than mechanical forces, so there is no mechanical contact between the driving and driven wheels. As a result, there is no wear, no lubrication, and it is clean.
  • the driving wheel and the driven wheel can be vacuum-isolated, that is, one magnetic toothed wheel is in the atmosphere and the other magnetic toothed wheel is in a vacuum. These features are particularly useful in certain situations. 3. Low noise
  • the magnetic wheel has no mechanical friction loss, and there is no eddy current loss when the substrate and the spacer are electrically insulated, the rate of change of the magnetic field in space has not reached the level of radiating electromagnetic waves, and the magnetic flux in the permanent magnet is also constant. Therefore, the magnetic gear wheel has a near 100% transmission efficiency.
  • the two magnetic gear wheels are operated for a long time at a speed of 10,000 rpm, and the ball bearing is heated up, but the magnetic gear wheel has no appreciable temperature rise. . If an electromagnet is used instead of a permanent magnet, then! ? ] Magnetic current to be consumed
  • the follower wheel follows the drive wheel more slowly than the mechanical gear. This is the soft meshing.
  • the advantage is that it does not have a large impact on the following mechanism when starting.
  • the disadvantage is that the local angular gear ratio of the magnetic gear is not as accurate as the mechanical gear. Magnetic gear wheels are easier to manufacture than mechanical gears.
  • the number of magnetic disc wheels of two meshing multi-layer planar magnetic gear wheels is n and n + 1, respectively, and the magnet is cylindrical and the diameter is D.
  • the cylindrical axis is parallel to the rotation axis.
  • the magnetic field strength of the cylindrical magnet is B.
