Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D207/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D207/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D207/18—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member
  • C07D207/22—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D207/24—Oxygen or sulfur atoms
  • C07D207/26—2-Pyrrolidones
  • C07D207/263—2-Pyrrolidones with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms directly attached to other ring carbon atoms
  • C07D207/267—2-Pyrrolidones with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms directly attached to other ring carbon atoms with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/14—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating abnormal movements, e.g. chorea, dyskinesia
  • A61P25/16—Anti-Parkinson drugs
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/28—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system for treating neurodegenerative disorders of the central nervous system, e.g. nootropic agents, cognition enhancers, drugs for treating Alzheimer's disease or other forms of dementia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D211/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings
  • C07D211/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
  • C07D211/68—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member
  • C07D211/72—Heterocyclic compounds containing hydrogenated pyridine rings, not condensed with other rings with only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms, with at the most one bond to halogen, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D211/74—Oxygen atoms
  • C07D211/76—Oxygen atoms attached in position 2 or 6
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D223/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing seven-membered rings having one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D223/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing seven-membered rings having one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
  • C07D223/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing seven-membered rings having one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D223/08—Oxygen atoms
  • C07D223/10—Oxygen atoms attached in position 2
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D263/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,3-oxazole rings
  • C07D263/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,3-oxazole rings not condensed with other rings
  • C07D263/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,3-oxazole rings not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member
  • C07D263/16—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-oxazole or hydrogenated 1,3-oxazole rings not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D263/18—Oxygen atoms
  • C07D263/20—Oxygen atoms attached in position 2
  • C07D263/22—Oxygen atoms attached in position 2 with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms, directly attached to other ring carbon atoms

Definitions

• the present invention relates to novel hydroxyethylene compounds having Asp2 ( ⁇ -secretase, BACEl or Memapsin) inhibitory activity, processes for their preparation, to compositions containing them and to their use in the treatment of diseases characterised by elevated ⁇ - amyloid levels or ⁇ -amyloid deposits, particularly Alzheimer's disease.
• Asp2 ⁇ -secretase, BACEl or Memapsin
• Alzheimer's disease is a degenerative brain disorder in which extracellular deposition of A ⁇ in the form of senile plaques represents a key pathological hallmark of the disease (Selkoe, D. J. (2001) Physiological Reviews 81 : 741 -766). The presence of senile plaques is accompanied by a prominent inflammatory response and neuronal loss.
• a ⁇ exists in soluble and insoluble, fib ⁇ llar forms and a specific fib ⁇ llar form has been identified as the predominant neurotoxic species (Vassar, R. and Citron, M. (2000) Neuron 27: 419-422)
• dementia correlates more closely with the levels of soluble amyloid rather than plaque burden (Naslund, J.
• a ⁇ is known to be produced through the cleavage of the beta amyloid precursor protein (also known as APP) by an aspartyl protease enzyme known as Asp2 (also known as ⁇ -secretase, BACEl or Memapsin) (De Strooper, B. and Konig, G. (1999) Nature 402: 471-472).
• Asp2 also known as ⁇ -secretase, BACEl or Memapsin
• APP is cleaved by a variety of proteolytic enzymes (De Strooper, B. and Konig, G. (1999) Nature 402: 471-472).
• the key enzymes in the a yloidogenic pathway are Asp2 ( ⁇ -secretase) and ⁇ - secretase both of which are aspartic protemases and cleavage of APP by these enzymes generates A ⁇ .
• the non-amyloidogenic, ⁇ -secretase pathway which precludes A ⁇ formation, has been shown to be catalysed by a number of protemases, the best candidate being ADAM 10, a disintegrm and metalloprotemase. Aspl has been claimed to show both ⁇ - and ⁇ -secretase activity in vitro.
• Asp2 is most highly expressed in the pancreas and brain while Aspl expression occurs in many other peripheral tissues.
• the Asp2 knockout mouse indicates that lack of Asp2 abolished A ⁇ production and also shows that in this animal model endogenous Aspl cannot substitute for the Asp2 deficiency (Luo, Y. et al. (2001) Nat Neurosci. 4: 231-232; Cai, H. et al. (2001) Nat Neurosci. 4: 233-234, Roberds, S. L. et al. (2001) Hum. Mol. Genet. 10. 1317-1324).
