Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C253/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid nitriles
  • C07C253/30—Preparation of carboxylic acid nitriles by reactions not involving the formation of cyano groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C07B37/00—Reactions without formation or introduction of functional groups containing hetero atoms, involving either the formation of a carbon-to-carbon bond between two carbon atoms not directly linked already or the disconnection of two directly linked carbon atoms
  • C07B37/04—Substitution
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C17/00—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons
  • C07C17/26—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons by reactions involving an increase in the number of carbon atoms in the skeleton
  • C07C17/263—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons by reactions involving an increase in the number of carbon atoms in the skeleton by condensation reactions
  • C07C17/266—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons by reactions involving an increase in the number of carbon atoms in the skeleton by condensation reactions of hydrocarbons and halogenated hydrocarbons
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C231/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid amides
  • C07C231/12—Preparation of carboxylic acid amides by reactions not involving the formation of carboxamide groups
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C67/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters
  • C07C67/30—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by modifying the acid moiety of the ester, such modification not being an introduction of an ester group
  • C07C67/333—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by modifying the acid moiety of the ester, such modification not being an introduction of an ester group by isomerisation; by change of size of the carbon skeleton
  • C07C67/343—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by modifying the acid moiety of the ester, such modification not being an introduction of an ester group by isomerisation; by change of size of the carbon skeleton by increase in the number of carbon atoms

Definitions

• the invention relates to a process for the arylation of olefins by reacting halogen aromatics or aryl sulfonates with olefins in the presence of a palladium catalyst, a sterically demanding nitrogen base and in the presence of a salt.
• Aryl olefins are often prepared by palladium-catalyzed coupling of aromatics of iodine or bromine, more rarely aromatics of chlorine or aryl sulfonates, with olefins. Due to the high price and the large amounts of waste caused by the high molar masses, the use of iodine and
• Aromatic bromine aromatics disadvantageous. However, the more readily available and therefore cheaper chloroaromatics show comparatively low reactivity.
• Zapf and Beller describe, among other things, the palladium-catalyzed reaction of chloroaromatics with olefins at temperatures of 160 ° C and addition of 20 mol% of quaternary ammonium salts in the presence of a base. Thereby, catalyst turnover numbers (TON) of 850-1000 are achieved in 24 h.
• Halogen aromatics in particular chloro aromatics with olefins in an efficient manner.
• n stands for one or two
• X each independently represents chlorine, bromine, iodine or a sulfonate
• Ar in the context of the invention is, for example and preferably, carbocyclic aromatic radicals having 6 to 24 structural carbon atoms or heteroaromatic radicals having 5 to 24 structural carbon atoms in which none, one, two or three
• Framework carbon atoms per cycle but at least one framework carbon atom in the entire molecule can be substituted by heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.
• the carbocyclic aromatic radicals or heteroaromatic radicals can be substituted with up to five identical or different substituents per cycle, selected from the
• A is absent or represents a C 8 -C 8 alkylene radical
• B is absent or represents oxygen, sulfur or NR 1 ,
• R 1 is hydrogen, -C 8 alkyl, C 6 -C 15 arylalkyl or C 5 -C 4 aryl and D represents a carbonyl group and
• K represents R 2 , OR 2 , NHR 3 or N (R 3 ) 2 ,
• R 2 is CC 8 alkyl, C 6 -C 15 arylalkyl, CC 8 haloalkyl or C 5 - C 1 aryl and
• R 3 each independently represents CrC 8 alkyl, C 6 -C 15 arylalkyl or C 6 -C 1 aryl or N (R 3 ) 2 together represents a cyclic amino radical
• A, B, K and R 2 have the meaning given above and W represents OH, NH 2 , or OM, where M can mean an alkali metal ion, half an equivalent of an alkaline earth metal ion, an ammonium ion or an organic ammonium ion.
• alkyl or alkylene or alkoxy in each case independently means a straight-chain, cyclic, branched or unbranched alkyl or alkylene or alkoxy radical, which is optionally further substituted by C 1 -C 4 -alkoxy radicals can be.
• alkylene part of an arylalkyl radical independently means a straight-chain, cyclic, branched or unbranched alkyl or alkylene or alkoxy radical, which is optionally further substituted by C 1 -C 4 -alkoxy radicals.