  • the maximum meshing force is proportional to 2 ⁇ 3 ⁇ 4. That is, Fmax is proportional to 2nB3 ⁇ 4.
  • the situation of multi-layer spherical magnetic wheel is more complicated, but Fmax also increases with the increase of n, B, and D.
  • the Fmax of both types of magnetic gears increases as the axial gap between the magnets decreases.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Dynamo-Electric Clutches, Dynamo-Electric Brakes (AREA)

Description

多层磁啮轮及磁性传动装置 技术领域
本发明涉及一种传动部件和装置， 特别涉及一种磁啮轮和以磁体间的相 吸和相斥作用来代替机械力作为啮合力的磁性变速传动装置。 背景技术
机械齿轮是目前应用最广泛性能最优良的传动装置。 但齿轮有磨损， 需 润滑， 无过载保护功能， 其最高线速度不能超过 250m/s， 且在高速下噪音很 大， 制造要求也高。
与机械齿轮相比， 磁性齿轮具有高机械效率、 不接触、 噪声低和无磨损 等一系列的优点。公开于 2001年 1月 17日英国专利 EP1069671和公开于 1996 年 10 月 29 日的美国专利 5569967 两项揭示了两种磁性齿轮结构。 其中， EP1069671 揭示了一种以同性磁极间的斥力作为啮合来传递力矩的磁性齿轮。 但是这种结构的磁齿轮， 其最大磁性啮合力甚小。 这里的术语啮合力 F 定义 为啮合力乘齿轮半径等于转矩， 当负载大时， 磁体就相接触， 变成机械传动 而非磁传动， 此时非但传动性能很差， 而且会引起不合理的摩擦， 甚至撞碎 脆性的磁体。 美国专利 USP5569967 揭示了一种靠磁体间的吸力来传递转矩的 磁性齿轮， 但是最大啮合力也甚小。 中国专利申请 CN85103467A 也提到用磁 体间斥力来实现啮合的磁性齿轮， 其最大啮合力也是很小的。 由上可见， 上 述专利的共同缺点都是最大啮合力太小， 不能应用于较大功率的传输。 发明内容
本发明的一个目的是提供一种采用多个多层平面磁啮轮的磁性传动装 置， 其最大啮合力远远大于前述专利所揭示的磁性齿轮。
按照本发明的这种磁性传动装置包含多个多层平面磁啮轮， 每个所述多层 平面磁啮轮包含：
层叠在一起的多片磁片轮， 每片磁片轮包括：
一块平面圆形基底， 所有磁片轮的基底都互相平行； 以及 等间隔地排布在一分度圆上的偶数个磁体， 该分度圆位于基底上并且 与基底同心， 所有磁体的磁轴都垂直于所述基底平面， 并且分度圆上磁 体的极性交替排布， 而在平行层叠的两片相邻磁片轮上， 所述磁体沿垂 直于基底的方向互相对齐， 并且相互对齐的磁体的磁轴方向相同； 多片位于相邻两片层叠的所述磁片轮之间的间隔片； 以及
贯穿每片磁片轮中基底的圆心和所述间隔片并且垂直于基底和间隔片的 转轴， 所属基底和间隔片都固定于转轴上， ' 两个多层平面磁啮轮相互啮合的方式为， 它们的转轴互相平行， 其中一 个多层平面磁啮轮中的两个相邻磁片轮之间的间隙内都插入有另一个多层平 面磁啮轮中的一个磁片轮， 并且每个所述多层平面磁啮轮中磁片轮上的所有 磁体在各自所属分度圆上具有相同的磁弧距。
本发明的另一个目的是提供一种采用多个多层球面磁啮轮的磁性传动装 置， 其最大啮合力远远大于前述专利所揭示的磁性齿轮。
按照本发明的这种磁性传动装置包含- 多个多层球面磁啮轮， 每个多层球面磁啮轮包含：
层叠在一起的多片磁片轮， 其中， 每片磁片轮包括：
球壳形基底， 所有磁片轮的球壳形基底都具有相同的球心； 以及 等间隔地排布在一分度圆上的偶数个磁体， 该分度圆位于球壳形基底 上并且其圆心位于球壳形基底中心与球心的连线上， 所有磁体的磁轴都 指向或反向指向所述基底球心， 并且位于分度圆上的磁体的极性交替排 布， 而在两片相邻磁片轮上， 所述磁体沿指向或反向指向所述基底球心 的方向互相对齐， 并且相互对齐的磁体的磁轴方向相同；
