WO2003083092A1 - Dedifferentiated, programmable stem cells of monocytic origin, and their production and use - Google Patents

Dedifferentiated, programmable stem cells of monocytic origin, and their production and use Download PDF

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Publication number
WO2003083092A1
WO2003083092A1 PCT/EP2003/003279 EP0303279W WO03083092A1 WO 2003083092 A1 WO2003083092 A1 WO 2003083092A1 EP 0303279 W EP0303279 W EP 0303279W WO 03083092 A1 WO03083092 A1 WO 03083092A1
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WO
WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
cells
stem cells
dedifferentiated
cell
medium
Prior art date
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Ceased
Application number
PCT/EP2003/003279
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English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Bernd Karl Friedrich Kremer
Fred FÄNDRICH
Maren Ruhnke
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Blasticon Biotechnologische Forschung GmbH
Original Assignee
Blasticon Biotechnologische Forschung GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
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First worldwide family litigation filed litigation Critical https://patents.darts-ip.com/?family=30116586&utm_source=google_patent&utm_medium=platform_link&utm_campaign=public_patent_search&patent=WO2003083092(A1) "Global patent litigation dataset” by Darts-ip is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Priority claimed from DE10214095A external-priority patent/DE10214095C1/de
Priority to KR10-2004-7015260A priority Critical patent/KR20040099366A/ko
Priority to BR0308919-3A priority patent/BR0308919A/pt
Priority to IL16397003A priority patent/IL163970A0/xx
Priority to EP03727271A priority patent/EP1436381B1/en
Priority to CA2479110A priority patent/CA2479110C/en
Priority to AT03727271T priority patent/ATE295876T1/de
Application filed by Blasticon Biotechnologische Forschung GmbH filed Critical Blasticon Biotechnologische Forschung GmbH
Priority to DE60300681T priority patent/DE60300681T2/de
Priority to DK03727271T priority patent/DK1436381T3/da
Priority to AU2003233950A priority patent/AU2003233950B2/en
Priority to JP2003580528A priority patent/JP4146802B2/ja
Priority to SI200330057T priority patent/SI1436381T1/xx
Publication of WO2003083092A1 publication Critical patent/WO2003083092A1/en
Priority to ZA2004/07765A priority patent/ZA200407765B/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Priority to NO20044618A priority patent/NO337668B1/no
Ceased legal-status Critical Current

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Definitions

  • the invention relates to adult dedifferentiated programmable stem cells derived from human monocytes, as well as their production and use for the production of body cells and tissues.
  • these cells are autologous human stem cells, i.e. the cell of monocytic origin comes from the patient who is to be treated with the stem cell produced from the original cell and/or with the body cells produced from this stem cell.
  • stem cells designates cells which (a) have the capability of self-renewal and (b) the capability to form at least one and often a number of specialised cell types due to their asymmetrical division capability (cf. Donovan, P.J., Gearhart, J. , Nature 414: 92-97
  • pluripotent designates stem cells, which can essentially be differentiated into all possible cell types of the human and animal body.
  • stem cells have hitherto only been obtainable from embryonic tissue or embryonic carcinoma (testicular tumour) (cf. Donovan, P.J., Gearhart, J., loc cit) .
  • embryonic stem cells has been the subject of extensive public discussion, especially in Germany, and is regarded as extremely problematical. Besides the ethical and legal problems connected with embryonic stem cells, the therapeutic use of such cells also comes up against difficulties.
  • embryonic stem cells are obtained from donor organisms, which are heterologous vis-a-vis the potential recipients of differentiated cells or tissue
  • somatic target cells or target tissue developed from these cells. It is therefore to be expected, that such target cells will trigger an immediate immunological response in the potential recipients in the form of rejection.
  • Stem cells can be also isolated from different tissues of adult, i.e. from differentiated individuals. Such stem cells are referred to in the state of the art as “multipotent adult stem cells". In the body they play a role in tissue regeneration and homoeostasis .
  • the essential difference between embryonic pluripotent stem cells and adult multipotent stem cells lies in the number of differentiated tissues, which can be obtained from the respective cells. Presumably, this is due to the fact that pluripotent stem cells come from sperm cells, or from cells which can produce sperm, whilst adult multipotent stem cells come from the body or soma of adult individuals (cf. Donovan, P.J., Gearhart, J. , loc cit, Page 94), which are not capable of sperm production.
  • stem cells are present only in the ratio of 1:10,000, in the peripheral blood of 1:250,000 and in the liver in the ratio of 1:100,000. Obtaining such stem cells is therefore very expensive and stressful for the patient. In addition the generation of large cell quantities, as required for clinical therapy, has scarcely been possible hitherto at reasonable expense.
  • tissue engineering or as cell therapy, within the framework of which skin-, muscle-, heart muscle-, liver-, islet-, nerve- , neurone-, bone-, cartilage-, endothelium- and fat cells etc. are to be replaced.
  • diseases of the cardio-circulatory system high pressure, myocardial infarction
  • vascular diseases due to arteriosclerosis and metabolic diseases vascular diseases due to arteriosclerosis and metabolic diseases
  • metabolic diseases such an diabetes mellitus, diseases at liver metabolism, kidney diseases as well as diseases of the skeletal system caused by age-related degeneration, and degenerative diseases of the cerebrum caused by neuronal and glial cell losses
  • degenerative diseases of the cerebrum caused by neuronal and glial cell losses will increase and require innovative treatment concepts.
  • stem cells which can be programmed into differentiated cells typical of tissue (liver, bone, cartilage, muscle, skin etc.).
  • the problem underlying the invention therefore resides in making available adult stem cells, the generation of which gives rise to no ethical and/or legal problems, which are rapidly available for the planned therapeutic use in the quantities required for this, and at justifiable production costs, and which, when used as "cellular therapeutics" give rise to no side effects - or none worth mentioning - in terms of cellular rejection and induction of tumours, particularly malignant tumours, in the patient in question.
  • dedifferentiated programmable cells from human monocytes which, for the purposes of the invention, are referred to hereafter as "stem cells".
  • the term "dedifferentiation” is familiar to the person skilled in the relevant art, cf. for Weissman I.L., Cell 100: 157-168, Fig.4, (2000) . It signifies the regression of an adult, already specialised (differentiated) body cell to the status of a stem cell, i.e. of a cell, which in turn can be transferred (programmed) into a number of cell types.
  • stem cells i.e. of a cell
  • the stem cells produced in this way can be transformed (programmed) into a large number of different target cells/target tissue, cf. examples.
  • the stem cells according to the invention express, in addition to the CD14 surface antigen characteristic of differentiated monocytes, at least one, preferably two or three, of the typical pluripotency markers CD90, CD117, CD123 and CD135.
  • the stem cells produced according to the invention express the CD14 surface antigen as well as the four pluripotency markers CD90, CD117, CD123 and CD135, cf.
  • Example 2, Table 1 Preferably, the stem cells of the invention express the membrane associated monocyte-specific surface antigen CD 14 and at least one pluripotency markers selected from the group consisting of CD117, CD123 and CD135.
  • the stem cells of the invention carry the CD14 antigen in combination with at least the pluripotency marker CD123 and/or CD135. Less than 3%, preferably less than 1% of the stem cells according to the invention express the CD34 antigen. Most preferably, none of the stem cells of the invention express the CD34 antigen. In this way, for the first time adult stem cells are made available, which can within a short time be reprogrammed into preferably autologous tissues.
  • the generation of the stem cells according to the invention is completely harmless to the patient and - in the case of autologous use - comparable to own blood donation.
  • the quantity of stem cells (10 8 to 10 9 cells) required for the usual therapy options (see above) can be made available cost- effectively within 10 to 14 days after the blood is taken.
  • the cell product provided for the therapy in the case of autologous use, does not give rise to any immunological problem in terms of cell rejection, as cells and recipient are preferably genetically identical.
  • the stem cells according to the invention have also proved to be risk-free in animal experimentation and in culture with regard to giving rise to malignancy, a result which is only to be expected due to the cell of monocytic origin, from which the stem cells according to the invention derive.