• CrCe alkyl is methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl, n-pentyl, cyclohexyl and n-hexyl, C 1 -C 8 -alkyl, for example for n-heptyl, n-octyl or iso-octyl, Ci-C 12 - alkyl, furthermore, for example, for n-decyl and n-dodecyl and C1-C20 even furthermore for n-hexadecyl and n-octadecyl.
• C 1 -C 4 -alkylene in all contexts is preferably methylene, 1,1-ethylene, 1,2-ethylene, 1,1-propylene, 1,2-propylene, 1,3-propylene, 1,1-butylene , 1,2-butylene, 2,3-butylene and 1,4-butylene, C 1 -C 6 -alkylene in addition for
• C 1 -C 4 -alkoxy in all contexts preferably represents methoxy, ethoxy, isopropoxy, n-propoxy, n-butoxy and tert-butoxy, Ci-Cg-alkoxy furthermore cyclohexyloxy.
• aryl as a substituent encompasses carbocyclic radicals and heteroaromatic radicals in which none, one, two or three backbone atoms per cycle, but in the rest at least one backbone atom are heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen.
• C 5 -C 10 aryl is, for example and preferably phenyl, pyridyl, o-, m-, or p-tolyl, Cs-C ⁇ aryl furthermore anthracenyl.
• C 6 -C 15 arylalkyl is, for example and preferably, benzyl.
• haloalkyl or fluoroalkyl each independently means a straight-chain, cyclic, branched or unbranched alkyl radical which is independent of one, more or completely of halogen atoms selected from the group fluorine, chlorine, or bromine or fluorine may be substituted.
• -Cs-haloalkyl in all contexts preferably trifluoromethyl, trichloromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, pentafluoroethyl and nonafluorobutyl, Ci-Cg-fluoroalkyl for trifluoromethyl, 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl, pentafluoroethyl and nonafluorobutyl.
• Protected formyl means a formyl radical which is protected by conversion into an aminal, acetal or a mixed aminal acetal, where the aminals,
• Acetals and mixed amino acetals can be acyclic or cyclic.
• protected formyl is a l, l- (2,5-dioxy) cyclopentylene radical.
• Ar stands for a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic radical and is selected from the group phenyl, naphthyl, phenanthrenyl, anthracenyl, fluorenyl, pyridinyl, oxazolyl, thiophen-yl, benzofuranyl, benzothiophen-yl, dibenzofuran-yl, dibenzothiophen-yl, furanyl Indolyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, pyrimidinyl, triazolyl and quinolinyl, which continues with no, one, two or three residues per
• Cycle can be further substituted, which are each independently selected from the group
• X represents chlorine, bromine, iodine, trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy or nonafluorobutanesulfonyloxy.
• Aromatic compounds of the general formula (I) are particularly preferably used for the process according to the invention, in which
• Ar represents a phenyl radical which can be further substituted by none, one, two or three radicals which are each independently selected from the group
• X represents chlorine or bromine.
• the following compounds are very particularly preferably used: p-trifluoromethylchlorobenzene, o-trifluoromethylchlorobenzene, m-trifluoromethylchlorobenzene, 3,5-bis-trifluoromethylchlorobenzene, o-cyanochlorobenzene, p-chlorobenzaldehyde.
• Palladium complexes for example, are preferably used as the palladium catalyst.
• Palladium complexes can be generated, for example, from palladium compounds and suitable ligands in the reaction solution, or can be used in the form of already isolated palladium complexes.
• Palladium complexes which contain, as ligands, phosphorus compounds such as, for example, phosphines, phosphites, phosphonites or mixtures thereof, preferably phosphines, are suitable as isolated palladium complexes for the process according to the invention.
• An is an anion, preferably chloride, bromide, iodide, acetate, propionate, allyl or cyclopentadienyl.
• Diphosphorus compound can stand.
• Monophosphorus compounds are, for example and preferably those of the general formula (Va) P (ER 4 ) 3 (Va)
• R 4 each independently of one another and independently of R 4 are absent or represent oxygen and the radicals R 4 each independently of one another are C 1 -C 8 -alkyl or unsubstituted, mono-, di- or trisubstituted by R 5 phenyl-, naphthyl- or ferrocenyl stand where
• Particularly preferred monophosphorus compounds are those of the general formula
• R 5 represents Ci-Cs-alkyl, CC 8 -alkoxy, chlorine or fluorine.
