Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK  ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
  • C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
  • C09C1/44—Carbon
  • C09C1/48—Carbon black
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D11/00—Inks
  • C09D11/30—Inkjet printing inks
  • C09D11/32—Inkjet printing inks characterised by colouring agents
  • C09D11/324—Inkjet printing inks characterised by colouring agents containing carbon black
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK  ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
  • C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
  • C09C1/44—Carbon
  • C09C1/48—Carbon black
  • C09C1/56—Treatment of carbon black ; Purification
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK  ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
  • C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
  • C09C1/44—Carbon
  • C09C1/48—Carbon black
  • C09C1/56—Treatment of carbon black ; Purification
  • C09C1/565—Treatment of carbon black ; Purification comprising an oxidative treatment with oxygen, ozone or oxygenated compounds, e.g. when such treatment occurs in a region of the furnace next to the carbon black generating reaction zone
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D11/00—Inks
  • C09D11/30—Inkjet printing inks
  • C09D11/32—Inkjet printing inks characterised by colouring agents
  • C09D11/322—Pigment inks
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
  • C01P2002/00—Crystal-structural characteristics
  • C01P2002/80—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured data other than those specified in group C01P2002/70
  • C01P2002/88—Crystal-structural characteristics defined by measured data other than those specified in group C01P2002/70 by thermal analysis data, e.g. TGA, DTA, DSC

Definitions

• the present invention relates to modified pigments and to processes for preparing modified pigments.
• the surface of pigments contain a variety of different functional groups, and the types of groups present depend on the specific class of pigment.
• Several methods have been developed for grafting materials and, in particular, polymers to the surface of these pigments. For example, it has been shown that polymers can be attached to carbon blacks containing surface groups such as phenols and carboxyl groups.
• methods which rely on the inherent functionality of a pigment's surface cannot be applied generally because not all pigments have the same specific functional groups.
• PCT Publication No. WO 01/51566 discloses methods of making a modified pigment by reacting a first chemical group and a second chemical group to form a pigment having attached a third chemical group. Ink compositions containing these pigments are also described.
• the present invention relates to processes for preparing modified pigments.
• the process comprises the step of: combining, in any order, a pigment having attached an electrophilic group and a thiol reagent comprising at least one -SH group and at least two ionic or ionizable groups.
• the thiol reagent is an alkylthiol substituted with at least two carboxylic acid groups.
• the process comprises the step of: combining, in any order, a pigment having attached an electrophilic group and a thiopolymer comprising at least one -SH group and at least one ionic or ionizable group.
• the thiopolymer comprises the reaction product of a polymer having at least one anhydride, at least one activated carboxylic acid, or at least one carboxylic acid or salt thereof; an aminoalkane thiol or an aromatic amino thiol; and optionally an activating agent.
• the present invention further relates to modified pigments.
• the modified pigment comprises a pigment having attached a group comprising the formula -S-[PI].
• the modified pigment comprises a pigment having attached a group comprising the formula -X-Sp-S-[PI], wherein X is an arylene, heteroarylene, or alkylene group, Sp is a spacer group.
• PI represents an organic group substituted with at least two ionic or ionizable groups or a polymeric group comprising at least one ionic or ionizable group.
• the present invention further relates to ink compositions, in particular inkjet ink compositions, comprising the modified pigments described herein.
• FIG 1 is a graph showing the effect of the targeted percent of anhydrides reacted with aminoethane thiol (AET) on the expected acid number of the resulting product for several styrene-maleic anhydride polymers.
• FIG 2 is a graph showing the effect of the targeted percent of anhydrides reacted with aminoethane thiol (AET) on the expected molecular weight of the resulting product for several styrene-maleic anhydride polymers.
• the present invention relates to processes for preparing modified pigment products as well as to the modified pigment products themselves.
• a pigment having attached an electrophilic group is combined with an SH-containing compound.
• the pigment can be any type of pigment conventionally used by those skilled in the art, such as black pigments and other colored pigments.
• the pigment is carbon black.
• Mixtures of different pigments can also be used. These pigments can also be used in combination with a variety of different types of dispersants in order to form stable dispersions and inks.