  • the essential steps of the process according to the invention for the production of dedifferentiated programmable stem cells of human monocytic origin comprise:
  • M-CSF macrophage-colony-stimulating factor
  • M-CSF and IL-3 are simultaneously added to the cell culture medium in Step b) .
  • Step b) it is however also possible, initially only to add M-CSF to the cell culture medium in Step b) in order to cause the monocytes to propagate, and to add IL-3 to the cell culture medium subsequently.
  • Step b) can also be carried out in such a way that the monocytes are initially propagated in a cell culture medium containing only M-CSF, then the medium is separated from the cells and a second cell culture medium is then used, which contains IL-3.
  • the culture medium of Step b) is separated from the cells attached to the bottom of the culture vessel and the human, dedifferentiated, programmable stem cells are obtained by detaching the cells from the bottom and by isolating the cells .
  • the cells are further cultivated in the presence of a sulphur compound.
  • the cultivation can be carried out in a separate process step which follows the cultivation Step b) described above. It can however also be carried out in Step b) , by further adding the sulphur compound to the culture medium, preferably already at the start of the cultivation.
  • the process according to the invention surprisingly leads to the dedifferentiation of the monocytes, wherein the adult stem cells resulting from the dedifferentiation, besides the CD14 surface antigen typical of the differentiated monocytes, also express at least one or more, preferably all of the pluripotency markers CD90, CD117, CD123 and CD135 (cf. Table 1) .
  • the stem cells of the invention express the membrane associated monocyte-specific surface antigen CD 14 and at least one pluripotency markers selected from the group consisting of CD117, CD123 and CD135. More preferably, the stem cells of the invention carry the CD14 antigen in combination with at least the pluripotency marker CD123 and/or CD135.
  • the stem cells according to the invention express the CD34 antigen. Most preferably, none of the stem cells of the invention express the CD34 antigen.
  • the expression of the respective markers can be proved by means of commercially available antibodies with specificity against the respective antigens to be detected, using standard immuno assay procedures, cf. Example 2.
  • the cell culture supernatant is discarded before the detaching of the cells adhering to the bottom and subsequently, the adhering cells are preferably rinsed with fresh culture medium. Following the rinsing, fresh culture medium is again added to the cells adhering to the bottom, and the step of releasing the cells from the bottom then follows (cf. Example 13) .
  • the cells are brought into contact with a biologically well-tolerated organic solvent, at the end of Step c) and before Step d) .
  • the biologically well- tolerated organic solvent can be an alcohol with 1-4 carbon atoms, the use of ethanol being preferred.
  • Step c) the cells are brought into contact with the vapour phase of the biologically well-tolerated organic solvent.
  • the detaching can moreover also be carried out mechanically, however, an enzymatic detaching process is preferred, for example with trypsin.
  • the dedifferentiated programmable stem cells obtained in this way floating freely in the medium, can either be directly transferred to the reprogramming process, or kept in the culture medium for a few days; in the latter case, a cytokine or LIF (leukaemia inhibitory factor) is preferably added to the medium, in order to avoid premature loss of the programmability (cf. Donovan, P.J., Gearhart, J. , loc. cit . , Page 94) .
  • the cells can be deep-frozen for storage purposes without loss of programmability.
  • the stem cells according to the invention differ from the pluripotent stem cells of embryonic origin known hitherto and from the known adult stem cells from different tissues, in that besides the membrane-associated monocyte-specific CD14 surface antigen, they carry at least one pluripotency marker from the group consisting of CD90, CD117, CD123 and CD135 on their surface.
  • the stem cells of the invention carry the membrane associated monocyte-specific surface antigen CD 14 and at least one pluripotency markers selected from the group consisting of CD117, CD123 and CD135. More preferably, the stem cells of the invention carry the CD14 antigen in combination with at least the pluripotency marker CD123 and/or CD135. Less than 3%, preferably less than 1% of the stem cells according to the invention express the CD34 antigen. Most preferably, none of the stem cells of the invention express the CD34 antigen.
  • the stem cells produced using the process according to the invention can be reprogrammed into any body cells.
  • Processes for reprogramming stem cells are known in the state of the art, cf. for example Weissman I.L., Science 287: 1442-1446 (2000) and Insight Review Articles Nature 414: 92-131 (2001), and the handbook “Methods of Tissue Engineering", Eds. Atala, A., Lanza, R.P., Academic Press, ISBN 0-12-436636-8; Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 200188747.
  • the differentiated isolated somatic target cells and/or the target tissue obtained by reprogramming of the stem cells according to the invention moreover carry the membrane- associated CD14 differentiation marker of the monocytes. Additionally, less than 3%, preferably less than 1% of these somatic target cells and/or these target tissues according to the invention express the CD34 antigen. Most preferably, none of these cells or tissues express the CD34 antigen.
  • hepatocytes which are derived from the stem cells according to the invention express the CD14 surface marker which is typical of monocytes, whilst at the same time they produce the protein albumin, which is typical of hepatocytes.
  • the hepatocytes derived from the stem cells according to the invention can therefore be distinguished from natural hepatocytes.
  • the membrane-associated CD14 surface marker was detected on insulin-producing cells, which were derived from the stem cells according to the invention (Example 9) .
  • the dedifferentiated, programmable stem cells are used for the in-vitro production of target cells and target tissue (cf. Examples) . Therefore, differentiated, isolated tissue cells, which are obtained by differentiation (reprogramming) of the stem cells according to the invention, and which carry the membrane-associated CD14 surface antigen, are also subject of the present invention.
  • the stem cells according to the invention are preferably simply and reliably differentiated in vitro into desired target cells, such as for example adipocytes (cf. Example 6), neurons and glia cells (cf . Example 3) , endothelial cells (cf. Example 5), keratinocytes (cf. Example 8), hepatocytes (cf. Example 7) and islet cells (islet of Langerhans, cf. Example 9) , by growing the stem cells in a medium which contains the supernatant of the culture medium, in which the respective target cells and/or fragments thereof have been incubated (cf. Examples 6 to 8). This supernatant is referred to hereafter as "target-cell-conditioned medium” .
  • tissue which contains or consists of the desired target cells is crushed; b) the tissue cells (target cells) and/or fragments of these are obtained; c) the target cells and/or fragments of these are incubated in a suitable culture medium; d) the culture medium supernatant is collected during and after the incubation as target-cell-conditioned medium; and e) for the reprogramming/differentiation of dedifferentiated stem cells into the desired target cells or target tissue, the stem cells are grown in the presence of the target- cell-conditioned medium.
  • Standard cell culture media can be used as culture medium (cf. Examples) .
  • the media preferably contain growth factors, such as for example the epidermal growth factor.
  • the incubation of the target cells and/or fragments of these can be carried out over 5 to 15, preferably 10 days.
  • the supernatant, i.e. the target-cell-conditioned medium is preferably removed in each case after 2 to 4 days and replaced by fresh medium.
  • the supernatants thus obtained can be filtered under sterile conditions separately or pooled and stored at approximately -20°C or used directly for the programming of stem cells.
  • the programming of the stem cells into the desired target cells is carried out by growing stem cells in the presence of the medium conditioned with the respective target cells (cf . Examples) .
  • the growth medium preferably additionally contains a target-cell-specific growth factor, such as for example the "hepatocyte growth factor” or the "keratinocyte growth factor” (cf. Examples) .
  • the dedifferentiated, programmable stem cells according to the invention are used per se for the production of a pharmaceutical composition for the in-vivo production of target cells and target tissue.
  • Such pharmaceutical preparations can contain the stem cells according to the invention suspended in a physiologically well-tolerated medium.
  • Suitable media are for example PBS (phosphate buffered saline) or physiological saline with 20 % human albumin solution and the like.
  • These pharmaceutical preparations contain vital dedifferentiated, programmable stem cells according to the invention, which have on their surface the CD14 surface marker and at least one more of the multipotent stem cell markers CD90, CD117, CD123 and/or CD135, in a quantity of at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49 or 50 %, preferably 60 or 70 %, particularly preferably 80 or 90 % and extremely preferably 100 %, relative to the total number of the cells present in the preparation, and optionally further pharmaceutically well-tolerated adjuvants and/or carrier substances.