多片位于相邻两片层叠的所述磁片轮之间的间隔片； 以及
指向所述基底球面的球心并且贯穿各片磁片轮基底球壳中心和所述球壳 形间隔片的转轴， 所属基底和间隔片都固定于转轴上，
两个多层球面磁啮轮相互啮合的方式为， 所有球面基底具有同一球心并 且两个转轴的轴线的交点位于该球心， 其中一个多层球面磁啮轮中的两个相 邻磁片轮之间的间隙内都插入有另一个多层球面磁啮轮中的一个磁片轮。
本发明的另一个目的是提供一种用于在直线运动与圆周运动之间进行转 换的磁性传动装置， 其最大啮合力远远大于前述专利所揭示的磁性齿轮。 按照本发明的这种磁性传动装置包含：
多层平面磁啮轮， 它包含：
. 层叠在一起的多片磁片轮， 每片磁片轮包括：
一块平面圆形基底， 所有磁片轮的基底都互相平行； 以及 等间隔地排布在一分度圆上的偶数个磁体， 该分度圆位于基底上 并且与基底同心， 所有磁体的磁轴都垂直于所述基底平面， 并且分度 圆上磁体的极性交替排布， 而在平行层叠的两片相邻磁片轮上， 所述 磁体沿垂直于基底的方向互相对齐， 并且相互对齐的磁体的磁轴方向 相同；
多片位于相邻两片层叠的所述磁片轮之间的间隔片； 以及
贯穿每片磁片轮中基底的圆心和所述间隔片并且垂直于基底和间隔片 的转轴， 所属基底和间隔片都固定于转轴上； 以及
磁啮条， 它包含：
可以沿所述磁片轮切线方向运动的滑条； 以及
与滑条连成一体的多条磁片条， 所述磁片条上等间距地嵌有磁体， 沿 滑条运动方向所述磁体的磁极交替排列而沿平行于转轴方向的所述磁体 对齐成磁列并且同一磁列的各磁体的磁轴方向相同， 磁体沿滑条运动方 向的间距与所述多层平面磁啮轮上磁体间的弧间距等长。
本发明的另外一个目的是提供一种内啮式磁性传动装置， 其最大啮合力 远远大于前述专利所揭示的磁性齿轮。
按照本发明的这种磁性传动装置包含：
多层平面内磁啮轮， 它包含：
层叠在一起的多片磁片轮， 每片磁片轮包括：
一块平面圆形基底， 所有磁片轮的基底都互相平行； 以及 等间隔地排布在一分度圆上的偶数个磁体， 该分度圆位于基底上 并且与基底同心， 所有磁体的磁轴都垂直于所述基底平面， 并且分度 圆上磁体的极性交替排布， 而在平行层叠的两片相邻磁片轮上， 所述 磁体沿垂直于基底的方向互相对齐， 并且相互对齐的磁体的磁轴方向 相同；
多片位于相邻两片层叠的所述磁片轮之间的间隔片； 以及
贯穿每片磁片轮中基底的圆心和所述间隔片并且垂直于基底和间隔片 的转轴， 所属基底和间隔片都固定于转轴上； 以及
多层平面外磁啮轮， 它包含：
筒状旋转架； ·
与所述筒状旋转架连接在一起的多片磁片轮， 每片磁片轮包括：
一块平面环形基底， 所有磁片轮的基底都互相平行； 以及 等间隔地排布在一分度圆上的偶数个磁体， 该分度圆位于基底上 并且与基底同心， 所有磁体的磁轴都垂直于所述基底平面， 并且分度 圆上磁体的极性交替排布， 而在平行层叠的两片相邻磁片轮上， 所述 磁体沿垂直于基底的方向互相对齐， 并且相互对齐的磁体的磁轴方向 相同； 以及
贯穿所述筒状旋转架轴心并垂直于环形基底平面的转轴， 所述基底同 心地固定在筒状旋转架上， 而筒状旋转架则固定于转轴上，
多层平面内磁啮轮与多层平面外磁啮轮相互啮合的方式为， 它们的转轴 互相平行， 其中一个的两个相邻磁片轮之间的间隙内都插入有另一个的一个 磁片轮， 并且每个所述多层平面内磁啮轮和多层平面外磁啮轮中磁片轮上的 所有磁体在各自所属分度圆上具有相同的磁弧距。
. 本发明的磁性传动装置具有啮合力大、 转速高、 噪声低、 无磨损、 清洁、 高效、 有确定的转速比、 具有过载保护功能和制造加工容易等一系列的优点。 附图说明
图 1 (a)和 1 (b)为单层磁啮轮（即一片磁片轮 26加一片间隔片 27)的结构 图， 在分度圆 29上的各磁体 1〜24的极性是交替排布的， 其中图 1 (a)为正面 图， 图 1 (b)为轴向剖面图。
图 2 (a)和 2 (b)示出了磁体极性表示方法， 磁轴 30 的方向为磁体内从 S 极到 N极的方向， 磁极面上画三条线者为 N极，其中图 2 (a)为侧视图， 图 2 (b) 为顶视图。 图 3 (a)和 3 (b)为另一单层磁啮轮的结构图， 其中， 图 3 (a)为正面图， 图 3 (b)为轴向剖面图， 图中的标号 31〜42表示磁体， 43 表示基底， 44表示磁 片轮， 45表示间隔片， 46表示转轴， 47为分度圆。
