Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F4/00—Polymerisation catalysts
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
  • C08F2/00—Processes of polymerisation
  • C08F2/38—Polymerisation using regulators, e.g. chain terminating agents, e.g. telomerisation

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a process for the preparation of polymers containing N ⁇ O terminal groups and to compositions comprising polymers obtained by this process.
• the present invention relates to the preparation of polymers characterized by a low polydispersity range, preferably a polydispersity range which is lower than 3, and an enhanced monomer to polymer conversion efficiency.
• this invention relates to a stable, free radical initiated polymerization process by the ATRP (Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization) method which produces homopolymers, random copolymers, block copolymers, multiblock copolymers, graft copolymers and the like having a low polydispersity range and predetermined molecular weights.
• ATRP Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization
• Polymers or copolymers prepared by a conventional free radical polymerization reaction inherently have broad molecular weight distributions and a polydispersity range which is generally greater than three. This is explained by the fact that the half-life of most free radical initiators is relatively long, ranging from several minutes to hours. Polymeric chain reactions are initiated at different points of time which en - ables the initiators to generate growing chains of various lengths at any time period during the polymerization process. Moreover, the propagating chains may react with each other in free radical side reactions known as combination and disproportiona - tion. Both are irreversible chain terminating reaction steps.
• any conventional free radical polymerization process is characterized by significant drawbacks, such as difficulties in predicting or controlling the molecular weight distribution of the polymer obtained and the polydispersity range.
• free radical polymerization processes are difficult to control. Most polymerization reactions are strongly exothermic, rendering it almost impossible to efficiently remove heat from the highly viscous polymer reaction mixture.
• the problems of conventional free radical polymerization reactions of the types mentioned above may also result in an undesirable formation of gel-type polymers of broad molecular weight distribution. They are difficult to handle in subsequent working-up steps, such as separation, purification, filtering and drying.
• U.S. 4,581,429 discloses a free radical polymerization process which controls the controlled or "living" growth of polymer chains to produce oligomeric homopolymers and copolymers, including block and graft copolymers.
• a process embodiment is the use of initiators of the partial formula R'R"N-0-X.
• R'R"N-0» and «X are generated.
• «X is a free radical group, e.g. a tert.-butyl or cyanoisopropyl radical, capable of polymerizing monomer units containing ethylene groups.
• the monomer units A are substituted by the initiator frag - ments R'R"N-0» and «X and polymerize to structures of the type: R'R"N-0-A n -X.
• R'R"N-0-X initiators mentioned are derived from cyclic structures, such as 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine, or open chain molecules, such as di-tert.-butylamine.
• WO 96/30421 discloses a controlled or "living" polymerization process of ethyleni- cally unsaturated polymers such as styrene or (meth)acrylates by employing the ATRP method.
• initiators are employed which generate a radical atom such as «CI, in the presence of a redox system of transition metals of different oxidation states, e.g. Cu(l) and Cu(ll), providing "living" or controlled radical polymerization.
• halogen especially chlorine and bromine
• the double bond thus formed is subject to a reaction with atmospheric oxygen which de creases the antioxidative resistance of the polymer.
• hydrogen halide liberated from the polymer reacts with other functional groups present in the polymer, such as ester groups present in acrylates.
• chlorine is also removed in the form of a radical which might initiate undesirable chain reactions in the polymer structure.
• terminal halogen in polymerisates is effectively replaced by the free radical species R'R"N-0», which may have an open chain or cyclic structure.
• the present invention relates to a process for the preparation of a polymer of the formula
• In represents a polymerization initiator fragment of a polymerization initiator capable of initiating polymerization of monomers or oligopolymers containing ethyl - ene groups; p represents a numeral greater than zero and defines the number of initiator frag - ments; A represents an oligopolymer or polymer fragment consisting of repeating units of polymerizabie monomers or oligopolymers containing ethylene groups; x represents a numeral greater than one and defines the number of repeating units in A;
• B represents a monomer, oligopolymer or polymer fragment copolymerized with A; y represents zero or a numeral greater than zero and defines the number of monomer, oligopolymer or polymer repeating units in B; q represents a numeral greater than zero; one of Ri and R 2 represents C C 7 -alkyl and the other represents C C -alkyl or C C -alkyl substituted by C C 4 -alkoxycarbonyl or C C 4 -alkoxy; or
• R and R 2 together with the adjacent carbon atom both represent C 3 -C 7 -cycloalkyl
• R 3 and R 4 are as defined as Ri and R 2;
• R a represents C C 4 -alkyl, cyano, C C 4 -alkoxycarbonyl, C C 4 -alkanoyloxy, C ⁇ -C 4 -alkanoyioxy-CrC -alkyl, carbamoyl, mono- or di- CrC -alkylcarbamoyl, mono- or di- 2-hydroxyethylcarbamoyl, amidino, 2-imidazolyl, 1 -hydroxy-2-hy- droxymethyl-2-propylcarbamoyl, or 1 ,1 -dihydroxymethyl-2-hydroxycarbamoyl; and
• R b is as defined as R a ;
• R a and R b together represent a divalent group and form a 5-, 6-, 7- or 8-mem - bered aliphatic or aromatic heterocyclic group, which may contain 1 -3 additional heteroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur; with the proviso that compounds of the formula I, wherein R 1 f R 2 , R3 and R 4 represents methyl and R a and R b represents 1 ,3-propylene is excluded; which comprises polymerizing by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) an aliphatic monomer or oligomer containing ethylene groups in the presence of a polymerization initiator of the formula:
• ATRP atom transfer radical polymerization
• Ri - R 4 and R a and R b are as defined above, in the presence of a catalyti- cally effective amount of an oxidizable transition metal complex catalyst.