• black pigments include various carbon blacks (Pigment Black 7) such as channel blacks, furnace blacks and lamp blacks, and include, for example, carbon blacks sold under the Regal®, Black Pearls®, Elftex®, Monarch®, Mogul®, and Vulcan® trademarks available from Cabot Corporation (such as Black Pearls® 2000, Black Pearls® 1400, Black Pearls® 1300, Black Pearls® 1100, Black Pearls® 1000, Black Pearls® 900, Black Pearls® 880, Black Pearls® 800, Black Pearls® 700, Black Pearls® L, Elftex® 8, Monarch® 1400, Monarch® 1300, Monarch® 1100, Monarch® 1000, Monarch® 900, Monarch® 880, Monarch® 800, Monarch® 700, Mogul® L, Regal® 330, Regal® 400, Vulcan® P).
• Pigment Black 7 such as channel blacks, furnace blacks and lamp blacks
• carbon blacks sold under the Regal®, Black Pearls®, Elftex®, Mon
• the pigment may also be chosen from a wide range of conventional colored pigments.
• the colored pigment can be blue, brown, cyan, green, white, violet, magenta, red, orange, yellow, as well as mixtures thereof.
• Suitable classes of colored pigments include, for example, anthraquinones, phthalocyanine blues, phthalocyanine greens, diazos, monoazos, pyranthrones, perylenes, heterocyclic yellows, quinacridones, and (tl io)indigoids.
• Such pigments are commercially available in either powder or press cake form from a number of sources including, BASF Corporation, Engelhard Corporation and Sun Chemical Corporation. Examples of other suitable colored pigments are described in the Colour Index, 3rd edition (The Society of Dyers and Colourists, 1982).
• the pigment can have a wide range of BET surface areas, as measured by nitrogen adsorption. It is well recognized by those skilled in the art that the pigment may be subject to conventional size reduction or comminution techniques, such as ball or jet milling, to reduce the pigment to a smaller particle size, if desired.
• the electrophilic group of the pigment used in the process of the present invention comprises any group capable of reacting with a material having at least one thiol group.
• the electrophilic group may comprise a carboxylic acid or ester, an activated carboxylic acid, an acid chloride, a sulfonyl chloride, an acyl azide, an isocyanate, a ketone, an aldehyde, an anhydride, an ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated ketone, aldehyde, or sulfone, an alkyl halide, an epoxide, an alkyl sulfonate or sulfate, a triazene, or salts and derivatives thereof.
• the electrophilic group is an ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated ketone, aldehyde, or sulfone group or an alkylsulfate group or salt thereof.
• the electrophilic group may be a 2- (sulfatoethyl) sulfone group or a salt thereof.
• the pigment having attached an electrophilic group can be prepared using methods known to those skilled in the art. For example, these pigments can be prepared using the methods described in U.S. Patent Nos. 5,851,280, 5,698,016, 5,922,118, and 5,837,045, and PCT Publication Nos. WO 99/51690 and WO 00/22051, the descriptions of which are fully incorporated herein by reference. These methods provide for a more stable attachment of the groups onto the pigment compared to traditional adsorbed groups, such as polymers, surfactants, and the like.
• the pigment having attached an electrophilic group may also be prepared using the method described in PCT Publication No. WO 01/51566, which is incorporated in its entirety herein by reference.
• the amount of electrophilic groups can be varied.
• the total amount of electropliilic groups is from about 0.01 to about 10.0 micromoles of groups/m 2 surface area of pigment, as measured by nitrogen adsorption (BET method).
• the amount of electrophilic groups is from about 0.5 to about 4.0 micromoles/m 2 . Additional attached organic groups which are not reactive with the thiol reagent may also be used.
• the pigment having attached an electrophilic group may be purified by washing, such as by filtration, centrifugation, or a combination of the two methods, to remove unreacted raw materials, byproduct salts and other reaction impurities.
• the pigments may also be isolated, for example, by evaporation or it may be recovered by filtration and drying using known techniques to those skilled in the art.