图 4为两个多层平面磁啮轮啮合后的轴向剖面图； 上半部为图 1 所示的 磁片轮和间隔片同轴叠合后形成的磁啮轮 A 的轴向剖面图； 下半部为图 3 所 示的磁片轮和间隔片同轴叠合后的形成的磁啮轮 C 的轴向剖面图。 在任一磁 啮轮中， 沿轴向的一列磁体称为磁列， 其磁轴都是同向的， 相邻磁列的磁体 的磁轴相反。 在正啮合部位， 如图中磁体 31 和 13 所在的位置， 两磁啮轮的 磁体的磁轴方向也全部相同。
图 5为两个多层球面磁啮轮啮合状态的轴向剖面图， 0点为两球面磁啮轮 所有磁片轮和间隔片的共同球心；
图 6 (a)和 6 (b)为磁啮轮和磁啮条相啮合的情况。 上部为磁啮轮， 下部为 磁啮条 86和燕尾形导轨 87。
图 7为两个磁啮轮内啮式结构的轴向剖面图。 具体实施方式
以下借助附图描述本发明的较佳实施例。
图 1 (a)和 1 (b)为按照本发明较佳实施例的多层平面磁啮轮 A的结构图， 其中图 1 (a)为其正面图， 而图 1 (b)为多层平面磁啮轮的轴向剖面图， 为简化 起见， 图 1 (b)中只画出其中一层。 如图 1 (b)所示， 该层平面磁啮轮包含一块 磁片轮（magnetic wheels) 26、 一块间隔片（Spacer) 27和转轴 28， 转轴 28贯 穿磁片轮 26的中心并贯穿间隔片 27， 并且磁片轮 26和间隔片 27固定于转轴 28上并且二者的平面都垂直于转轴 28。 如图 1 (a)所示， 磁片轮 26 由可旋转 的平面圆盘状基底 25和排布在基底 25上的磁体 1〜24组成， 磁体 1〜24在 基底 25上等间隔地排列成一个圆，经过这些磁体几何中心的圆就是分度圆 29。 图 2 (a)所示磁体 1〜24内 S至 N极的方向称为磁轴 30， 并且所有磁体的磁轴 30都乎行于转轴 28。 在分度圆 29上磁体 1〜24的磁轴 30是交替排布的。 换 句话说， 在基底 25上沿分度圆的磁体 1〜24的极性交替排布， 即任一磁极和 相邻磁极的极性是相反的。 因此每一磁片轮 26上的磁体数目 Z是偶数。 在本 发明的该较佳实施例中， 磁体 1〜24嵌入基底 25 中并且在其磁轴 30方向上 的厚度与基底 25的厚度相等。 此外， 间隔片 27的厚度要略大于基底 25厚度。 磁体 1〜24的形状可采用圆柱体、 棱柱体、 椭圆柱体或其它形状， 基底 25和 间隔片 27 宜采用电绝缘性或高电阻率材料以消除或减少涡流， 当然， 在低转 速应用中也可采用金属。
多层平面磁啮轮 A 由多片相同的磁片轮 26和多片相同的间隔片 27同轴 相间叠合而成， 换句话说， 两片相邻的磁片轮 26之间由一块间隔片 27分隔， 因此最外面的间隔片可省去， 即如果磁片轮为 n片， 则间隔片为 n- 1片， n=l， 2 , 3……。 所以叠合后的组态为： 磁片轮 /间隔片 /磁片轮…… /间隔片 /…… 间隔片 /磁片轮。 叠合后相邻两片磁片轮上的磁体在平行于转轴方向上互相对 齐， 在平行于转轴方向上对齐的一列磁体称为磁列。 叠合时要求同一磁列的 磁体的磁轴同方向， 也就是同一磁列的磁体的极性交替排列。 换句话说， 在 平行于转轴方向， 凡相邻的磁体都处于互相吸引的状态。 由于沿分度圆方向 和沿转轴方向的磁极都是交替排布的， 所以整个磁啮轮的磁力线呈笼状， 且 以转轴为对称轴。 任一磁列的磁力线沿共同磁轴向前然后从两边的两列磁列 返回形成迴路。
图 4上半部分示出了叠合形成的多层平面磁啮轮 A 的轴向剖面图， 为方 便起见， 这里只画了三片磁片轮。
一个多层磁啮轮的功能相当于一个机械齿轮， 两个相啮合的磁啮轮相当 于两个相啮合的机械齿轮构成的传动装置， 多级传动磁啮轮组相当于多级传 动机械齿轮组， 一个磁片轮上的每块磁体相当于机械齿轮每个轮齿， 一个磁 片轮上磁体的个数 Z 相当于一个齿轮的齿数。 经过一个磁片轮上各磁体几何 中心的圆称为分度圆， 相当于机械齿轮的分度圆， 磁啮轮中分度圆的直径 d 相当于齿轮分度圆直径， 磁体在分度圆上的弧距相当于齿轮的齿弧距， 在磁 啮轮中也引进模数 m， 且 d = Z X m== Z X齿弧距 /π。
磁啮轮与机械齿轮一样， 也具备设定变速比的能力。 例如， 假设相啮合 的两磁啮轮所对应的每个磁片轮的磁体数目分别为∑1和 Ζ ， 转速分别为 (^和 ω！', 则其转速比为：
