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  • C07D231/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings
  • C07D231/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings
  • C07D231/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D231/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D231/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings
  • C07D231/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings
  • C07D231/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D231/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D231/18—One oxygen or sulfur atom
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
  • A61K31/415—1,2-Diazoles
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
  • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
  • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
  • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
  • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
  • A61K31/4196—1,2,4-Triazoles
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P23/00—Anaesthetics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P23/00—Anaesthetics
  • A61P23/02—Local anaesthetics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/04—Centrally acting analgesics, e.g. opioids
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/08—Antiepileptics; Anticonvulsants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/18—Antipsychotics, i.e. neuroleptics; Drugs for mania or schizophrenia
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P25/00—Drugs for disorders of the nervous system
  • A61P25/24—Antidepressants
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P27/00—Drugs for disorders of the senses
  • A61P27/16—Otologicals
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P43/00—Drugs for specific purposes, not provided for in groups A61P1/00-A61P41/00
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
  • A61P9/04—Inotropic agents, i.e. stimulants of cardiac contraction; Drugs for heart failure
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P9/00—Drugs for disorders of the cardiovascular system
  • A61P9/06—Antiarrhythmics
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D231/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings
  • C07D231/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings
  • C07D231/10—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D231/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D231/38—Nitrogen atoms
  • C07D231/40—Acylated on said nitrogen atom
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D233/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings
  • C07D233/54—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D233/56—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms, attached to ring carbon atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D249/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having three nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D249/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having three nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms not condensed with other rings
  • C07D249/08—1,2,4-Triazoles; Hydrogenated 1,2,4-triazoles
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D249/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having three nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
  • C07D249/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having three nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms not condensed with other rings
  • C07D249/08—1,2,4-Triazoles; Hydrogenated 1,2,4-triazoles
  • C07D249/10—1,2,4-Triazoles; Hydrogenated 1,2,4-triazoles with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms

Definitions

• This invention is in the field of medicinal chemistry.
• the invention relates to aryl substituted pyrazoles, triazoles and tetrazoles, and the discovery that these compounds are anticonvulsants and act as blockers of sodium
• Several classes of therapeutically useful drugs including local anesthetics such as lidocaine and bupivacaine, antiarrhythmics such as propafenone and amioclarone, and anticonvulsants such as lamotrigine, phenytoin and carbamazepine, have been shown to share a common mechanism of action by blocking or modulating Na + channel activity (Catterall, W.A., Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 8:51-65 (1987)). Each of these agents is believed to act by interfering with the rapid influx of Na + ions.
• Na + channel blockers such as BW619C89 and lifarizine have been shown to be neuroprotective in animal models of global and focal ischemia and are presently in clinical trials (Graham et al, J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 269:854-859 (1994); Brown et al, British J. Pharmacol. 775:1425-1432 (1995)).
• the neuroprotective activity of Na + channel blockers is due to their effectiveness in decreasing extracellular glutamate concentration during ischemia by inhibiting the release of this excitotoxic amino acid neurotransmitter. Studies have shown that unlike glutamate receptor antagonists, Na + channel blockers prevent hypoxic damage to mammalian white matter (Stys et al, J. Neurosci.
• carbamazepine, lidocaine and phenytoin are occasionally used to treat neuropathic pain, such as from trigeminal neurologia, diabetic neuropathy and other forms of nerve damage (Taylor and Meldrum, Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 16:309-316 (1995)), and carbamazepine and lamotrigine have been used for the treatment of manic depression (Denicott et al, J. Clin. Psychiatry 55: 70-76 (1994)). Furthermore, based on a number of similiarities between chronic pain and tinnitus (Moller, A. R. Am. J. Otol.
• tinnitus should be viewed as a form of chronic pain sensation (Simpson, J. J. and Davies, E. W. Tip. 20: 12-18 (1999)). Indeed, lignocaine and carbamazepine have been shown to be efficacious in treating tinnitus (Majumdar, B. et al. Clin. Otolaryngol. 8: 175-180 (1983); Donaldson, I. Laryngol. Otol. 95: 947-951 (1981)).
• the present invention is related to the discovery that aryl substituted pyrazoles, triazoles and tetrazoles represented by Formula / act as blockers of sodium
• the invention is also related with treating a disorder responsive to the blockade of sodium channels in a mammal suffering from excess activity of said channels by administering an effective amount of a compound of Formula / as described herein.
• a further aspect of the present invention is to provide a method for treating, preventing or ameliorating neuronal loss following global and focal ischemia; treating, preventing or ameliorating pain including acute and chronic pain, and neuropathic pain; treating, preventing or ameliorating convulsion and neurodegenerative conditions; treating, preventing or ameliorating manic depression; using as local anesthesics, antiarrhythmics, and treating tinnitus by administering a compound of Formula / to a mammal in need of such treatment.
• Another aspect of the present invention is directed to the use of the compounds of Formula /as blockers of sodium channels.
• the present invention is also directed to the use of a compound of Formula / for the treatment of neuronal damage following global and focal ischemia, and for the treatment or prevention of neurodegenerative conditions, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), for the treatment of tinnitus, as antimanic depressants, as local anesthetics, as antiarrhythmics, as anticonvulsants and for the treatment or prevention of diabetic neuropathy and for the treatment of pain including both acute and chronic pain and migraine headache.