• the pigment may also be dispersed into a liquid medium, and the resulting dispersions may be purified or classified to remove impurities and other undesirable free species which can co-exist in the dispersion as a result of the manufacturing process.
• the dispersion can be purified to remove any undesired free species, such as unreacted treating agent using known techniques such as ultrafiltration/diafiltration, reverse osmosis, or ion exchange.
• the process of the present invention comprises the step of combining a pigment having attached an electrophilic group and a thiol reagent.
• the thiol reagent comprises at least one -SH group and at least two ionic or ionizable groups.
• at least one and “at least two” refers to the stoichimetric amount of each group.
• the thiol reagent has two ionic or ionizable groups for each -SH group.
• the thiol reagent can be either an alkyl or aryl thiol that is substituted with at least two ionic or ionizable groups.
• the amount of thiol reagent can be any amount capable of reacting with the electrophilic groups on the pigment.
• the ratio of the weight of the thiol reagent to the weight of the pigment is from about 0.1/1 to about 10/1 and more preferably from about 0.2/1 to about 2/1.
• An ionic group is either anionic or cationic and is associated with a counterion of the opposite charge including inorganic or organic counterions such as Na + , K + , Li + , NH 4 + , NR' 4 + , acetate, NO 3 ⁇ SO 4 "2 , R'SO ⁇ , R'OSO 3 ⁇ OH " , and Cl ⁇ where R' represents hydrogen or an organic group such as a substituted or unsubstituted aryl and/or alkyl group.
• An ionizable group is one that is capable of forming an ionic group in the medium of use.
• Organic ionic groups include those described in U.S. Patent No. 5,698,016, the description of which is fully incorporated herein by reference.
• the thiol reagent may comprise at least two anionic or anionizable groups.
• Anionic groups are negatively charged ionic groups that may be generated from groups having ionizable substituents that can form anions (anionizable groups), such as acidic substituents. They may also be the anion in the salts of ionizable substituents.
• anionic groups include -COO " , -SO " ,
• anionizable groups include -COOH, ' -SO 3 H, -PO 3H 2, -R'SH, -R'OH, and -SO 2 HCOR, where R' represents hydrogen or an organic group such as a substituted or unsubstituted aryl and/or alkyl group.
• the anionic or anionizable group is a carboxylic acid group, a sulfonic acid group, or salts thereof.
• the thiol reagent can be an alkylthiol that is substituted with at least two carboxylic acid groups, such as, for example, mercaptosuccinic acid.
• the thiol reagent may comprise at least one cationic or cationizable group.
• Cationic groups are positively charged organic ionic groups that may be generated from ionizable substituents that can form cations (cationizable groups), such as protonated amines.
• alkyl or aryl amines may be protonated in acidic media to form ammonium groups -NR' H + , where R' represent an organic group such as a substituted or unsubstituted aryl and/or alkyl group.
• the thiol reagent may also comprise both an anionic or anionizable group and a cationic or cationizable group.
• the pigment having attached an electrophilic group and the thiol reagent are combined under conditions which form the thiolate of the thiol reagent.
• the pigment and thiol reagent are combined under alkaline conditions, which form the thiolate and may assist in the reaction of the thiol reagent with the pigment.
• alkaline conditions may increase the solubility of the thiol reagent, particularly when the ionic or ionizable groups of the thiol reagent are anionic or anionizable groups.
• the present invention comprises the step of combining, in any order, a pigment having attached an electrophilic group and a thiopolymer comprising at least one -SH group.
• the -SH group may be present along the backbone of the thiopolymer, such as, for example, as part of a pendant group, or as a terminating group on the end(s) of the polymer.
• the thiopolymer preferably further comprises at least one ionic or ionizable group.
• the ionic or ionizable groups may be any of those described above.
• the thiopolymer may be any polymer comprising at least one -SH group and at least one ionic or ionizable group.
• the amount of thiopolymer can be any amount capable of reacting with the electrophilic groups on the pigment.
• the ratio of the weight of thiopolymer to the weight of the pigment is from about 0.1/1 to about 10/1, and more preferably from about 0.2/1 to about 2/1.