Figure imgf000008_0001
若象机械齿轮那样组成多级变速装置或齿轮组， 则转速比为
, ω Ζ, , ω Ζ3
k2 = ^^ =—τ,κ = =— 则总的变速比为
Κ= Κ1 Χ Κ2 Χ Κ3
这种关系与机械齿轮中的是一样的。
以下以两个磁啮轮的啮合为例描述磁性传动装置的啮合原理。 如图 3 (a) 和 3 (b)所示， 与磁啮轮 Α相啮合的磁啮轮 C的结构与磁啮轮 A基本相同。 在 图 3 (a)中， 31〜42为磁体， 43为基底， 45为间隔片， 46为转轴。 为变换转 速， 该磁啮轮 C的分度圆 47的直径以及每片磁片轮上磁体的数目都与磁啮轮 A 的不同， 但要求两个相啮合的磁啮轮的磁体在各自所属的分度圆上的弧间距 相同， 即要求有相同的模数 m。 如果磁啮轮 A由 n片磁片轮叠成， 则磁啮轮 C 可取 n- 1、 n或 n+1片磁片轮。 两轮相啮合时还要求分度圆基本相切。 图 4下 半部分示出了叠合形成的多层平面磁啮轮 C的轴向剖面图。
图 4为磁啮轮 A与 C啮合后的状态。 如图 4所示， 两个多层平面磁啮轮 A与 C的啮合方式为， 各自的转轴互相平行， 多层平面磁啮轮 C中的两个相 邻磁片轮之间的间隙内都插入有多层平面磁啮轮 A 的一个磁片轮， 并且每个 所述多层平面磁啮轮中磁片轮上的所有磁体在各自所属分度圆上具有相同的 磁体间弧距， 即有相同的磁弧距， 换句话说， 即两个多层平面磁啮轮的模数 m 相同。
为减小回路的磁阻， 在最外面的两片磁片轮的外表面可各贴上一块高导 磁率的导磁板 57和 58。
在图 4所示的磁性传动装置中， 在啮合部位， 磁啮轮 A的每一块磁体 1〜 24都处于磁啮轮 C的若干磁体 31〜42所形成的磁势阱中， 反过来， 磁啮轮 C 轮的每一块磁体 31〜42也都处于磁啮轮 A的若干磁体 1〜24所形成的磁势阱 中。 在分度圆上及平行于转轴方向上交替排列磁体的极性是为了使势阱更深 并且势阱壁更陡， 从而当磁体有离开势阱的趋势时产生更大的磁作用力。 值 得指出的是， 在上述磁性传动装置中， 磁相互作用并不仅仅局限于两个分度 圆相切处的一列磁体， 这一列磁体与邻近磁体也有磁相互作用， 而且邻近的 各列磁体间也有相互作用， 只不过这种作用随着远离相切处而减弱。 前面所 述啮合力正是这些作用力沿分度圆切线方向的切向分量的代数和。
当一只多层平面磁啮轮的分度圆直径趋于无穷大时， 则成为类似于机械 齿条的磁啮条， 磁啮轮与磁啮条之间的啮合可以实现圆周运动与直线运动之 间的变换。 图 6a和图 6b为磁啮轮和磁啮条啮合后的结构， 图 6a为正面图， 图 6b为沿图 6a 中直线 A'-A'剖取的剖面图。 图中上部为磁啮轮， 下部为磁啮 条， 磁啮轮的结构与图 1所描述的相同， 由若干磁片轮 88、 89和若干间隔片 85相间同轴叠合而成， 并可绕转轴 84旋转。 磁片轮 88也由基底 83、 排布在 基底 83上的磁体 71-82组成。 磁啮条由滑条 86以及与滑条 86连成一体的多 条磁片条 90、 91和 92组成， 磁片条 90、 91和 92上等间距地嵌有磁体 64-70， 这些磁体的磁极交替排列， 并且磁体间的间距和磁啮轮上磁体间的弧间距等 长。 在平行于转轴 84 的方向上， 各磁片条上的相应磁体对齐成磁列， 同一磁 列的各磁体的磁轴方向相同， 相邻磁列的磁轴方向相反， 磁啮条的滑条 86 可 以在下方的燕尾槽 87中滑动。 为简便起见， 图 6a和 6b中只画了两片磁片轮 和三条磁片条。 在图 6a 和 6b 所示的磁啮条结构中， 将磁片条和滑条连成一 整体， 省去了磁片条 90、 91 和 92 之间的间隔条。 啮合力的产生与前述多层 平面磁啮轮相同。 当磁啮轮顺时针转动时， 磁啮条就向左滑动； 而当磁啮轮 逆时针转动时， 磁啮条就向右滑动。