  • Stem cell preparations can contain vital dedifferentiated, programmable stem cells according to the invention, which have on their surface the CD14 surface marker and at least one more of the pluripotent stem cell markers CD90, CD117, CD123 and/or CD135, in a quantity of at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 48, 49, 50, 51, 52, 53, 54, 55, 56, 57, 58 or 59 %, preferably at least 60 %, relative to the total number of the cells present in the preparation; cell suspensions in a cell culture- or transport medium well- tolerated by cells, such as e.g. PBS or RPMI etc., or deep- frozen cell preparations in a suitable storage medium, such as e.g. RPMI with 50% human albumin solution and 10% DMSO are preferred.
  • the number of vital cells and hence the proportion of these in the compositions referred to above, can be determined optically by use of the "Trypan blue dye exclusion technique", as vital cells can be optically distinguished from non-vital cells, using this dye.
  • Stem cells further have the capability, of spontaneously differentiating in vivo by direct contact with a cell group of a specific cell type into cells of this type.
  • Processes for tissue production using cells which can be redifferentiated are known in the state of the art.
  • tissue engineering processes for tissue production using cells which can be redifferentiated (“tissue engineering") are known in the state of the art.
  • Wang, X. et al. (“Liver repopulation and correction of metabolic liver disease by transplanted adult mouse pancreatic cells” Am. J. Pathol. 158 (2): 571-579 (2001)
  • FAH- farnesot al.
  • Particularly preferable forms of application for the in-vivo differentiation of the dedifferentiated stem cells according to the invention are injection, infusion or implantation of the stem cells into one specific cell association in the body, in order to allow for the stem cells to differentiate there, by direct contact with the cell association, into cells of this cell type.
  • the cells can be administered in PBS (phosphate buffered saline) .
  • Preferred examples of the relevant indications in this connection are: cirrhosis of the liver, pancreatic insufficiency, acute or chronic kidney failure, hormonal under-functioning, cardiac infarction, pulmonary embolism, stroke and skin damage.
  • preferred embodiments of the invention are the use of the dedifferentiated, programmable stem cells for the production of different pharmaceutical compositions for the treatment of cirrhosis of the liver, pancreatic insufficiency, acute or chronic kidney failure, hormonal under-functioning, cardiac infarction, pulmonary embolism, stroke and skin damage .
  • a further preferred application concerns the injection of the dedifferentiated stem cells according to the invention into the peritoneum, so that they differentiate there, due to the influence of the cells surrounding them, into peritoneal cells.
  • these cells can take over a kidney function via their semi-permeable membrane and give off kidney dependent waste substances into the peritoneum from where these are removed via the dialysate.
  • somatic target cells and/or target tissue which are obtained by reprogramming of the stem cells and are characterised by the membrane-associated CD14 antigen are subject of the invention.
  • somatic target cells and/or target tissue preferably contain adipocytes, neurons and glia cells, endothelial cells, keratinocytes, hepatocytes and islet cells.
  • the cells can also be introduced directly into the organ to be reconstituted.
  • the introduction can be carried out via matrix constructions which are coated with corresponding differentiated cells or cells capable of differentiation.
  • the matrix constructions are as a rule biodegradable, so that they disappear out of the body while the newly introduced cells grow together with the cells present.
  • cellular, preferably autologous transplants in the form of islet cells, hepatocytes, fat cells, skin cells, muscles, cardiac muscles, nerves, bones, endocrine cells etc. come under consideration for restitution for example after partial surgical resection of an organ, for repair for example after trauma or for supportive use, for example in the case of lacking or insufficient organ function.
  • the stem cells according to the invention and target cells obtained from them can further be used to coat implantable materials, in order to increase biocompatibility. Therefore, also implantable materials, which are coated with the dedifferentiated, programmable stem cells or the somatic target cells and/or target tissue are subject of the invention. According to one embodiment of the invention these implantable materials are prostheses. In particularly preferred embodiments these prostheses are cardiac valves, vessel prostheses, bone- and joint prostheses.
  • the implantable materials can also be artificial and/or biological carrier materials, which contain the de- differentiated, programmable stem cells or target cells.
  • the carrier materials can be bags or chambers for insertion into the human body.
  • such a bag containing islet cells, which are differentiated somatic cells according to the invention, is used for the production of a pharmaceutical construct for use as an artificial islet cell port chamber for the supply of insulin.
  • a bag or chamber containing adipocytes which are differentiated somatic cells according to the invention, is used for the production of an artificial polymer filled with adipocytes as a pharmaceutical construct for breast construction after surgery and in the case of further indications of plastic and/or cosmetic correction.
  • semi-permeable port chamber systems containing endocrine cells of very widely varying provenance, can be used in vivo for the treatment of endocrine, metabolic or haemostatic disorders.
  • endocrine cells are cells which produce thyroxine, steroids, ADH, aldosterone, melatonin, serotonin, adrenalin, noradrenalin, TSH, LH, FSH, leptin, cholecystokinin, gastrin, insulin, glucagon, or clotting factors. Therefore, also implantable materials, which are semi- permeable port ' chamber systems, containing differentiated isolated somatic target cells are subject of the invention. These semi-permeable chamber systems are used in different embodiments of the invention for the production of a pharmaceutical construct for the in-vivo treatment of endocrine, metabolic or haemostatic disorders.
  • the target cells obtained from the stem cells according to the invention can in addition be used as cell cultures in bioreactors outside the body, for example in order to carry out detoxification reactions.
  • This form of use is particularly relevant in the case of acute conditions, for example in the case of acute liver failure as a hepatocyte-bioreactor .
  • the pluripotent stem cells according to the invention open up a broad field for transgenic modification and therapy.
  • the dedifferentiated programmable stem cells per se or somatic target cells and/or target tissue finally differentiated from these are transfected with one or more genes.
  • one or more genes which are required to maintain the metabolism of certain organs, such as for example livers or kidneys are restored and/or supported or reintroduced.
  • stem cells or hepatocytes derived from these can be transfected with the FAH (fumaroylacetoacetate hydrolase) gene.
  • stem cells or the respective target cells obtained from the stem cells by programming (for example hematopoietic cells, hepatocytes, ovary cells, muscle cells, nerve cells, neurons, glia cells, cartilage or bones cells, etc.) with "Multi-Drug-Resistance- genes" extended radical chemotherapy can be made possible in the case of malignant diseases by corresponding hematopoietic reconstitution or radiation resistance can be produced.
  • programming for example hematopoietic cells, hepatocytes, ovary cells, muscle cells, nerve cells, neurons, glia cells, cartilage or bones cells, etc.
  • the starting material for the process according to the invention is monocytes from human blood. These are preferably autologous monocytes, i.e. monocytes, which originate from the blood of the patient to be treated with the stem cells according to the invention or the target cells produced from these.
  • autologous monocytes i.e. monocytes, which originate from the blood of the patient to be treated with the stem cells according to the invention or the target cells produced from these.
  • the blood can first, after standard treatment with an anticoagulant in a known manner, preferably by centrifugation, be separated into plasma and into white and red blood cells. After the centrifugation the plasma is to be found in the supernatant; below this lies a layer which contains the totality of the white blood cells. This layer is also referred to as "buffy coat”. Below this lies the phase containing red blood cells (haematocrit) .
  • the "buffy coat” layer is then isolated and separated to obtain the monocytes for example by centrifuging using a known process.
  • the "buffy coat” layer is coated onto a lymphocyte separation medium (e.g. Ficoll Hypaque) and centrifuged. By further centrifuging and rinsing, the monocyte fraction is obtained from the blood (cf . Example 1) .
  • a lymphocyte separation medium e.g. Ficoll Hypaque
  • monocytes can be obtained from any isolated human blood, and the blood can also originate from organs such as the spleen, lymph nodes or bone marrow.
  • organs such as the spleen, lymph nodes or bone marrow.
