Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C17/00—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons
  • C07C17/093—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons by replacement by halogens
  • C07C17/20—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons by replacement by halogens of halogen atoms by other halogen atoms
  • C07C17/202—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons by replacement by halogens of halogen atoms by other halogen atoms two or more compounds being involved in the reaction
  • C07C17/206—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons by replacement by halogens of halogen atoms by other halogen atoms two or more compounds being involved in the reaction the other compound being HX
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
  • B01J23/16—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
  • B01J23/24—Chromium, molybdenum or tungsten
  • B01J23/26—Chromium
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
  • B01J27/06—Halogens; Compounds thereof
  • B01J27/132—Halogens; Compounds thereof with chromium, molybdenum, tungsten or polonium
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
  • B01J37/22—Halogenating
  • B01J37/26—Fluorinating
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
  • C07B39/00—Halogenation
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C17/00—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons
  • C07C17/093—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons by replacement by halogens
  • C07C17/10—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons by replacement by halogens of hydrogen atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C17/00—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons
  • C07C17/093—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons by replacement by halogens
  • C07C17/20—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons by replacement by halogens of halogen atoms by other halogen atoms
  • C07C17/21—Preparation of halogenated hydrocarbons by replacement by halogens of halogen atoms by other halogen atoms with simultaneous increase of the number of halogen atoms
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
  • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
  • Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
  • Y02P20/584—Recycling of catalysts

Definitions

• the present invention relates generally to fluorination catalysts. More particularly, the present invention provides methods and systems for preparing catalysts for use in the fluorination of organic compounds and processes of fluorinating organic compounds.
• reaction typically includes, in addition to the desired fluorinated organic compound or compounds, unreacted alkane and/or alkene starting materials and unreacted HF. It is common in such processes to separate the unreacted starting materials from the product stream and to recycle those components to the reaction step.
• the reaction product also includes water. Although water is typically present in relatively minor amounts, its presence in the reaction product stream has been recognized to be undesirable. For example, U.S. Patent No. 5,334,784 - Blake, et al.
• the present inventors have recognized that water generated during the fluorination of organic compounds has a deleterious effect not only on the downstream processing of the reaction product but also on the fluorination reaction itself. Applicants have also come to appreciate that, for at least certain embodiments of the present invention, the extent to which water is generated during the reaction of organic compounds with HF is impacted by the process that is used to prepare the catalyst, and that certain catalyst preparation methods have an unexpected and surprising ability to produce fluorination catalysts which
• Applicants have thus discovered a process for preparing fluorination catalyst which comprises exposing a catalytically active compound to an activating agent under conditions effective to achieve substantial thermal and/or water generation stability at a temperature that is at least about 80 relative percent of the operating temperature of the catalyst and a pressure that is at least about 80 relative percent of the operating pressure of the catalyst.
• a process for preparing fluorination catalyst which comprises exposing a catalytically active compound to an activating agent under conditions effective to achieve substantial thermal and/or water generation stability at a temperature that is at least about 80 relative percent of the operating temperature of the catalyst and a pressure that is at least about 80 relative percent of the operating pressure of the catalyst.
• the catalyst is brought to a state in which it is at a substantially constant temperature under adiabatic conditions, and without exposure to temperature excursions that would be harmful to the effectiveness and/or activity of the catalyst. It is contemplated that many different combinations of steps may be used in view of the present disclosure to bring the catalyst to this desired condition in which it is ready to be used in the fluorination of organic compounds. It is highly preferred, however, that the step of exposing the catalyst to activating agent is performed without allowing the catalyst temperature to exceed about 125 relative percent of the operating temperature of the catalyst. By conditioning catalytically active compounds in accordance with the present invention, the resulting catalyst has a substantially reduced tendency to produce water when used during the fluorination of organic compounds.
• the term "catalytically active compound” is intended to refer to compounds that tend to catalyze fluorination of organic compounds and to compounds that can be converted, by the present process or others, to such compounds. It is to be understood that this term encompasses not only fresh, unused catalytically active compounds but also compounds that have been previously used as a fluorination catalyst and subsequently regenerated and/or reactivated by the present process or some other process.