• ALS amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
• a further aspect of the present invention is to provide a pharmaceutical composition useful for treating disorders responsive to the blockade of sodium ion channels, containing an effective amount of a compound of Formula / in a mixture with one or more pharmaceutically acceptable carriers or diluents.
• the present invention is also directed to novel aryl substituted pyrazoles, triazoles and tetrazoles of Formula/. Further, the present invention is directed to 3 H and 14 C radiolabeled compounds of Formula / and their use as radioligands for their binding site on the sodium channel.
• the present invention arises out of the discovery that the aryl substituted pyrazoles, triazoles and tetrazoles of Formula / act as blockers of Na + channels.
• compounds of Formula / are useful for treating disorders responsive to the blockade of sodium ion channels.
• the compounds useful in this aspect of the present invention are the aryl substituted pyrazoles, triazoles and tetrazoles represented by Formula /:
• X is one of O, S, NR 9 , CH 2 , NRgC(O), or C(O)NR 9 where R ⁇ , is hydrogen or C,-C 10 alkyl; Het is a heteroaryl selected from the group consisting of
• Ri is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, optionally substituted heteroaryl, C(O)R 10 , CH 2 C(O)R 10 , S(O)R 10 , and SO 2 R 10 ;
• R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, cyano, aminoalkyl, hydroxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, alkylthio, alkylsulfinyl, alkylsulfonyl, carboxyalkyl, alkylamino, dialkylamino, aminocarbonyl, alkylaminocarbonyl, arylaminocarbonyl, aralkylaminocarbonyl, alkylcarbonylamino, arylcarbonylamino, aralkylcarbonylamino, alkylcarbonyl, aminosulfonyl, alkylaminosulfonyl, and alkylsulfonyl;
• R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, haloalkyl, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, hydroxyalkyl, aminoalkyl, carboxyalkyl, alkoxyalkyl, nitro, amino, ureido, cyano, acylamino, amide, hydroxy, thiol, acyloxy, azido, alkoxy, carboxy, carbonylamido and alkylthiol;
• R I0 is selected from the group consisting of amino, alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, OR n , alkylamino, dialkylamino, alkenylamino, dialkylaminoalkenyl, cycloalkyl, aryl, heterocycle, heteroaryl, aralkyl, arylalkenyl, arylalkynyl, and cycloalkylalkylamino; R ⁇ is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, optionally substituted alkyl, and an alkalimetal.
• the present invention is directed to provide a method for treating, preventing or ameliorating neuronal loss following global and focal ischemia; treating, preventing or ameliorating pain including acute and chronic pain, and neuropathic pain; treating, preventing or ameliorating convulsion and neurodegenerative conditions; treating, preventing or ameliorating manic depression; using as local anesthesics, antiarrhythmics, and treating tinnitus by administering a compound of Formula /to a mammal in need of such treatment.
• the present invention is also directed to novel compounds having Formula / as described above; provided that:
• R ]0 is not alkyl, aralkyl, aryl, or OR n ;
• Optional substituents on optionally substituted groups include one or more groups independently selected from the group consisting of halo, halo(C,_ 6 ) alkyl, aryl, pyrimidine, cycloalkyl, C,. 6 alkyl, C 2 . 6 alkenyl, C 2 . 6 alkynyl, aryl(C 1 . 6 )alkyl, aryl(C 2 . 6 )alkenyl, aryl(C 2 . 6 )alkynyl, cycloalkyl(C,_ 6 )alkyl, hydroxy(C ⁇ . 6 )alkyl, amino(C,. 6 )alkyl, carboxy(C,.
• R x is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl optionally substituted by halogen, hydroxy, carbamoyloxy, C ⁇ acyl, C 6 alkylsulfonylamino, aryl, preferably phenyl, or aminocarbonyl; C(O)R 10 ; CH 2 C(O)R 10 ; or SO 2 R 10 , wherein
• Rio is selected from the group consisting of C,_ 6 alkyl, C 2 . 6 alkenyl, OR],, amino, Cj. 6 alkylamino, di(C 1 . 6 )alkylamino, C 2 . 6 alkenylamino, heterocycle and mono- and di- (C j . 6 )alkylaminoalkenyl, and wherein R n is as defined above.
• R 10 is selected from the group consisting of C 1-6 alkyl, C 2 . 6 alkenyl, OR ⁇ , amino, C ⁇ alkylamino, di(C 1 . 6 )alkylamino, C 2 . 6 alkenylamino, mono- and di-(Cj. 6 )alkylamino(C 2 . 6 )alkenyl, N-morpholinyl, N-pyrrolidinyl, and
• R 2 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C r C 6 alkyl, C 2 -C 6 alkenyl, C 2 -C 6 alkynyl, amino(C ] -C 6 )alkyl, amino, cyano, C r C 6 alkoxy, C,-C 6 alkylthio, C r C 6 alkylsulfinyl, hydroxy(C r C 6 )alkyl, alkoxy ⁇ C 6 )alkyl, carboxy(C j -C 6 )alkyl, aminocarbonyl, C r C 6 alkylaminocarbonyl, C 6 -C ]0 arylaminocarbonyl, C 6 -C ]0 aryl(C ⁇ -C 6 )alkylaminocarbonyl, C r C 6 alkylcarbonylamino, C 6 -C ]0 arylcarbonylamino, and C 6 -C 10 aryl
• the groups R 5 -R 8 each take place of a hydrogen atom that would otherwise be present in any position on the aryl ring to which the R group is attached.
