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Definitions

• the present invention relates to pyrimidine inhibitors of phosphodiesterase 7 (PDE 7) (including both selective inhibitors of PDE 7, and dual inhibitors of PDE 7 and phosphodiesterase 4), pharmaceutical compositions containing these inhibitors, and the use of these inhibitors in the treatment of leukocyte activation-associated or leukocyte- activation mediated disease and inflammatory diseases either alone or in combination with other therapeutic agents.
• PDE 7 phosphodiesterase 7
• PDEs Phosphodiesterases hydrolyze the second messenger molecules cAMP and cGMP to affect cellular signaling.
• PDE3,4,7,8 are specific for cAMP, and others (PDE5,6,9) for cGMP.
• Further family members (PDE1,2,10,11) have dual specificity.
• a recent publication demonstrated a role for PDE7 in the activation and/or proliferation of T cellsfli, Yee and Beavo, Science 283:848-851, 1999). Resting T lymphocytes express mainly PDE3 and PDE4. However, upon activation, T cells dramatically upregulate PDE7 and appear to rely on this isozyme for regulation of cAMP levels.
• a PDE7 inhibitor is defined herein as a compound for which the IC 50 of the compound in a PDE7 inhibition assay is less than 20 micromo ⁇ ar (preferably less than 10 micromolar, more preferably less than 5 micromolar, most preferably less than 1 micromolar).
• the PDE7 IC 50 of a selective PDE7 inhibitor should be less than one-tenth the IC50 of said compound in all of the following PDE assays: PDE1, PDE3 and PDE4 (more preferably the PDE7 IC50 of a selective PDE7 inhibitor should be less than one- twentieth the IC 50 of said compound in the following PDE assays: PDE1 and PDE3, most preferably the PDE7 IC 50 of a selective PDE7 inhibitor should be less than one-hundreth the IC 50 of said compound in a PDE3 assay).
• PDE1 inhibitors have demonstrated potent vasodilator activity. Such activity would represent an undesirable side effect in a therapeutic agent with the utilities listed in this patent for a PDE7 inhibitor.
• the PDE3 family of enzymes are distributed in several tissues including the heart liver, and platelets.
• PDE3 inhibitors have demonstrated potent cardiac iotropic activity. Such activity would represent an undesirable side effect in a therapeutic agent with the utilities listed in this patent for a PDE7 inhibitor.
• PDE4 inhibitors have demonstrated clinical utility for COPD, and have also been suggested to have utility for rheumatoid arthritis, and multiple sclerosis, and to possess anti- inflammatory activity.
• the utility of PDE4 inhibitors has been limited to some extent by their propensity to cause emesis. As such there are circumstances where it would be desirable to develop PDE7 inhibitors, which have a degree of selectivity against PDE.
• a selective inhibitor of PDE7 is expected to have broad application as an immunosuppressant in T cell-mediated diseases. PDE7 inhibitors will act at a different stage of the T cell signaling process compared to cunent immunosuppressants by inhibiting a very early stage of the T cell activation cascade.
• a selective inhibitor of PDE7 is also expected to have a decreased potential for clinically significant side effects compared to cu ⁇ ent immunosuppressants, therefore the primary disease indications are solid organ transplantation (SOT) and rheumatoid arthritis. Additional indications may include BSD, psoriasis, asthma and lupus.
• SOT solid organ transplantation
• Additional indications may include BSD, psoriasis, asthma and lupus.
• a dual PDE7-PDE4 inhibitor (PDE4/7 or PDE7/4) is defined herein as any compound which has an IC50 in both a PDE7 and a PDE4 inhibition assay of less than 20 micromolar (preferably less than 10 micromolar, and more preferably less than 5 micromolar and most preferably less than 1 micromolar), and an IC50 in a PDE3 inhibition assay which is at least 10 times higher than the IC50 of the compound in the PDE7 assay (more preferably at least 20 times higher than the IC50 of the compound in the PDE7 assay, and most preferably at least 100 times higher than the IC50 of the compound in the PDE7 assay).
• a dual PDE4/7 inhibitor should have a ratio of inhibition or PDE7 IC50 divided by PDE4 IC50 of between one-tenth and 100.
• Inhibitors that exhibit such a ratio of inhibition include those that inhibit PDE3, PDE4 and PDE7 as described above, and further inhibit PDE1 at an IC50 at least 10 times higher than the IC50 of the compound in a PDE7 assay (more preferably at least 20 times higher than the IC50 of the compound in the PDE7 assay, and most preferably at least 100 times higher than the IC50 of the compound in the PDE7 assay).
• Prefened dual PDE7-PDE4 inhibitors further include those compounds that inhibit PDE3, PDE4 and PDE7 as described above, and further suppress both T cell proliferation, and TNF-alpha secretion from either THP-1 monocytes or human peripheral blood mononuclear cells at a level of less than 20 micromolar.
• Leukocyte activation is defined herein as any or all of leukocyte (T cell, monocyte macrophage, neutrophil etc.) cell proliferation, cytokine production, adhesion protein expression, and production of inflammatory mediators. This is mediated in part by the action of PDE4 and/or PDE7 depending on the particular leukocyte under consideration.
• leukocyte activation associated or leukocyte activation mediated disorders include transplant rejection, graph verses host disease, and autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, juvenile diabetes, COPD, asthma, and inflammatory bowel disease, T-cell mediated hypersensitivity diseases, ischemic or reperfusion injury, and T-cell proliferative disorders.
• Dual PDE4/7 inhibitors would be expected to block the T cell component of a disease as well as possess anti-inflammatory activity.
• a dual PDE4/7 inhibitor which is not significantly limited by emesis, may be more effective than either a selective PDE4 inhibitor or a selective PDE7 inhibitor in a variety of disease states such as rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, COPD and multiple sclerosis.
• PDE7A (EC 3.1.4.17) has two isoforms generated by alternate splicing; PDE7A1 restricted mainly to T cells and the brain, and PDE7A2 for wliich mRNA is expressed in a number of cell types including muscle cells.
• the isoforms have different sequence at the amino termini, and it is thought that this portion of each molecule is likely to be important for cellular localization of the enzyme.
• PDE7A the catalytic domain of each PDE7A enzyme is identical (Han,P., Zhu,X. and Michaeli,T. Alternative splicing of the high affinity cAMP- specific phosphodiesterase (PDE7A) mRNA in human skeletal muscle and heart. J. Biol. Chem. 272 (26), 16152-16157 (1997)). Although abundant PDE7A2 mRNA has been identified, the presence of active enzyme in tissues is controversial, as no convincing data shows PDE7A2 protein in situ in the adult. PDE7B (EC 3.1.4.17), a second PDE7 gene family member, has approximately 70% homology to PDE7A in the enzymatic core (Sasaki,T., Kotera ., Yuasa,K.
• the present invention provides pyrimidine compounds of the following formula (I), their enantiomers, diastereomers, tautomers and pharmaceutically acceptable salts, prodrugs and solvates thereof, for use as PDE7 inhibitors and dual PDE4/7 inhibitors:
• R 1 is H or alkyl
• R 2 is (a) heteroaryl, or heterocyclo, either of which may be optionally substituted with
• R 3 and R 4 are independently H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, (aryl)alkyl, heteroaryl,
• heteroarylalkyl (heteroaryl)alkyl, cycloalkyl, (cycloalkyl)alkyl, heterocylo or (heterocyclo)alkyl any of which may be optionally substituted with one to three groups T l , T 2a or ⁇ 3a.
• R 3 and R 4 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached may combine to form a 4 to 8 membered heterocyclo ring optionally substituted with one to three groups T la , T 2a or T 3a ;
• R 4a is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, (aryl)alkyl, (heteroaryl)alkyl, heterocylo , (heterocyclo)alkyl, cycloalkyl or (cycloalkyl)alkyl any of which may be optionally substituted with one to three groups T lb , T 2b or T 3b ;
• R 4b is hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, heteroaryl, (aryl)alkyl, (heteroaryl)alkyl, heterocylo , (heterocyclo)alkyl, cycloalkyl or (cycloalkyl)alkyl any of wliich may be optionally substitute
• R 4c and R 4d are independently alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, (aryl)alkyl, heteroaryl, (heteroaryl)alkyl, cycloalkyl, (cycloalkyl)alkyl, heterocylo or (heterocyclo)alkyl any of which may be optionally substituted with one to three groups T la , T 2a or ⁇ 3a.