  • Obtaining monocytes from organs is considered especially when the separation of the monocytes from human blood, e.g. in the case of anaemia or leukaemia, is not possible, or not in sufficient quantities, and in the case of allogenic use, if, within the framework of multi-organ removal, the spleen is available as a source for isolation of monocytes.
  • M-CSF macrophage colony stimulating factor
  • CSF-1 macrophage colony stimulating factor 1
  • the concentration of M-CSF in the culture medium can amount to 2 to 20 ⁇ g/1 medium, preferably 4 to 6 ⁇ g/1 and in a particularly prefered manner 5 ⁇ g/1.
  • M-CSF binds to the specific c-Fms receptor (also referred to as CSF-1R) , which is exclusively present on the surface of monocytes and which only binds M-CSF (Sherr C.J., et al., Cell 41 (3): 665-676 (1985)).
  • CSF-1R c-Fms receptor
  • the medium, in which the monocytes are cultivated contains M-CSF or an analogue thereof, which can bind to the receptor and activate it.
  • GM-CSF granulocyte-monocyte colony stimulating factor
  • G-CSF granulocyte colony stimulating factor
  • M-CSF and IL-3 are simultaneously added to the cell culture medium in Step b) of the process.
  • concentration of IL-3 in the medium may amount to 0,2 to 1 ⁇ g/1, preferably 0,3 to 0,5 ⁇ g/1 and in a particularly preferred manner 0,4 ⁇ g IL-3/1.
  • the culture vessel initially contains cell culture medium which contains only M-CSF, which after the separation of the cells is then replaced by a second cell culture medium, which contains IL-3.
  • the cells in Step b) of the process are additionally cultivated in the presence of a sulphur compound, e.g. a mercapto compound, in which at least one hydrocarbon group is bonded to the sulphur, and said hydrocarbon group (s) may be substituted with one or more functional groups.
  • a sulphur compound e.g. a mercapto compound, in which at least one hydrocarbon group is bonded to the sulphur, and said hydrocarbon group (s) may be substituted with one or more functional groups.
  • a sulphur compound e.g. a mercapto compound, in which at least one hydrocarbon group is bonded to the sulphur, and said hydrocarbon group (s) may be substituted with one or more functional groups.
  • a sulphur compound e.g. a mercapto compound, in which at least one hydrocarbon group is bonded to the sulphur, and said hydrocarbon group (s) may be substituted with one or more functional groups.
  • the functional group (s) is/are preferably hydroxyl- and/or amine groups.
  • the sulphur compound is 2-mercaptoethanol.
  • the sulphur compound is dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) .
  • the quantity of the sulphur compound used can range from approximately 4 to approximately 200 ⁇ mol/1 relative to the sulphur. Approximately 100 ⁇ mol/1 is preferred.
  • the culture medium should contain approximately 3 ⁇ l to approximately 13 ⁇ l, preferably approximately 7 ⁇ l 2-mercaptoethanol/l .
  • the treatment with IL-3 and optionally with the sulphur compound can be carried out simultaneously with or following the propagation of the monocytes by cultivation with M-CSF, simultaneous propagation and treatment with IL-3 and optionally a sulphur compound being prefered.
  • Propagation and dedifferentiation should, . taken together, last no more than 10 days, and the treatment with IL-3 and optionally with the sulphur compound should be carried out over at least 3 and at most 10 days, preferably 6 days.
  • the duration of cultivation until the detaching of the cells from the bottom of the culture vessel amounts to at least 3 and at most 10 days, preferably 5 to 8 days and particularly preferably 6 days.
  • the process according to the invention is carried out in such a way that the monocytes in Step b) are initially propagated in a medium containing only M-CSF, the propagation in such a culture medium can take place over a period of at least 2, preferably 3 and particularly preferably 4 days with a maximum duration of 7 days, and a subsequent cultivation in the presence of IL-3 and optionally of a mercapto compound can take place over a further 3 days.
  • the cultivation in a medium containing only M-CSF will however only last a maximum of 4 days, followed by a cultivation in the presence of IL-3 and optionally of a mercapto compound over a period of 3, 4, 5 or 6 days .
  • the monocytes are after isolation transferred into a medium, which contains both M- CSF, and IL-3 as well as preferably the sulphur compound, in particular mercaptoethanol or DMSO.
  • the culture medium is after Step c) separated from the cells adhering to the bottom of the culture vessel and is discarded. This is preferably followed by rinsing of the cells adhering to the bottom with culture medium, and the cells are then covered with fresh culture medium (cf. Example 13) .
  • the propagation and dedifferentiation medium described above can be used as culture medium, as well as a standard cell culture medium, for example RPMI .
  • the cells are brought into contact with a biologically well- tolerated organic solvent at the end of Step c) and before Step d) , in order to increase the number of stem cells floating freely in the medium at the end of the process.
  • the quantity of the solvent can range from 10 ⁇ l to 1 ml. This is preferably an alcohol with 1-4 carbon atoms, the addition of ethanol being particularly prefered.
  • the cells are brought into contact with the vapour phase of the previously defined biologically well-tolerated organic solvent, preferably with ethanol vapour (cf. Example 2) .
  • the time for exposure to the organic solvent, particularly preferably to ethanol vapour should amount to 4 - 12 hours, preferably 8 - 10 hours.
  • the process according to the invention is preferably carried out in culture vessels, the surface of which has previously been coated with foetal calf serum (FCS) (cf . Example 2) .
  • FCS foetal calf serum
  • human AB-Serum from male donors can be also be used.
  • the coating with FCS can be carried out by covering the surface of culture vessels with FCS before use, and after an exposure time of a few, in particular 2 to 12 hours, and in a particularly preferable manner 7 hours, and by removing the FCS not adhering to the surface in a suitable manner.
  • Step c) If treatment with organic solvent take place after Step c) optionally after exchange of the culture medium, the cells already become detached from the bottom to a certain extent in this process step.
  • the (further) detaching can be carried out mechanically, for example with a fine cell scraper, spatula or tip of a pipette (cf . Example 13) .
  • complete detaching is carried out by treatment with a suitable enzyme, for example with trypsin (cf . Example 2) .
  • a suitable enzyme for example with trypsin (cf . Example 2) .
  • the cells may be exposed to the trypsin solution (0,1 to 0,025 g/1, preferably 0,05 g/1) for 2-10 minutes at 35°C to 39°C, preferably at 37°C, in the presence of C0 2 .
  • the trypsin activity is then blocked by a standard method, and the now freely floating dedifferentiated programmable stem cells can be obtained by a standard method, for example by centrifuging and in one embodiment by suspended in a suitable cell culture at the end of Step d) .
  • a suitable medium for example in RPMI 1640 or DMEM
  • the medium contains a cytokine or LIF factor (leukemia inhibitory factor), cf. Nature 414: 94 (2001, Donovan, P.J., Gearhardt, J. , loc. cit . ) , if the cells are to be stored in culture for longer than approximately 48 hours as dedifferentiated programmable stem cells.
  • stem cells can be kept for at least 10 days as dedifferentiated programmable stem cells.
  • the cells are suspended for longer storage in a liquid medium and then deep-frozen.
  • Protocols for the deep freezing of living cells are known in the state of the art, cf. Griffith M., et al. "Epithelial Cell Culture, Cornea, in Methods of Tissue Engineering", Atala A., Lanza R.P., Academic Press 2002, Chapter 4, Pages 131 to 140.
  • a preferred suspension medium for the deep freezing of the stem cells according to the invention is FCS-containing DMEM, cf. Example 2.
  • composition of the media and substances used are as follows:
  • Insulin human, recombinant, produced in E.coli approximately 28 units/mg RPMI 1640 (lx, liquid (11875)) contains L-Glutamine
  • RPMI Roswell Park Memorial Institute
  • Media 1640 are enriched formulations, which can be used extensively for mammalian cells.
  • Lymphocyte separation medium sacharose/epichlorohydrin- copolymerisate Mg 400,000; Density 1.077, adjusted with Sodium diatrizoate
  • Vitamin A acid (C 2 oH 28 ⁇ 2 ) , 300 ⁇ l in 1.5 ml PBS corresponding to 1 mM.