• R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo (preferably chloro or fluoro), halo(C r C 6 )alkyl, C r C 6 alkyl, hydroxy(C r C 6 )alkyl, amino(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, carboxy(C,-C 6 )alkyl, alkoxy(C r
• C 6 alkyl, nitro, amino, C r C 6 acylamino, amide, hydroxy, thiol, C r C 6 acyloxy, C r C 6 alkoxy, carboxy, carbonylamido and - alkylthiol.
• R is C(O)R 10 or SO 2 R I0 , where R 10 is defined above, and is more preferably amino or C,_ 6 alkyl.
• X is more preferably O or S, most preferably O.
• R 5 and R 6 are each hydrogen; R 2 and R 3 are both H; and R 7 and R 8 are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, halo(C r C 6 )alkyl, C r C 6 alkyl, hydroxy(C r C 6 )alkyl, amino(C r C 6 )alkyl, carboxy(C,-C 6 )alkyl, alkoxy(C,-C 6 )alkyl, nitro, amino, C r C 6 acylamino, amide, hydroxy, thiol, C r C 6 acyloxy, C,-C 6 alkoxy, carboxy, carbonylamido and Cj-C 6 alkylthio!.
• Another group of preferred compounds includes compounds of Formula/:
• X is O or S, preferably O; Het is a heteroaryl selected from the group consisting of
• R is C(O)R ]0 , CH 2 C(O)R 10 , or SO 2 R 10 wherein R 10 is amino, alkyl, N-morpholinyl, N-pyrrolidinyl or N-piperazinyl, more preferably amino, all of which can be optionally substituted.
• R is preferably C(O)R 10 , where R 10 is amino, C,-C 6 alkyl, or a heterocycle, such as N-morpholinyl, N-pyrrolidinyl and N-piperazinyl;
• R 2 and R 3 are independently hydrogen, C r C 6 alkyl, - alkylthio or C r C 6 alkylsulfinyl, with R 2 and R 3 preferably being hydrogen;
• R 5 and R 6 are as defined above and are preferably hydrogen; and
• R 7 and R 8 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, halo, halo(C r C 6 )alkyl, C r C 6 alkyl, hydroxy(C r
• C 6 )alkyl amino(C 1 -C 6 )alkyl, carboxy(C I -C 6 )alkyl, alkoxy(C r C 6 )alkyl, nitro, amino, C r C 6 acylamino, amide, hydroxy, thiol, C C 6 acyloxy, C r C 6 alkoxy, carboxy, carbonylamido and C r C 6 alkylthiol; provided that: 1) when Het is (ii), and X is O, then R, 0 is not alkyl, aralkyl, aryl or OR ⁇ ;
• Exemplary preferred compounds that may be employed in this method of invention include, without limitation:
• Another group of exemplary preferred compounds that may be employed in this invention include l-[4-(4-fluorophenoxy)phenyl]-5-methylpyrazole, l-(4- phenoxyphenyl)- 1 H-pyrazole-4-carboxamide, and 4-(4-fluorophenoxy)phenyl- pyrazole.
• Useful aryl groups are C 6 . ]4 aryl, especially C 6 . 10 aryl.
• Typical C 6 . 14 aryl groups include phenyl, naphthyl, phenanthryl, anthracyl, indenyl, azulenyl, biphenyl, biphenylenyl and fiuorenyl groups.
• Useful cycloalkyl groups are C 3 . s cycloalkyl. Typical cycloalkyl groups include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl and cycloheptyl.
• heteroaryl refers to groups having 5 to 14 ring atoms; 6, 10 or 14 ⁇ electrons shared in a cyclic array; and containing carbon atoms and 1, 2 or 3 oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur heteroatoms (where examples of heteroaryl groups are: thienyl, benzo[b]thienyl, naphtho[2,3-b]thienyl, thianthrenyl, furyl, benzofuryl, pyranyl, isobenzofuranyl, benzoxazonyl, chromenyl, xanthenyl, phenoxathiinyl, 2H-pyrrolyl, pyrrolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridyl, pyrazmyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, indolizinyl, isoindolyl, 3H-indolyl, indolyl, indazolyl
• Useful halo or halogen groups include fluorine, chlorine, bromine and iodine.
• Useful alkyl groups include straight-chained and branched C ⁇ 10 alkyl groups, more preferably Cj_ 6 alkyl groups.
• Typical C,. w alkyl groups include methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, sec-butyl, tert-butyl, 3-pentyl, hexyl and octyl groups.
• Also contemplated is a trimethylene group substituted on two adjoining positions on the benzene ring of the compounds of the invention.
• Useful alkenyl groups are C 2 . 6 alkenyl groups, preferably C 2.4 alkenyl.
• Typical C 2 . 4 alkenyl groups include ethenyl, propenyl, isopropenyl, butenyl, and sec-butenyl.