• the term “substantial thermal stability” is intended to refer to conditions in which the rate of change of temperature has slowed to a substantial extent, and preferably is substantially constant for a measurable period of time, under adiabatic conditions. In other words, a catalyst has reached "substanial thermal stability" when the rate of heat generation during the conditioning step is substantially reduced, and preferably is substantially zero. As explained in more
• the preferred exposing step(s) of the present invention result in an exothermic reaction involving the catalyst, and "substantial thermal stability" is achieved when such exotherms are substantially dissipated. Also, substantial thermal stability as used herein produces and is coincident with a gradual reduction, preferably to a substantially constant, relatively low level, of water generated by the conditioning process or step.
• operating pressure refers to the pressure or range of pressures at which the catalyst prepared by the present methods is intended to be used, and/or is used, to fluorinate the target organic compound(s).
• operating temperature refers to the temperature or range of temperatures at which the catalyst prepared by the present methods is intended to be used, and/or is used, to fluorinate the target organic compound(s).
• the exposing step comprises exposing the catalytically active compound to an activating agent that comprises an activating compound and an inert carrier wherein the concentration of the activating compound in the activating agent increases during at least a portion of the exposing step.
• the temperature of the activating agent and/or the catalyst is increased at least during a portion of the exposing step.
• the pressure on the catalyst is increased at least during a portion of the exposing step.
• the exposing step comprises increasing each of the concentration, the temperature and the pressure at least during one or more portions of the exposing step.
• the exposing step in certain preferred embodiments comprises first exposing the catalytically active compound to an activating agent at a pressure substantially below the operating pressure of the catalyst and then subsequently exposing the catalytically active compound to an activating agent under a second pressure substantially greater than the first pressure.
• activating the catalyst using such a stepped pressure technique is highly effective in producing a catalyst that tends to generate a lower concentration of water during the fluorination of the organic compound and hence less water in the reaction product stream.
• the exposing step(s) of the present invention tend to fluorinate the catalytically active compound and thereby generate both heat and water.
• At least a portion of, and preferably substantially all of, both the heat and water generated from the first, relatively low pressure exposing step are removed from the catalyst, and recycle of the water to the low pressure exposing step is substantially avoided.
• the relatively low pressure used in the first exposing step tends to enhance removal from the catalyst of a large proportion of the water that would otherwise be produced during the fluorination of the organic compound(s).
• the subsequent, higher pressure exposure step conditions the catalyst for the higher operating pressure of the organic fluorination reaction and to further remove water that would otherwise be generated during the organic fluorination reaction.
• the amount of water produced by the organic fluorination reaction when the catalyst is brought on-line is substantially lower than when prior art catalysts are used. This in turn results in improved catalyst performance (e.g., selectivity and activity) and permits savings with respect to the type and amount of water removal operations that would otherwise be required as part of the downstream processing required for the target fluorinating reaction.
• the present invention relates to the preparation of a fluorination catalyst by exposing untreated catalyst to activating agent.
• the term "untreated catalyst” is used herein in its broad sense to designate a catalytically active compound, or a precursor of a catalytically active compound, which will be subjected to the process steps of the present invention.
• the term “untreated catalyst” is intended to include within its meaning not only fresh, untreated catalytic or potentially catalytic compounds, but also to such compounds which have previously been treated by the present invention and/or by other treatment operations.
• the term is also intended to include catalyst that has previously been used to fluorinate organic compounds and is in need of regeneration or reactivation. THE CATALYTICALLY ACTIVE COMPOUNDS
• fluorination catalysts that may be prepared in accordance with the present invention are those compounds that are catalytically active in the reaction of hydrogen fluoride ("HF") with hydrocarbons, more preferably halogenated hydrocarbons, and even more preferably chlorinated hydrocarbons ("CHCs").
• HF hydrogen fluoride
• hydrocarbons more preferably halogenated hydrocarbons
• CHCs chlorinated hydrocarbons
• the present methods find particularly advantageous utility in the preparation of catalysts for the fluorination of chlorinated olefins, and particularly perchlorinated olefin, such as perchloroethylene (“PCE”) or trichloroethylene (“TCE”) to the hydrofluorocarbons (“HFCs”) pentafluoroethane (HFC- 125) or tetrafluoroethane (“HFC-134a”).
• PCE perchloroethylene
• TCE trichloroethylene
• HFCs hydrofluorocarbons
• HFC- 125 pentafluoroethane
• HFC-134a tetrafluoroethane
• Suitable catalytically active compounds are well known in the art, and include various inorganic compounds, for example oxides and halides of metals
• the present invention is particularly well suited for the preparation of chromium based catalysts.