• the polymers according to the present invention are useful for many applications in - eluding a variety of specific technical applications, such as block copolymers used as compatibilizers for polymer blends, or dispersants for coating systems.
• the polymers or copolymers are characterized by a homogeneous molecular weight distribution and low halogen content. They are especially useful for as oligomers or polymers in the coating technology, for the preparation of thermoplastic films, toner res ins and liquid immersion development ink resins or ink additives for electrographic imaging processes.
• the group In represents the polymerization initiator fragment of a polymerization initiator (II), which is capable of initiating the polymerization of the fragments A and B and subsequently proceeds by a reaction mechanism known under the term ATRP.
• a suitable polymerization initiator contains a radically transferable atom or group «X and is described in WO 96/30421 and WO 98/01480.
• a preferred radically transferable atom or group »X is »CI or »Br, which is cleaved as a radical from the initiator molecule and subsequently replaced after polymerization as a leaving group with a N ⁇ O compound (IV).
• the polymerization initiator may also contain more than one groups «X. In this case q may be 2 or 3.
• a preferred embodiment of the invention relates to polymers, wherein p represents the numeral one; q represents a numeral from one to three; and In, A, B, x, y and Ri - Rio are as defined above.
• a preferred polymerization initiator (II) is selected from the group consisting of C C 8 - alkyl halides, C 6 -C ⁇ 5 -aralkylhalides, C 2 -C 8 -haloalkyl esters, arene sulfonyl chlorides, haloalkanenitriles, ⁇ -haloacrylates and halolactones.
• polymer comprises oligopolymers, cooligopolymers, polymers or copolymers, such as such as block, multi-block, star, gradient, random, comb, hyper- branched and dendritic copolymers as well as graft or copolymers.
• An oligopolymer A contains at least two repeating units of polymerizable aliphatic monomers containing ethylene groups.
• the aliphatic monomer or oligomers may be water-soluble or water-insoluble and may contain one or more olefinic double bonds.
• the monomers may be of low (monomeric) or high (oligomeric) molecular mass.
• Examples of monomers containing one olefinic double bond are styrenes which may be substituted at the phenyl group by additional substituents selected from the group consisting of hydroxy, C- ⁇ -C 4 -alk- oxy, halogen, e.g. chloro, and C C -alkyl, e.g.
• Such monomers are styrene, 4-hydroxystyrene, ⁇ -methylsty- rene, p-methylstyrene, 4-chlorostyrene, methyl, ethyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, tert. -butyl, 2- ethylhexyl, isobornyl, glycidyl, 2-hydroxyethyl or 2-dimethylaminoethylacrylate or the corresponding methacrylates, acrylic or methacrylic acid amide, or acrylic or meth- acrylic acid-N,N-dimethyl or -diethyl amide. Silicone acrylates are also advantageous.
• x represents a numeral greater than one and defines the number of repeating units in A. The lowest number is two. A preferred range of x is from 2 to 1000.
• the above-mentioned aliphatic monomers may also be present in the polymer as comonomers B, or as oligopolymer or polymer fragments B copolymerized with A.
• y represents zero or a numeral greater than zero and defines the number of mono mer, oligopolymer or polymer repeating units in B.
• a preferred range of y is from 0 to 1000.
• a preferred group of aliphatic monomers is selected from the group consisting of sty - rene, acrolein, acrylonitrile, acrylic or C C 4 -alkylacrylic acid-C C 18 -alkyl esters, acrylic or C C 4 -alkylacrylic acid hydroxy-C 2 -C 4 -alkyl esters, acrylic or C C 4 -alkyl- acrylic acid-di-C C 4 -alkylamino-C 2 -C 4 -alkyl esters, acrylic or C C 4 -alkylacrylamides and acrylic or C C 4 -alkylacrylic acid anhydrides.