• Useful alkynyl groups are C 2 . 6 alkynyl groups, preferably C 2.4 alkynyl.
• Typical C alkynyl groups include ethynyl, propynyl, butynyl, and 2-butynyl groups.
• Useful arylalkyl groups include any of the above-mentioned C,. ]0 alkyl groups substituted by any of the above-mentioned C 6 . 14 aryl groups. Useful values include benzyl, phenethyl and naphthylmethyl.
• Useful arylalkenyl groups include any of the above-mentioned C 2 . 4 alkenyl groups substituted by any of the above-mentioned C 6.l4 aryl groups.
• Useful arylalkynyl groups include any of the above-mentioned C 2 . 4 alkynyl groups substituted by any of the above-mentioned C 6-14 aryl groups. Useful values include phenylethynyl and phenylpropynyl.
• Useful heteroarylalkyl groups include any of the above-mentioned C 0 alkyl groups substituted by any of the above-mentioned heteroaryl groups.
• Useful heteroarylalkenyl groups include any of the above-mentioned C 2 . 4 alkenyl groups substituted by any of the above-mentioned heteroaryl groups.
• Useful heteroarylalkynyl groups include any of the above-mentioned C 2 . 4 alkynyl groups substituted by any of the above-mentioned heteroaryl groups.
• Useful cycloalkylalkyl groups include any of the above-mentioned C 1-10 alkyl groups substituted by any of the above-mentioned cycloalkyl groups.
• Useful haloalkyl groups include C M0 alkyl groups substituted by one or more fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine atoms, e.g. fluoromethyl, difluoromethyl, trifluoromethyl, pentafluoroethyl, 1,1-difluoroethyl and trichloromethyl groups.
• Useful hydroxyalkyl groups include C M0 alkyl groups substituted by hydroxy, e.g. hydroxymethyl, hydroxyethyl, hydroxypropyl and hydroxybutyl groups.
• Useful alkoxy groups include oxygen substituted by one of the C M0 alkyl groups mentioned above.
• Useful alkylthio groups include sulfur substituted by one of the C 0 alkyl groups mentioned above.
• Useful acylamino groups are any C 6 acyl (alkanoyl) attached to an amino nitrogen, e.g. acetamido, propionamido, butanoylamido, pentanoylamido, hexanoylamido as well as aryl-substituted C 2 . 6 substituted acyl groups.
• acyloxy groups are any C,. 6 acyl (alkanoyl) attached to an oxy (-O-) group, e.g. acetoxy, propionoyloxy, butanoyloxy, pentanoyloxy, hexanoyloxy and the like.
• heterocycle is used herein to mean saturated or partially unsaturated 3-7 membered monocyclic, or 7-10 membered bicyclic ring system, which consists of carbon atoms and from one to four heteroatoms independently selected from the group consisting of O, N, and S, wherein the nitrogen and sulfur heteroatoms can be optionally oxidized, the nitrogen can be optionally quaternized, and including any bicyclic group in which any of the above-defined heterocyclic rings is fused to a benzene ring, and wherein the heterocyclic ring can be substituted on carbon or on a nitrogen atom if the resulting compound is stable.
• Examples include, but are not limited to, pyrrolidine, piperazine, morpholine, imidazoline, pyrazolidine, benzodiazepines and the like.
• Useful heterocycloalkyl groups include any of the above-mentioned C M0 alkyl groups substituted by any of the above-mentioned heterocyclic groups.
• Useful alkylamino and dialkylamino groups are — NHR 20 and — NR 20 R 21 , wherein R 20 and R 21 are C,. 10 alkyl groups.
• Aminocarbonyl group is -C(O)NH 2 .
• Useful alkylaminocarbonyl groups are carbonyl groups substituted by -NHR 20 and -NR 20 R 2] , wherein R 20 and R 21 are C,., 0 alkyl groups as defined above.
• Useful alkylthiol groups include any of the above-mentioned C uo alkyl groups substituted by a -SH group.
• Useful alkylsulfinyl groups include any of the above-mentioned C,. 10 alkyl groups attached to a sulfinyl (-SO-).
• Useful alkylsulfonyl groups include any of the above-mentioned C 0 alkyl groups attached to a sulfonyl (-SO 2 -).
• a carbamoyloxy group is -O-C(O) -NH 2 .
• a carboxy group is -COOH.
• An azido group is -N 3 .
• An ureido group is -NH-C(O)-NH 2 .
• An amino group is -NH 2 .
• An amide group is an organic radical having -NHC(O)- as a functional group.
• the invention disclosed herein is meant to encompass all pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof of the disclosed compounds.
• the pharmaceutically acceptable salts include, but are not limited to, metal salts such as sodium salt, potassium salt, cesium salt and the like; alkaline earth metals such as calcium salt, magnesium salt and the like; organic amine salts such as triethylamine salt, pyridine salt, picoline salt, ethanolamine salt, triethanolamine salt, dicyclohexylamine salt, N,N'- dibenzylethylenediamine salt and the like; inorganic acid salts such as hydrochloride, hydrobromide, sulfate, phosphate and the like; organic acid salts such as formate, acetate, trifluoroacetate, maleate, tartrate and the like; sulfonates such as methanesulfonate, benzenesulfonate, p-toluenesulfonate, and the like; amino acid salts such as arginate, asparginate
• prodrugs are considered to be any covalently bonded carriers which release the active parent drug in vivo.