• Chromium based fluorination catalysts are typically and preferably based more specifically upon chromia.
• the chromia may be, for example, fluorinated so that the fluorination catalyst is preferably a chromium oxyfluoride species.
• the chromia may comprise activity promoting amounts of other metals, for example zinc, nickel or cobalt.
• the chromia based catalyst may be supported on a support system.
• the support system may be, for example a metal oxide, for example alumina (A1 2 0 3 ), magnesia (MgO), a metal fluoride, for example aluminium fluoride and magnesium fluoride or the support system may be an activated carbon.
• Chromium based catalytically active compounds particularly useful in accordance with the present invention are disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 5,155,082, which is incorporated herein by reference.
• the present methods can be carried out in a wide variety of environments and in batch, continuous, and/or semi-continuous operations. It is generally preferred, however, that the methods are carried out in continuous or semi- continuos operations. Furthermore, it is generally preferred that the untreated catalyst of the present invention is provided in the same reaction vessel that will be used for fluorination of the organic compound. In this way, the catalyst will be in place and ready for use in fluorination process of the present or other methods upon completion of the preparation aspects of the present invention.
• the appropriate piping, valving and the like need for such an arrangement are well know in the art and need not be described in detail herein.
• the catalytically active compound to be processed in accordance with the present invention can be provided substantially free of water or it can be subjected to a drying step, which preferably produces a compound substantially free of unbound water.
• the drying step preferably comprises passing a drying gas, preferably nitrogen, over and in intimate contact with the untreated catalyst so as to carry away a substantial portion of any unbound water present in, on or otherwise associated with the untreated catalyst. It is preferred that the drying step be carried out at about atmospheric pressure with the catalyst at a temperature substantially above room temperature, even more preferably at a temperature of from about 65 °C to about 350°C.
• the drying step comprises a stepped temperature process including raising the temperature of the catalyst from about room temperature to about 80 °C to about 100°C for a period of time of from about 2 hours to about 36 hours, followed by rasing the temperature of the catalyst to about the operating temperature of the catalyst, preferably about 300°C - 375 °C, for a period of about 8 hours.
• An in-line moisture analyzer is preferably installed to monitor the water content of the effluent stream.
• the preferred temperature increasing steps are preferably initiated in response to a relatively diminished water content in the effluent stream, as indicated by the monitoring step.
• Any heating means known in the art may be used to heat the catalyst to the indicated ranges.
• the catalyst may be heated directly by heating the drying gas or indirectly by heating the vessel containing the catalyst.
• the preferred embodiments of the present methods importantly include exposing the catalytically active compound to an activating agent at a first pressure substantially below the operating pressure of the catalyst.
• activating agent refers to any compound or combination of compounds which improve the activity of the catalytically active compound to the desired target compound.
• the activating agent preferably comprises a compound which tends to fluorinate the untreated catalyst, hereinafter sometimes referred to as a fluorinating agent.
• the activating agent comprises an activating gas that comprises a fluorinating agent such as HF, and even more preferably a combination of a fluorinating agent and an inert carrier gas such as nitrogen.
• the activating gas comprise from about 0.5 wt% to about 99 wt % of fluorinating agent, with the balance being inert carrier gas.
• the preferred low pressure exposure step of the present invention results in fluorination of the untreated catalyst, which in turn results in the generation of water and of heat.
• Important embodiments of the present invention involve the step of removing from the catalyst both the heat and the water, and preferably substantially all of water and a substantial portion of the heat, generated during the low pressure exposure step. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art in view of the present disclosure that it is acceptable, and in some cases may even be desirable, to allow some portion of the exotherimic reaction heat to be absorbed by the catalyst and contribute to raising of the temperature of the catalyst in accordance with other aspects of the present invention described in more detail hereinafter.
• the water removal step it is preferred that the water is removed as a feature of the exposure step.
• the activating gas is maintained in intimate contact with the catalyst for a time sufficient to not only activate the catalyst but also to allow a substantial portion of the generated water to be absorbed by, entrained in, otherwise carried by the activating gas. Removal of the activating gas from catalyst also then results in removal of water from the catalyst.
• the heat can be removed from the catalyst by allowing the activating gas to absorb at least a portion of the heat of reaction and to then carry the heat away from the catalyst as the gas leaves the conditioning system.
• other techniques can be use to remove the heat of the exothermic reaction from the catalyst, such as external cooling of the vessel containing the catalyst.