• Monophosphorus compounds are very particularly preferred those of the general formula (Va) in which E is absent
• R 5 represents dC 8 alkyl, dC 8 alkoxy, chlorine or fluorine.
• Tri- (tert-butyl) phosphine, phenyldi (tert-butyl) phosphine and ferrocenyl-di- (tert-butyl) phosphine are even more preferred as monophosphorus compounds.
• Diphosphorus compounds can, for example and preferably, be those of the general formula (Vb)
• each independently and independently of R 6 and Z is absent or represents oxygen
• radicals R 6 independently of one another represent dC 8 alkyl or unsubstituted, mono-, di- or trisubstituted by R 7 phenyl, naphthyl or heteroaryl with 5 to 12 carbon atoms, where
• R 7 is in each case selected independently from the group dC 8 -alkyl, d-Cs-alkoxy, fluoro- or cyano- and
• Z for an unsubstituted or substituted radical from the group dC - alkylene, 1,2-phenylene, 1,3-phenylene, 1,2-cyclohexyl, l, l'-ferrocenyl, 1,2-ferrocenyl, 2,2'- (l, r-binaphtyl) and l, l '-biphenyl.
• Preferred diphosphorus compounds are 1,3-bis (diisopropylphosphino) propane,
• Preferred isolated palladium complexes are palladium (II) bis (tri-t-butylphosphine) dichloride, palladium (II) bis-di-tert-butylphenylphosphine dichloride, palladium (II) bis-di-tert-butylferrocenylphosphine dichloride, palladium (0) tricyclohexylphosphandiallyl - ether complex, palladium (0) bistricyclohexylphosphine.
• Palladium complexes which are produced from palladium compounds and ligands in the reaction solution are preferred as palladium catalysts for the process according to the invention.
• Palladium compounds can be used, for example, and preferably
• Y 1 represents an anion, preferably chloride, bromide, acetate, propionate, nitrate, methanesulfonate, trifluoromethanesulfonate, acetylacetonate, allyl or cyclopentadienyl,
• Y 2 is an anion, preferably chloride, bromide, acetate, methanesulfonate, nonafluorobutanesulfonate or trifluoromethanesulfonate, tetrafluoroborate or hexafluorophosphate and
• L 1 in each case represents a nitrile, preferably acetonitrile, benzonitrile or benzyl nitrile, or an olefin, preferably cyclohexene or cyclooctene, or (L ⁇ 2 together represents a diolefin, preferably norbomadiene or 1,5-cyclooctadiene,
• Y 3 represents a halide, preferably chloride or bromide
• M represents lithium, sodium, potassium, ammonium or organic ammonium.
• Preferred palladium compounds are palladium (II) acetate, palladium (II) chloride, palladium (II) bromide, palladium (II) propionate, palladium (II) acetylacetonate, lithium,
• Phosphorus compounds of the general formulas (Va) and (Vb) are preferably used as ligands for the production of palladium complexes in the reaction solution, monophosphorus compounds of the general formula (Va) being even more preferred.
• the preferred areas mentioned apply in the same way.
• the molar ratio of phosphorus to palladium in the reaction mixture can be, for example, 1: 1 to 10: 1, 2: 1 to 5: 1 is preferred, 3: 1 to 4: 1 is particularly preferred.
• the molar ratio of X to be exchanged in compounds of the general formula (I) to palladium can be be 10 to 20,000, a ratio of 100 to 5,000 is preferred, and 500 to 2,000 is very particularly preferred.
• the process according to the invention is carried out in the presence of at least one, preferably one, sterically demanding nitrogen base.
• Sterically demanding nitrogen bases are, for example, amines of the general formula
• R 8 , R 9 and R 10 each independently of one another represent C1-C20-alkyl, C5 to C14-aryl or Cg-C ⁇ -arylalkyl or two or three of the radicals R, R and R 10 each have a nitrogen atom can form mono-, bi- or tricyclic heterocycle with 4 to 8 carbon atoms per cycle,
• radicals R 8 , R 9 and R 10 preferably two or three, each independently of one another, are bonded to the nitrogen atom either via a tertiary or quaternary sp 3 carbon atom or for an aryl radical stand, the single or double, preferably twice in the ortho-
• Residues which can be bonded to the nitrogen atom via a tertiary or quaternary sp carbon atom are, for example and preferably, isopropyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, 1-methylbutyl, 1-ethyl ⁇ ro ⁇ yl, 1,1-dimethylpropyl, 1,2 -
• Aryl residues which are substituted once or twice in the ortho positions are, for example, o-tolyl, 2,6-dimethylphenyl, 2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl, 2,6-diisopropylphenyl, o-anisyl and 2,6 -Dimethoxyphenyl.