• R 5 and R 6 are independently H, alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, (aryl)alkyl, heteroaryl,
• alkyl (i) alkyl, (hydroxy)alkyl, (alkoxy)alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, (cycloalkyl)alkyl, cycloalkenyl, (cycloalkenyl)alkyl, aryl, (aryl)alkyl, heterocyclo, (heterocylco)alkyl, heteroaryl, or (heteroaryl)alkyl;
• T 4 and T 5 are each independently
• (1) are each independently hydrogen or a group provided in the definition of T 6 , or
• T and T may together be alkylene or alkenylene, completing a 3- to 8- membered saturated or unsaturated ring together with the atoms to which they are attached, which ring is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more groups listed in the description of T 1"10 , T 2"2c and T 3"3c , or (3) T 7 or T 8 , together with T 9 , may be alkylene or alkenylene completing a 3- to
• Preferred compounds of Formula I include those wherein: Z is
• aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be optionally substituted with one or more T la , T 2 , T 3a (especially cyano, optionally substituted alkyl,
• L is (a) H;
• aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be optionally substituted with one or more T Ic , T 2c , T 3c (especially cyano, optionally substituted alkyl, (hydroxy)alkyl, -OH, -OT 6 , -ST 6 , -SO t T 6 , -CO t H, -CO t T 6 , -T ⁇ NTV, or -T 4 N(T 10 )-T 5 -T 6 ); or
• R 1 is H or alkyl
• R 2 is (a) heteroaryl (more preferably thiazolyl or oxazolyl) optionally substituted with one to three groups T , T , T , preferably including H, alkyl, haloalkyl, halo, heteroaryl, cyano, C(O) t T 6 , OT 6 , -T 4 NT 7 T 8 ;
• aryl substituted with one to three groups T 1 , T 2 , T 3 preferably including heteroaryl (preferably, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, or thiazolyl any of which may be further optionally substituted), cyano, C(O) t T 6 , S(O) t N(T 9 )T 6 , halo alkyl, and haloalkyl); or
• aryl fused to a heterocyclo ring e.g., 2,3-dihydro-lH-indole bound through the aryl ring, quinolyl bound through the aryl ring (especially quinol-6-yl), quinazolinyl bound through the aryl ring (especially quinazolin-7-yl), cinnolinyl bound through the aryl ring (especially cinnolin-6-yl), isoqinolinyl bound through the aryl ring (especially isoquinol-6-yl), and phthalazinyl bound through the aryl ring (especially phthalazin-6-yl)) wherein the combined ring system may be optionally substituted with one to three groups T 1 , T 2 , T 3 (especially halo, OH, OT 6 , alkyl, -CO t H, -CO t T 6 , or -C(O)NT 7 T 8 ); R is H or optional
• R 4 is (a) hydrogen
• T 3a (especially -OH, -OT 6 , -CO t H, -CO t T 6 , -T 4 NT 7 T 8 or -T 4 -N(T 10 )-T 5 -T 6 );
• T a , T 3a (especially optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionaly subsituted heterocyclo, cyano, -OH, -OT 6 , -CO t H, -CO t T 6 , oxo, hydroxy(alkyl), (alkoxy)alkyl, -T 4 -N(T 10 )-T 5 -T 6 , or -T 4 -NT 7 T 8 ); or R and R together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached combine to form a 4 to 8-membered heterocyclo ring (especially pyrrolidinyl, piperadinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, diazapanyl or l,4-dioxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl) optionally substituted with one to three groups T la , T 2a , T 3a (
• R 5 is hydrogen or alkyl
• R 6 is
• heteroaryl (heteroaryl)alky where the heteroaryl group is optionally independently substituted with one or more groups T lc , T 2c , T 3c (especially optionally substituted alkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, (hydroxy)alkyl, -OH, -OT 6 , -ST 6 , -CO t H, -CO t T 6 , -SO 3 H, -SO t T 6 , -SO t N(T 9 )(T 6 ), -T 4 -N(T 10 )-T 5 -T 6 , heterocyclo, or heteroaryl);
• heterocycloalkyl where the heterocyclo group is optionally independently substituted with one or more groups T lc , T 2c , T 3c (especially optionally substituted alkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, oxo, (hydroxy) alkyl, -OH, -OT 6 ,
• alkyl optionally independently substituted with one or more groups T lc , T 2c ,
• T 3c (especially -OH, -OT 6 , -CO t H, -CO t T 6 , -T 4 NT 7 T 8 or -T 4 -N(T 10 )-T 5 -T 6 ); (f) heterocyclo optionally independently substituted with one or more groups T lc ,
• T 2c , T 3c (especially optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted aryl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, optionally substituted aralkyl, optionaly subsituted heterocyclo, cyano, -OH, -OT 6 , -CO t H, -CO t T 6 , oxo, hyd ⁇ -oxy(alkyl), (alkoxy)alkyl, -T 4 -N(T 10 )-T 5 -T 6 , or -T 4 -NT 7 T 8 ); or R and R together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached combine to form a 4 to 8-membered heterocyclo ring (especially pyrrolidinyl, piperadinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, diazapanyl or l,4-dioxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl) optionally substituted with one to three groups T lc , T 2
• More preferred compounds of the present invention include compounds wherein:
• T la , T 2a , T 3a selected from cyano, optionally substituted alkyl, (hydroxy)alkyl, -OH, -OT 6 , -ST 6 , -SO t T 6 , -CO t H, -CO t T 6 , -T 4 NT 7 T 8 , or -T 4 N(T 10 )-T 5 -T 6 , where T 4 is a bond or -C(O)-; T 5 is -C(O)-, or -C(O)O-; T 6 is alkyl or haloalkyl; T 7 and T 8 are independently H; alkyl optiontionally substituted with cycloalkyl, heteroaryl, hydroxy or -NT 7 T 8 ; cycloalkyl; or aryl optionally substituted with halogen; or T 7 and T 8 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are
• T 10 is H
• aryl or heteroaryl either of which may be optionally substituted with one or more T lc , T 2c , T 3c selected from cyano, optionally substituted alkyl (especially substituted with CO t H or CO t T 6 ), (hydroxy)alkyl, -OH, -OT 6 , -ST 6 , -SO t T 6 , -CO t H, -CO t T 6 , -T 4 NT 7 T 8 , or -T 4 N(T 10 )-T 5 -T 6 , where
• T 4 is abond or -C(O)-;
• T 5 is -C(O)-, or -C(O)O-;
• T 6 is alkyl or haloalkyl;
• T 7 and T 8 are independently
• T 7 and T 8 are independently H, alkyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, (aryl)alkyl (optionally substituted as described in the definition of R 4 ), or heterocyclo (optionally substituted as described in the definition of R 3 and R 4 combining to form a heterocyclo ring); and
• T 10 is H; R 1 is H or alkyl; R 2 is
• heteroaryl (more preferably thiazolyl or oxazolyl) optionally substituted witii one to three groups T 1 , T , T 3 , preferably including H, alkyl, haloalkyl, halo, heteroaryl, cyano, C(O) t T 6 , OT 6 , -T 4 NT 7 T 8 ;
• aryl substituted with one to three groups T 1 , T 2 , T 3 preferably including heteroaryl (preferably, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, or thiazolyl any of which may be further optionally substituted), cyano, C(O) t T 6 , S(O) t N(T 9 )T 6 , halo alkyl, and haloalkyl); or (c) aryl fused to a heterocyclo ring (e.g., 2,3-dihydro-lH-indole bound through the aryl ring) wherein the combined ring system may be optionally substituted with one to three groups T 1 , T 2 , T 3 (especially halo, OH, OT 6 , alkyl, -CO t H, -CO t T 6 , or -C(O)NT 7 T 8 ); R is H or optionally substituted alkyl (especially substituted with one or more -OH, or -
• T 4 is a bond, -SO 2 -, or -C(O)-;
• T 5 is -SO 2 -, or -alkylene-O-;
• T is alkyl, or cycloalkyl; T 7 and T 8 are independently H or alkyl; and T 9 and T 10 are hydrogen;
• heteroaryl (heteroaryl)alky where the heteroaryl group is optionally independently substituted with one or more groups T la , T 2a , T 3a selected from optionally substituted alkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, oxo, (hydroxy)alkyl, -OH, -OT , -ST 6 , -CO t H, -CO t T 6 , -SO 3 H, -SO t T 6 , -SO t N(T 9 )(T 6 ), -T 4 NT 7 T 8 , -T 4 -N(T 10 )-T 5 -T 6 , heterocyclo, or heteroaryl) where
• T 4 is a bond, -SO 2 -, or -C(O)-;
• T 5 is -SO 2 -, or -alkylene-O-;
• T 6 is alkyl, or cycloalkyl
• T 7 and T 8 are independently H or alkyl
• T 9 and T 10 are hydrogen; (d) (heterocyclo)alkyl where the heterocyclo group is optionally independently substituted with one or more groups T la , T 2a , T 3a selected from optionally substituted alkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, (hydroxy)alkyl, -OH, -OT 6 , -ST 6 , -CO t H, -CO t T 6 , -SO 3 H, -SO t T 6 , -T 4 NT 7 T 8 , -T 4 -N(T 10 )-T 5 -T 6 , heterocyclo, or heteroaryl) where T 4 is a bond, -SO 2 -, or -C(O)-;
• T 5 is -SO 2 -, or -alkylene-O-;
• T 6 is alkyl, or cycloalkyl;