• Examples of prodrugs include esters or amides of Formula / with R 2 -Rn as hydroxyalkyl or aminoalkyl, and these may be prepared by reacting such compounds with anhydrides such as succinic anhydride.
• the invention disclosed herein is also meant to encompass the in vivo metabolic products of the disclosed compounds. Such products may result for example from the oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, amidation, esterification and the like of the administered compound, primarily due to enzymatic processes. Accordingly, the invention includes compounds produced by a process comprising contacting a compound of this invention with a mammal for a period of time sufficient to yield a metabolic product thereof. Such products typically are identified by preparing a radiolabelled compound of the invention, administering it parenterally in a detectable dose to an animal such as rat, mouse, guinea pig, monkey, or to man, allowing sufficient time for metabolism to occur and isolating its conversion products from the urine, blood or other biological samples.
• the invention disclosed herein is also meant to encompass the disclosed compounds being isotopically-labelled by having one or more atoms replaced by an atom having a different atomic mass or mass number.
• isotopes that can be incorporated into the disclosed compounds include isotopes of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorous, fluorine and chlorine, such as 2 H, 3 H, 13 C, 14 C, 15 N, 18 0, 17 0, 31 P, 32 P, 35 S, 18 F, and 36 C1, respectively.
• Some of the compounds disclosed herein may contain one or more asymmetric centers and may thus give rise to enantiomers, diastereomers, and other stereoisomeric forms.
• the present invention is also meant to encompass racemic mixtures, resolved forms mixtures thereof, as well as the individual enantiomers that may be separated according to methods that are well know to those of ordinary skill in the art.
• the compounds described herein contain olefinic double bonds or other centers of geometric asymmetry, and unless specified otherwise, it is intended to include both E and Z geometric isomers. All tautomers are intended to be encompassed by the present invention as well.
• stereoisomers is a general term for all isomers of individual molecules that differ only in the orientation of their atoms in space. It includes enantiomers and isomers of compounds with more than one chiral center that are not mirror images of one another (diastereomers).
• chiral center refers to a carbon atom to which four different groups are attached.
• enantiomer or “enantiomeric” refers to a molecule that is nonsuperimposeable on its mirror image and hence optically active wherein the enantiomer rotates the plane of polarized light in one direction and its mirror image rotates the plane of polarized light in the opposite direction.
• racemic refers to a mixture of equal parts of enantiomers and which is optically inactive.
• resolution refers to the separation or concentration or depletion of one of the two enantiomeric forms of a molecule.
• enantiomeric excess refers to a mixture wherein one enantiomer is present is a greater concentration than its mirror image molecule. Since the compounds of Formula / are blockers of sodium (Na + ) channels, a number of diseases and conditions mediated by sodium ion influx can be treated employing these compounds.
• the invention is related to a method of treating, preventing or ameliorating neuronal loss associated with stroke, global and focal ischemia, CNS trauma, hypoglycemia and surgery, spinal cord trauma; as well as treating or ameliorating neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, treating or ameliorating anxiety, convulsions, glaucoma, migraine headache, and muscle spasm.
• the compounds of Formula / are also useful as antitinnitus agents, antimanic depressants, as local anesthetics, and as antiarrhythmics; as well as for treating, preventing or ameliorating pain including surgical, chronic and neuropathic pain.
• the methods of the present invention require administering to an animal in need of such treatment an effective amount of a sodium channel blocker of the present invention, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt or prodrug thereof.
• the invention is also directed to a method for treating disorders responsive to the blockade of sodium channels in animals suffering thereof.
• Particular preferred embodiments of the aryl substituted heteroaryl compounds for use in method of this invention are represented by previously defined Formula /.
• the compounds of this invention may be prepared using methods known to those skilled in the art.
• Triazoles of Formula I can be prepared as shown in Scheme 3, employing commerically available 4-(l,2,4-triazol-l-yl)phenol (Lancaster Synthesis). Scheme 3
• the invention is also directed to 3 H and 14 C radiolabeled compounds of Formula / and their use as radioligands for their binding site on the sodium channel.
• one use of the labeled compounds of the invention is the characterization of specific receptor binding.
• Another use of the labeled compounds of the invention is an alternative to animal testing for the evaluation of structure-activity relationships.
• the receptor assay is performed at a fixed concentration of a labeled compound of Formula / and at increasing concentrations of a test compound in a competition assay.
• Tritiated compounds of Formula / can be prepared by introducing tritium into the compound of Formula / by, for example, catalytic dehalogenation with tritium.
• This method includes reacting a suitably halogen-substituted precursor of a compound of Formula / with tritium gas in the presence of a suitable catalyst, for example Pd/C, in the presence or absence of a base.
• a suitable catalyst for example Pd/C
• Other suitable methods for preparing tritiated compounds can be found in Filer, Isotopes in the Physical and Biomedical Sciences, Vol. 1, Labeled Compounds (Part A), Chapter 6.
• 14 C-labeled compounds can be prepared by employing starting materials having a 14 C carbon.