• a particularly preferred group of aliphatic monomers is selected from the group con - sisting of styrene, acrylic or CrC -alkylacrylic acid-C C 4 -alkyl esters, acrylic or C C 4 -alkylacrylic acid hydroxy-C 2 -C 4 -alkyl esters, acrylic or C C 4 -alkylacrylic acid di-CrC -alkylamino-C 2 -C -alkyl esters, and acrylic or C C 4 -alkylacrylamides, e.g. styrene, methyl, ethyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, tert.
• Examples of monomers containing two or more double bonds are diacrylates of eth ylene glycol, propylene glycol, neopentyl glycol, hexamethylene glycol or of bisphe- nol A, 4,4'-bis(2-acryloyloxyethoxy)-diphenylpropane, trimethylolpropane triacrylate or tetraacrylate or vinyl acetate.
• a polymerizable aliphatic monomer containing ethylene groups is characterized by a relatively high molecular mass from about 500 to 3000. Suitable examples are acryl isized epoxy resins or acrylisized polyesters. Unsaturated oligomers of this kind may also be referred to as prepolymers.
• one of Ri and R 2 represents C C 7 -alkyl, and the other represents C C 4 -alkyl or CrC -alkyl substituted by C C 4 -alkoxycarbonyl or C C 4 -alkoxy; or
• R 1 and R 2 together with the adjacent carbon atom both represent C 3 -C 7 -cycloalkyl
• R 3 and R 4 are as defined as Ri and R 2;
• R a represents C C 4 -alkyl, cyano, C C 4 -alkoxycarbonyl, d-C 4 -alkanoyloxy, C C -alkanoyloxy-C ⁇ -C -alkyl, carbamoyi, mono- or di- C C 4 -alkylcarbamoyl, mono- or di- 2-hydroxyethylcarbamoyl, amidino, 2-imidazolyl, 1-hydroxy-2-hydroxyme- thyl-2-propylcarbamoyl, or 1 ,1 -dihydroxymethyl-2-hydroxycarbamoyl; and
• R b is as defined as R a ; or R a and R b together represent a divalent group and form a 5-, 6-, 7- or 8-membered aliphatic or aromatic heterocyclic group, which may contain 1 -3 additional he- teroatoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur, e.g. a piperidine, piperazine, morpholine or imidazolidine group.
• the heterocyclic group may also be condensed with a phenyl group.
• Ri and R 2 and R 3 and R 4 together may also represent oxygen (exo- substitution) or R 5 and R 6 or R 7 and R 8 together or R 5 and R 6 and R 7 and R 8 together represent oxygen.
• a preferred embodiment of the invention relates to the preparation of polymers (I), wherein one of R 1 and R 2 represents methyl and the other one represents methyl or ethyl and one of R 3 and R represents methyl and the other one represents methyl or ethyl and R a and R b together represent a group of the formula wherein
• R 5 , Re, R 7 and R 8 independently of one another represent hydrogen, methyl or ethyl; and one of Rg and R 10 independently of the other represents hydrogen or substituents or R 9 and R 10 both represent substituents.
• In represents a polymerization initiator fragment of a polymerization initiator (II) capable of initiating polymerization of monomers or oligopolymers containing ethylene groups;
• p represents a numeral greater than zero and defines the number of initiator frag - ments;
• A represents an oligopolymer or polymer fragment consisting of repeating units of polymerizable monomers or oligopolymers containing ethylene groups; x represents a numeral greater than one and defines the number of repeating units in A;
• B represents a monomer, oligopolymer or polymer fragment copolymerized with A; y represents zero or a numeral greater than zero and defines the number of mono - mer, oligopolymer or polymer repeating units in B; q represents a numeral greater than zero;
• R 1 f R 2 ,R 3 and R 4 represent C C 4 -alkyl
• R 5 , R 6 , R 7 and R 8 represent hydrogen; and one of R 9 and Rio independently of the other represents hydrogen or substituents or R 9 and R 10 both represent substituents, which comprises polymerizing by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) an aliphatic monomer or oligomer containing ethylene groups in the presence of a polymerization initiator (II) having a radically transferable atom or group capable of initiating polymerization of monomers or oligopolymers containing ethylene groups and replacing the leaving group -X in a polymerisate (III) with a N ⁇ O compound of the formula
• Ri - R 10 are as defined above, in the presence of a catalytically effective amount of an oxidizable transition metal complex catalyst.
• the cyclic N ⁇ O containing terminal group represents a group of the partial formula wherein R-i - R 8 are as defined above and the 4-position is substituted by one or two substituents.