• T 7 and T 8 are independently H or alkyl
• T 9 and T 10 are hydrogen; (e) alkyl optionally independently substituted with one or more groups T la , T 2a ,
• T 3a selected from -OH, -OT 6 , -CO t H, -CO t T 6 , -T 4 NT 7 T 8 or -T 4 -N(T 10 )-T 5 -T 6 ) where
• T 6 is alkyl
• T 7 and T 8 are independently H or alkyl
• T 10 is hydrogen; (f) heterocyclo optionally independently substituted with one or more groups T la , T 2a , T 3a selected from optionally substituted alkyl (especially substituted with -T 4 NT 7 T 8 ), optionally substituted aryl (especially substituted with halogen or haloalkyl), cyano, -OH, -OT 6 , -CO t H, -CO t T 6 , oxo, hydroxy(alkyl), (alkoxy)alkyl, -T 4 -N(T 10 )-T 5 -T 6 , or -T 4 -NT 7 T 8 ) where
• T 4 is a bond or -C(O)-;
• T 5 is -C(O)-, -SO 2 -, or -alkylene-C(O)O-;
• T 6 is alkyl, alkoxy, or heteroaryl
• T and T are independently H, alkyl, or cycloalkyl
• R or T and T together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached combine to form a an optionally substituted heterocyclo ring; or R 3 and R 4 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached combine to form a heterocylco ring selected from pynolidinyl, piperadinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, diazapanyl or l,4-dioxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl), any of which are optionally independently substituted with one to three groups T la , T 2a , T 3a selected from optionally substituted alkyl (especially substituted with -T 4 NT 7 T 8 ), optionally substituted aryl (especially substituted with halogen or haloalkyl), cyano, -OH, -OT 6 , -CO t H, -CO t T 6 , oxo, hydroxy(alkyl), (alkoxy)alkyl, -T 4 -N
• T 5 is -C(O)-, -SO 2 -, or -alkylene-C(O)O-;
• T is alkyl, alkoxy, or heteroaryl;
• T 7 and T 8 are independently H, alkyl, or cycloalkyl; or T 7 and T 8 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached combine to form a an optionally substituted heterocyclo ring;
• R 5 is hydrogen or alkyl;
• R 6 is
• T 5 is -SO 2 -, or -alkylene-O-;
• T 6 is alkyl, or cycloalkyl;
• T 7 and T 8 are independently H or alkyl; and
• T 9 and T 10 are hydrogen;
• T 4 is a bond, -SO 2 -, or -C(O)-;
• T 5 is -SO 2 -, or -alkylene-O-;
• T 6 is alkyl, or cycloalkyl;
• T 7 and T 8 are independently H or alkyl; and
• T 9 and T 10 are hydrogen;
• heterocyclo (heterocyclo)alkyl where the heterocyclo group is optionally independently substituted with one or more groups T lc , T 2c , T 3c selected from optionally f f substituted alkyl, halo, cyano, nitro, (hydroxy)alkyl, -OH, -OT , -ST , -CO t H, -CO t T 6 , -SO 3 H, -SO t T 6 , -T 4 NT 7 T 8 , -T 4 -N(T 10 )-T 5 -T 6 , heterocyclo, or heteroaryl) where
• T 4 is a bond, -SO 2 -, or -C(O)-;
• T 5 is -SO 2 -, or -alkylene-O-;
• T 6 is alkyl, or cycloalkyl;
• T 7 and T 8 are independently H or alkyl;
• T 9 and T 10 are hydrogen; (e) alkyl optionally independently substituted with one or more groups T lc , T 2c , T 3 ° selected from -OH, -OT 6 , -CO t H, -CO t T 6 , -T 4 NT 7 T 8 or -T 4 -N(T 10 )-T 5 -T 6 ) where T 4 is a bond;
• T 5 is -CO)-;
• T 6 is alkyl;
• T 7 and T 8 are independently H or alkyl; and T 10 is hydrogen; (f) heterocyclo optionally independently substituted with one or more groups T lc ,
• T 2c , T 3c selected from optionally substituted alkyl (especially substituted with -T 4 NT 7 T 8 ), optionally substituted aryl (especially substituted with halogen or haloalkyl), cyano, -OH, -OT 6 , -CO t H, -CO t T 6 , oxo, hydroxy(alkyl), (alkoxy)alkyl, -T 4 -N(T 10 )-T 5 -T 6 , or -T 4 -NT 7 T 8 ) where
• T 4 is a bond or -C(O)-;
• T 5 is -C(O)-, -SO 2 -, or -alkylene-C(O)O-;
• T is alkyl, alkoxy, or heteroaryl;
• T 7 and T 8 are independently H, alkyl, or cycloalkyl; or T 7 and T 8 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached combine to form a an optionally substituted heterocyclo ring;
• d R 6 together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached combine to form a heterocylco ring selected from pyrrolidinyl, piperadinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, diazapanyl or l,4-dioxa-8-azaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl), any of which are optionally independently substituted with one to three groups T la , T 2a , T 3a selected from optionally substituted alkyl (especially substituted with -T
• T 5 is -C(O)-, -SO 2 -, or -alkylene-C(O)O-;
• T 6 is alkyl, alkoxy, or heteroaryl
• T 7 and T 8 are independently H, alkyl, or cycloalkyl
• Prefened compounds of the present invention include compounds of Formula
• W is O or S, more preferably S;
• X 1 is NHT 8 or OT 6 ;
• X and X r2a. are independently hydrogen, halo, OT , alkyl, or haloalkyl;
• X is heteroaryl (preferably, pyrimidinyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, or thiazolyl any of which may be further optionally substituted), cyano, C(O) t T 6 , or S(O) t NT 7 T 8 ; and X 4 is alkyl, haloalkyl, NHT 8 or OT 6 .
• R la is H or alkyl
• R 2a is optionally substituted heteroaryl
• Z* is halogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, haloalkyl, NR 3a R 4a , -C(O)-N(T 10 )-T 5 -H, -C(O)-N(T 10 )-T 5 -T 6 , optionally substituted aryl or optionally substituted heteroaryl;
• R > 3a i js hydrogen or alkyl
• R a is alkyl, alkoxy, optionally substituted (heteroaryl)alkyl, optionally substituted heterocylo, optionally substituted (heterocyclo)alkyl, or (aryl)alkyl wherein the aryl group is substituted with one or two groups T 1* and T 2* and optionally further substituted with a group T 3* ; or R 3a and R 4a together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached may combine to form an optionally substituted heterocyclo ring; R >5a a is optionally substituted (heteroaryl)alkyl, or (aryl)alkyl wherein the aryl group is substituted with one or two groups T and T ,2* and optionally further substituted with a group T ,3* or R 5a and R a together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached may combine to form an optionally substituted heterocyclo ring; R 6a is hydrogen or alkyl; I* is hydrogen or alkyl; T '
• Preferred compounds within Formula III are those wherein:
• R la i iss EH;
• R 2a is thiazolyl, oxazolyl, tetrahydroindolinyl, or isoxozolyl (preferably thiazolyl) any of which may be optionally substituted (preferably with one or more alkyl, alkylcarbonyl or alkoxycarbonyl groups);
• Z* is halogen, alkyl, haloalkyl, NR 3a R 4a , -C(O)-N(T 10 )-T 5 -H, or -C(O)-N(T 10 )-T 5 -T 6 ;
• R 3a is hydrogen;
• R 4a is alkyl, alkoxy, haloalkyl, or optionally substituted (heterocyclo)alkyl, especially where the heterocyclo ring is morpholinyl, pyrrolidinyl or tetrahydrofuranyl; or R 3a and R 4a together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached may combine to form an optionally substituted heterocyclo ring, especially piperazine or piperidine or morpholine optionally substituted with one or more alkyl, (hydroxy)alkyl, hydroxy, -C(O)NT 7 T 8 , cyano, oxo, -CO t H, or -CO t T 6 ; R 5a is a) (phenyl)alkyl where the phenyl group is substituted with one or two alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, heteroaryl (especially thiadiazolyl) or -SO R 8a ; b) optionally substituted (heteroaryl)alkyl;
• R , 1a is hydrogen
• W is O or S (preferably S), X 1 is alkoxy, and X 2 is alkyl;
• Z* is halogen, haloalkyl, oxazolyl, phenyl (optionally substituted with heteroaryl, COH or CO t T 6 ), -NR 3a R 4a , or -C(O)-N(H)-alkylene-COOH;
• R 3a is hydrogen;
• R 4a is alkyl, optionally substituted (morpholinyl)alkyl, optionally substituted (pyrrolidinyl) alkyl, or optionally substituted (tetrahydrofuranyl)alkyl; or R 3a and R 4a together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached may combine to form a piperazine, piperadine or morpholine ring optionally substituted with one or more more alkyl, (hydroxy)alkyl, hydroxy, -C(O)NH 2 , cyano, oxo, or -CO t alkyl; R 5a is a) (phenyl)alkyl where the phenyl group is substituted with one or more alkoxy, alkoxycarbonyl, heteroaryl (especially thiadiazolyl) or -SO 2 R 8a ; b) (tetrazolyl)alkyl, or (pryidyl)alkyl; c) optionally substituted (benzodioxole
• R 6a is hydrogen; or R 5a and R 6a together with the nitrogen atom to which they are attached may combine to form an optionally substituted heterocyclo ring, especially piperazine or piperidine or moipholine optionally substituted with one or more alkyl, (hydroxy)alkyl, hydroxy, -C(O)NH 2 , cyano, oxo, or -CO t alkyl; and J* is hydrogen or alkyl.