• an agent to be therapeutically useful in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease it is preferable that said agent is a potent inhibitor of the Asp2 enzyme, but should ideally also be selective for Asp2 over other enzymes of the aspartyl protemase family, e.g Cathepsin D (Connor, G. E. (1998) Cathepsin D in Handbook of Proteolytic Enzymes, Barrett, A. J., Rawlmgs, N. D., & Woesner, J. F (Eds) Academic Press London. pp828-836).
• Cathepsin D Connor, G. E. (1998) Cathepsin D in Handbook of Proteolytic Enzymes, Barrett, A. J., Rawlmgs, N. D., & Woesner, J. F (Eds) Academic Press London. pp828-836.
• WO 01/70672 (Elan Pharmaceuticals Inc.) describe a series of hydroxyethylene compounds having ⁇ -secretase activity
• R represents a group of formula Z a or Z zb. :
• a 1 represents CH 2 , O, S or NR 5 ;
• a 2 represents O, S or NR 5 ;
• n 1 represents an integer from 1 to 3;
• R 5 represents hydrogen, C ⁇ _ 6 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more R 11 groups, C 3 . 8 cycloalkyl optionally substituted by one or more R 11 groups, -C ⁇ -2 alkyl-C 3 . 8 cycloalkyl or aryl;
• R a represents halogen;
• R b represents -C ⁇ _ 6 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more R 11 groups, or -C 1-6 alkyl-aryl;
• X represents N,-C(-R 6 )- or -C(-O-R 7 )-;
• X 2 represents N,-C(-R 8 )- or -C(-Y-R 9 )-;
• Y represents a bond, CH 2 , O, S, CO, NR 10 , -N(R 10 )C(O)-, -C(O)N(R 10 )-, COO, aryl, heterocyclyl or heteroaryl;
• R 6 represents hydrogen, halogen, -C ⁇ _ 6 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more R" groups, -
• R 8 represents halogen or trifluoromethyl
• R 7 , R 9 and R 10 independently represent hydrogen, -C ⁇ . 6 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more R 11 groups, -C 2 . 6 alkenyl, -C 3-8 cycloalkyl optionally substituted by one or more R 11 groups,
• W] represents CO or S0 2 ;
• R 2 represents -C 5-8 alkyl, -C ⁇ -6 alkyl-aryl, -C ⁇ . 6 alkyl-heteroaryl, -C 1-6 alkyl-heterocyclyl, -C ⁇ _ 6 alkyl-C 3-8 cycloalkyl, -C 1-6 alkyl-S-aryl, -C 1-6 alkyl-O-aryl, -C ⁇ . 6 alkyl-S-heteroaryl or -C ⁇ . 6 alkyl-
• R 3 represents -C 1-6 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more R ⁇ groups, or propargyl;
• R 4 represents -C ⁇ -6 alkyl optionally substituted by one or more R 11 groups, -C 1-6 alkyl-aryl, -C ⁇ -6 alkyl-heteroaryl, -C 1-6 alkyl-heterocyclyl, -C 1-6 alkyl-C 3 . 8 cycloalkyl, -C 3 . 8 cycloalkyl optionally substituted by one or more groups selected from R 11 and C ⁇ . 6 alkyl, or propargyl; w and x independently represent an integer from 0 to 2;
• R 11 represents halogen, hydroxy, -COOH, -COOCH 3 , C ⁇ _ 6 alkoxy, cyano or amino; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
• references to alkyl include references to both straight chain and branched chain aliphatic isomers of the corresponding alkyl. It will be appreciated that references to alkenyl shall be inte ⁇ reted similarly.
• references to C 3 . 8 cycloalkyl include references to all alicyclic (including bridged) isomers of the corresponding alkyl.
• references to 'aryl' include references to monocyclic carbocyclic aromatic rings (eg. phenyl) and bicyclic carbocyclic aromatic rings (e.g. naphthyl).
• references to 'heteroaryl' include references to mono- and bicyclic heterocyclic aromatic rings containing 1-4 hetero atoms selected from nitrogen, oxygen and sulphur.
• monocyclic heterocyclic aromatic rings include e.g. thienyl, furyl, pyrrolyl, triazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, oxadiazolyl, isothiazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiadiazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyrimidyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridyl, tetrazolyl and the like.
• bicyclic heterocyclic aromatic rings include eg.
• quinolinyl isoquinolinyl, quinazolinyl, quinoxalinyl, cinnolinyl, naphthyridinyl, indolyl, indazolyl, pyrrolopyridinyl, benzofuranyl, benzothienyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, benzoxadiazolyl, benzothiadiazolyl and the like.