• the low pressure exposure step is conducted as a continuous process in which the activating gas is passed over, and preferably in intimate contact with, the catalyst and then removed from the catalyst through an outlet nozzle or port in the vessel containing the catalyst.
• the residence time of the activating gas in contact with the catalyst can vary widely depending on numerous factors associated each individual application, such as the type and amount of the catalyst, the type and amount of activating gas, and like factors. In general, the residence time of the activating gas in the low pressure
• exposing step is preferably from about 0.01 hour to about 10 hours, and even more preferably from about 0.5 hours to about 5 hours.
• the step of exposing the catalyst to activating gas at low pressure comprises increasing the percentage of fluorinating agent in the activating gas during the course of the low pressure exposing step from an initial, relatively low concentration to a final, relatively high concentration.
• the starting concentration and ending concentration of fluorinating agent, and the rate of increase of fluorinating agent concentration may vary widely depending on the particulars of each application, and all such variations are within the broad scope hereof.
• the concentration of HF in the activating gas in this low pressure exposing step is initially about 0.5 wt. % - 5 wt. % and finally about 15 wt. % - 100 wt. %.
• the low pressure exposing step comprises initially exposing the catalyst to an activating gas comprising about 1 wt.
• This exposure sub-step preferably is conducted under conditions effective to maintain the temperature of the catalyst below about 215 °C and for a time sufficient to achieve a substantially constant catalyst temperature under adiabatic conditions.
• the introduction of activating agent to the untreated catalyst will generally result in the generation of heat in the catalyst bed as a result of exothermic reaction, and the exposure step preferable includes the step of removing heat from the catalyst at a rate sufficient to prevent the catalyst temperature from exceeding 420 °F until the reaction exotherms substantially cease.
• the percentage of HF in the activating gas is increased one or more times. Since each increase in the concentration of fluorinating compound will produce additional exothermic reactions, which generally involve the generation of water, and each increase in concentration is preferably associated with a water removing step and a heat removing step to keep the catalyst
• concentration increasing step comprises increasing the concentration of the
• each concentration increasing step is accompanied by a
• the temperature increasing step can utilize any well known technique for raising
• the catalyst temperature is reduced by cooling to about 200 °C to about
• the low pressure exposing step is a
• continuous process comprising continuously introducing one or more activating gas input streams to a reaction vessel containing the untreated catalyst and continuously removing, preferably on a equal mass basis relative to the gas inlet stream, one or more gas output streams that have contacted and been exposed to the catalyst.
• this activating gas output stream is treated
• the scrubbed inert gas can be recycled
• the pressure is substantially less than the operating pressure of the organic fluorination reaction in which the catalyst is to be used.
• the pressure in this initial exposing step is preferably at least about 25 psig
• pressure of the low pressure exposing step ranges from about atmospheric pressure
• the present methods also importantly include exposing the catalytically
• the second exposing step is carried out at a pressure of from about 15 psig to about 200 psig and more preferably from about 30 psig to 150 psig.
• the pressure in the second exposing step is a variable pressure starting initially at substantially below the operating pressure of the catalyst but substantially above the pressure in first exposure step, and increasing to about the operating pressure of the catalyst.
• the preferred high pressure exposure step of the present invention results in further fluorination of the catalyst which, as in the low pressure step, results in the generation of water and of heat.
• the high pressure exposure step also preferably includes removing from the catalyst both the heat and the water, and preferably substantially all of the water and a substantial portion of the heat, generated during the high pressure exposure step.
• the water removal step it is preferred that the water is removed as a feature of the exposure step.
• the high pressure activating gas is maintained in intimate contact with the catalyst for a time sufficient to not only further activate the catalyst but also to allow a substantial portion of the generated water to be absorbed by, entrained in, or otherwise carried by the activating gas. Removal of the activating gas from catalyst also then results in removal of water from the catalyst.
• the heat can be removed from catalyst by allowing the activating gas to carry the heat away from the catalyst.
• other techniques can be use to remove the heat of the exothermic reaction from the catalyst, such as external cooling of the vessel containing the catalyst.
• the high pressure exposure step is conducted as a continuous process in which the activating gas is passed over and in intimate contact with the catalyst and then removed from the catalyst by passing the gas through the vessel containing the catalyst.
• the residence time of the high pressure activating gas in contact with the catalyst can vary widely depending on numerous factors associated each individual application, such as the type and amount of the catalyst, the type and amount of activating gas, and like factors.