• Monocyclic heterocycles for the purposes of the invention are, for example, N-methyl
• Sterically demanding nitrogen bases are still N-hetero aromatic compounds that are substituted in both ortho positions to nitrogen.
• 2,6-disubstituted pyridines such as 2,6-lutidine, 2,6-diethylpyridine, 2,6-diisopropylpyridine, 2,6-dimethoxypyridine, 2,6-di-tert-butylpyridine are preferred.
• Very particularly preferred for the process according to the invention are as sterically demanding nitrogen bases ethyldiisopropylamine, triisopropylamine, diisopropylaniline, triisobutylamine, ethyldiisobutylamine, dicyclohexylmethylamine, dicyclohexyethylamine, cyclohexyldiethylamine, cyclohexyldimethylidinopropylamine, and 2,6-bispyldimethylamine and 2,6
• Dicyclohexylmethylamine, dicyclohexyethylamine, cyclohexyldimethylamine are further preferred.
• the amount of base used can e.g. 0.2 to 200 times, preferably 1 to 3 times and even more preferably 1.0 to 1.2 times, based on the molar amount of the aromatic compound of the general formula (I).
• the sterically demanding nitrogen base can be used in combination with another base.
• 1 to 95% of the amount of sterically demanding full nitrogen base can be replaced by a non-sterically demanding nitrogen base.
• Non-sterically demanding nitrogen bases in the sense of the invention are, for example, alkali and alkaline earth metal carboxylates such as, for example, acetates, propionates,
• alkali and alkaline earth metal carbonates hydrogen carbonates, phosphates, hydrogen phosphates, hydroxides.
• Alkali metals are preferably lithium, sodium, potassium and cesium
• alkaline earth metals are preferably calcium, magnesium and barium.
• the process according to the invention is carried out in the presence of at least one, preferably a salt.
• Suitable salts for the process according to the invention are, for example and preferably, salts of the general formula (VIII)
• (Cation) particularly preferably stands for tetrabutylammonium, tetraphenylammonium, tetraphenylphosphonium, tetrabutylphosphonium.
• (Anion) is preferably fluoride, chloride, bromide, iodide, cyanate, thiocyanate, acetate, hydroxide, nitrate, hydrogen sulfate, tetrafluoroborate, hexafluorophosphate, tosylate, and triflate, particularly preferably chloride, bromide, iodide.
• Very particularly preferred salts are tefrabutylammomum chloride, tetrabutylammonium bromide, tetraphenylammonium bromide, tetrabutylphosphonium chloride, tetrabutylphosphonium bromide, tetraphenylphosphonium chloride and tetraphenylphosphonium bromide or mixtures thereof.
• Tetrabutylammonium bromide is even more preferred.
• the salts can be used, for example, in amounts of 0.01-100 mol% based on the compound limiting the theoretical yield (aryl compound of the general formula (I) or the olefin), preferably in amounts of 0.1 to 15 mol%. , particularly preferably in amounts of 0.5 to 5 mol% and very particularly preferably in amounts of 0.5 to 2 mol%.
• olefins which carry at least one hydrogen atom on the double bond are those of the general formula (X)
• R 11 is hydrogen or methyl
• R 12 is hydrogen or methyl
• R 13 can stand for hydrogen, cyano, SO M, -CC 8 alkyl, carbocyclic aromatic radicals with 6 to 18 carbon atoms or heteroaromatic radicals with 5 to 18 carbon atoms, in which none, one, two or three carbon atoms per cycle, im entire molecule, however, at least one carbon atom, may be substituted by heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, sulfur or oxygen
• G represents OM, OH, NH 2 , OR 14 , NHR 14 or N (R 14 ) 2 and R 14 represents dC 12 alkyl, C 6 -C 15 arylalkyl or C 5 -C 14 aryl or
• olefins of the general formula (X) are ethene, propene, butene, l, l, l-trifluoro-2-propene, optionally substituted vinyl-Cg-Ci Q -aromatics such as styrene or the isomeric vinylnaphthalenes, 2, 3 - or 4-fluorostyrene, 2-, 3- or 4-chlorostyrene, 2-, 3- or 4-bromostyrene, 2-, 3- or 4-iodostyrene, 2-, 3- or 4-cyanostyrene, 2-, 3 - or 4- (-C-C 12 ) alkoxystyrene such as 2-, 3- or 4-methoxystyrene,
• Particularly preferred olefins with at least one hydrogen substituent are ethylene, propene, acrylonitrile, acrylic acid, methyl acrylate, acrylic acid (2-ethylhexyl) ester, acrylic acid amide, l, l, l-trifluoro-2-propene and styrene, where
• the amount of olefin used can be, for example, 0.2 to 200 times (when used as a solvent) based on the molar amount of the aromatic
• aromatic compounds of the general formula (I) or olefins of the general formula (X) used are aromatic compounds of the general formula (I) or olefins of the general formula (X) used, the free acid group such as sulfonic acid or Carrying carboxylic acid groups, the amount of base used, sterically demanding nitrogen base or the non-sterically demanding nitrogen base is to be increased accordingly.