• Preferred compounds within the scope of formula III include:
• alk refers to straight or branched chain hydrocarbon groups having 1 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 8 carbon atoms, such as methyl, ethyl, n- propyl, i-propyl, n-butyl, i-butyl, t-butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, etc.
• Lower alkyl groups that is, alkyl groups of 1 to 6 carbon atoms, are generally most prefe ⁇ ed.
• substituted alkyl refers to alkyl groups substituted with one or more groups listed in the definition of T 1 , T 2 and T 3 , preferably selected from halo, cyano, O- R 7 , S-R 7 , NR 8 R 9 , nitro, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, oxo, aryl, substituted afyl, heterocyclo, heteroaryl, CO 2 R 7 , S(O)R 7 , SO 2 R 7 , SO 3 R 7 , SO 2 NR 8 R 9 , C(O)NR 8 R 9 , C(O)alkyl, and C(O)H.
• alkylene refers to a straight chain bridge of 1 to 4 carbon atoms connected by single bonds (e.g., -(CH2) ⁇ - wherein x is 1 to 5), which may be substituted with one or more groups listed in the definition of T , T and T .
• alkenyl refers to straight or branched chain hydrocarbon groups having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably 2 to 4 carbon atoms, and at least one double carbon to carbon bond (either cis or trans), such as ethenyl.
• substituted alkenyl refers to an alkenyl group as defined above substituted with one or more groups listed in the definition of T 1 , T 2 and T 3 , preferably selected from halo, cyano, O-R 7 , S-R 7 , NR 8 R 9 , nitro, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, oxo, aryl, substituted aryl, heterocyclo, heteroaryl, CO 2 R , S(O)R 7 , SO 2 R 7 , SO 3 R 7 , SO 2 NR 8 R 9 , C(O)NR 8 R 9 , C(O)alkyl, and C(O)H.
• alkynyl refers to straight or branched chain hydrocarbon group having 2 to 12 carbon atoms and one, two or three triple bonds, preferably 2 to 6 carbon atoms and one triple bond.
• substituted alkynyl refers to an alkynyl group as defined above substituted with one or more groups listed in the definition of T 1 , T 2 and T 3 , preferably selected from halo, cyano, O-R , S-R 7 , NR 8 R 9 , nitro, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, oxo, aryl, substituted aryl, heterocyclo, heteroaryl, CO 2 R 7 , S(O)R 7 , SO 2 R 7 , SO 3 R 7 , SO 2 NR 8 R 9 , C(O)NR 8 R 9 , C(O)alkyl, and C(O)H.
• halo refers to chloro, bromo, fluoro, and iodo.
• cycloalkyl refers to saturated and partially unsaturated (containing 1 or 2 double bonds) cyclic hydrocarbon groups containing 1 to 3 rings, including monocyclicalkyl, bicyclicalkyl and tricyclicalkyl, containing a total of 3 to 20 carbons forming the rings, preferably 3 to 7 carbons, forming the ring and which may be fused to 1 or 2 aromatic or heterocyclo rings, which include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, cycloheptyl, cyclooctyl, cyclodecyl, cyclododecyl, cyclohexenyl,
• substituted cycloalkyl refers to such cycloalkyl group as defined above substituted with one or more groups listed in the definition of T 1 , T 2 and T 3 , preferably selected from halogen, nitro, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, cyano, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heterocyclo, heteroaryl, oxo, OR 7 , CO 2 R 7 , C(O)NR 8 R 9 , OC(O)R 7 , OC(O)OR 7 , OC(O)NR 8 R 9 , OCH 2 CO 2 R 7 , C(O)R 7 , NR 8 R 9 , NR 10 C(O)R 7 , NR 10 C(O)OR 7 , NR 10 C(O)C(O)OR 7 , NR 10 C(O)C(O)OR 7 , NR 10 C(O)C(O)NR 8 R 9
• aromatic homocyclic i.e., hydrocarbon
• bi- or tricyclic ring-containing groups preferably having 6 to 12 members such as phenyl, naphthyl and biphenyl, as well as such rings fused to a cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocyclo, or heteroaryl ring. Examples include:
• substituted aryl refers to such aryl groups as defined above substituted with one or more groups listed in the definition of T 1 , T 2 and T 3 , preferably selected from halogen, nitro, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, cyano, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heterocyclo, heteroaryl, OR 7 , CO 2 R 7 , C(O)NR 8 R 9 , OC(O)R 7 , OC(O)OR 7 , OC(O)NR 8 R 9 , OCH 2 CO 2 R 7 , C(O)R 7 , NR 8 R 9 , NR 10 C(O)R 7 , NR 10 C(O)OR 7 , NR 10 C(O)C(O)OR 7 , NR 10 C(O)C(O)OR 7 , NR 10 C(O)C(O)NR 8 R 9 , NR ⁇ 0 C(O)
• NR 10 C( NC)(CR 12 R 13 )rR 7 , NR ⁇ oCO(CR 12 R 13 )rNR 8 R 9 , NR 1 o(CR 12 R 13 )mOR 7 , NR 10 (CR 12 R 13 )rCO 2 R 7 , NR 10 (CR ⁇ 2 R 1 3)mNR 8 R 9 , NR 1 o(CR 12 R 13 )nSO 2 (CR 14 R 1 5)qR7, CONR 10 (CR 12 Ri3)nSO 2 (CR 14 R 15 )qR 7 , SO 2 NR ⁇ o(CR 12 R ⁇ 3 )nCO(CR 14 R ⁇ 5 )qR 7 , and SO 2 NR ⁇ o(CR 12 R ⁇ 3 ) OR 7 as well as pentafluorophenyl.
• heterocycle refers to fully saturated or partially unsaturated cyclic groups (for example, 3 to 13 member monocyclic, 7 to 17 member bicyclic, or 10 to 20 member tricyclic ring systems, preferably containing a total of 3 to 10 ring atoms) which have at least one heteroatom in at least one carbon atom-containing ring.
• Each ring of the heterocyclic group containing a heteroatom may have 1, 2, 3 or 4 heteroatoms selected from nitrogen atoms, oxygen atoms and/or sulfur atoms, where the nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms may optionally be oxidized and the nitrogen heteroatoms may optionally be quaternized.
• the heterocyclic group may be attached at any heteroatom or carbon atom of the ring or ring system.
• the rings of multi-ring heterocycles may be either fused, bridged and/or joined through one or more spiro unions.
• Exemplary heterocyclic groups include
• substituted heterocycle or “substituted heterocyclo” and the like refer o such heterocylo groups as defined above substituted with one or more groups listed in the definition of T 1 , T 2 and T 3 , preferably selected from halogen, nitro, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, cyano, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heterocyclo, heteroaryl,oxo, OR 7 , CO 2 R 7 , C(O)NR 8 R 9 , OC(O)R 7 , OC(O)OR 7 , OC(O)NR 8 R 9 , OCH 2 CO 2 R 7 , C(O)R 7 , NR 8 R 9 , NR 10 C(O)R 7 , NR 10 C(O)OR 7 , NR 10 C(O)C(O)OR 7 , NR 10 C(O)C(O)OR 7 , NR 10 C(O)
• heteroaryl refers to a 5- 6- or 7- membered aromatic rings containing from 1 to 4 nitrogen atoms and/or 1 or 2 oxygen or sulfur atoms provided that the ring contains at least 1 carbon atom and no more than 4 heteroatoms.
• the heteroaryl ring is linked through an available carbon or nitrogen atom.
• such rings fused to a cycloalkyl, aryl, cycloheteroalkyl, or another heteroaryl ring.
• One, two, or three available carbon or nitrogen atoms in the heteroaryl ring can be optionally substituted with substituents listed in the description of T l9 T 2 and T 3 .