• Preferred groups B 0 which contain substituents in 4-position are represented by the partial formulae
• Ri - R 6 are as defined above; m represents a numeral from one to four; n represents one, two or three; if m represents one,
• R a represents hydrogen, CrC ⁇ 8 -alkyl which is uninterrupted or interrupted by one or more oxygen atoms, 2-cyanoethyl, benzoyl, glycidyl, or represents a monovalent radical of an aliphatic carboxylic acid having 2 to 18 carbon atoms, of a cyclo - aliphatic carboxylic acid having 7 to 15 carbon atoms, of an a,b-unsatu rated carboxylic acid having 3 to 5 carbon atoms or of an aromatic carboxylic acid having 7 to 15 carbon atoms, where each carboxylic acid can be substituted in the aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic moiety by 1 to 3 -COOZ groups, in which Z represents H, C C2o-alkyl, C 3 -C ⁇ 2 -alkenyl, C 5 -C 7 -cycloalkyl, phenyl or benzyl; or R a represents a monovalent radical of a carbamic acid or phosphorus
• R a represents C 2 -Ci 2 -alkylene, C 4 -C ⁇ 2 -alkenylene, xylylene, or represents a divalent radical of an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid having 2 to 36 carbon atoms, of a cycloaliphatic or aromatic dicarboxylic acid having 8 to 14 carbon atoms or of an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic dicarbamic acid having 8 to 14 carbon atoms, where each dicarboxylic acid may be substituted in the aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic moiety by one or two -COOZ groups; or R a is a divalent radical of a phosphorus-containing acid or a divalent silyl radical; or if m represents 3,
• R a represents a trivalent radical of an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic tricarboxylic acid, which may be substituted in the aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic moiety by -COOZ, of an aromatic tricarbamic acid or of a phosphorus-containing acid, or is a trivalent silyl radical; or if m represents 4,
• R a represents a tetravalent radical of an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic tetra- carboxylic acid; if n represents one,
• R b represents C C ⁇ 2 -alkyl, C 5 -C 7 -cycloalkyl, C 7 -C 8 -aralkyl, C 2 -C ⁇ 8 -alkanoyl, C 3 - C 5 -alkenoyl or benzoyl;
• R c represents CrCis-alkyl, C 5 -C 7 -cycloalkyl, C -C 8 -alkenyl unsubstituted or substituted by a cyano, carbonyl or carbamide group, glycidyl or represents a group of the formulae -CH 2 CH(OH)-Z, -CO-Z- or -CONH-Z wherein Z represents hydrogen, methyl or phenyl, or R b and R c together represent the cyclic acyl radical of an aliphatic or aromatic 1 ,2- or 1 ,3-dicarboxylic acid; if n represents two,
• R b is as defined above;
• R c represents C 2 -C ⁇ 2 -alkylene, C 6 -C ⁇ 2 -arylene, xylylene, a -CH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 -0-B-0- CH 2 CH(OH)CH 2 - group, wherein B represents C 2 -C ⁇ 0 -alkylene, C 6 -C 15 -arylene or C 6 -Ci 2 -cycloalkylene; or, provided that R is not alkanoyl, alkenoyl or benzoyl, R c represents a divalent acyl radical of an aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic dicarboxylic acid or dicarbamic acid, or represents the group -CO-; or
• R c represents a group of the partial formula
• T-, and T 2 independently of the other represent hydrogen, C C ⁇ 8 -alkyl, or Ti and T 2 together represent C 4 -C 6 -alkylene or 3-oxapentamethylene; or if n represents 3,
• R c represents 2,4,6-triazinyl.
• a highly preferred group B 0 which contains substituents in 4-position is selected from the group consisting of the partial formulae B 1 and B 2 , wherein m represents 1 ;
• R a represents hydrogen, C- ⁇ -C 18 -alkyl which is uninterrupted or interrupted by one or more oxygen atoms, 2-cyanoethyl, benzoyl, glycidyl, or represents a monovalent radical of an aliphatic carboxylic acid having 2 to 12 carbon atoms, of a cycloaliph atic carboxylic acid having 7 to 15 carbon atoms, of an a,b-unsatu rated carboxylic acid having 3 to 5 carbon atoms or of an aromatic carboxylic acid having 7 to 15 carbon atoms; m represents 2;
• R a represents a divalent radical of an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid having 2 to 36 carbon atoms; n represents 1 ;
• R b represents C C ⁇ 2 -alkyl, C 5 -C 7 -cycloalkyl, C 7 -C 8 -aralkyl, C 2 -C 18 -alkanoyl, C 3 - C 5 -aikenoyl or benzoyl;
• R c represents C C ⁇ 8 -alkyl, C 5 -C 7 -cycloalkyl, C 2 -C 8 -alkenyl unsubstituted or substituted by a cyano, carbonyl or carbamide group, glycidyl, or represents a group of the formula -CH 2 CH(OH)-Z, -CO-Z or -CONH-Z, wherein Z is hydrogen, methyl or phenyl.