• the compounds of the present invention can be assessed by electrophysiological assays in dissociated hippocampal neurons for sodium channel blocker activity. These compounds also can be assayed for binding to the neuronal voltage-dependent sodium channel using rat forebrain membranes and [ 3 H]BTX-B.
• Sodium channels are large transmembrane proteins that are expressed in various tissues. They are voltage sensitive channels and are responsible for the rapid increase of Na + permeability in response to depolarization associated with the action potential in many excitable cells including muscle, nerve and cardiac cells.
• One aspect of the present invention is the discovery of the mechanism of action of the compounds herein described as specific Na + channel blockers. Based upon the discovery of this mechanism, these compounds are contemplated to be useful in treating or preventing neuronal loss due to focal or global ischemia, and in treating or preventing neurodegenerative disorders including ALS, anxiety, and epilepsy.
• the compounds are also expected to be effective in treating, preventing or ameliorating neuropathic pain, surgical pain, chronic pain and tinnitus.
• the compounds are also expected to be useful as antiarrhythmics, anesthetics and antimanic depressants.
• the present invention is directed to compounds of Formula / that are blockers of voltage-sensitive sodium channels.
• those compounds having preferred sodium channel blocking properties exhibit an IC 50 of about 100 ⁇ M or less in the electrophysiological assay described herein.
• the compounds of the present invention exhibit an IC 50 of 10 ⁇ M or less.
• the compounds of the present invention exhibit an IC 50 of about 1.0 ⁇ M or less.
• Substituted heteroaryl compounds of the present invention may be tested for their Na + channel blocking activity by the following electrophysiological and binding assays.
• HEK-293 (NaIIA-B2) cell line stably expressing the rBIIA isoform of Na + channels is established in-house. The cells are cultured using standard techniques, as described previously (Verdoorn, T.A, et al, Neuron 4:919-92% (1990)).
• cells are plated onto poly-D-lysine pre-coated Cellware 35 mm Petri dishes (BIOCOAT, Becton Dickinson) at a density of ⁇ 10 4 cells/dish on the day of re-seeding from confluent cultures.
• BIOCOAT Becton Dickinson
• Patch-clamp recordings of voltage-sensitive Na + currents Whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings are made using conventional patch-clamp techniques (Hamill et al, Pfluegers Arch. 391:85-100 (1981)) with an Axopatch 200A amplifier
• the recording chamber is continuously superfused with the external solution (150 mM NaCl, 5.4 mM KC1, 1.8 mM CaCl 2 , 1 mM MgCl 2 , 10 mM HEPES, 10 mM glucose, pH 7.4 adjusted with NaOH, osmolality ⁇ 320 mmol/kg) at a speed of about 1 mL/min.
• Recording pipettes were pulled from the thick-walled capillaries (WPI, Sarasota, FI) and fire-polished.
• the pipette resistances range from 1 to 3 M ⁇ when the pipettes are filled with internal solution containing (in mM): 130 CsF, 20 NaCl, 2 MgCl 2 , 10 EGTA, 10 HEPES, pH adjusted to 7.4 with CsOH, osmolality ⁇ 310 mmol/kg.
• Drugs and intervening wash-outs are applied through a linear array of flow pipes (Drummond Microcaps, 2 ⁇ L, 64-mm length).
• Compounds are dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) to make a 30 mM stock solution, which is subsequently diluted into the external solution to give final concentrations of 0.1-100 ⁇ M.
• DMSO dimethylsulfoxide
• DMSO inhibits the size of Na + current only slightly. Currents are recorded at room temperature (22- 25 °C), filtered at 3 kHz with an active 8-pole Bessel filter (Frequency Devices, Haverhill, MA), digitized at 10-50 ⁇ s intervals, and stored using Digidata 1200 analog/digital interface with Pclamp ⁇ /Clampex software (Axon Instruments). Series resistance is cancelled typically by ⁇ 75% when necessary.
• FIG. 1 Voltage pulse protocols.
• IV-curve Current-voltage relationship
• protocol A is used to report the voltage at which the maximal inward Na + current is achieved. This voltage is used throughout the experiment as testing voltage, V t .
• Protocol B reports how fast the channels recover from inactivation at hyperpolarized voltages. This permits us to set up the duration of the hyperpolarization gap which is used in measurement of the kinetics of binding of compounds to inactivated Na + channels (protocol D). Channel repriming under control conditions is fast (>90% recovery during first 5-10 ms).
• I control is the maximal Na + current in the absence of antagonist
• [antagonist] is the drug concentration
• K is the concentration of antagonist that produces half maximal inhibition
• p is the slope factor
• Rat forebrain membranes are used as sources of Na + channel proteins.
• the binding assays are conducted in 130 ⁇ M choline chloride at 37 °C for 60-minute incubation with [ 3 H] saxitoxin and [ 3 H] batrachotoxin as radioligands for site 1 and site 2, respectively.
• the compounds of the present invention may be tested for in vivo anticonvulsant activity after i.v., p.o. or i.p. injection using a number of anticonvulsant tests in mice, including the maximum electroshock seizure test (MES).