• substituted heteroaryl refers to such heteroaryl groups as defined above substituted on any available atom with one or more groups listed in the definition of T 1 , T 2 and T 3 , preferably selected from” refers to such heterocylo groups as defined above substituted with one or more groups listed in the definition of T , T and T , preferably selected from halogen, nitro, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, cyano, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, aryl, substituted aryl, heterocyclo, heteroaryl, OR 7 , CO 2 R 7 , C(O)NR 8 R 9 , OC(O)R 7 , OC(O)OR 7 , OC(O)NR 8 R 9 , OCH 2 CO 2 R 7 , C(O)R 7 , NR 8 R 9 , NR 10 C(O)R 7 , NR 10 C(O)OR 7 , NR 10 C(O)C(O)OR 7
• R 7 , Rio, and R ⁇ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, C(O)alkyl, C(O)substituted alkyl, C(O)cycloalkyl, C(O) substituted cycloalkyl, C(O)aryl, C(O)substituted aryl, C(O)Oalkyl, C(O)Osubstituted alkyl, C(O)heterocyclo, C(O)heteroaryl, aryl, substituted aryl, heterocyclo and heteroaryl.
• R 8 and R are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, cycloalkyl, substituted cycloalkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, C(O)alkyl, C(O)substituted alkyl, C(O)cycloalkyl, C(O)substituted cycloalkyl, C(O)aryl, C(O)substituted aryl, C(O)Oalkyl, C(O)Osustituted alkyl, C(O)heterocyclo, C(O)heteroa ⁇ yl, S(O) 2 alkyl, S(O) 2 substituted alkyl, S(O) 2 cycloalkyl, S(O) 2 substituted cycloalkyl, S(O) 2 aryl, S(O) 2 substituted cycloalkyl, S(O) 2 aryl, S(O) 2 substituted cycloal
• R 12 and R 14 are independently selected from hydrogen and alkyl or 1 to 4 carbons.
• R ⁇ 3 and R 15 are independently selected from hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to 4 carbons, and substituted alkyl or 1 to 4 carbons.
• n is zero or an integer from 1 to 4.
• m is an integer from 2 to 6.
• p is an integer from 1 to 3.
• q is zero or an integer from 1 to 3.
• r is zero or an integer from 1 to 6.
• T 1 , T 2 , and T 3 are are each independently (1) hydrogen or T 6 , where T 6 is (i) alkyl, (hydroxy)alkyl, (alkoxy)alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, cycloalkyl, (cycloalkyl)alkyl, cycloalkenyl, (cycloalkenyl)alkyl, aryl, (aryl)alkyl, heterocyclo, (heterocylco)alkyl, heteroaryl, or (heteroaryl)alkyl;
• T 4 and T 5 are each independently
• T 7 and T 8 may together be alkylene or alkenylene, completing a 3- to 8- membered saturated or unsaturated ring together with the atoms to which they are attached, which ring is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more groups listed in the description of T 1 , T 2 and T 3 , or
• T 7 or T 8 together with T 9 , may be alkylene or alkenylene completing a 3- to 8-membered saturated or unsaturated ring together with the nitrogen atoms to which they are attached, which ring is unsubstituted or substituted with one or more groups listed in the description of T 1 , T 2 and T 3 , or
• T 11 and T 12 are each independently
• T cell-mediated diseases refers to any disorder or disease state in which modulation of the activity of T cells is implicated in a process which results in either a pathophysiological state or a process where the normal function of T cells is intended to be suppressed for therapeutic benefit.
• T cell mediated disorders include transplant rejection, graph verses host disease, and autoimmune disorders, such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, juvenile diabetes, asthma, and inflammatory bowel disease, T-cell mediated hypersensitivity diseases, ischemic or reperfusion injury, and T-cell proliferative disorders,
• PDE7 inhibitors in accordance with the present invention are employed, typically in the form of a pharmaceutical composition including a pharmaceutically acceptable ca ⁇ ier for the treatment of T-cell mediated disease.
• the compounds employed for this purpose are typically administered in an amount from about 0.01 to 100 mg/kg/day.
• compositions comprising at least one PDE7 inhibitor may be formulated, for example, by employing conventional solid or liquid vehicles or diluents, as well as pharmaceutical additives of a type appropriate to the mode of desired administration (for example, excipients, binders, preservatives, stabilizers, flavors, etc.) according to techniques such as those well known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation.
• the PDE7 inhibitors may be administered by any suitable means, for example, orally, such as in the form of tablets, capsules, granules or powders; sublingually; buccally; parenterally, such as by subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, or intrasternal injection or infusion techniques (e.g., as sterile injectable aqueous or non-aqueous solutions or suspensions); nasally such as by inhalation spray; topically, such as in the form of a cream or ointment; or rectally such as in the form of suppositories; in dosage unit formulations containing non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles or diluents.
• suitable means for example, orally, such as in the form of tablets, capsules, granules or powders; sublingually; buccally; parenterally, such as by subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, or intrasternal injection or infusion techniques (e.g., as sterile injectable aqueous or non
• the present compounds may, for example, be administered in a form suitable for immediate release or extended release. Immediate release or extended release may be achieved by the use of suitable pharmaceutical compositions comprising the present compounds, or, particularly in the case of extended release, by the use of devices such as subcutaneous implants or osmotic pumps.
• the present compounds may also be administered in the form of liposomes.
• compositions for oral administration include suspensions which may contain, for example, microcrystalline cellulose for imparting bulk, alginic acid or sodium alginate as a suspending agent, methylcellulose as a viscosity enhancer, and sweeteners or flavoring agents such as those known in the art; and immediate release tablets which may contain, for example, microcrystalline cellulose, dicalcium phosphate, starch, magnesium stearate and/or lactose and/or other excipients, binders, extenders, disintegrants, diluents and lubricants such as those known in the art.
• the present compounds may also be delivered through the oral cavity by sublingual and/or buccal administration. Molded tablets, compressed tablets or freeze-dried tablets are exemplary forms which may be used.
• compositions include those formulating the present compound(s) with fast dissolving diluents such as mannitol, lactose, sucrose and/or cyclodextrins.
• fast dissolving diluents such as mannitol, lactose, sucrose and/or cyclodextrins.
• high molecular weight excipients such as celluloses (avicel) or polyethylene glycols (PEG).
• Such formulations may also include an excipient to aid mucosal adhesion such as hydroxy propyl cellulose (HPC), hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), sodium carboxy methyl cellulose (SCMC), maleic anhydride copolymer (e.g., Gantrez), and agents to control release such as polyacrylic copolymer (e.g., Carbopol 934).
• Lubricants, glidants, flavors, coloring agents and stabilizers may also be added for ease of fabrication and use.
• compositions for nasal aerosol or inhalation administration include solutions in saline which may contain, for example, benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, and/or other solubilizing or dispersing agents such as those known in the art.
• compositions for parenteral administration include injectable solutions or suspensions which may contain, for example, suitable non-toxic, parenterally acceptable diluents or solvents, such as mannitol, 1,3-butanediol, water, Ringer's solution, an isotonic sodium chloride solution, or other suitable dispersing or wetting and suspending agents, including synthetic mono- or diglycerides, and fatty acids, including oleic acid.
• suitable non-toxic, parenterally acceptable diluents or solvents such as mannitol, 1,3-butanediol, water, Ringer's solution, an isotonic sodium chloride solution, or other suitable dispersing or wetting and suspending agents, including synthetic mono- or diglycerides, and fatty acids, including oleic acid.
• compositions for rectal administration include suppositories which may contain, for example, a suitable non-imtating excipient, such as cocoa butter, synthetic glyceride esters or polyethylene glycols, which are solid at ordinary temperatures, but liquefy and/or dissolve in the rectal cavity to release the drug.
• a suitable non-imtating excipient such as cocoa butter, synthetic glyceride esters or polyethylene glycols, which are solid at ordinary temperatures, but liquefy and/or dissolve in the rectal cavity to release the drug.
• compositions for topical administration include a topical canier such as Plastibase (mineral oil gelled with polyethylene).
• the effective amount of a compound employed in the present invention may be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, and includes exemplary dosage amounts for an adult human of from about 0.01 to 100 mg/kg of body weight of active compound per day, which may be administered in a single dose or in the form of individual divided doses, such as from 1 to 4 times per day.
• the specific dose level and frequency of dosage for any particular subject may be varied and will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the metabolic stability and length of action of that compound, the species, age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the subject, the mode and time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, and severity of the particular condition.
• Preferred subjects for treatment include animals, most preferably mammalian species such as humans, and domestic animals such as dogs, cats and the like, subject to inflammatory, immunological, or respiratory cell-associated disorders.
• PDE7 inhibitors for use in the treatment of various T-cell mediated diseases are those covered by Formula I
• Compounds of Formula I include salts, prodrugs and solvates.
• salt(s) denotes acidic and/or basic salts formed with inorganic and or organic acids and bases. Zwitterions (internal or inner salts) are included within the term “salt(s)” as used herein (and may be formed, for example, where the R substituents comprise an acid moiety such as a carboxyl group). Also included herein are quaternary ammonium salts such as alkylammonium salts. Pharmaceutically acceptable (i.e., non-toxic, physiologically acceptable) salts are preferred, although other salts are useful, for example, in isolation or purification steps which may be employed during preparation.