• references to 'heterocyclyl' include references to a 5-7 membered non-aromatic monocyclic ring containing 1 to 3 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen, sulphur or oxygen.
• heterocyclic non-aromatic rings include morpholinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, thiomorpholinyl, oxathianyl, dithianyl, dioxanyl, pyrrolidinyl, dioxolanyl, oxathiolanyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolidinyl and the like.
• Alkyl moieties are more preferably C ⁇ . 4 alkyl.
• R 1 represents Z a .
• a 1 represents O or CH 2 , most preferably CH 2 .
• x preferably represents 1.
• n 1 represents 1.
• X represents -C-(R 6 ) or N, most preferably -C-(R 6 ).
• R 6 represents hydrogen or halogen, most preferably hydrogen.
• X 2 represents -C-(Y-R 9 )- or -C(-R 8 )-, most preferably -C-(Y-R 9 )-.
• R 8 is preferably trifluoromethyl.
• X 2 represents -C-(Y-R 9 )-, preferably: Y represents O and R 9 represents hydrogen, C 6 alkyl (particularly n-propyl, methyl,
• Y represents a bond and R 9 represents hydrogen, heterocyclyl (particularly 2- oxopyrrolidin-1-yl), aryl (particularly phenyl); or
• Y represents -N(R 10 )C(O)- (particularly NHCO) and R 9 represents C 1-6 alkyl (particularly methyl); or
• Y represents -C(O)N(R 10 )- (particularly CONMe) and R 9 represents C 1-6 alkyl (particularly propyl).
• Y represents a bond, O or -N(H)C(O)-.
• R 9 represents hydrogen, C ⁇ . 6 alkyl (particularly methyl or CH(CH 3 ) 2 ) or heterocyclyl (particularly 2-oxopyrrolidin-l-yl).
• R 9 is most preferably hydrogen or 2-oxopyrrolidin-l-yl.
• R 9 is most preferably CH(CH 3 ) 2 .
• R 9 is most preferably methyl.
• W represents CO.
• R 2 represents benzyl optionally substituted with one or more halogen atoms (eg. fluorine). Most preferably, R 2 represents unsubstituted benzyl.
• halogen atoms eg. fluorine
• R 3 represents methyl, 3-methyl butyl or propargyl, most preferably methyl.
• R 4 represents -C ⁇ -6 alkyl (particularly 3,3-dimethyl butyl or -CH 2 -CH(CH 3 ) 2 ), -C 3 . 8 cycloalkyl (particularly norbornyl, cyclobutyl or cyclohexyl) optionally substituted by one or two C ⁇ _ 6 alkyl groups (particularly methyl or t-butyl), -C ⁇ -6 alkyl-C 3-8 cycloalkyl (particularly -CH 2 - cyclopropyl or - ⁇ CH 2 ) 2 -cyclohexyl), or propargyl.
• R 4 represents -C 3 . 8 cycloalkyl (particularly norbornyl, cyclobutyl or cyclohexyl) optionally substituted by one or two -C ⁇ _ 6 alkyl groups (particularly dimethylcyclohexyl or t- butylcyclohexyl) .
• w 0 or 1.
• x represents 0 or 1. More preferably, x represents 0.
• R a preferably represents fluorine
• R b preferably represents -C ⁇ -6 alkyl (particularly CH(CH 3 ) 2 ) or -C ⁇ -6 alkyl-aryl (particularly benzyl).
• Preferred compounds according to the invention include examples E1-E35 as shown below, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• the compounds of formula (I) can form acid addition salts thereof. It will be appreciated that for use in medicine the salts of the compounds of formula (I) should be pharmaceutically acceptable. Suitable pharmaceutically acceptable salts will be apparent to those skilled in the art and include those described in J. Pharm. Sci., 1977, 66, 1-19, such as acid addition salts formed with inorganic or organic acids e.g.
• the present invention includes within its scope all possible stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric forms.
• the compounds of formula (I) may be prepared in crystalline or non-crystalline form, and, if crystalline, may optionally be solvated, eg. as the hydrate.
• This invention includes within its scope stoichiometric solvates (eg. hydrates) as well as compounds containing variable amounts of solvent (eg. water).
• Certain compounds of formula (I) are capable of existing in stereoisomeric forms (e.g. diastereomers and enantiomers) and the invention extends to each of these stereoisomeric forms and to mixtures thereof including racemates.
• the different stereoisomeric forms may be separated one from the other by the usual methods, or any given isomer may be obtained by stereospecific or asymmetric synthesis.