与机械齿轮的内齿式类似， 磁啮轮也可以做成内啮式， 此时相啮合的两 个磁啮轮的旋转方向相同。 图 7 示出了两个内啮式磁啮轮啮合后的结构。 在 这种情况下， 啮合的两个磁啮轮中尺寸较大的一个必须在外， 称为外磁轮， 尺寸较小的必须在内， 称为内磁轮。 内磁轮的结构与图 1 所描述的相同， 也 由多片磁片轮 93、 94和 95、 多片间隔片 98、 99和转轴 100组成， 外磁轮由 筒状旋转架 103、 与筒状旋转架连在一起的环形磁片轮 101、 102 和转轴 104 组成， 这里的间隔片被省去而由筒状旋转架的一部分代替。 磁体 96、 97、 105 和 106 等间隔地排布在分度圆上， 在分度圆上极性也是交替排列。 各磁体在 轴向对齐成磁列， 同一磁列的磁轴同向， 相邻磁列的磁轴反向。 两磁轮啮合 的要求也是两轮上的单片磁片轮上的磁体间的弧距相等。 啮合力的产生与前 述的多层平面磁啮轮相同。 当一个磁轮转动时， 即带动另一磁轮同方向转动， 其转速比为单片磁片轮上磁体数的反比。 为简便起见， 图 7 中只画了外磁轮 的 2片磁片轮和内磁轮的 3片磁片轮。
值得指出的是， 在上述平面磁啮轮中， 间隔片与基底可以一体化成型以 构成一个整体。
以下描述多层球面磁啮轮的结构。 图 5 为两个多层球面磁啮轮啮合状态 的轴向剖面图， 这种结构可由图 4 所示两个多层平面磁啮轮经如下几何操作 而成： 两个多层平面磁啮轮以各自的转轴 55和 56为旋转对称轴， 将基底 51、 52、 60、 61和 62 以及基底 52和 62上的导磁板（未画出）、 间隔片 53、 54和 63 连同磁体弯曲成同心球壳， 在弯曲的同时还将靠近球心一侧的基底 60、 61 和 62、 导磁板（未画出）、 间隔片 53、 54、 63及磁体按球壳半径的比例縮小， 即越靠进球心， 其磁片轮、 分度圆、 导磁板、 间隔片和磁体就越小。 因此磁 体将变成锥体， 且其内外底面成为凹和凸的球面形状， 几何操作还要满足一 个重要条件， 即两个啮合的多层球面磁啮轮的球心重合于同一点 0， 这是保证 两个磁啮轮能啮合的必要条件。 对每一多层球面磁啮轮而言， 各基底、 间隔 片及磁体对球心所张的立体角分别相同， 各磁片轮上的磁体数也相同， 同一 磁片轮上的磁体大小相同， 不同磁片轮上的磁体大小不同。 不同的多层球面 磁啮轮的磁片轮和间隔片对球心所张的立体角可能不同。 两个多层球面磁啮 轮相互啮合的方式为， 所有球壳面基底具有同一球心 0 并且两个转轴的轴线 的交点也位于球心 0， 其中一个多层球面磁啮轮中的两个相邻磁片轮之间的间 隙内都插入有另一个多层球面磁啮轮中的一个磁片轮。 这种多层球面磁啮轮 可以在两转轴有任意夹角的情况下传输动力， 其功能相当于机械齿轮中的两 圆锥齿轮啮合。 多层球面磁啮轮的最大啮合力和多层平面磁啮轮相近。
同样， 与多层平面磁啮轮一样， 多层球面磁啮轮也可做成内啮式的， 由 于基本原理是一样， 因此不再赘述。
此外， 从理论上讲， 多层平面磁啮轮实际上是多层球面磁啮轮在球壳半 径趋于无穷大时的特殊情况。
本发明中磁体所用材料包括普通永磁体 (NdFeB、 铁氧体和磁钢等）、 超导 永磁体、 超导线绕电磁体以及普通线绕电磁体等。
在本发明包含各种磁啮轮的磁性传动装置中， 装置两端可设置导磁板引 导磁力线。 因此除磁体间的间隙是空气外， 磁力线的路径都在磁体及导磁材 料之内， 所以在磁力线回路中磁阻主要来自相邻磁体间的空隙。 由于这个间 隙可以做得很小， 所以当用高导磁率的材料做电磁体的内芯时， 很小的励磁 电流即可'形成超过 1T 的磁感强度， 因此用普通的电磁体代理永久磁体也是可 行的。
按照本发明的上述磁性传动装置可具有非常大的最大啮合力和传输功 率。 以采用现有市售的 NdFeB 永磁体制造的多层平面磁啮轮构成的磁性传动 装置为例， 假设该永磁体的剩余磁感强度 Br为 1T， 矫顽力 He为 1000KA/m， 其中一个多层平面磁啮轮的分度圆直径为 100mm (最大外径 115mm)， 厚 50mm， 相啮合的另一个多层平面磁啮轮的分度圆直径为 50mm (最大外径 65mm)， 厚 60m, 则最大啮合力 Fmax将超过 400牛顿。 如果以大轮作主动轮， 转速为 1000 转 /秒， 则作为从动轮的小轮的转速为 2000转 /秒， 因此可传输超过 100KW的 功率。
如果采用超导线绕的磁体或用俘获磁通的超导永磁体（例如融熔织构法生 产的超导体 YBa2Cu307_x)， 则所产生的磁场更强， 最大啮合力将更大。
本发明的多层磁啮轮具有如下的特点：
1 . 具有过载保护功能