• the thiopolymer comprises the reaction product of a polymer having at least one reactive group, such as an anhydride, an activated carboxylic acid, or a carboxylic acid group or salt thereof, and a substituted alkyl or aryl thiol, such as an aminoalkane thiol or an aromatic amino thiol.
• a substituted alkyl or aryl thiol is aminoethane thiol.
• polymers having at least one reactive group include anhydride polymers, such as poly(styrene-maleic anhydride) and carboxylic acid polymers, such as polyacryhc acid, polymethacryhc acid, and copolymers of acrylic or methacrylic acid, including poly(styrene-acrylic acid), poly(styrene-methacrylic acid), poly(ethylene-acrylic acid), or copolymers of acrylic and methacrylic acid with alkyl acrylates or methacrylates.
• carboxylic acid polymers include polyesters, polyurethanes, and polyamides, which have carboxylic acid end groups.
• an activating agent may optionally be added, thus forming a polymer having at least one activated carboxylic acid.
• the activated carboxylic acid may be a mixed anhydride, such as that formed by the reaction of a carboxylic acid or salt with ethyl chloroformate.
• Other activated carboxylic acid groups and activating agents to prepare them will be known to one skilled in the art.
• the thiopolymer is the reaction product of a polymer having at least one reactive group and a substituted alkyl or aryl thiol, the amount of each reagent need not be stoichiometric.
• the amount of aminoalkyl or aromatic amino thiol may be less than the amount of the reactive group in the polymer. Any remaining reactive groups may be further reacted. For example, when the resulting thiopolymer has remaining anhydride groups, these may be further reacted with base, to hydrolyze the remaining anhydrides and form carboxylic acid groups, or salts thereof. Alternatively, reagents such as alkyl or aryl amines and alcohols may be added to react with the remaining anhydride groups to form amic acids (or imides) and half acid esters, respectively. This resulting thiopolymer can then be used in the process of the present invention to be combined with a pigment having attached an electrophilic group.
• the process of the present invention may further comprise the step of adding an alkylating agent.
• the alkylating agent is used to "cap" any thiol groups which remain after the thiopolymer and pigment having attached an electrophilic group have been combined.
• Alkylating agents for thiol groups are known to one skilled in the art and include, for example, alkyl halides, haloacetates or salts thereof, or ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated carbonyl and sulfonyl compounds such as acrylates and methacrylates (including, for example, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, or salts thereof), vinyl sulfonic acid or salts thereof, and maleates (including, for example, maleic acid or salts thereof, or maleimide).
• alkyl halides, haloacetates or salts thereof or ⁇ , ⁇ -unsaturated carbonyl and sulfonyl compounds
• acrylates and methacrylates including, for example, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, or salts thereof
• vinyl sulfonic acid or salts thereof vinyl sulfonic acid or salts thereof
• maleates including, for example, maleic acid or salts thereof, or maleimide
• the present invention further relates to a modified pigment.
• the modified pigment comprises a pigment having attached a group comprising the formula -S-[PI].
• the group PI represents an organic group substituted with at least two ionic or ionizable groups.
• the pigment and ionic or ionizable groups may be any of those described above.
• the group PI can represent an organic group comprising a branched or unbranched alkyl group substituted with at least two ionic or ionizable groups, preferably at least two carboxylic acid groups.
• An example of a preferred group PI is a succinic acid group or salt thereof.
• the group PI may also represent a polymeric group comprising at least one ionic or ionizable group.
• the ionic or ionizable groups may be any of those described above.
• the polymeric group can be a homopolymer, copolymer, terpolymer, and/or a polymer containing any number of different repeating units. Further, the polymeric group can be a random polymer, alternating polymer, graft polymer, block polymer, star-like polymer, and/or comb-like polymer.
• the polymeric group comprises a homopolymer or copolymer of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, maleic acid, or salts thereof.
• the modified pigment of the present invention comprises a pigment having attached a group comprising the formula -X-Sp-S-[PI].