• Another highly preferred group B 0 which contains substituents in 4-position is selected from the group consisting of the partial formulae B-i and B 2 , wherein m represents 1 ;
• R a represents hydrogen, CrC 18 -alkyl, 2-cyanoethyl, benzoyl, glycidyl, or a monovalent radical of an aliphatic carboxylic acid having 2 to 12 carbon atoms; m represents 2;
• R a represents a divalent radical of an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid having 2 to 36 carbon atoms; n represents 1 ;
• R represents C C ⁇ 2 -alkyl, C 7 -C 8 -aralkyl, C 2 -C 18 -alkanoyl, C 3 -C 5 -alkenoyl or benzoyl;
• R c represents C Ci 8 -alkyl, glycidyl, a group of the formulae -CH 2 CH(OH)-Z or -CO-Z, wherein Z is hydrogen, methyl or phenyl.
• Another particularly preferred embodiment relates to the group B 0 , wherein one of R 9 and R-io represents hydrogen and the other one C C -alkanoylamino.
• An especially preferred embodiment of the present invention relates to the process for the preparation of a polymer (IA), wherein
• In represents a polymerization initiator fragment of a polymerization initiator capable of initiating polymerization of monomers or oligopolymers containing ethylene groups and which polymerization initiator is selected from the group consisting of C ⁇ -C 8 -alkyl halides, C 6 -C ⁇ 5 -aralkylhalides, C 2 -C 8 -haloalkyl esters, arene sulfonyl chlorides, haloalkanenitriles, ⁇ -haloacrylates and halolactones; p represents one; q represents a numeral from one to three;
• a and B represent oligopolymer or polymer fragments containing repeating units of polymerizable monomers selected from the group consisting of styrene, acrolein, acrylonitrile, acrylic or CrC -alkylacrylic acid-C C -alkyl esters, acrylic or d- C -alkylacrylic hydroxy-C 2 -C 4 -alkyl esters, acrylic acid or C ⁇ -C 4 -alkylacrylic di-CrC 4 -alkylamino-C 2 -C 4 -alkyl esters, acrylic or C C 4 -alkylacrylamides and acrylic or C ⁇ -C 4 -alkylacrylic acid anhydrides; x and y represent numerals greater than one;
• Ri, R 2 , R 3 and R 4 represent methyl
• R 5 , R 6 , R 7 and R 8 represent hydrogen; the cyclic N ⁇ O fragment in formula IA represents structural embodiments selected from the group consisting of the partial formulae Bi and B 2 , wherein m represents 1 ;
• R a represents hydrogen, CrC 18 -alkyl which is uninterrupted or interrupted by one or more oxygen atoms, 2-cyanoethyl, benzoyl, glycidyl, or represents a monovalent radical of an aliphatic carboxylic acid having 2 to 18 carbon atoms, of a cycloaliphatic carboxylic acid having 7 to 15 carbon atoms, or an a,b-unsatu rated carboxylic acid having 3 to 5 carbon atoms or of an aromatic carboxylic acid having 7 to 15 carbon atoms;
• m represents 2;
• R a represents a divalent radical of an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid having 2 to 36 carbon atoms; n represents 1 ;
• R b represents C C ⁇ 2 -alkyl, C 5 -C 7 -cycloalkyl, C 7 -C 8 -aralkyl, C 2 -C ⁇ 8 alkanoyl, C 3 - C 5 -alkenoyl or benzoyl;
• R c represents CrCi ⁇ -alkyI, C 5 -C 7 -cycloalkyl, C 2 -C 8 -alkenyl unsubstituted or substituted by a cyano, carbonyl or carbamide group, glycidyl, or represents a group of the formulae -CH 2 CH(OH)-Z, -CO-Z or -CONH-Z wherein Z is hydrogen, methyl or phenyl.