• the invention also extends to any tautomeric forms and mixtures thereof.
• compounds of formula (I) are in the form of a single enantiomer of formula (la):
• a process according to the invention for preparing a compound of formula (I) which comprises:
• L 1 represents a suitable leaving group, eg. a halogen atom, such as bromine atom, with a compound of formula R'-H, wherein R 1 is as defined above, and thereafter optionally as necessary deprotecting a compound of formula (I) which is protected; or
• R 1 , Xi and X 2 are as defined above and L represents a suitable leaving group, such as a halogen atom (eg. chlorine), and thereafter optionally as necessary deprotecting a compound of formula (I) which is protected; or
• Process (a) typically comp ⁇ ses heating a compound of formula (II) and the compound of formula RI -H in a suitable solvent such as 1,4-dioxane with a suitable base (such as caesium carbonate) with an appropriate catalyst (e.g. see Organic Letters (2000), 2, 1101-1104).
• a suitable solvent such as 1,4-dioxane
• a suitable base such as caesium carbonate
• Process (b) typically comprises heating a mixture of compounds of formula (III) and R 4 -NH 2
• Process (c) is a conventional amide coupling reaction where the activated derivative may be, for example, the acid chloride, mixed anhydride, active ester or O-acyl-isourea.
• the reaction typically comprises mixing compounds of formulae (TV) and (Va) with a suitable coupling agent (such as N-cyclohexylcarbodiimide-N'-methyl polystyrene in the presence of HOBT) in a suitable solvent (such as dimethylformamide or dichloromethane) at a suitable temperature e.g. room temperature.
• a suitable coupling agent such as N-cyclohexylcarbodiimide-N'-methyl polystyrene in the presence of HOBT
• a suitable solvent such as dimethylformamide or dichloromethane
• Process (d) typically comprises the use of a suitable base, eg. N-methylmorpholme or polystyrene-N-methylmorphohne in the presence of catalytic (10%) dimethylaminopyridme (DMAP) in a suitable solvent eg. dimethylformamide and/or dichloromethane.
• a suitable base eg. N-methylmorpholme or polystyrene-N-methylmorphohne
• DMAP dimethylaminopyridme
• suitable solvent eg. dimethylformamide and/or dichloromethane.
• Suitable amine protecting groups include sulphonyl (e.g. tosyl), acyl (e.g. benzyloxycarbonyl or t-butoxycarbonyl) and arylalkyl (e.g. benzyl), which may be removed by hydrolysis or hydrogenolysis as appropnate.
• Other suitable amine protecting groups include trifluoroacetyl (-COCF 3 ) which may be removed by base catalysed hydrolysis.
• Suitable hydroxy protecting groups would be silyl based groups such as t-butyldimethylsilyl, which may be removed using standard methods, for example use of an acid such as trifluoroacetic or hydrochloric acid or a fluoride source such as terra n-butylammomum fluoride.
• Process (f) may be performed using conventional interconversion procedures such as epime ⁇ sation, oxidation, reduction, alkylation, nucleophihc aromatic substitution, ester hydrolysis, amide bond formation, t-butoxycarbonyl group addition or removal and sulphonylation.
• R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , X t and X 2 are as defined above, P 1 represents a suitable protecting group such as t-butoxycarbonyl and L 1 represents a suitable leaving group, eg. a halogen atom, such as bromine atom.
• Step (i) typically comprises heating a compound of formula (VI) in neat amine R ⁇ -NH2 to a suitable temperature e.g. 60°C .
• Step (ii) typically comprises the use of mixing a compound of formula (VII) with a suitable acid (such as trifluoroacetic acid) in a suitable solvent (such as dichloromethane) at a suitable temperature e.g. room temperature.
• a suitable acid such as trifluoroacetic acid
• a suitable solvent such as dichloromethane
• Step (iii) typically comprises the use of mixing compounds of formulae (IV) and (VIII) with a suitable coupling agent (such as N-cyclohexylcarbodiimide-N'-methyl polystyrene in the presence of HOBT) in a suitable solvent (such as dichloromethane or dimethylformamide) at a suitable temperature e.g. room temperature.
• a suitable coupling agent such as N-cyclohexylcarbodiimide-N'-methyl polystyrene in the presence of HOBT
• a suitable solvent such as dichloromethane or dimethylformamide
• R 1 , Xi, X 2 , R 2 and R 3 are as defined above and P 1 represents a suitable protecting group such as t- butoxycarbonyl.