  • As medium for programming of neurons and glia cells use 150 ⁇ l on 10 ml medium (corresponding to 10 "6 M) .
  • Interleukin-3 (IL-3):
  • Macrophage-colony stimulating factor (M-CSF)
  • Recombinant human M-CSF from E. coli contains as monomer (18.5 kD) 135 amino acid residues including the N-terminal methionine; is present as a homodimer with a molar mass of 37 kD; (SIGMA Catalogue No. M 6518)
  • the antibodies used in the examples against the antigens CD14, CD31, CD90, CD117, CD123, CD135 are commercially available. They were obtained from the following sources:
  • CD14 DAKO, Monoclonal Mouse Anti-Human CD14, Monocyte, Clone TUK4, Code No. M 0825, Lot 036 Edition 02.02.01;
  • CD31 PharMingen International, Monoclonal Mouse Anti-Rat CD31 (PECAM-1), Clone TLD-3A12, Catalogue No. 22711D, 0.5mg;
  • CD90 Biozol Diagnostica, Serotec, Mouse Anti-Human CDw90, Clone No. F15-42-1, MCAP90, Batch No. 0699;
  • CD117 DAKO, Monoclonal Mouse Anti-Human CD117, c-kit, Clone No. 104D2, Code No. M 7140, Lot 016, Edition 04.05- .00;
  • CD123 Research Diagnostics Inc., Mouse Anti-human CD123 antibodies, Clone 9F5, Catalogue No. RDI-CD123-9F5;
  • CD135 Serotec, Mouse Anti-Human CD135, MCA1843, Clone No. BV10A4H2.
  • a stabilising solution which contained for each litre of H 2 0, 3.27 g citric acid, 26.3 g trisodium citrate, 25.5 g dextrose and 22.22 g sodium dihydroxyphosphate.
  • the pH-value of the solution amounted to 5.6-5.8.
  • the white interphase of the monocytes was then carefully pipetted off and was mixed with 10 ml of phosphate buffered physiological saline (PBS) .
  • PBS phosphate buffered physiological saline
  • the cell sediment collected on the base of the centrifugation vessel contained the mononuclear cell fraction, i.e. the monocytes.
  • the nutrient medium further contained 2,5 ⁇ g/500 ml of M-CSF and 0,2 ⁇ g/500 ml interleukin-3 (IL-3).
  • IL-3 interleukin-3
  • the monocytes isolated in Example 1 were transferred into 5 chambers of a 6-chamber well plate (30 mm diameter per well) in a quantity of approximately 10 5 cells per chamber in each case, and filled up in each case with 2 ml of the above- mentioned nutrient medium.
  • the 6-well plate was previously filled with pure, inactivated FCS and the FCS was decanted after approximately 7 hours, in order to obtain an FCS-coated plate in this way.
  • the cell number for the exact dose per well was determined according to a known process, cf. Hay R.J., "Cell Quantification and Characterisation" in Methods of Tissue Engineering, Academic Press 2002, Chapter 4, Pages 55- 84.
  • the 6-well plate was covered with its lid and stored for 6 days in an incubator at 37°C.
  • the cells settled to the bottom of the chambers after 24 hours. Every second day the supernatant was pipetted off and the chambers of the 6-well plate were again each filled up with 2 ml of fresh nutrient medium.
  • 2 ml of 70% ethanol was introduced into the 6- well plate's 6th chamber which had remained free, the plate was again closed and was stored for a further 10 hours at 37°C in the incubator.
  • the trypsin activity was subsequently blocked by the addition of 2 ml of RPMI 1640 medium to each of the wells.
  • the total supernatant in each of the chambers (1 ml trypsin + 2 ml medium) was pipetted off, pooled in a 15 ml Falcon tube and centrifuged for 10 minutes at 1800 rpm. The supernatant was then discarded and the precipitate was mixed with fresh RPMI 1640 medium (2 ml/10 5 cells) .
  • This cell suspension could be directly used for differentiation into different target cells.
  • the cells were mixed with DMSO/FCS as a freezing medium and deep-frozen at a concentration of loVml.
  • the freezing medium contained 95% FCS and 5% DMSO. In each case approximately 10 6 cells were taken up in 1 ml of the medium and cooled down in the following steps :
  • STK-1 the human homolog of Flk-2/Flt-3, is selectively expressed in CD34+ human bone marrow cells and is involved in the proliferation of early progenitor/stem cells.
  • the graduation indicated corresponds to the detected antigen positivity, which becomes apparent from Day 4 to Day 9 after cultivation of the monocytes in the correspondingly specified media and was carried out via microscopic comparison of the respective cytospin colorations with the negative control (coloration observed without primary antibodies) .
  • FCS inactivated foetal calf serum
  • the nutrient medium further contained retinic acid in a quantity of lxlO -6 M/500 ml.
  • the reprogramming/differentiation of the stem cells used into neurons and glia cells took place within 10 days, the medium being changed at intervals of approximately 3 days. After this period, the cells were mostly adhering to the bottom of the chamber and could be detached by brief trypsinization from the bottom of the plate in a manner analogous to that previously described for the stem cells.
  • the stem cells generated from monocytes (10 5 cells / glass lid) were applied to glass lids (20mm x 20mm) , which were placed on the bottom of the 6-well plates (30 mm diameter per chamber) and cultivated with the nutrient medium (2 ml) per well plate. After the respective target cells were differentiated, these were fixed as follows: After removal of the nutrient medium (supernatant) the cultivated target cells were fixed by the addition of 2 ml Methanol, which took effect over 10 minutes. Subsequently the ethanol was pipetted off, and the well plates were washed twice with PBS (2 ml in each case) .
  • the cells could be stained with APAAP red complex using the technique described by Cordell, J.L., et al., "Immunoenzymatic labeling monoclonal antibodies using immune complexes of alkaline phosphatase and monoclonal anti- alkaline phosphatase (APAAP complexes)." J. Histochem. Cytochem. 32: 219-229 (1994). Unless otherwise specified, the added primary antibody was diluted 1:100 with PBS, in each case 200 ⁇ l of this concentration of antibodies were pipetted into each of the 6 wells.
  • Neuronal precursor cells were detected by staining the cells with the antibody against the SlOO-antigen, cf. middle picture of Figure 1 (x200) .
  • Neurons were detected by specific expression of synaptophysin MAP2 (microtubular associated protein 2) or neurofilament 68 with the corresponding specific antibodies (primary antibody diluted 1:300 with PBS), right-hand picture of Figure 1, x200.
  • synaptophysin MAP2 microtubular associated protein 2
  • neurofilament 68 with the corresponding specific antibodies (primary antibody diluted 1:300 with PBS), right-hand picture of Figure 1, x200.
  • Glia cells such as for example astrocytes, were identified by detection of GFAP (glial fibrillary associated protein) (primary antibody diluted 1:200 with PBS), left-hand picture of Figure 1, x200.
  • GFAP glial fibrillary associated protein
  • Matrigel (Beckton and Dickinson, Heidelberg, DE) was used as matrix. This matrix consists of fibronectin, laminin and collagens I and IV.
  • the frozen matrix was slowly thawed at 4°C in a refrigerator over a period of 12 hours. During this period its state changed, i.e. the originally solid matrix became spongy/liquid. In this state it was introduced into a 48-well plate (10 mm diameter per well) in such a manner, that the bottom of each of the wells was covered.
  • the plate After application, the plate, was kept for 30 minutes at room temperature, until the gel had solidified at the bottom as an adherent layer.
  • the endothelial markers CD31 and factor VIII could be identified with the respective specific primary antibodies (200 ⁇ l, in each case diluted to 1:100 with PBS).
  • the liquefied matrix was applied to a vessel-prosthesis, which was then coated with the dedifferentiated programmable adult stem cells according to Example 2. After approximately 6 days a lawn of endothelial cells could be identified, which coated the prosthesis in a circular manner.
  • the endothelial cells made visible by staining with corresponding endothelium-specific antibodies are shown in Figure 2.