以平面磁啮轮为例， 当 C轮负载增大时， C轮在转角上有更大的滞后， 继 续加大 C 轮的负载， 则齿合力进一步加大， 最后达到最大值 FmaX，FmaX就是 最大啮合力。 超过此值后啮合力减小， 接着啮合力反向， 这时 A 轮反而受 C 轮的推动而加速。 发生这种情况时， A轮一会儿输出能量， 一会受馈能量， 其 平均输出功率为零。 C轮将在负载的作用下逐渐停止， 而 A轮则在动力源的策 动下达到空载极限转速。 这种情况称脱啮。 由于是磁力啮合， 所以脱啮时 A 轮和 C轮都不会损坏。 这就是过载保护功能。 因此， 磁啮轮有转矩限制功能， 球面磁啮轮的情况也相同。
2. 不接触传动
磁啮轮靠磁场力而不是靠机械力传动， 因此主动轮和从动轮之间无机械 接触。 因而无磨损， 也不需要润滑， 很清洁。 此外主动轮和从动轮之间可以 真空隔离， 即一个磁啮轮在大气中另一个与之相啮合的磁啮轮在真空中。 这 些特点在某些场合特别有用。 3. 低噪声
由于是不接触传动， 无磨擦， 无撞击， 故噪声很低。
4. 高效率
因磁啮轮没有机械摩擦损耗， 而当基底和间隔片采用电绝缘材料时又没 有涡流损耗， 磁场在空间的变化率也没有达到辐射电磁波的程度， 而永磁体 内的磁通也是不变的， 因此磁啮轮有接近百分之百的传递效率， 曾做过实验： 让两磁啮轮在 10000 转 /分的转速下长时间运行， 结果滚珠轴承有升温而磁啮 轮则没有可感觉到的升温。 如果用电磁体代替永久磁体， 则！？]磁电流要消耗
5. 高转速
由于是磁性啮合， 噪声低， 又没有限制转速的结构性因素， 因此可运行 于极高的转速， 可以轻易地变速到并运行于每分钟十万转以上的转速， 限制 转速的只是基底和间隔片的抗拉强度。 这是为了提供足够的向心力。
6. 软性啮合
磁啮轮启动时， 从动轮对主动轮的跟步过程较机械齿轮来得缓慢， 这就 是软性啮合， 其优点是启动时对后面的机构无大的冲击力。 其缺点是磁啮轮 的局部角度传动比不及机械齿轮精确。 磁啮轮的加工制造要比机械齿轮容易。
7. 最大啮合力 Fmax
设两个啮合的多层平面磁啮轮的磁片轮数分别为 n和 n+l，磁体为圆柱形， 直径为 D， 圆柱轴平行于转轴。 圆柱磁体表面磁感强度为 B。 则最大啮合力正 比于 2ηΒ¾。 即 Fmax正比于 2nB¾。 多层球面磁啮轮的情况较复杂， 但 Fmax 也随着 n、 B、 D的增加而增加。 两种磁啮轮的 Fmax都随磁体间的轴向间隙的 减小而增加。
8.可制造最大啮合力可调的电磁体磁啮轮
如果用电磁体代替永磁体， 则改变励磁电流强度即可改磁感强度 B， 从而 改变最大啮合力 Fmax。 这样， 即使运行中也可随意设置所传输的转矩的上限， 十分方便。 当然在这种装置中导电环和电刷是需要的。

Claims

权利要求
1.一种磁性传动装置， 其特征在于，
包含多个多层平面磁啮轮， 每个所述多层平面磁啮轮包含：
层叠在一起的多片磁片轮， 每片磁片轮包括：
一块平面圆形基底， 所有磁片轮的基底都互相平行； 以及
等间隔地排布在一分度圆上的偶数个磁体， 该分度圆位于基底上并且 与基底同心， 所有磁体的磁轴都垂直于所述基底平面， 并且分度圆上磁 体的极性交替排布， 而在平行层叠的两片相邻磁片轮上， 所述磁体沿垂 直于基底的方向互相对齐， 并且相互对齐的磁体的磁轴方向相同； 多片位于相邻两片层叠的所述磁片轮之间的间隔片； 以及
贯穿每片磁片轮中基底的圆心和所述间隔片并且垂直于基底和间隔片的 转轴， 所属基底和间隔片都固定于转轴上，
两个多层平面磁啮轮相互啮合的方式为， 它们的转轴互相平行， 其中一 个多层平面磁啮轮中的两个相邻磁片轮之间的间隙内都插入有另一个多层平 面磁啮轮中的一个磁片轮， 并且每个所述多层平面磁啮轮中磁片轮上的所有 磁体在各自所属分度圆上具有相同的磁弧距。
2.如权利要求 1所述的磁性传动装置， 其特征在于， 所述磁体所用材料选 自 NdFeB、 铁氧体、 磁钢、 超导永磁体、 超导线绕电磁体以及普通线绕电磁体 中的任意一种。
3.如权利要求 1或 2所述的磁性传动装置， 其特征在于， 在所述磁性传动 装置最外面两片磁片轮的外表面上各放置一块导磁板。
4.一种磁性传动装置， 其特征在于，
包含多个多层球面磁啮轮， 每个多层球面磁啮轮包含：
层叠在一起的多片磁片轮， 其中， 每片磁片轮包括：