• Step (i) typically comprises mixing a compound of formula (VI) with a suitable acid (such as trifluoroacetic acid) in a suitable solvent (such as dichloromethane) at a suitable temperature e.g. room temperature.
• a suitable acid such as trifluoroacetic acid
• a suitable solvent such as dichloromethane
• Step (ii) typically comprises mixing compounds of formulae (LX) and (Va) with a suitable coupling agent (such as N-cyclohexylcarbodiimide-N'-rnethyl polystyrene) in a suitable solvent (such as dimethylformamide or dichloromethane) at a suitable temperature e.g. room temperature.
• a suitable coupling agent such as N-cyclohexylcarbodiimide-N'-rnethyl polystyrene
• a suitable solvent such as dimethylformamide or dichloromethane
• a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof for use as a pharmaceutical, particularly in the treatment of patients with diseases characterised by elevated ⁇ -amyloid levels or ⁇ -amyloid deposits.
• a compound of formula (I) or a physiologically acceptable salt or solvate thereof for the manufacture of a medicament for the treatment of patients with diseases characterised by elevated ⁇ -amyloid levels or ⁇ -amyloid deposits.
• a method for the treatment of a human or animal subject with diseases characterised by elevated ⁇ -amyloid levels or ⁇ -amyloid deposits comprises administering to said human or animal subject an effective amount of a compound of formula (I) or a physiologically acceptable salt or solvate thereof.
• composition comprising a compound of formula (I) or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or solvate thereof for use in the treatment of diseases characterised by elevated ⁇ -amyloid levels or ⁇ -amyloid deposits.
• the compounds according to the invention may be formulated for administration in any convenient way, and the invention therefore also includes within its scope pharmaceutical compositions for use in the therapy of diseases characterised by elevated ⁇ -amyloid levels or ⁇ - amyloid deposits, comprising a compound of formula (I) or a physiologically acceptable salt or solvate thereof together, if desirable, with one or more physiologically acceptable diluents or carriers.
• diseases characterised by elevated ⁇ -amyloid levels or ⁇ -amyloid deposits include Alzheimer's disease, mild cognitive impairment, Down's syndrome, hereditary cerebral haemorrhage with ⁇ -amyloidosis of the Dutch type, cerebral ⁇ -amyloid angiopathy and various types of degenerative dementias, such as those associated with Parkinson's disease, progressive supranuclear palsy, cortical basal degeneration and diffuse Lewis body type of Alzheimer's disease.
• the disease characterised by elevated ⁇ -amyloid levels or ⁇ -amyloid deposits is Alzheimer's disease.
• the compounds according to the invention may, for example, be formulated for oral, inhaled, intranasal, buccal, enteral, parenteral, topical, sublingual, intrathecal or rectal administration, preferably for oral administration.
• Tablets and capsules for oral administration may contain conventional excipients such as binding agents, for example syrup, acacia, gelatin, sorbitol, tragacanth, mucilage of starch, cellulose or polyvinyl pyrrolidone; fillers, for example, lactose, microcrystalline cellulose, sugar, maize- starch, calcium phosphate or sorbitol; lubricants, for example, magnesium stearate, stearic acid, talc, polyethylene glycol or silica; disintegrants, for example, potato starch, croscarmellose sodium or sodium starch glycollate; or wetting agents such as sodium lauryl sulphate.
• the tablets may be coated according to methods well known in the art.
• Oral liquid preparations may be in the form of, for example, aqueous or oily suspensions, solutions, emulsions, syrups or elixirs, or may be presented as a dry product for constitution with water or other suitable vehicle before use.
• Such liquid preparations may contain conventional additives such as suspending agents, for example, sorbitol syrup, methyl cellulose, glucose/sugar syrup, gelatin, hydroxymethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose, aluminium stearate gel or hydrogenated edible fats; emulsifying agents, for example, lecithin, sorbitan mono-oleate or acacia; non-aqueous vehicles (which may include edible oils), for example almond oil, fractionated coconut oil, oily esters, propylene glycol or ethyl alcohol; or preservatives, for example, methyl or propyl p- hydroxybenzoates or sorbic acid.
• the preparations may also contain buffer salts, flavouring, colouring and/or sweetening
• compositions may take the form of tablets or lozenges formulated in conventional manner.
• the compounds may also be formulated as suppositories, e.g. containing conventional suppository bases such as cocoa butter or other glycerides.