• X which is directly attached to the pigment, represents an arylene or heteroarylene group or an alkylene group and is substituted with an Sp group.
• Sp represents a spacer group.
• the group PI is as described above and can represent an organic group substituted with at least two ionic or ionizable groups or a polymeric group comprising at least one ionic or ionizable group.
• the group Sp represents a spacer group which, as used herein, is a link between two groups.
• the group Sp can be a bond or a chemical group.
• Examples of chemical groups include, but are not limited to, -O C-, -CO- -COCH 2 - -COC 2 H 4 -,
• R which can be the same or different, represents hydrogen or an organic group such as a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or alkyl group, and k is an integer, such as from 1 to 7.
• the group X represents an arylene or heteroarylene group or an alkylene group.
• X is directly attached to the pigment and is further substituted with an Sp group.
• the aromatic group can be further substituted with any group, such as one or more alkyl groups or aryl groups.
• the arylene group is phenylene, naphthylene, or biphenylene.
• X represents an alkylene group, examples include, but are not limited to, substituted or unsubstituted alkylene groups which may be branched or unbranched.
• the alkylene group can be substituted with one or more groups, such as aromatic groups. Examples include, but are not limited to, C -C groups like methylene, ethylene, propylene, or butylene, groups.
• X is an arylene group.
• the group X may be substituted with one or more functional groups.
• Examples of functional groups include, but are not limited to, R”, OR", COR", COOR", OCOR", carboxylates, halogens, CN, NR" 2 , SO 3 H, sulfonates, sulfates,
• R" which can be the same or different, is independently hydrogen, branched or unbranched C 1 -C 20 substituted or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons, e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted alkaryl, or substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl.
• the group PI is attached to the pigment through the spacer group Sp and a sulfur atom.
• the group PI when the group PI is a polymeric group, the group PI can also be attached to the pigment at multiple points along the polymer chain through proper choice of substituent groups on the repeating monomer units. These substituents may also comprise spacer groups or -X-Sp- groups as described above. Thus, these groups can be attached to the pigment at either end or at points along the backbone.
• the amount of attached groups can be varied. Preferably, the total amount of attached groups is from about 0.01 to about 10.0 micromoles of organic group/m 2 surface area of pigment, as measured by nitrogen adsorption (BET method).
• the amount of attached groups is between from about 0.5 to about 4.0 micromoles/m 2 . Additional attached groups, not having the formulas described above, may also be used. Furthermore, the modified pigments of the present invention may be purified using the techniques and methods described above.
• the modified pigments of the present invention can be used in a variety of applications.
• the modified pigments can be dispersed in a liquid vehicle and used in an ink or coating application.
• the vehicle can be either an aqueous or non-aqueous vehicle, depending on the nature of the attached organic group.
• the modified pigments can be used in an inkjet ink, such as an aqueous inkjet ink.
• Suitable additives may be incorporated into these inkjet ink compositions to impart a number of desired properties while maintaining the stability of the compositions.
• surfactants may be added to further enhance the colloidal stability of the composition.
• Other additives are well known in the art and include humectants, biocides, binders, drying accelerators, penetrants, dyes, buffers, and the like.
• SMA(1440) polymer was prepared by reacting approximately 65% of the anhydrides of the SMA stalling polymer with 2-butoxyethylalcohol to afford the corresponding half acid ester.
• MEA aminoethanethiol hydrochloride
• DTNB 5,5'-dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoioc acid)
• ethylchloroformate concentrated HC1, and triethylamine (TEA)
• Joncryl® 680 was obtained from S.C. Johnson.
• Particle size was determined using a Microtrac® Particle Size
• Percent attached polymer was calculated from thermogravimentric analysis (TGA) using a TA Instruments TGA Model 2950. The samples were analyzed under nitrogen according to the following temperature profile: 10°C/min up to 110°C, hold at 110°C for 10 minutes, continue heating at 10°C/min up to 800°C, and hold at 800°C for 10 minutes. Percent attached material is determined from comparison of the weight lost between 110°C and 800°C of the final product compared to that of the starting materials. Examples 1-3
• the modified pigment dispersion was purified by diafiltration using a polysulfone hollow fiber membrane with a pore size of 0.05 microns. The solution was first concentrated to 35 ml and then diafiltered with 175 ml 0.1M NaOH followed by 245 ml of deionized water. The final pH of the permeate was between 6-7. [0048] The resulting purified modified pigment dispersion had a particle size of 112 nm and a pH of 11.0. The modified carbon black pigment was analyzed for sodium and compared to the starting pigment having attached an electrophilic group. Results are shown in Table 2 below.