• MES maximum electroshock seizure test
• Maximum electroshock seizures are induced in male NSA mice weighing between 15-20 g and male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing between 200-225 g by application of current (50 mA, 60 pulses/sec, 0.8 msec pulse width, 1 sec duration, D.C., mice; 99 n A, 125 pulses/sec, 0.8 msec pulse width, 2 sec duration, D.C., rats) using a Ugo Basile ECT device (Model 7801). Mice are restrained by gripping the loose skin on their dorsal surface and saline-coated corneal electrodes are held lightly against the two corneae. Rats are allowed free movement on the bench top and ear-clip
• a tonic seizure is defined as a hindlimb extension in excess of 90 degrees from the plane of the body. Results are treated in a quantal manner. The compounds may be tested for their antinociceptive activity in the formalin model as described in Hunskaar, S., O. B. Fasmer, and K. Hole, J Neurosci. Methods 14: 69-16 (1985). Male Swiss Webster NIH mice (20-30 g; Harlan, San Diego, CA) are used in all experiments. Food is withdrawn on the day of experiment. Mice are placed in Plexiglass jars for at least 1 hour to accommodate to the environment.
• mice are weighed and given either the compound of interest administered i.p. or p.o., or the appropriate volume of vehicle (10 % Tween-80). Fifteen minutes after the i.p. dosing, and 30 minutes after the p.o. dosing mice are injected with formalin (20 ⁇ L of 5% formaldehyde solution in saline) into the dorsal surface of the right hind paw. Mice are transferred to the Plexiglass jars and monitored for the amount of time spent licking or biting the injected paw.
• formalin 20 ⁇ L of 5% formaldehyde solution in saline
• Periods of licking and biting are recorded in 5 minute intervals for 1 hour after the formalin injection. All experiments are done in a blinded manner during the light cycle. The early phase of the formalin response is measured as licking / biting between 0-5 min, and the late phase is measured from 15-50 min. Differences between vehicle and drug treated groups are analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). A P value ⁇ 0.05 is considered significant. Having activity in blocking the acute and second phase of formalin-induced paw-licking activity, the compounds are considered to be efficacious for acute and chronic pain.
• the compounds may be tested for their potential for the treatment of chronic pain (antiallodynic and antihyperalgesic activities) in the Chung model of peripheral neuropathy.
• Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing between 200-225 g are anesthetized with halothane (1-3 % in a mixture of 70 % air and 30 % oxygen) and their body temperature is controlled during anesthesia through use of a homeothermic blanket.
• a 2-cm dorsal midline incision is then made at the L5 and L6 level and the para- vertibral muscle groups are retracted bilaterally.
• L5 and L6 spinal nerves are then exposed, isolated, and tightly ligated with 6-0 silk suture.
• a sham operation is performed exposing the contralateral L5 and L6 spinal nerves as a negative control.
• Rats are transferred to an elevated testing cage with a wire mesh floor and allowed to acclimate for five to ten minutes.
• a series of Semmes- Weinstein monofilaments are applied to the plantar surface of the hindpaw to determine the animal's withdrawal threshold.
• the first filament used possesses a buckling weight of 9.1 gms (.96 log value) and is applied up to five times to see if it elicits a withdrawal response. If the animal has a withdrawal response then the next lightest filament in the series would be applied up to five times to determine if it could elicit a response. This procedure is repeated with subsequent lesser filaments until there is no response and the lightest filament that elicited a response is recorded.
• the compounds may be tested for their neuroprotective activity after focal and global ischemia produced in rats or gerbils according to the procedures described in Buchan et al. ⁇ Stroke, Suppl. 148-152 (1993)) and Sheardown et al. (Eur. J.
• the compounds may be tested for their neuroprotective activity after traumatic spinal cord injury according to the procedures described in Wrathall et. al (Exp. Neurology 137:119-126 (1996)) and Iwasaki et. al (J. Neuro Sci. 134:21-25 (1995)).
• compositions within the scope of this invention include all compositions wherein the compounds of the present invention are contained in an amount that is effective to achieve its intended purpose. While individual needs vary, determination of optimal ranges of effective amounts of each component is within the skill of the art.
• the compounds may be administered to mammals, e.g. humans, orally at a dose of 0.0025 to 50 mg/kg, or an equivalent amount of the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, per day of the body weight of the mammal being treated for epilepsy, neurodegenerative diseases, anesthetic, arrhythmia, manic depression, and pain.
• the dose is generally about one-half of the oral dose.
• the compound in the method of treatment or prevention of neuronal loss in global and focal ischemia, brain and spinal cord trauma, hypoxia, hypoglycemia, status epilepsy and surgery, the compound can be administrated by intravenous injection at a dose of about 0.025 to about 10 mg/kg.
• the unit oral dose may comprise from about 0.01 to about 50 mg, preferably about 0.1 to about 10 mg of the compound.
• the unit dose may be administered one or more times daily as one or more tablets each containing from about 0.1 to about 10, conveniently about 0.25 to 50 mg of the compound or its solvates.
• the compounds of the invention may be administered as part of a pharmaceutical preparation containing suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers comprising excipients and auxiliaries which facilitate processing of the compounds into preparations which can be used pharmaceutically.
• suitable pharmaceutically acceptable carriers comprising excipients and auxiliaries which facilitate processing of the compounds into preparations which can be used pharmaceutically.