• the compounds according to the invention may also be formulated for parenteral administration by bolus injection or continuous infusion and may be presented in unit dose form, for instance as ampoules, vials, small volume infusions or pre-filled syringes, or in multi-dose containers with an added preservative.
• the compositions may take such forms as solutions, suspensions, or emulsions in aqueous or non-aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as antioxidants, buffers, antimicrobial agents and/or tonicity adjusting agents.
• the active ingredient may be in powder form for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g. sterile, pyrogen- free water, before use.
• the dry solid presentation may be prepared by filling a sterile powder aseptically into individual sterile containers or by filling a sterile solution aseptically into each container and freeze-drying.
• the compounds of the invention When the compounds of the invention are administered topically they may be presented as a cream, ointment or patch.
• the composition may contain from 0.1% to 99% by weight, preferably from 10 to 60% by weight, of the active material, depending on the method of administration.
• the dose of the compound used in the treatment of the aforementioned disorders will vary in the usual way with the seriousness of the disorders, the weight of the sufferer, and other similar factors.
• suitable unit doses may be 0.05 to 1000 mg, more suitably 0.05 to 20 mg, for example 0.2 to 5 mg; and such unit doses may be administered more than once a day, for example one, two, three or four times per day (preferably once or twice), so that the total daily dosage is in the range of about 0.5 to 100 mg; and such therapy may extend for a number of weeks or months.
• N-Cyclohexylcarbodiimide-N'-methyl polystyrene (265mg @ 1.70 mmol/g; ex. Novabiochem) was treated with a solution of 1 -hydroxybenzotriazole (0.45 mmol) in DMF (1.0ml) followed by 3-bromo-4-fluorobenzoic acid (99mg, 0.45mmol), dichloromethane (1ml) and (2R,4S,5S)-5- amino-4-hydroxy-2-methyl-6-phenylhexanoic acid (3,3-dimethylbutyl)-amide (D2) (90 mg, 0.30 mmol) in dichloromethane (0.5ml)/ DMF (0.5ml).
• D12 was prepared as for El, from methyl 3-bromo-5-(2-oxopyrrolidin-l-yl)benzoate and acetamide.
• D33 (2R,4S,5S)-5-Amino-4-hydroxy-2-(3-methyl-butyl)-6-phenyl-hexanoic acid bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ylamide
• D33 was prepared from [(lS,2S,4R)-l-Benzyl-4-(bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ylcarbamoyl)-2-hydroxy- 7-methyl-octyl]carbamic acid tert-butyl ester (D32) by the method described in D29 to afford a white foam (100%).
• D36 was prepared from [(lS,2S,4R)-l-benzyl-4-(bicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ylcarbamoyl)-2- hydroxyhept-6-ynyl] carbamic tert-butyl ester (D35) by the method described in D29 to afford a white foam (96%).
• Butyllithium (1.6M solution in hexanes, 12.3ml, 19.7mmol) was added dropwise to a solution of
• a) l ⁇ l of a DMSO solution of the test compound (IC 50 curve uses ten 1 m 2 se ⁇ al dilutions from 500 ⁇ M).
• b) 10 ⁇ l of substrate (FAM-[SEVNLDAEFK]-TAMRA ) solution in buffer. This is prepared by diluting 2ml of a 2mM DMSO solution of the substrate into 400ml of buffer (lOOmM Sodium acetate pH 4.5, 1 1 Milh-Q water, 0.06% Triton X-100 (0.5 ml/1) , pH adjusted to 4.5 using glacial acetic acid).
• Ammomethyl fluorescem (FAM) and tetramethyl rhodamine (TAMRA) are fluorescent molecules which co-operate to emit fluorescence at 535nm upon cleavage of the SEVNLDAEFK peptide.
• Blank wells (enzyme solution replaced by buffer) are included as controls on each plate. Wells are incubated for lh at room temperature and fluorescence read using a Tecan Ultra Fluorimeter/Spectrophotometer ( 485nm excitation, 535nm emission).
• the compounds of E2 and E5-E21 were tested in Assays (I) and (III) and results for all Examples fell within the following ranges of inhibition: 3-200 nM (Asp-2) and 100-3000 nM (CatD).
• the compounds of E22-E35 were tested in Assays (D and (III) and results for all Examples fell within the following ranges of inhibition: 2-900 nM (Asp-2) and 160-3000 nM (CatD). More particularly, the compounds of E8, 10, 14, 21, 22, 26 and 32 fell within the following ranges of inhibition : 2-30 nM (Asp-2) and 340-3000 nM (CatD).

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