  • the cells are shown after 5 days' incubation on Matrigel .
  • First tubular strands combine individual cell aggregates.
  • the dark-brown marked cells express CD31 antigen (x200 with yellow filter) .
  • the newly differentiated CD31 + cells which had been cultivated on Matrigel ®, form a vessel-like three-dimensional tube with multi-layer wall structures, which is already morphologically pronounced of a vessel. It is recognised, that now almost all the cells express the CD31 antigen (CD31 coloration, x400, blue filter), right-hand picture.
  • a conditioned medium was first generated.
  • 20 g of an autologous fat tissue i.e. fat tissue from the same human donor, from the blood of whom the monocytes also originated, was processed as follows:
  • the fat tissue was crushed in a petri dish and the crushed tissue pieces were passed through a sieve (diameter of holes 100 ⁇ m) .
  • the suspension thus obtained was then transferred into a petri dish with a diameter of 100 mm and 10 ml DMEM-medium with a content of 30 mg collagenase type II were added.
  • the mixture was left for approximately 60 minutes at room temperature (22°C ⁇ 2°C) to allow the collagenase to take effect on the fat cells.
  • the mixture was transferred to 50-ml Falcon tubes, and the tubes were centrifuged for 10 minutes at 1800 rpm.
  • the cell pellet consisting of adipocytes and precursor cells was taken up in 8 ml of a medium of the following composition and incubated in petri dishes (diameter 100 mm) for 10 days at 37°C in an incubator:
  • the insulin solution contained 18 mg insulin (Sigma 1-0259) dissolved in 2 ml of acetic water (consisting of 40 ml of H 2 0 and 0.4 ml of glacial acetic acid). The solution is diluted 1:10 with acetic water.
  • the fat-cell- conditioned medium (FCCM) formed a supernatant.
  • the supernatant was replaced with fresh nutrient medium after 2 to 4 days in each case.
  • the FCCM obtained during each change of medium was subjected to sterile filtration and stored at -20°C.
  • 10 ml of the FCCM described above were introduced into a petri dish (diameter 100 mm) together with approximately 10 6 stem cells according to Example 2.
  • the first precursor cells containing fat vacuoles became visible after 4 days ( Figure 3A) .
  • single adipocytes appeared, which could be stained with Sudan red ( Figures 3B and C) .
  • 10 days there was typical aggregation and cluster formation of these cells, which at this step could already be observed macroscopically as fat tissue ( Figure 3D) .
  • FIGs 3A-3D The fat cells made visible by staining in Figures 3A-3D thus differ quite considerably from the controls 3E and 3F:
  • Figure 3E shows the cells of monocytic origin, which were cultivated in the nutrient medium (as indicated in Example 2) for 6 days, but without the addition of IL-3 and 2- mercaptoethanol to the nutrient medium. This was followed by the addition of the FCCM. These cells were not capable of differentiating into fat cells.
  • Figure F. shows cells, which were cultivated for 6 days with complete medium
  • the FCCM thus contains components which are required to provide the signal for differentiation into fat cells.
  • mRNA transcripts In addition to the phenotyping of the fat cells by staining with Sudan red, molecular-biological characterisation of the fat cells was carried out at the mRNA level, in order to check whether the genetic programme of the fat cells, after corresponding programming with the fat-cell- conditioning medium used, undergoes a corresponding alteration, and typical messenger-ribonucleic acid (mRNA) transcripts, described for fat cells can be identified in the fat cells programmed from programmable monocytes.
  • mRNA messenger-ribonucleic acid
  • RNA sequences typical of fat cell metabolism were amplified by means of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) from isolated RNA samples from dedifferentiated programmable stem cells of monocytic origin and, in a parallel test mixture, ' amplified from the programmed fat cells, namely "peroxisome proliferative activated receptor gamma" (PPARG) -mRNA, (Tontonoz, P., et al .
  • PCR polymerase chain reaction
  • RNA-isolation needed for this purpose, the reverse transcription method and the conditions of the PCR amplification of the desired mRNA sequences were carried out as described in detail in the state of the art, see Un- gefroren H., et al . , "Human pancreatic adenocarcinomas express Fas and Fas ligand yet are resistant to Fas- mediated apoptosis", Cancer Res. 58: 1741-1749 (1998).
  • the respective primers produced for the PCR amplification were selected so that the forward- and reverse primers bind to mRNA sequences, whose homologous regions in the chromosomal gene lie in two different exons and are separated from one another by a large intron. It could thereby be ensured that the amplification fragment obtained originates from the mRNA contained in the cell and not from the sequence present in the chromosomal DNA.
  • the following primer sequences were selected for PPAR- ⁇ and for leptin:
  • traces of transcribed PPAR- ⁇ -specific mRNA can already be identified in the programmable stem cell and in the tumor cell line HL-60 (of a human promyeloic leukaemia cell line) , although with significantly narrower signal bands than in the fat cell itself.
  • the fat-cell-specific protein leptin can only be detected in the fat cells derived from the programmable stem cells at mRNA level by reverse- transcriptase PCR.
  • the programmable stem cells used as a control and the human tumour cell lines HL-60, Panc-1 and WI-38 transcribe no leptin.
  • liver cells hepatocytes
  • a conditioned medium was first generated.
  • 40 g of human liver tissue was processed as follows.
  • liver tissue was rinsed several times in PBS, to essentially remove erythrocytes.
  • the tissue was then crushed in a petri dish and incubated with a dissociation solution for approximately 45 minutes at room temperature.
  • the dissociation solution consisted of 40 ml PBS (phosphate buffered saline), 10 ml of a trypsin solution diluted 1:10 with PBS and 30 mg collagenase type II (Rodbel M., et al. J. Biol. Chem. 239: 375 (1964)). After 45-minutes' incubation the tissue pieces were passed through a sieve (see Example 6) .
  • the mixture was then transferred into 50-ml Falcon tubes, filled up to 50 ml with PBS and centrifuged for 10 minutes at 1800 rpm.
  • the nutrient medium contained in addition 5 ⁇ g (10 ng/ml) of epidermal growth, factor (Pascall, I.C. et al., J. Mol. Endocrinol. 12: 313 (1994)).
  • the composition of the Insulin solution was as described in Example 6.
  • LCCM liver cell conditioned medium
  • the supernatant was replaced by fresh nutrient medium after 2 to 4 days respectively.
  • the respective LCCM obtained during the change of medium in each case was subjected to sterile filtration (filter with 0.2 ⁇ m pore size) and stored at - 20°C.
  • lxlO 6 dedifferentiated stem cells were then cultivated with 10 ml of a medium of the following composition in a petri dish (0 100 mm) or a culture flask.
  • Liver cell differentiation medium 10 ml of a medium of the following composition in a petri dish (0 100 mm) or a culture flask.
  • Hepatocyte growth factor (Kobayashi, Y. et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 220: 7 (1996)) was used in the concentration of 40 ng/ml. After a few days morphological changes towards flat, polygonal mono- or diploid cells could be observed ( Figure 4A) . After 10-12 days hepatocytes arising from dedifferentiated stem cells could be identified by immune-histochemical detection of the liver-specific antigen alpha-fetoprotein (Jacobsen, G.K. et al . , Am.J. Surg.Pathol. 5: 257-66 (1981)), as shown in Figures 4B and 4C.
  • mRNA transcripts messenger-ribonucleic acid (mRNA) transcripts, described as typical of liver cells in the hepatocytes arising from the stem cells according to the invention can be identified.
  • RNA samples from dedifferentiated programmable stem cells of monocytic origin and, in a parallel test sample, from the liver cells obtained by programming of the stem cells.
  • PCR polymerase chain reaction
  • this is the Homo sapiens albumin-mRNA (Lawn, R.M., et al. "The sequence of human serum albumin cDNA and its expression in E.coli.” Nucleic Acids Res. 9: 6103-6114, (1981), gene bank access code number: NM-000477), alpha-fetoprotein-mRNA (Morinaga T., et al.