• Salts of the compounds of the formula I may be formed, for example, by reacting a compound I with an amount of acid or base, such as an equivalent amount, in a medium such as one in which the salt precipitates or in an aqueous medium followed by lyophilization.
• Exemplary acid addition salts include acetates (such as those formed with acetic acid or trihaloacetic acid, for example, trifluoroacetic acid), adipates, alginates, ascorbates, aspartates, benzoates, benzenesulfonates, bisulfates, borates, butyrates, citrates, camphorates, camphorsulfonates, cyclopentanepropionates, digluconates, dodecylsulfates, ethanesulfonates, fumarates, glucoheptanoates, glycerophosphates, hemisulfates, heptanoates, hexanoates, hydrochlorides, hydrobromides, hydroiodides, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonates, lactates, maleates, methanesulfonates, 2-naphthalenesulfonates, nicotinates, nitrates, oxal
• 3-phenylpropionates phosphates, picrates, pivalates, propionates, salicylates, succinates, sulfates (such as those formed with sulfuric acid), sulfonates (such as those mentioned herein), tartrates, thiocyanates, toluenesulfonates, undecanoates, and the like.
• Exemplary basic salts include ammonium salts, alkali metal salts such as sodium, lithium, and potassium salts, alkaline earth metal salts such as calcium and magnesium salts, salts with organic bases (for example, organic amines) such as benzathines, dicyclohexylamines, hydrabamines, N-methyl-D-glucamines, N-methyl-D- glucamides, t-butyl amines, and salts with amino acids such as arginine, lysine and the like.
• the basic nitrogen-containing groups may be quatemized with agents such as lower alkyl halides (e.g.
• dialkyl sulfates e.g. dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl, and diamyl sulfates
• long chain halides e.g. decyl, lauryl, myristyl and stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides
• aralkyl halides e.g. benzyl and phenetlryl bromides
• Prodrugs and solvates of the compounds of the invention are also contemplated herein.
• the term "prodrug”, as employed herein, denotes a compound which, upon administration to a subject, undergoes chemical conversion by metabolic or chemical processes to yield a compound of the Formula I, or a salt and/or solvate thereof.
• Solvates of the compounds of Formula I are preferably hydrates.
• All stereoisomers of the present compounds are contemplated within the scope of this invention.
• Individual stereoisomers of the compounds of the invention may, for example, be substantially free of other isomers, or may be admixed, for example, as racemates or with all other, or other selected, stereoisomers.
• the chiral centers of the present invention can have the S or R configuration as defined by the IUPAC 1974 Recommendations .
• the compounds of Formula I are typically employed as part of a pharmaceutical composition including a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier for the treatment of respiratory and non-respiratory diseases.
• the compounds employed for this purpose are typically administered in an amount of from about 0.01 to 100 mg/kg/day.
• the compounds of Formula I are especially effective in inhibiting the PDE7 enzyme. Additionally a subset of compounds are also effective at inhibiting PDE4.
• the pharmaceutical composition comprising at least one compound of Formula I may be formulated, for example, by employing conventional solid or liquid vehicles or diluents, as well as pharmaceutical additives of a type appropriate to the mode of desired administration (for example, excipients, binders, preservatives, stabilizers, flavors, etc.) according to techniques such as those well known in the art of pharmaceutical formulation.
• the compounds of Formula I may be administered by any suitable means, for example, orally, such as in the form of tablets, capsules, granules or powders; sublingually; bucally; parenterally, such as by subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, or intrasternal injection or infusion techniques (e.g., as sterile injectable aqueous or non- aqueous solutions or suspensions); nasally such as by inhalation spray; topically, such as in the form of a cream or ointment; or rectally such as in the form of suppositories; in dosage unit formulations containing non-toxic, pharmaceutically acceptable vehicles or diluents.
• suitable means for example, orally, such as in the form of tablets, capsules, granules or powders; sublingually; bucally; parenterally, such as by subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, or intrasternal injection or infusion techniques (e.g., as sterile injectable aqueous or non-
• the present compounds may be based for immediate release or extended release by the use of suitable pharmaceutical compositions comprising the present compounds, or, particularly in the case of extended release, by the use of devices such as subcutaneous implants or osmotic pumps.
• suitable pharmaceutical compositions comprising the present compounds, or, particularly in the case of extended release, by the use of devices such as subcutaneous implants or osmotic pumps.
• the present compounds may also be administered liposomally.
• compositions for oral administration include suspensions which may contain, for example, microcrystalline cellulose for imparting bulk, alginic acid or sodium alginate as a suspending agent, methylcellulose as a viscosity enhancer, and sweeteners or flavoring agents such as those known in the art; and immediate release tablets which may contain, for example, microcrystalline cellulose, dicalcium phosphate, starch, magnesium stearate and/or lactose and/or other excipients, binders, extenders, disintegrants, diluents and lubricants such as those known in the art.
• the present compounds may also be delivered through the oral cavity by sublingual and/or buccal administration. Molded tablets, compressed tablets or freeze-dried tablets are exemplary forms which may be used.
• compositions include those formulating the present compound(s) with fast dissolving diluents such as mannitol, lactose, sucrose and/or cyclodextrins. Also included in such formulations may be high molecular weight excipients such as celluloses (avicel) or polyethylene glycols (PEG). Such formulations may also include an excipient to aid mucosal adhesion such as hydroxy propyl cellulose (HPC), hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose (HPMC), sodium carboxy methyl cellulose (SCMC), maleic anhydride copolymer (e.g., Gantrez), and agents to control release such as polyacrylic copolymer (e.g., Carbopol 934). Lubricants, glidants, flavors, coloring agents and stabilizers may also be added for ease of fabrication and use.
• fast dissolving diluents such as mannitol, lactose, sucrose and/or cyclodextrins
• compositions for nasal aerosol or inhalation administration include solutions in saline which may contain, for example, benzyl alcohol or other suitable preservatives, absorption promoters to enhance bioavailability, and/or other solubilizing or dispersing agents such as those known in the art.
• compositions for parenteral administration include injectable solutions or suspensions which may contain, for example, suitable non-toxic, parenterally acceptable diluents or solvents, such as mannitol, 1,3-butanediol, water, Ringer's solution, an isotonic sodium chloride solution, or other suitable dispersing or wetting and suspending agents, including synthetic mono- or diglycerides, and fatty acids, including oleic acid.
• suitable non-toxic, parenterally acceptable diluents or solvents such as mannitol, 1,3-butanediol, water, Ringer's solution, an isotonic sodium chloride solution, or other suitable dispersing or wetting and suspending agents, including synthetic mono- or diglycerides, and fatty acids, including oleic acid.
• compositions for rectal administration include suppositories which may contain, for example, a suitable non-i ⁇ itating excipient, such as cocoa butter, synthetic glyceride esters or polyethylene glycols, which are solid at ordinary temperatures, but liquefy and/or dissolve in the rectal cavity to release the drug.
• a suitable non-i ⁇ itating excipient such as cocoa butter, synthetic glyceride esters or polyethylene glycols, which are solid at ordinary temperatures, but liquefy and/or dissolve in the rectal cavity to release the drug.
• exemplary compositions for topical administration include a topical carrier such as Plastibase (mineral oil gelled with polyethylene).
• the effective amount of a compound of the present invention may be determined by one of ordinary skill in the art, and includes exemplary dosage amounts for an adult human from about 0.01 to 100 mg/kg of body weight of active compound per day, which may be administered in a single dose or in the form of individual divided doses, such as from 1 to 4 times per day. It will be understood that the specific dose level and frequency of dosage for any particular subject may be varied and will depend upon a variety of factors including the activity of the specific compound employed, the metabolic stability and length of action of that compound, the species, age, body weight, general health, sex and diet of the subject, the mode and time of administration, rate of excretion, drug combination, and severity of the particular condition. Prefe ⁇ ed subjects for treatment include animals, most preferably mammalian species such as humans, and domestic animals such as dogs, cats and the like, subject to leukocyte activation or respiratory cell-associated disorders.
• amine 1A is reacted with reagent 2A to provide guanidine 3A which is deprotected and freebased to yield guanidine 4A.
• beta-Keto ester 5A or malonate 5A are either commercially available or readily prepared by methods well known in the literature. For examples see Advanced Organic Chemistry 3 rd edition (1990, Plenum Press New York) Carey, F and Sundberg, R., chapter 2 section 2, and Comprehensive Organic Transformations, (1989 VCH publishers NY).
• This pyrimidine 6A is reacted with phosphorous oxychloride to produce intermediate pyrimidine 7A.
• reagent 8A which may be an amine or an alcohol, a thiol or a sulfonamide on the presence of a suitable base to provide pyrimidines 9A, which are compounds of Formula I.
• reagent 8A which may be an amine or an alcohol, a thiol or a sulfonamide
• the chloro group may be replaced by an amine by reaction at elevated temperature, or, in some cases with the aid of a microwave apparatus, to produce pyrimidine 10 which are also compounds of Formula I.