• a most preferred embodiment of the present invention relates to the process for the preparation of the polymer (IA), wherein
• a and B represent oligopolymer or polymer fragments containing repeating units of polymerizable monomers selected from the group consisting of styrene, acrylic or CrC 4 -alkylacrylic acid-C C 4 -alkyl esters, acrylic or C C 4 -alkylacrylic acid hy- droxy-C 2 -C -alkyl esters, acrylic or C C 4 -alkylacrylic acid di-CrC 4 -alkylamino-C 2 -C 4 -alkyl esters, and acrylic or C ⁇ -C -alkylacrylamides; x and y represent numerals greater than one;
• Ri, R 2 , R 3 and R 4 represent methyl
• R 5 , R 6 , R 7 and R 8 represent hydrogen; the cyclic N ⁇ O fragment in formula I A represents structural embodiments selected from the group consisting of the partial formulae B-i and B 2 , wherein m represents 1 ;
• R a represents hydrogen, d-C 18 -alkyl, 2-cyanoethyl, benzoyl, glycidyl, a monovalent radical of an aliphatic, carboxylic acid having 2 to 12 carbon atoms; m represents 2;
• R a represents a divalent radical of an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid having 2 to 36 carbon atoms; n represents 1 ;
• R b represents C C ⁇ 2 -alkyl, C 7 -C 8 -aralkyl, C 2 -C- ⁇ 8 -alkanoyl, C 3 -C 5 -alkenoyl or benzoyl;
• R c represents C C ⁇ 8 alkyl, glycidyl, or a group of the formula -CH 2 CH(OH)-Z or -CO-Z, wherein Z is hydrogen, methyl or phenyl.
• the (co)polymers (I) as obtained by the process of the present invention typically have a low polydispersity.
• the polydispersity is from 1.01 to 2.2, more preferably from 1.01 to 1.9 and most preferably from 1.01 to 1.5.
• alkyl comprises methyl, ethyl and the isomers of propyl, butyl, pentyl, hexyl, heptyl, octyl, nonyl, de- cyl, undecyl and dodecyl.
• An example of aryl-substituted alkyl is benzyl.
• alkoxy are methoxy, ethoxy and the isomers of propoxy and butoxy.
• alkenyl are vinyl and allyl.
• alkylene is ethylene, n-propylene or 1 ,2-propylene.
• cycloalkyl examples include cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, methylcyclopentyl, dimethylcyclopentyl and methylcyclohexyl.
• substituted cycloalkyl examples include methyl-, dimethyl-, trimethyl-, methoxy-, dimethoxy-, trimethoxy-, trifluoromethyl-, bis-trifluoromethyl- and tris-trifluoromethyl-substituted cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl.
• aryl examples include phenyl and naphthyl.
• aryloxy examples include phenoxy and naphthyloxy.
• substituted aryl examples include methyl-, dimethyl-, trimethyl-, methoxy-, dimethoxy-, trimethoxy-, trifluoromethyl-, bis-trifluoromethyl- or tris- trifluoromethyl-substituted phenyl.
• An example of aralkyl is benzyl.
• substituted aralkyl examples include methyl-, dimethyl-, trimethyl-, methoxy-, dimethoxy-, trimethoxy-, trifluoromethyl-, bis-trifluoromethyl or tris-trifluoromethyl-substituted benzyl.
• an aliphatic carboxylic acid is acetic, propionic or butyric acid.
• An example of a cycloaliphatic carboxylic acid is cyclohexanoic acid.
• An example of an aromatic carboxylic acid is benzoic acid.
• An example of a phosphorus-contain ing acid is methylphosphonic acid.
• An example of an aliphatic dicarboxylic acid is malo- nyl, maleoyl or succinyl.
• An example of an aromatic dicarboxylic acid is phthaloyl.
• heterocycloalkyl embraces one or two and heteroaryl from one to four het - eroatoms, the heteroatoms being selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen.
• heterocycloalkyl are tetrahydrofuryl, pyrrolidi- nyl, piperazinyl and tetrahydrothienyl.
• heteroaryl are furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, pyridyl and pyrimidinyl.
• An example of a monovalent silyl radical is trimethylsilyl.
• the process may be carried out in the presence of water or an organic solvent or mixtures thereof. Additional cosolvents or surfactants, such as glyeols or ammonium salts of fatty acids, may be added to the reaction mixture. The amount of solvent should be kept as low as possible.
• the reaction mixture may contain the above- mentioned monomers or oligomers in an amount of 1.0 to 99.9% by weight, prefera bly 5.0 to 99.9% by weight, and especially preferably 50.0 to 99.9% by weight, based on the monomers present in the polymerizate.
• suitable solvents or mixtures of solvents are typically pure alkanes (hexane, heptane, octane, isooctane), hydrocarbons (benzene, tolu ene, xylene), halogenated hydrocarbons (chlorobenzene), alkanols (methanol, ethanol, ethylene glycol, ethylene glycol monomethyl ether), esters (ethyl acetate, propyl, butyl or hexyi acetate) and ethers (diethyl ether, dibutyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, tetrahydrofurane), or mixtures thereof.
• alkanes hexane, heptane, octane, isooctane
• hydrocarbons benzene, tolu ene, xylene
• chlorobenzene chlorobenzene
• alkanols methanol, ethanol,
• reaction mixture can be supplemented with a water- miscible or hydrophilic cosolvent.