  • RNA-isolation necessary for this reverse transcriptase method and the conditions of the PCR amplification of the desired mRNA sequences was carried out as described in detail in the state of the art, see Ungefroren H., et al., "Human pancreatic adenocarcinomas express Fas and Fas ligand yet are resistant to Fas-mediated apoptosis" Cancer Res . 58 : 1741-1749 ( 1998 ) .
  • the respective primers for the PCR amplification were selected so that the forward- and reverse primers bind to mRNA sequences whose homologous regions in the chromosomal gene lie in two different exons and are separated from one another by a large intron. In this way it could be ensured that the amplification fragment obtained originates from the mRNA contained in the cell and not from the sequence present in the chromosomal DNA.
  • the primer sequences indicated below were selected; the results of the respective PCR analyses are reproduced in Figure 4D.
  • the dedifferentiated programmable stem cells according to the invention are designated there as “progr. stem cell” and the hepatocytes derived by programming of these as “progr. hepatocyte”.
  • Alpha-fetoprotein forward primer: 1458-1478 (corresponding gene sequence in Exon 1)
  • reverse primer 1758-1735 (corresponding gene sequence in Exon 2)
  • this results in an amplification fragment of 1758-1458 bp 391 bp, see Figure 4D.
  • the programmable stem cell which itself contains no identifiable specific mRNA transcripts for alpha-fetoprotein, can be programmed into a hepatocyte (progr. hepatocyte), which contains this mRNA transcript (positive band with a molecular weight of 301 bp) .
  • a hepatocyte which contains this mRNA transcript (positive band with a molecular weight of 301 bp) .
  • the positive controls namely human liver tissue and the liver tumour cell line HepG2 also transcribe alpha- fetoprotein-specific mRNA, as the 301 bp bands confirm.
  • Figure 4D shows traces of transcribed albumin-specific mRNA already in the programmable stem cell, whilst the hepatocytes obtained by programming of the stem cells and normal liver tissue as well as the tumour cell line HepG2, which were both used as positive controls, strongly express the mRNA, as can be recognized by clear bands.
  • the carbamyl phosphate synthetase I represents an enzyme specific to the hepatocytes, which plays an important role in the metabolisation of urea in the "urea cycle". This detoxification function is guaranteed by functioning hepatocytes.
  • Figure 4D shows, both in the hepatocytes generated from programmable stem cells and also in the positive controls (human liver tissue and the HepG2-tumour cell line) , the mRNA bands (1500 bp) specific to carbamyl phosphate synthetase I can be identified.
  • the somewhat weaker expression of the mRNA bands for the programmed hepatocytes is due to the lack of substrate available in the culture dish.
  • Clotting factor II forward primer: 1458-1481 (corresponding gene sequence in exon 1)
  • reverse primer 1901-1877 (corresponding gene sequence in exon 2)
  • this results in an amplification fragment of 1901-1458 444 bp, see Figure 4D.
  • hepatocyte-specific protein can only be detected in the programmed hepatocyte (progr. hepatocyte) and in the positive control from human liver tissue at mRNA level by 444 bp band expression, whereas the programmable stem cell (progr. stem cell) does not show this band, i.e. the gene is not transcribed there, as can be seen in Figure 4D.
  • Clotting factor VII forward primer: 725-747 (corresponding gene sequence in exon 1)
  • reverse primer 1289-1268 (corresponding gene sequence in exon 2)
  • this results in an amplification fragment of 1289-725 565 bp, see Figure 4D.
  • this protein is only transcribed in programmed hepatocytes (progr. hepatocyte) and in the positive control (human liver tissue) (see bands at 656 bp) , although weaker than clotting factor II. Neither the programmable stem cell nor the negative control (H 2 0) show this specific mRNA band.
  • This gene also referred to as a "house-keeping gene” can be detected in every eukaryotic cell and serves as a control whether PCR amplification was properly carried out in all samples; it is co-determined in parallel and results from the addition of a definite quantity of RNA from the respective cell samples .
  • a conditioned medium was first generated.
  • 1- 2 cm 2 of complete human skin was processed as follows. The skin material was first freed from the subcutis under sterile conditions. The tissue was then washed in total 10x with PBS in a sterile container by vigorous shaking. After the 2nd washing, the tissue was again freed from demarked connective tissue residues.
  • the skin material was then placed in a petri dish with a diameter of 60 mm, mixed with 3 ml of a trypsin solution diluted 1:10 with PBS and cut into small pieces (approximately 0.5 to 1 mm 3 ). After this, 3 ml of the trypsin solution diluted 1:100 with PBS was again added to the mixture and the mixture was incubated at 37°C for 60 minutes with intermittent shaking.
  • the larger particles were then allowed to settle and the supernatant containing the keratinocytes was poured off and centrifuged at 800 rpm for 5 minutes.
  • the supernatant now produced was pipetted off and the cell pellet was taken up in 3 ml of a medium of the following composition and incubated in petri dishes (0 100 mm) for 15 days in an incubator at 37°C.
  • the nutrient medium contained 5 ⁇ g of epidermal growth factor (for exact specification see Example 7) and 5 mg of hydrocortisone (Ref. Merck Index: 12, 4828) .
  • the keratinocyte-cell-conditioned medium KCCM formed as supernatant.
  • the supernatant was replaced with fresh nutrient medium after 2-4 days in each case.
  • the KCCM obtained during each change of medium was subjected to sterile filtration and stored at -20°C.
  • lxlO 6 dedifferentiated stem cells were then cultivated with 10 ml of a mediums of the following composition in a petri dish (0 100 mm) or a culture flask.
  • Keratinocyte growth factor was used in a concentration of 25 ng/ml, as described by Finch et al . , Gastroenterology 110: 441 (1996) .
  • the production of insulin-producing cells was conducted in culture flasks with a volume of approximately 250 ml and flat walls (T75 cell culture flasks) .
  • Approximately 5 x 10 6 of the cells produced according to Example 13 were suspended in approximately 5 ml of the culture medium indicated below (differentiation medium for insulin producing cells) and after being introduced into the flasks, mixed with a further 15 ml of culture medium.
  • the flasks were incubated in a horizontal position in an incubator at 37°C and 5% C0 2 .
  • the nutrient medium further contained the epidermal growth factor in a quantity of 10 ng/ml and the hepatocyte growth factor in a quantity of 20 ng/ml.
  • the differentiation of the stem cells was monitored by reference to insulin production.
  • the culture medium was changed at intervals of approximately 2 to 3 days, the cell supernatant was collected each time, and frozen at -20°C.
  • the cells adhering to the bottom of the culture flask could be detached by tryptinisation as described in Example 2.
  • the insulin content of the supernatant collected at the different times was measured by means of ELISA (Enzyme-linked- immunosorbent-assay) against human insulin (Bruhn H.D., F ⁇ lsch U.R. (Eds.), Lehrbuch der Labortechnik: Klan, Diagnostik, réelle Pathobiochemie [Textbook of Laboratory Medicine,. Principles, Diagnosis, Clinical Pathobiochemistry] (1999), Page 189) and compared with the blank reading of the medium.
  • the results reproduced in Figure 8 show that the cells have reached the maximum level of insulin production after 14 days in culture.
  • the insulin quantities produced by the cells treated in the course of the differentiation increased after 14 days to 3 ⁇ /ml, whilst no human insulin was detectable in the control medium.
  • the bars in Figure 8 each represent three separate values each determined from three independent individual experiments.
  • the portion of insulin-producing cells were determined which still expressed the monocyte-specific surface antigen CD14 also 3 weeks after conducting the dedifferentiation. It was found that on a great portion of these cells (about 30 to 40 %) the monocyte-specific antigen CD14 was detectable also after 3 weeks .
  • hepatocyte-conditioned medium As an alternative to the use of hepatocyte-conditioned medium (LCCM), as described in Example 7, the differentiation of the stem cells into hepatocytes was induced by the nutrient medium (Ha) indicated below.
  • Ha nutrient medium
  • the production of hepatocytes from stem cells in turn took place in culture flasks with a volume of approximately 250 ml and flat walls (T75-cell culture flasks) .