• intermediate guanidines 4A might be readily prepared by direct synthesis, an example of which is illustrated in scheme Bl.
• ⁇ r ⁇ -Haloketone IB is reacted with a thiobiuret such as 2B to provide the guanidine salt 3B.
• Intermediates 3B1 and 3B2 are of particular utility to this invention.
• the guanidine salt if required nay liberated to its free base by treatment with a basic resin, or sodium hydroxide, sodium methoxide, or an amine base to provide intermediate 4B, which can be further elaborated to compounds of formula I as illustrated in scheme Al.
• Selective PDE7 inhibitors or dual PDE7-PDE4 inhibitors including compounds of formulas I are useful in the treatment (including prevention, partial alleviation or cure) of leukocyte activation-associated disorders, which include (but are not limited to) disorders such as: transplant rejection (such as organ transplant, acute transplant, xenotransplant or heterograft or homograft such as is employed in burn treatment); protection from ischemic or reperfusion injury such as ischemic or reperfusion injury incmred during organ transplantation, myocardial infarction, stroke or other causes; transplantation tolerance induction; arthritis (such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis or osteoarthritis); multiple sclerosis; respiratory and pulmonary diseases including but not limited to asthma, exercise induced asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), emphysema, bronchitis, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); inflammatory bowel disease, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease; lupus (systemic
• T-cell mediated hypersensitivity diseases including contact hypersensitivity, delayed-type hypersensitivity, and gluten- sensitive enteropathy (Celiac disease); psoriasis; contact dermatitis (including that due to poison ivy); Hashimoto's thyroiditis; Sjogren's syndrome; Autoimmune Hyperthyroidism, such as Graves' Disease; Addison's disease (autoimmune disease of the adrenal glands); Autoimmune polyglandular disease (also known as autoimmune polyglandular syndrome); autoimmune alopecia; pernicious anemia; vitiligo; autoimmune hypopituatarism; Guillain-Barre syndrome; other autoimmune diseases; glomerulonephritis; serum sickness; uticaria; allergic diseases such as respiratory allergies (e.g., asthma, hayfever, allergic rhinitis) or skin allergies; scleracierma; mycosis fungoides; acute inflammatory and respiratory responses (such as acute respiratory distress syndrome and ishchemiareperfusion
• leukocyte activation-associated disorder or "leukocyte activation- mediated disorder” as used herein includes each of the above referenced diseases or disorders.
• the compounds of the present invention are useful for treating the aforementioned exemplary disorders irrespective of their etiology.
• Those present compounds which are dual PDE7/4 inhibitors may be more effective than either a selective PDE4 inhibitor or a selective PDE7 inhibitor in the above mentioned disease states, as a result of either additive or synergistic activity resulting from the combined inhibition of PDE7 and PDE4.
• the present invention thus provides methods for the treatment of disorders as discussed above comprising the step of administering to a subject in need thereof of at least one selective PDE7 inhibitor or at least one dual PDE7-PDE4 inhibitor for the treatment of leukocyte activation-associated or leukocyte-activation mediated disease.
• Other therapeutic agents such as those described below may be employed with the compounds of the present invention.
• such other therapeutic agent(s) may be administered prior to, simultaneously with or following the administration of the compound(s) of the present invention.
• the methods of treating diseases which would benefit from the inhibition of PDE7 or the inhibition of both PDE7-PDE4 by a dual agent may comprise administering compounds of Formula (I) alone or in combination with each other and/or other suitable therapeutic agents useful in treating such conditions such as: immunosuppressants such as, cyclosporins (e.g., cyclosporin A), anti-E -l agents, such as Anakinra, the IL-1 receptor antagonist, CTLA4-Ig, antibodies such as anti-ICAM-3, anti-EL-2 receptor (Anti-Tac), anti-CD45RB, anti-CD2, anti-CD3, anti-CD4, anti-CD80, anti-CD86, monoclonal antibody OKT3, agents blocking the interaction between CD40 and CD 154, such as antibodies specific for CD40 and/or CD154 (i.e., CD40L), fusion proteins constructed from CD40 and CD154 (CD40Ig and CD8-CD154), interferon beta, interferon gamma, methotrexate, FK
• NSAIDs such as ibuprofen, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitors such as celecoxib (Celebrex) and. rofecoxib (Vioxx), or derivatives thereof, steroids such as prednisone or dexamethasone, gold compounds TNF- inhibitors such as tenidap, anti-TNF antibodies or soluble TNF receptor such as etanercept (Enbrel), inhibitors of p-38 kinase such as BIRB-796, RO-3201195, VX-850, and VX-750, beta-2 agonists such as albuterol, levalbnterol (Xopenex), and salmeterol (Serevent), inhibitors of leukoti ⁇ ene synthesis such as montelukast (Singulair) and zariflukast (Accolate), and anticholinergic agents such as ipratropium bromide (Atrovent), PDE4 inhibitors such
• Patents and Applications incorporated herein by reference in their entirety: U.S Patent No. 6,235,740, U.S. Patent No. 6,239,133, U.S. Application Serial No. 60/065,042, filed 11/10/97 (Attorney Docket No. QA207*), U.S. Application Serial No. 09/173,413, filed 10/15/98 (Attorney Docket No. QA 207a), and U.S. Patent No. 5,990,109.
• the human T cell antigen gp39 a member of the TNF gene family, is a ligand for the CD40 receptor: expression of a soluble form of gp39 with B cell co-stimulatory activity", EMBO J (England), 11(12), p 4313-4321 (Dec 1992); and Moreland, L.W.
• PDE 4 inhibitors may also be employed in combination with PDE 4 inhibitors.
• selective PDE4 inhibitors currently in development which can be used in combination with compounds of the present invention include Arofyline, Cilomilast, Roflumilast, C-l 1294 A, CDC- 801, BAY-19-8004, Cipamfylline, SCH351591, YM-976, PD-189659, Mesiopram, Pu afentrine, CDC-998, IC-485, and KW-4490.
• transplant such as organ transplant, acute transplant, xenotransplant or heterograft or homograft (such as is employed in burn treatment)
• protection from ischemic or reperfusion injury such as ischemic or reperfusion injury incurred during organ transplantation, myocardial infarction, stroke or other causes
• transplantation tolerance induction arthritis (such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis or osteoarthritis); multiple sclerosis
• respiratory and pulmonary diseases including but not limited to asthma, exercise induced asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), emphysema, bronchitis, and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); inflammatory bowel disease, including ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease; lupus (systemic lupus erythematosis); graft
• COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
• ARDS acute respiratory distress syndrome
• T-cell mediated hypersensitivity diseases including contact hypersensitivity, delayed-type hypersensitivity, and gluten-sensitive enteropathy (Celiac disease); psoriasis; contact dermatitis (including that due to poison ivy); Hashimoto's thyroiditis; Sjogren's syndrome; Autoimmune Hyperthyroidism, such as Graves' Disease; Addison's disease (autoimmune disease of the adrenal glands); Autoimmune polyglandular disease (also known as autoimmune polyglandular syndrome); autoimmune alopecia; pernicious anemia; vitiligo; autoimmune hypopituatarism; Guillain-Barre syndrome; other autoimmune diseases; glomerulonephritis; serum sickness; uticaria; allergic diseases such as respiratory allergies (asthma, hayfever, allergic rhinitis) or skin allergies; scleracierma; mycosis fungoides; acute inflammatory and respiratory responses (such as acute respiratory distress syndrome and ishchemia/reperfusion
• PDE7-expressing cells may be of value in the treatment of any of the aforementioned disorders. Additionally those present compounds which are dual PDE4/7 inhibitors may be more effective than either a selective PDE4 inhibitor or a selective PDE7 inhibitor in the above mentioned disease states. h a particular embodiment, the compounds of the present invention are useful for the treatment of the aforementioned exemplary disorders irrespective of their etiology, for example, for the treatment of transplant rejection, rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, inflammatory bowel disease, lupus, graft v.
• T-cell mediated hypersensitivity disease T-cell mediated hypersensitivity disease
• psoriasis Hashimoto's thyroiditis
• Guillain-Ba ⁇ e syndrome cancer
• contact dermatitis allergic disease such as allergic rhinitis, asthma, ischemic or reperfusion injury
• respiratory diseases such as asthma, COPD and bronchitis or atopic dermatitis whether or not associated with leukocyte activation.
• Hut78 cells were grown in 10% FCS in Iscoves Modified Dulbecco's Medium (Gibco BRL-Life Technologies, Grand Island, NY) with antibiotics. Cells were centrifuged and resuspended in four volumes of [40 mM Tris (pH 1.5)150 ⁇ M EDTA/200uM PMSF with a cocktail of Protease inhibitors (Boehringher Mannheim, Indianapolis, TN)] at 4C. Cells were homogenized using aVirtis homogenizer, and the lysate was centrifuged twice for 15 min at 15,000 x g. Glycerol was added to a final volume of 50% for storage at -20C.