球壳形基底， 所有磁片轮的球壳形基底都具有相同的球心； 以及 等间隔地排布在一分度圆上的偶数个磁体， 该分度圆位于球壳形基底 上并且其圆心位于球壳形基底中心与球心的连线上， 所有磁体的磁轴都 指向或反向指向所述基底球心， 并且位于分度圆上的磁体的极性交替排 布， 而在两片相邻磁片轮上， 所述磁体沿指向或反向指向所述基底球心 的方向互相对齐， 并且相互对齐的磁体的磁轴方向相同； 多片位于相邻两片层叠的所述磁片轮之间的间隔片； 以及
指向所述基底球面的球心并且贯穿各片磁片轮基底球壳中心和所述球壳 形间隔片的转轴， 所属基底和间隔片都固定于转轴上，
两个多层球面磁啮轮相互啮合的方式为， 所有球面基底具有相同的球心 并且两个转轴的轴线的交点位于球心， 其中一个多层球面磁啮轮中的两个相 邻磁片轮之间的间隙内都插入有另一个多层球面磁啮轮中的一个磁片轮。
5.如权利要求 4所述的磁性传动装置， 其特征在于， 所述磁体所用材料选 自 NdFeB、 铁氧体、 磁钢、 超导永磁体、 超导线绕电磁体以及普通线绕电磁体 中的任意一种。
6.如权利要求 4或 5所述的磁性传动装置， 其特征在于， 在所述磁性传动 装置最外面两片磁片轮的外表面上各放置一块导磁板。
7.—种用于在直线运动与圆周运动之间进行转换的磁性传动装置， 其特征 在于， 包含：
多层平面磁啮轮， 它包含：
层叠在一起的多片磁片轮， 每片磁片轮包括：
一块平面圆形基底， 所有磁片轮的基底都互相平行； 以及 等间隔地排布在一分度圆上的偶数个磁体， 该分度圆位于基底上 并且与基底同心， 所有磁体的磁轴都垂直于所述基底平面， 并且分度 圆上磁体的极性交替排布， 而在平行层叠的两片相邻磁片轮上， 所述 磁体沿垂直于基底的方向互相对齐， 并且相互对齐的磁体的磁轴方向 相同；
多片位于相邻两片层叠的所述磁片轮之间的间隔片； 以及
贯穿每片磁片轮中基底的圆心和所述间隔片并且垂直于基底和间隔片 的转轴， 所属基底和间隔片都固定于转轴上； 以及
磁啮条， 它包含：
可以沿所述磁片轮切线方向运动的滑条； 以及
与滑条连成一体的多条磁片条， 所述磁片条上等间距地嵌有磁体， 沿 滑条运动方向所述磁体的磁极交替排列而沿平行于转轴方向的所述磁体 对齐成磁列并且同一磁列的各磁体的磁轴方向相同， 磁体沿滑条运动方 向的间距与所述多层平面磁啮轮上磁体间的弧间距等长。
8.—种内啮式磁性传动装置， 其特征在于， 包含： 多层平面内磁啮轮， 它包含：
层叠在一起的多片磁片轮， 每片磁片轮包括：
一块平面圆形基底， 所有磁片轮的基底都互相平行； 以及 等间隔地排布在一分度圆上的偶数个磁体， 该分度圆位于基底上 并且与基底同心， 所有磁体的磁轴都垂直于所述基底平面， 并且分度 圆上磁体的极性交替排布， 而在平行层叠的两片相邻磁片轮上， 所述 磁体沿垂直于基底的方向互相对齐， 并且相互对齐的磁体的磁轴方向 相同；
多片位于相邻两片层叠的所述磁片轮之间的间隔片； 以及 ' 贯穿每片磁片轮中基底的圆心和所述间隔片并且垂直于基底和间隔片 的转轴， 所属基底和间隔片都固定于转轴上； 以及
多层平面外磁啮轮， 它包含：
筒状旋转架；
与所述筒状旋转架连接在一起的多片磁片轮， 每片磁片轮包括：
一块平面环形基底， 所有磁片轮的基底都互相平行； 以及 等间隔地排布在一分度圆上的偶数个磁体， 该分度圆位于基底上 并且与基底同心， 所有磁体的磁轴都垂直于所述基底平面， 并且分度 圆上磁体的极性交替排布， 而在平行层叠的两片相邻磁片轮上， 所述 磁体沿垂直于基底的方向互相对齐， 并且相互对齐的磁体的磁轴方向 相同； 以及
贯穿所述筒状旋转架轴心并垂直于环形基底平面的转轴， 所述基底同 心地固定在筒状旋转架上， 而筒状旋转架则固定于转轴上，
多层平面内磁啮轮与多层平面外磁啮轮相互啮合的方式为， 它们的转轴 互相平行， 其中一个的两个相邻磁片轮之间的间隙内都插入有另一个的一个 磁片轮， 并且每个所述多层平面内磁啮轮和多层平面外磁啮轮中磁片轮上的 所有磁体在各自所属分度圆上具有相同的磁弧距。
PCT/CN2003/000362 2002-06-21 2003-05-19 Type d'engrenage magnetique compose multiplicateur et sa transmission WO2004005760A1 (fr)

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