• the residence time of the activating gas in the high pressure exposing step is preferably from about 0.01 hours to about 15 hours, and even more preferably from about 0.5 hours to about 10 hours.
• the catalyst in the second, high pressure exposing step is initially exposed to activating gas at an initial pressure that is at least about 50 psi less than the operating pressure of the catalyst and is maintained at a temperature that is substantially below the operating temperature of the catalyst, and even more preferably at least about 100°C below the operating temperature of the catalyst.
• the initial pressure of the activating gas is from about 20 psig to about 45 psig, and temperature of the catalyst is maintained below about 300°C, and even more preferably below about 250 °C, during this initial high pressure exposure.
• the initial phase of the high pressure exposure step is preferably maintained for a time sufficient to substantially dissipate the exotherm of created by the exposure step.
• One method for ensuring that the exotherm has been dissipated is to achieve a substantially constant catalyst temperature under adiabatic conditions.
• the temperature of and the pressure on the catalyst is preferably further increased to within at least about 10 relative percent of the operating temperature and pressure of the catalyst, and even more preferable to about the operating temperature and pressure of the catalyst.
• the operating temperature of the catalyst is in a range of from about 200 °C to about 400 °C, more preferably from of from about 320°C to about 375 °C, and even more preferably about 350°C.
• the operating pressure of the catalyst is preferably from about 50 psig to about 200 psig, with about 100 psig being most preferred in certain embodiments.
• catalyst is preferably brought to about the operating temperature and pressure of the catalyst in a fashion that results in substantial thermal stability at these conditions. More particularly, it is contemplated that raising the catalyst temperature and pressure will generate exothermic reaction conditions in the catalyst bed, and this heat of reaction is preferably substantially removed from the catalyst until thermal stability at or about the operating temperature and pressure is substantially achieved.
• the step of raising the catalyst temperature/pressure to the operating temperature/pressure comprises first raising the temperature of the catalyst to the operating temperature while removing any exothermic heat of reaction until thermal stability is substantially achieved.
• the catalyst is then cooled to below the operating temperature, preferably to a temperature of from about 20 °C to 80 °C below the operating temperature, and when the catalyst is so cooled, the pressure is increased to about the operating pressure of the catalyst.
• any exothermic heat of reaction generated by the pressure increase is removed until thermal stability is once again substantially achieved.
• the temperature of the catalyst is raised to about the operating temperature, and the catalyst is then ready for use in the fluorination of organic compounds in accordance with the present invention.
• the activating agent for use in the high pressure exposing step can be selected in accordance with the same parameters described above, and may be the same or different than the activating agent used in the low pressure exposing step.
• the preferred embodiments of the invention utilize a high pressure activating agent in the form of an activating gas which comprises a major
• the activating gas in the high pressure exposing step consists essentially of fluorinating compound(s), and even more preferably HF.
• the high pressure exposing step is a continuous process comprising continuously introducing one or more activating gas input streams to a reaction vessel containing the catalyst and continuously removing, preferably on a substantially equal mass basis relative to the gas inlet stream(s), one or more gas output streams that have contacted and been exposed
• the activating gas output stream from the high pressure exposing operation is dehydrated to produce a water lean stream and
• the step comprises, in addition to the fluorinating compound, such as HF, a minor amount of water.
• the gas output stream comprises less
• the water separation step produce a water lean stream or
• streams that togther comprise at least about 75 wt %, and even more preferably at
• a substantial portion of the fluorinating compound, and particularly HF, present in the activating gas output stream is recycled to the high
• means for achieving this function is to recycle the preferred water lean stream
• the water in output stream is preferably removed by the dehydrating column.
• the water lean stream from the dehydrating column is preferably substantially anhydrous.
• a fluorination catalyst is loaded into a reaction vessel intended for use in the fluorination of PCE to HFC- 125.
• the catalyst has an operating pressure of
• the catalyst is first dried by continuously introducing into the reaction vessel a drying gas consisting of nitrogen at about atmospheric pressure and
• drying gas, and hence the catalyst is maintained for a period of 18 hours at about
• the reactor is then cooled to about ambient temperature and the an
• activating agent consisting of about 99 percent by weight of nitrogen and about 1 percent by weight of HF is introduced into the reactor at a rate of about 10 pounds
• the catalyst reacts with the activating agent and a reaction exotherm is initially developed in the reactor catalyst bed, and water is generated as a result of the activation.