• SPA assay Inhibition of PDE activity in Hut78 cell lysate was determined using an SPA specific for cAMP (Amersham Pharmacia Biotech, Buckinghamshire, UK) according to the manufacturers instructions with minor modifications. Enzyme assays were performed at room temperature in the presence of 50mM Tris HCl, pH7.5, containing 8.3mM MgCl 2 , 1.7mM EGTA and 0.5mg/mL BSA.
• Each assay was performed in a lOO ⁇ L reaction volume in 96 well microtitre plates containing the above buffer, 0.3ul of Hut78 cell lysate treated with 2 uM Zardaverine to inhibit PDE3 and PDE4, 0.05 uCi of [5 ',8- 3H] Adenosine 3 ',5 '-cyclic phosphate as an ammonium salt for 20 min.
• the reaction was terminated by the addition of 50 ⁇ l PDE SPA beads (lmg) water with lOmM cold cAMP (Sigma, St. Louis MO). The reaction mix was allowed to settle for 20 minutes before counting in a Top Count-NXT scintillation counter (Packard BioScience, Meriden, CT).
• PDE1 For individual PDE enzymes other than PDE7, the assay was essentially unchanged except that 3 H-cyclic GMP was used as the substrate for PDE1, PDE5 and PDE6.
• PDEs/activators and enzyme sources were used: PDE1, bovine (Sigma St Louis), calmodulin; PDE2, rat kidney, cGMP; PDE3, human platelet; PDE4, rat kidney; PDE5, human platelet, and PDE6, bovine retina.
• PBMC Peripheral blood mononuclear cells
• TNF secretion assay The ability of compounds to inhibit the production and secretion of TNFce from leukocytes was performed using either PBMC (obtained as described above) or the THP- 1 cell line as a source of monocytes. Compounds were diluted in RPMI 1640 supplemented with 10% FBS and DMSO at a final concentration of 0.2%. Cells (2x10 /well in U-bottom 96 well plates) were pre-incubated with compounds for 30 min at 37 C prior to addition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) at a final concentration of 6.25 ng/ml in a total volume of 200 ⁇ L. After 4h at 37C, 50 ⁇ L of supernatant was carefully aspirated for detection of soluble TNF . Soluble TNF was detected by ELISA developed by R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN) according to the manufacturers instructions.
• LPS lipopolysaccharide
• Examples are identified by the example and step in which they are prepared (e.g., "Al.l” denotes the title compound of step 1 of Example Al), or by the example only where the compound is the title compound of the example (for example, "A2" denotes the title compound of Example A2).
• a suspension solution of A1.3 (33 mg, 0.1 mmol), ?-aminornethyl- benzenesulfonamide «HCl (24 mg, 0.106 mmol ) and diisopropylethylamine ( 58 mg, 0.45 mmol ) in n-butanol ( 2 mL ) was heated to 105°C for 2 hours and then it was cooled down to RT. The solid was precipitated out which was collected with filtration to yield A1.4 ( 31.8 mg, 66 % ).
• Examples A3 to A214 were prepared in a similar manner to that used for Example Al or A2 utilizing the appropriate amines.
• Examples A61 and A62 used only a single amine addition step as in A2.1, substituting the appropriate amine.
• Example A63 was prepared in a manner similar to step A 1.5 except that sodium ethoxide was used in place of an amine.
• B1.3 4-Methyl-2-f4-(4-methyl-piperazin-l-yI)-6-rrr4- (aminosulfonvI)phenyl1methyllamino1pyrimidin-2-ylamino>- thiazole-5-carboxylic acid ethyl ester
• Examples B2-B3 were prepared in a similar manner to that used for Example Bl, with the use of the appropriate bet ⁇ -ketoester in step Bl.l, and the appropriate amine in step B1.3.
• B5.2 A mixture of B5.1 (1.28 g, 5.60 mmol), 4-an ⁇ nomethylbenzenesulfonamide hydrochloride (1.97 g, 8.85 mmol), and triethylamine (1.76 mL, 12.6 mmol) in ethanol
• Examples C2-C12 were prepared in a similar manner to that used for Example CI, with the use of the appropriate amine in step Cl.l.
• D1.3 (0.500 g, 1.31 mmol) in phosphorous oxychloride (5 mL) was stined at 60°C for 2 hours. The mixture was then added to ice/water and stirred for 30 minutes. Saturated sodium carbonate was then added and this was diluted with ethyl acetate/tetrahydrofuran. The aqueous layer was separated and extracted with ethyl acetate. The combined organic layers were dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated to give D1.4 (0.330 g, 77%).
• D1.5 A mixture of D1.4 (0.515 g, 1.57 mmol), TOSMIC (0.307 g, 1.57 mmol) and potassium carbonate (0.217 g, 1.57 mmol) in ethanol (30 mL) was refluxed for 2 hours. The mixture was then cooled to room temperature and diluted with water. The precipitated solid was collected by filtration and dried under vacuum to provide D1.5 (0.482 g, 75%).
• Examples D2 to D17 were prepared in a similar manner to that used for Example Dl utilizing the appropriate amines and N,N-dimethylformamide as the solvent instead of N- methylpy ⁇ olidinone.
• Examples E3 to E30 were prepared in a similar manner to that used for
• Example El utilizing the appropriate amines and organometallic coupling partner.
• HPLC conditions used to determine retention times 2 min gradient 0-100%B in A(A; 0.05% TFA in 90/10 water/acetonitrile; B; 0.05%TFA in 10/90 water/acetonitrile) using a Primesphere C4 4.6 x 30 mm column at 254 nm.
• Examples F2 to Fll were prepared in a similar manner to that used for Example FI utilizing the appropriate amines.
• HPLC conditions used to determine retention times 2 min gradient 0-100%B in A(A; a Primesphere C18 4.6 x 30 mm column at 220 nm.
• Gl Gl.l 2-[f5-AIlyl-4.6-(lH,5H)pyrimidinedion-2yl)amino-4-methyl-5-thiazolecarboxylic acid ethyl ester
• Examples G2 to G16 were prepared in a similar manner to that used for Example Gl utilizing the appropriate replacement for diethyl allylmalonate in step Gl.l.
• reaction mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature, added to 300 mL of ice/10% sulfuric acid, stined 30 minutes and the solid was collected by filtration and dried to give a brown solid. The residue was dissolved in phosphorous oxychloride (15 mL) and stirred at
• H1.2 (0.036 g, 0.083 mmol) was added to a solution made of ethanol (5 mL) and sodium hydroxide (IN, 0.1 mL) and stirred at 23°C for 15 minutes. The mixture was then acidified to pH 4 with hydrogen chloride (IN), concentrated, dissolved in DMF and purified by Prep HPLC (Acetonitrile/water/5mM ammonium acetate, column Primesphere C18 21x100 mm) to yield H3 as a white solid (0.029 g, 86%).
• the thiourea was then suspended in ethanol and 2- chloroacetoacetate (0.130 mL, 0.92 mmol), and the resulting mixture was maintained at 100°C for 3 hours, cooled down to room temperature and diluted with water. The resulting off-white solid was collected by filtration and vacuum dried. The solid was finally added to phosphorous oxychloride (5 mL) and stined at 85°C for 3 hours and then it was cooled down to room temperature and poured into 50g of ice. After the ice melted, the aqueous phase was extracted with a 7:3 mixture of ethyl acetate/THF. The organic phase was dried with sodium sulphate, filtered and concentrated.
• L2 A mixture of L1.3 (30 mg, 0.065 mmol, 1.0 eq) and 2-chloroacetoacetonitrile (prepared from 5-methyl-isoxazole by the method of Blount et al. J. Org. Chem. 1978, 43, 3821) (8.0 mg, 0.0682 mmol, 1.05 eq) in ethanol (0.5 mL) was heated in a sealed tube at 80 °C. After 7 h, the reaction mixture was cooled to rt, and the precipitated solid was collected by filtration, washed with ether and dried. Gave 23 mg (63% yield) of L2 as the HCl salt.
• Examples L4 to L5 were prepared in a similai- manner to that used for Example LI utilizing the appropriate replacement for ethyl 2-chloro-4,4,4,-trifluoroacetoacetate in step L1.4.

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• 2002
  • 2002-06-17 JP JP2003504902A patent/JP2005500294A/ja active Pending
  • 2002-06-17 HU HU0402352A patent/HUP0402352A2/hu unknown
  • 2002-06-17 US US10/173,442 patent/US7087614B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
  • 2002-06-17 WO PCT/US2002/019097 patent/WO2002102313A2/en not_active Application Discontinuation
  • 2002-06-17 EP EP02744381A patent/EP1397142A4/en not_active Withdrawn
  • 2002-06-17 CA CA002450934A patent/CA2450934A1/en not_active Abandoned

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