• a water- miscible or hydrophilic cosolvent Any water-soluble or water- miscible cosolvent may be used, as long as the aqueous solvent medium is effective in providing a solvent system which prevents precipitation or phase separation of the reactants or polymer products until full completion of the polymerization.
• Exemplary cosolvents useful in the process may be selected from the group consisting of ali - phatic alcohols, glyeols, ethers, glycol ethers, pyrrolidines, N-alkyl pyrrolidinones, N- alkyl pyrrolidones, polyethylene glyeols, polypropylene glyeols, amides, carboxylic acids and salts thereof, esters, organosulfides, sulfoxides, sulfones, alcohol derivatives, hydroxyether derivatives such as butyl carbitol or cellosolve, amino alcohols, ketones, and the like, as well as derivatives and mixtures thereof.
• water to cosolvent weight ratio is typically in the range of about 100:0 to about 10:90.
• mol% is based on an average molecular weight of the mixture.
• Hydrophilic monomers, polymers and copolymers of the present invention can be separated from one another or from the polymerization reaction mixture by, for example, distillation, precipitation, extraction, changing the pH of the reaction media or by other well known conventional separation techniques.
• the polymerization temperature may range from about 50 °C to about 180°C, preferably from about 80°C to about 150°C. At temperatures above about 180°C, the controlled conversion of the monomers into polymers may decrease, and undesirable by-products like thermally initiated polymers are formed or decomposition of the components may occur.
• the transition metal in the oxidizable transition metal complex catalyst salt used in the process of the invention is present as an oxidizable complex ion in the lower oxidation state of a redox system.
• redox systems are selected from the group consisting of Group V(B), VI(B), VII(B), VIII, IB and MB ele- ments, such as Cu7Cu + , Cu°/Cu + , Fe°/Fe 2+ , Fe 2+ /Fe 3+ , Cr ⁇ Cr 3 ", Co + /Co 2+ , Co 2+ /Co 3+ , Ni°/Ni + , Ni7Ni 2+ , Ni 2 7Ni 3+ , Mn°/Mn 2+ , Mn 2+ /Mn 3+ , Mn 3 7Mn 4+ or Zn7Zn 2+ .
• the ionic charges are counterbalanced by anionic ligands commonly known in complex chemistry of transition metals, such hydride ions (H ) or anions derived from inorganic or organic acids, examples being halides, e.g. F “ , Cl “ , Br or I " , fluoro complexes of the type BF , PF 6 , SbF 6 or AsF 6 , anions of oxygen acids, alcoholates or acetylides or anions of cyclopentadiene.
• H hydride ions
• anions derived from inorganic or organic acids examples being halides, e.g. F “ , Cl “ , Br or I " , fluoro complexes of the type BF , PF 6 , SbF 6 or AsF 6 , anions of oxygen acids, alcoholates or acetylides or anions of cyclopentadiene.
• Anions of oxygen acids are, for example, sulfate, phosphate, perchlorate, perbro - mate, periodate, antimonate, arsenate, nitrate, carbonate, the anion of a C rC 8 carb- oxylic acid, such as formate, acetate, propionate, butyrate, benzoate, phenylacetate, mono-, di- or trichloro- or -fluoroacetate, sulfonates, for example methylsulfonate, ethylsulfonate, propylsulfonate, butylsulfonate, trifluoromethylsulfonate (triflate), unsubstituted or C ⁇ -C 4 alkyl-, CrC 4 alkoxy- or halo-, especially fluoro-, chloro- or bro- mo-substituted phenylsulfonate or benzylsulfonate, for example tosylate
• Anionic ligands and neutral may also be present up to the preferred coordination number of the complex cation, especially four, five or six. Additional negative charges are counterbalanced by cations, especially monovalent cations such as Na + , K + , NH 4 + or (CrC 4 alkyl) 4 N + .
• Suitable neutral ligands are inorganic or organic neutral ligands commonly known in complex chemistry of transition metals. They coordinate to the metal ion through a ⁇ -, ⁇ -, ⁇ -, ⁇ -type bonding or any combinations thereof up to the preferred coordination number of the complex cation.
• Suitable inorganic ligands are selected from the group consisting of aquo (H 2 0), amino, nitrogen, carbon monoxide and nitrosyl.
• Suitable organic ligands are selected from the group consisting of phosphines, e.g.