• the heat of reaction is removed at a rate sufficient to maintain the reactor temperature below about 215°C, and the generated water is continuously removed from the catalyst as the activating agent is continuously removed from the reactor.
• the concentration of HF in the activating agent is then increased to about 2 percent by weight.
• the catalyst reacts with the new activating agent and a reaction exotherm is initially developed in the reactor catalyst bed, and increased water concentration is generated as a result of the activation.
• the heat of reaction is removed at a rate sufficient to maintain the reactor temperature below about 215°C, and the generated water is continuously removed from the catalyst as the activating agent is continuously removed from the reactor.
• Sufficient time is permitted to allow the exotherm to be substantially dissipated such that the system is again at substantially steady state conditions and the water content of the effluent is has decreased to a substantially steady state base line value.
• the concentration of HF in the activating gas is then gradually increased to about 25% by weight.
• the catalyst reacts with the new activating agent as the concentration of HF is increased, and reaction exotherms are developed in the reactor catalyst bed, and increased water concentration is generated as a result of the activation.
• the heats of reaction are removed at a rate sufficient to maintain the reactor temperature below about 215°C, and the generated water is continuously removed from the catalyst as the activating agent is continuously removed from the reactor.
• the heat of reaction and the generated water in the reactor effluent gradually decrease to approach substantially steady state conditions in which the water content in the effluent is a substantially steady state base line.
• the reactor temperature is then increased to about 350°C by heating the HF and nitrogen gas mixture.
• the temperature increase in the catalyst causes additional reaction exotherms in the reactor catalyst bed, and water concentration is initially increased.
• the heats of reaction are removed at a rate sufficient to maintain the reactor temperature of no greater than about 350°C, and the generated water is continuously removed from the reactor.
• the heat of reaction and the generated water in the reactor effluent gradually decrease to approach substantially steady state conditions in which the water content in the effluent is a substantially steady state base line.
• the reactor is then cooled by cooling the fluorinating gas mixture (HF and nitrogen) to a temperature of about 230°C.
• reactor effluent is recycled to the reactor.
• the reactor effluent is treated and disposed of as appropriate according to known methods.
• a new activating agent consisting essentially of HF is then introduced to the reactor at a rate of about 10 pounds per hour per 150 pounds of catalyst.
• catalyst reacts with the HF and a reaction exotherm is initially developed in the reactor catalyst bed, and water is generated as a result of the activation.
• the heat of reaction is removed at a rate sufficient to maintain the reactor temperature below about 290 °C while maintaining the pressure in the reactor below about 30 psig.
• the generated water is continuously removed from the reactor via the reactor effluent.
• the effluent from reactor is introduced to a dehydrating column of known design which separates the effluent into a water rich stream, which contains about 95% of the water in the reactor effluent.
• the water lean stream is continuously recycled to the reactor.
• the total feed (fresh feed plus recycle) of activating agent, which now consists of HF and water, is maintained at about 10 pounds per hour per 150 pounds of catalyst.
• the continued HF feed causes additional reaction exotherms in the reactor catalyst bed, and the heats of reaction are removed at a rate sufficient to maintain the reactor temperature of no greater than about 290 °C, and the generated water is continuously removed from the catalyst with the activating agent as the activating agent is continuously removed from the reactor.
• the feed to the reactor consists of essentially 99.95 percent by weight of HF and 0.05 percent by weight of water.
• the reactor temperature is then slowly increased to about 360°C by heating the incoming HF stream.
• the temperature increase in the catalyst causes additional reaction exotherms in the reactor catalyst bed, and water concentration is initially increased.
• the heats of reaction are removed at a rate sufficient to maintain the reactor temperature of no greater than about 360°C, and the generated water is continuously removed from the catalyst as the activating agent is continuously removed from the reactor.
• the heat of reaction and the generated water in the reactor effluent gradually decrease to approach substantially steady state conditions in which the water content in the effluent is a substantially steady state base line.
• the reactor is then cooled by reducing the temperature of the HF feed stream and the reactor pressure is slowly increased to about 100 psig. This pressure increase causes additional reaction exotherms in the reactor catalyst bed, and water concentration is initially increased.
• the heats of reaction are removed at a rate sufficient to maintain the reactor temperature of no greater than about 360°C, and the generated water is continuously removed from the catalyst as the activating agent is continuously removed from the reactor. Eventually the heat of reaction and the generated water in the reactor effluent gradually decrease to approach substantially steady state conditions.

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