• the preparations particularly those preparations which can be administered orally and which can be used for the preferred type of administration, such as tablets, dragees, and capsules, and also preparations which can be administered rectally, such as suppositories, as well as suitable solutions for administration by injection or orally, contain from about 0.01 to 99 percent, preferably from about 0.25 to 75 percent of active compound(s), together with the excipient.
• non-toxic pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the compounds of the present invention are also included within the scope of the present invention.
• Acid addition salts are formed by mixing a solution of the particular heteroaryl compound of the present invention with a solution of a pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic acid such as hydrochloric acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, acetic acid, citric acid, tartaric acid, carbonic acid, phosphoric acid, oxalic acid, dichloroacetic acid, and the like.
• Basic salts are formed by mixing a solution of the heteroaryl compound of the present invention with a solution of a pharmaceutically acceptable non-toxic base such as sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, choline hydroxide, sodium carbonate and the like.
• compositions of the invention may be administered to any animal that may experience the beneficial effects of the compounds of the invention.
• animals are mammals, e.g., humans, although the invention is not intended to be so limited.
• compositions of the present invention may be administered by any means that achieve their intended purpose.
• administration may be by parenteral, subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intraperitoneal, transdermal, or buccal routes.
• administration may be by the oral route.
• the dosage administered will be dependent upon the age, health, and weight of the recipient, kind of concurrent treatment, if any, frequency of treatment, and the nature of the effect desired.
• the pharmaceutical preparations of the present invention are manufactured in a manner which is itself known, for example, by means of conventional mixing, granulating, dragee-making, dissolving, or lyophilizing processes.
• compositions for oral use can be obtained by combining the active compounds with solid excipients, optionally grinding the resulting mixture and processing the mixture of granules, after adding suitable auxiliaries, if desired or necessary, to obtain tablets or dragee cores.
• Suitable excipients are, in particular, fillers such as saccharides, for example lactose or sucrose, mannitol or sorbitol, cellulose preparations and/or calcium phosphates, for example tricalcium phosphate or calcium hydrogen phosphate, as well as binders such as starch paste, using, for example, maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin, tragacanth, methyl cellulose, hydroxy- propylmethylcellulose, sodium carboxymethylcellulose, and/or polyvinyl pyrrolidone.
• fillers such as saccharides, for example lactose or sucrose, mannitol or sorbitol, cellulose preparations and/or calcium phosphates, for example tricalcium phosphate or calcium hydrogen phosphate, as well as binders such as starch paste, using, for example, maize starch, wheat starch, rice starch, potato starch, gelatin, tragacanth, methyl cellulose,
• disintegrating agents may be added such as the above-mentioned starches and also carboxymethyl-starch, cross-linked polyvinyl pyrrolidone, agar, or alginic acid or a salt thereof, such as sodium alginate.
• Auxiliaries are, above all, flow- regulating agents and lubricants, for example, silica, talc, stearic acid or salts thereof, such as magnesium stearate or calcium stearate, and/or polyethylene glycol.
• Dragee cores are provided with suitable coatings which, if desired, are resistant to gastric juices.
• concentrated saccharide solutions may be used, which may optionally contain gum arabic, talc, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, polyethylene glycol and/or titanium dioxide, lacquer solutions and suitable organic solvents or solvent mixtures.
• suitable cellulose preparations such as acetylcellulose phthalate or hydroxypropymethyl-cellulose phthalate, are used.
• Dye stuffs or pigments may be added to the tablets or dragee coatings, for example, for identification or in order to characterize combinations of active compound doses.
• Other pharmaceutical preparations which can be used orally include push-fit capsules made of gelatin, as well as soft, sealed capsules made of gelatin and a plasticizer such as glycerol or sorbitol.
• the push-fit capsules can contain the active compounds in the form of granules which may be mixed with fillers such as lactose, binders such as starches, and/or lubricants such as talc or magnesium stearate and, optionally, stabilizers.
• the active compounds are preferably dissolved or suspended in suitable liquids, such as fatty oils, or liquid paraffin.
• stabilizers may be added.
• Possible pharmaceutical preparations which can be used rectally, include, for example, suppositories, which consist of a combination of one or more of the active compounds with a suppository base.
• Suitable suppository bases are, for example, natural or synthetic triglycerides, or paraffin hydrocarbons.
• gelatin rectal capsules which consist of a combination of the active compounds with a base.
• Possible base materials include, for example, liquid triglycerides, polyethylene glycols, or paraffin hydrocarbons.
• Suitable formulations for parenteral administration include aqueous solutions of the active compounds in water-soluble form, for example, water-soluble salts and alkaline solutions.
• suspensions of the active compounds as appropriate oily injection suspensions may be administered.
• Suitable lipophilic solvents or vehicles include fatty oils, for example, sesame oil, or synthetic fatty acid esters, for example, ethyl oleate or triglycerides or polyethylene glycol-400 (the compounds are soluble in PEG-400).
• Aqueous injection suspensions may contain substances which increase the viscosity of the suspension, and include, for example, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose, sorbitol, and/or dextran.
• the suspension may also contain stabilizers.
• MES electroshock-induced seizures

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