• Heterocyclic e ⁇ donor ligands are derived, for example, from unsubstituted or substituted heteroarenes from the group consisting of furan, thiophene, pyrrole, pyridine, bis-pyridine, picolylimine, ⁇ -pyran, ⁇ -thiopyran, phenanthroline, pyrimidine, bis- pyrimidine, pyrazine, indole, coumarone, thionaphthene, carbazole, dibenzofuran, dibenzothiophene, pyrazole, imidazole, benzimidazole, oxazole, thiazole, bis-thia- zole, isoxazole, isothiazole, quinoline, bis-quinoline, isoquinoline, bis-isoquinoline, acridine, chromene, phenazine, phenoxazine, phenothiazine, triazine, thi
• the oxidizable transition metal complex catalyst can be formed in a separate pre liminary reaction step from its ligands or is preferably formed in-situ from its transition metal salt, e.g. Cu(l)CI, which is then converted to the complex compound by addition of compounds corresponding to the ligands present in the complex catalyst, e.g. by addition of ethylenediamine, EDTA, Me 6 TREN or PMDETA.
• its transition metal salt e.g. Cu(l)CI
• the polymers obtained may be isolated or the N ⁇ O compound (IV) is added in-situ.
• the isolating step of the present process may be carried out by known procedures, e.g. by distilling and filtering off unreacted monomer.
• the catalyst salt is filtered off, followed by evaporation of the solvent or by precipitation of the N ⁇ O polymer (I) in a suitable liquid phase, filtering the precipitated polymer and washing and drying.
• the elimination of the leaving group -X and the substitution of the polymerisate with the N ⁇ O (IV) is advantageously performed in such a way that the polymerisate is dissolved in a solvent and the N ⁇ O compound (IV) is added.
• the reaction takes place within a temperature range from room temperature to the boiling temperature of the reaction mixture, preferably from room temperature to 100°C.
• the transi tion metal in the oxidizable transition metal complex catalyst salt is converted from its lower oxidation state in the above-mentioned redox systems to its higher oxidation state.
• a Cu(l) complex catalyst salt is con - verted to a to the corresponding Cu(ll) oxidation state.
• blocks can be prepared in essentially any order.
• a multi-block copolymer in which a polyacrylonitrile or a poly(meth)acrylate block is prepared first, then a styrene block is attached thereto, and so on.
• the polymers or copolymers can be further processed and used in most cases with out any further purification step. This is an important advantage when industrial scale-up is intended.
• Another embodiment of the present invention are the polymers, copolymers or oli - gomers obtainable by the process described above.
• Another embodiment of the present invention is a polymer composition which com - prises a) a polymer, copolymer, or oligomer obtainable by the process mentioned above; and b) a polymer or oligomer of the formula wherein
• A represents an oligopolymer or polymer fragment consisting of repeating units of polymerizable monomers or oligopolymers containing ethylene groups; x represents a numeral greater than one and defines the number of repeating units in A;
• B represents a monomer, oligopolymer or polymer fragment copolymerized with A; and y represents zero or a numeral greater than zero and defines the number of mono - mer, oligopolymer or polymer repeating units in B.
• the polymers obtained by the process of the present invention and the compositions mentioned above may contain in addition to the components mentioned above con - ventional additives such as antioxidants or light stabilizers may be added in a small quantities, such as UV absorbers, for example those of the hydroxyphenylbenzotri- azole, hydroxyphenyl-benzophenone, oxalamide or hydroxyphenyl-s-triazine type. These compounds can be added individually or in mixtures, with or without sterically hindered amines (HALS).
• HALS sterically hindered amines
• the composition may contain the above-mentioned polymer or oligomer components in an amount of 0.01 to 99% by weight, preferably 0.1 to 95% by weight, particularly preferably 1 to 90% by weight, and especially preferably 5 to 80% by weight, based on the monomers present in the composition.
• the polymers obtained by the process of the present invention and the compositions mentioned above are useful as adhesives, detergents, dispersants, emulsifiers, surfactants, defoamers, adhesion promoters, corrosion inhibitors, viscosity improvers, lubricants, rheology modifiers, thickeners, crosslinkers, paper treatment compositions, water treatment compositions, electronic materials, paints, coatings, ink materials, imaging materials, superabsorbants, cosmetics, hair products, preservatives, biocide materials or modifiers for asphalt, leather, textiles, ceramics and wood.
• N ⁇ O compounds of the formula IV are known. They are commercially available or can be prepared according to the methods as described in U.S. Patent Specification 5,204,473 or 4,581,429 and the references cited therein.
• Example 1 a) Substitution of terminal bromine in high molecular weight poly-n-butylacrylate (1) with terminal N ⁇ O:
• reaction mixture After cooling to room temperature the reaction mixture is filtered and 10 ml dioxan and 2 x 5 g neutral aluminum oxide (ALOX for chromatography, Merck) are added. After filtration, the polymer 6 is obtained after drying for 1.5 h in the rotary evaporator at 60°C.
• ALOX neutral aluminum oxide
• a degree of substitution of > 80% is calculated from the Cl-analysis; GPC (THF, PS-Standard): M n : 1760 (1630 calc); PDI: 1.72; M w : 3040.

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