• the process according to the invention is carried out in the presence of solvent, preferably in the presence of aprotic solvent, particularly preferably in the presence of dipolar aprotic solvent.
• Preferred aprotic solvents are
• Ethers such as Dioxane, THF, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, diethylene glycol dimethyl ether, tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether.
• Amidic solvents such as dimethylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidone, N-methylcaprolactam or dimethylacetamide.
• Sulfoxides and sulfones such as dimethyl sulfoxide or tetramethylene sulfone or mixtures of such solvents.
• Nitriles such as Acetonitrile, benzonitrile and benzyl nitrile, ketones such as e.g. Dimethyl ketone, diethyl ketone, methyl tert-butyl ketone.
• the amount of the solvent optionally used can be, for example, 50 ml to 5000 ml, preferably 100 to 500 ml per mole of the aromatic compound of the general formula (I).
• the reaction temperature can be, for example, 20 ° C. to 200 ° C., preferably 80 to 150 ° C. and particularly preferably 100 ° C. to 140 ° C.
• the reaction can be carried out, for example, at 0.2 to 100 bar, normal pressure is preferred.
• the reaction time can be, for example, 0.2 h to 72 h, 1 to 10 h are preferred.
• the reaction is preferably carried out under a protective gas atmosphere with largely exclusion of oxygen and moisture.
• Protective gases are, for example, nitrogen and noble gases such as argon or mixtures of such gases.
• the aromatic compound of the general formula (I) together with the olefin, the base, the salt, the ligand and the palladium compound are placed in a reaction vessel under protective gas in a reaction vessel and the batch is heated with stirring to the reaction temperature.
• the mixture is poured onto water. Solid products then fall out and can be suctioned off and e.g. be washed with water. Liquid products can be extracted with an organic solvent that is immiscible or difficult to mix with water and worked up, for example, by distillation.
• Solid products can, e.g. can be further purified by recrystallization or falling over.
• radical inhibitor e.g. Add 2,6-di-tert-butylphenol to avoid radical side reactions.
• the palladium catalyst can also be added only in the course of the reaction or by adding ligand or palladium compound in the Course of the reaction. Simultaneous addition of olefins and palladium catalyst or ligand or palladium compound is also possible.
• the base can be recovered, for example, by alkalizing and extracting the washing liquid with an organic solvent.
• Aryl olefins of the general formula (XII) are obtained in a manner according to the invention
• Ar and n have the meaning given under the general formula (I) and R 11 , R 12 , R 13 have the meaning given under the general formula (X).
• Ar has the meaning given under the general formula (I) and R 11
• R 12 has the meaning given under the general formula (X)
• R 13 represents cyano or radicals of the general formula (XI) with the meaning given there.
• the advantage of the process according to the invention lies in the ease with which it can be carried out and the high yields of aromatic olefins. Furthermore, high catalyst turnover numbers (TON) of over 100 mol halogen aromatic / mol palladium catalyst as well as high catalyst turnover rates of over 50 per hour (TOF) are achieved. Examples
• Example 6 As in Example 6, but only 1.6 mg (7.2 ⁇ mol) palladium acetate and 6.4 mg (29 ⁇ mol) phenyldi (t-butyl) phosphane were used. The reaction temperature was raised to 120 ° C. and a yield of 1.36 g (88% of theory; TON 880; TOF 220 / h) was obtained after only 4 hours.

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