  • Approximately 5 x 10 ⁇ of the cells produced according to Example 13 were introduced into approximately 5 ml of the improved culture medium indicated below (Ha, differentiation medium for hepatocytes) and after being introduced into the flasks, mixed with a further 15 ml of culture medium.
  • the flasks were incubated in a horizontal position in an incubator at 37°C and 5% C0 2 .
  • Hepatocytes Differentiation medium for hepatocytes (Ha) (modified according to Schwarz et al . , "Multipotent adult progenitor cells from bone marrow differentiate into functional hepatocyte-like cells", J. Clin. Invest. 10 (109), 1291-1302 (2002)):
  • the nutrient medium also contained fibroblast growth factor-4 (FGF-4) in a quantity of 3 ng/ ml.
  • FGF-4 fibroblast growth factor-4
  • the cells adhere to the bottom of the culture vessel.
  • the differentiation of the stem cells was monitored with regard to albumin production.
  • the culture medium was changed at intervals of approximately 2 to 3 days, the cell supernatant collected each time, and frozen at -20°C.
  • the cells adhering to the base of the culture flask could be detached by tryptinisation as described in Example 2.
  • the albumin content of the supernatant collected at the different times was measured by means of ELISA (Enzyme-linked- immunosorbent-assay) for human albumin (according to the protocol of Bethyl Laboratories Inc. and according to Schwarz et al., loc. cit . ) and compared with the blank reading of the medium.
  • the results presented in Figure 9 show that the albumin production of the cells during the period of 14 to 28 days in culture remained approximately constant. The measurements were carried out on days 0 (blank reading of the medium), 14, 21, 28 and 30 relative to the time of addition of the Ha medium.
  • the values determined in each case amounted to ca. 5 ng/ml, 450 ng/ml, 425 ng/ml, 440 ng/ml and 165 ng/ml.
  • the bars in Figure 9 each represent three separate values each determined from three independent individual experiments.
  • CD14 phenotype marker of monocytes
  • albumin liver-specific marker
  • the cells were first incubated as described in Example 4 with a primary antibody against human albumin (guinea pig vs. human albumin) in a 1:50 dilution in PBS. Following a washing step, the cells were then incubated for 45 minutes with a secondary antibody mouse anti-rat, which binds the guinea pig antibodies, also in a 1:50 dilution in PBS. The staining process was then carried out according to Example 4 using the method of Cordell J.L., et al . (loc. cit.) with APAAP red complex.
  • the cells were then incubated with the primary antibody, mouse anti-human-CD14, and following a washing step according to Example 4 stained with the ABC Streptavidin KIT of Vectastain (Vector) using the method of Hsu, S.M., et al. "The use of antiavidin antibody and avidin-biotin-peroxidase complex in immunoperoxidase technics" Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 75 (6) : 816-821 (1981) with dem DAB-Complex (brown) (Vector Laboratories) .
  • FIG. 10 shows the expression of the antigen CD14 as brown color, which slowly decreases parallel to the morphological transformation of the cells into hepatocytes, whilst the albumin expression as red color increases with the increasing maturation of the hepatocytes.
  • Picture No.4 in Figure 10 shows the cells after three weeks' stimulation with the hepatocyte- conditioned medium.
  • the stem cells differentiated into hepatocytes according to the invention were subjected to FACS (fluorescence-activated cell sorting) analysis.
  • FACS fluorescence-activated cell sorting
  • the stem cells differentiated into hepatocytes according to the invention according to Example 10 were first harvested by mechanical detachment of the cells from the culture flask using a cell scraper. The cells were carefully rinsed from the flask with PBS and washed twice, each time in 10 ml of PBS-solution. For this purpose the cell suspensions in the PBS solution were introduced into a 15-ml centrifuge tube and precipitated at 1600 rpm. The resultant cell sediment was diluted with PBS, such that exactly 1 x 10 5 cells were present in 100 ⁇ l PBS.
  • FIG. 11 The results of the FACS-Analyse are reproduced in Figure 11.
  • the figure shows the expression of the CD14 (top row) and of the albumin antigen (bottom row) , which was measured in dedifferentiated monocytes (left-hand column) and in the stem cells differentiated into hepatocytes according to the invention (right-hand column) .
  • dedifferentiated monocytes a strong expression of CD14, but no expression of albumin could be detected
  • the hepatocytes developed from dedifferentiated monocytes a weaker expression of the CD14 and a very strong expression of the albumin was detectable.
  • livers of female LEW rats were first treated with retrorsine, in order to inhibit the hepatocytes present in the liver (liver parenchyma cells) regarding their proliferation activity (Ref. Lacone, E., et al. "Long-term, near-total liver replacement by transplantation of isolated hepatocytes in rats treated with retrorsine" Am. J. Path ' . 153: 319-329 (1998)).
  • the LEW rats received 30 mg of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid retrorsine, injected intraperitoneally twice within 14 days. Subsequently an 80% resection of the livers treated in this way was carried out, followed by the administration of 5 x 10 5 of the programmable stem cells in 1ml PBS into the portal vein of the remaining residual liver.
  • the stem cells had been obtained, as described in Example 2, from monocytes of male LEW rats.
  • a punch biopsy of the liver was carried out for histological assessment of the liver and to detect the cell types differentiated from the stem cells by means of fluorescence-in-situ-hybridisation _ (FISH) with Y-chromosome- specific probes, as described in detail in Hoebee, B. et al. "Isolation of rat chromosome-specific paint probes by biva ⁇ ate flow sorting followed by degenerate oligonucleotide primed-PCR.” Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 66: 277-282 (1994).
  • FISH fluorescence-in-situ-hybridisation _
  • Figure 7A shows the Y-chromosome-positive (red points in the cell nucleus) hepatocytes derived from the male LEW stem cells on the 5th day after intraportal injection into retrorsine- pretreated 80%-resectioned livers of female recipient animals.
  • the selective removal of the same liver on day 25 after stem cell injection shows the differentiation of the stem cells into hepatocytes, endothelial cells and bile duct epithelia ( Figure 7B) .
  • the liver has already reached its normal size, and >90% of the cells have a Y- chromosome.
  • bilirubin and ammonia prove the complete metabolic functionality of the long-term surviving stem-cell-treated animals ( Figures 7D and 7E) .
  • the nutrient medium containt 2.5 ⁇ g/500 ml M-CSF and 0.2 ⁇ g/500 ml interleukine 3 (IL-3).
  • the monocytes isolated in Example 1 were transferred to the bottom of culture flasks having a volume of 250 ml and flat walls (T75-cell culture flasks) . About 10 times x 10 s cells were transferred into each flasks and were each filled up with 20 ml of the above indicated nutrient medium. The determination of this cell number for the exact dosing per flask was carried out according to known procedures, cf . Hay R.J., "Cell Quantification and Characterization" in Methods of Tissue Engineering, Academic Press (2002), Chapter 4, pages 55-84. The cell culture flasks were incubated in an incubator at 37 °C for 6 days. After 24 hours, the cells settled at the bottom of the flasks. The supernatant was removed every second day and the flasks were each filled with 20 ml fresh nutrient medium.
  • the flasks were rinsed twice with 10 ml PBS each, after the nutrient medium had previously been pipetted off from the flasks. Hereby, all cells were removed, which did not adhere to the bottom of the flasks. The cells growing adhere to the bottom of the flasks were subsequently removed from the bottom of the flasks with a steril cell scraper. The separated cells were now removed from the flasks by rinsing with PBS and were pooled in a 50 ml Falcon tube and were centrifuged at 1800 rpm for 10 minutes. Thereafter, the supernatant was discarded and the sediment was resuspended in fresh RPMI 1640 medium (2 ml/10 5 cells) .
  • This cell suspension could be used directly for differentiating into various target cells.
  • the cells were mixed with DMSO/FCS as freezing medium after centrifugation and were deep-frozen at a concentration of 10 6 /ml.
  • the freezing medium contained 95% FCS and 5% DMSO. About 10 6 cells were taken up in 1 ml of the medium and were cooled following the subsequent steps:

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