• Example 2 the procedure described in Example 1 was followed, with the exception that the dispersion of Black Pearls® 880 carbon black having attached a 2-(sulfatoethylsulfone) group was replaced with a 5.7% solids dispersion of Pigment Yellow 74 (available from Sun Chemical) having the same attached electrophilic group, also prepared according to the procedure described in WO 01/51560. Results from the Na+ analysis of this modified pigment are shown in Table 2 below.
• Example 2 the procedure described in Example 1 was followed, with the exception that the dispersion of Black Pearls® 880 carbon black having attached a 2-(sulfatoethylsulfone) group was replaced with a 20.51% solids dispersion of Pigment Red 122 (available from Sun Chemical) having the same attached electrophilic group, also prepared according to the procedure described in WO 01/51560. Results from the Na+ analysis of this modified pigment are shown in Table 2 below.
• FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 show the expected dependence of molecular weight and acid number on the targeted percentage of anhydrides reacted with aminoethane thiol. These are determined from the theoretical ratio of styrene/maleic anhydride in the starting polymer. For example, SMA(3000) has a 3/1 ratio of styrene to maleic anhydride (from the manufacturer's product sheet).
• a solution was prepared by dissolving 20 g (0.049 mol anhydride) of
• Example 7 For this example, the procedure described for Example 4 was used, with the differences noted in Table 3. Results from the analysis of the resulting aminoethanethiolated-SMA are shown in Table 3 below. Example 7
• Theoretical %S and %N are based on the theoretical Styrene/Maleic anhydride ratios of the starting polymers.
• a sodium acrylate solution was prepared by dissolving 7.5 ml acrylic acid into deionized water containing 11.7 g of Na 2 CO 3 . This solution was added to the modified pigment dispersion to "cap" any unreacted thiol groups. Heating and stirring were continued for another 3 hours and the mixture was then allowed to cool slowly to room temperature. The dispersion of the resulting capped modified pigment was purified by diafiltration as described in Example 1 to reach a final permeate polymer concentration of ⁇ 50 ppm (monitored by measuring the absorbance of the permeate at 250 nm in a UV-VIS Spectrometer; the concentration of polymer is calculated from the known epsilon).
• SAA styrene-acrylic acid
• a solution of 12.5 ml of 0.5 M NaOH was magnetically stirred at room temperature while nitrogen gas was bubbled through the liquid for 10 minutes.
• 1 g of the aminoethanethiolated SAA polymer of Example 12 was added to the resulting solution.
• This solution was stirred under nitrogen gas overnight.
• Example 14 the alkylamine is aminoethane sulfonic acid and in Example 15 the alkylamine is a polyamine (Jeffamine® XTJ506).
• reaction mixture was then stirred at room temperature overnight to give a dispersion of the modified pigment of the present invention.
• the capped modified pigment dispersion (9.5% solids, pH 9.72) was found to have a mean volume particle size of 108 nm and a sodium level of 2.5%
• Example 16 The 10% aqueous dispersion of Black Pearls® 1100 carbon black having attached a 2-(sulfatoethylsulfone) group (1000 g) used in Example 16 was added dropwise to the yellow polymer solution over 10 minutes. An additional 60 mL of 1 M NaOH was added to raise the pH to 12-13. The reaction mixture was then stirred at room temperature overnight to give a dispersion of the modified pigment of the present invention.

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Materials Engineering (AREA)
• Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Pigments, Carbon Blacks, Or Wood Stains (AREA)
• Inks, Pencil-Leads, Or Crayons (AREA)
• Ink Jet (AREA)

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