Classifications

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  • C10M129/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen having a carbon chain of less than 30 atoms
  • C10M129/26—Carboxylic acids; Salts thereof
  • C10M129/28—Carboxylic acids; Salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
  • C10M129/38—Carboxylic acids; Salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms having 8 or more carbon atoms
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  • C10M129/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen having a carbon chain of less than 30 atoms
  • C10M129/68—Esters
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  • C10M145/18—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
  • C10M145/24—Polyethers
  • C10M145/26—Polyoxyalkylenes
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Definitions

• This invention relates to a waterborne lubricant for use during the plastic cold working (e.g., forging, tube and pipe drawing, wire drawing, and the like) of stock of a metal such as iron, steel, titanium, titanium alloy, copper, copper alloy, aluminum, alum- inum alloy, and the like.
• a waterborne lubricant for use during the plastic cold working (e.g., forging, tube and pipe drawing, wire drawing, and the like) of stock of a metal such as iron, steel, titanium, titanium alloy, copper, copper alloy, aluminum, alum- inum alloy, and the like.
• this lubricant is referred to simply as the "waterborne lubricant”.
• Lubricants that form a liquid or solid film are used in the plastic working of met ⁇ als, for example, in the cold drawing of steel tubing and pipe. These lubricants facilitate drawing by reducing the friction between the work piece and the tool, e.g., die, plug, or the like, and thereby prevent scuffing and seizure.
• oil-based lubricants are typical of the liquid lubricants.
• the base oil in oil-based lubricants is a mineral oil, animal or plant oil, or a synthetic oil.
• Lubrication is generally carried out by flowing the oil-based lubricant directly onto the tool or work piece from a lubricating oil applicator built into the process ⁇ ing equipment.
• Oil-based lubricants are frequently used in the case of relatively low de ⁇ grees of working. In the case of heavy working, the oil viscosity is increased or a solid lubricant or extreme-pressure additive is added.
• Typical of the solid films are the so-call ⁇ ed conversion coatings in which a carrier film that tenaciously adheres to the substrate is formed by a reaction with the work piece.
• Phosphate coating treatments that form a zinc phosphate-based film are used with carbon steels and low-alloy steels, while oxa- late coating treatments that form an iron oxalate-based film are used with stainless steel.
• a reactive soap lubrication treatment is generally performed after these conversion coating treatments. The combination of these two processes gives a lubrication method with a very high resistance to seizure, because of the combination of the carrier function of the conversion coating and the lubricating function of the reactive soap lubricant.
• Conversion films are associated, for example, with environmental and cost problems and with problems in removing the lubricant film after the working that utilized the film is complete.
• the en ⁇ vironmental problems include issues with waste management and issues concerned with the working environment. For example, due to the use of an acidic treatment bath maintained at 60 °C to 90 °C, the treatment bath has a disagreeable odor and its mist degrades the immediate environment of the bath.
• the waterborne lubricants include lubricants which are used wet and lubricants which are used in the form of their dried films. Like the oil-based lubricants discussed above, the wet-use waterborne lubricants are used by direct application to the tool or work piece.
• the dry-use waterborne lubricants like the conversion films discussed above, provide a solid film by immersion in a treatment bath followed by evaporation of the water fraction in a drying process.
• An example of the wet-use waterborne lubricants is disclosed in Japanese Patent Publication [Kokoku] Number Sho 58-30358 [30,358/ 1983].
• a lubricant for the cold or hot working of metal tubing comprising a bicarbonate salt (solid) as the main component and small amounts of dis- persant, surfactant, and solid lubricant".
• This lubricant has not achieved wide use in place of conversion coating treatments.
• Japanese Patent Application Laid Open [Kokai or Unexamined] Number Sho 52- 20967 [20,967/1977] teaches a "lubricating coating composition comprising water-solu ⁇ ble polymer or a waterbome emulsion thereof as its base, which is blended with solid lubricant and a conversion film-forming agent".
• Japanese Patent Application Laid Open [Kokai or Unexamined] Number Sho 50-147460 [147,460/1975] discloses a "method for drawing stainless steel wire using the combination of a borax-based film and lime soap or metal soap".
• a nonuniform add-on is in- evitably produced by the partial contact that occurs among workpieces.
• these dry-use lubricants are unable to solve a major problem with nonreactive lubricants, i.e., a pronounced tendency for seizure to occur during drawing operations.
• the present invention was developed in order to meet the requirements outlined above.
• the object of the present invention is to provide a one-step, highly lubricating waterborne lubricant for use in the cold plastic working of metals, that can replace the conversion coating treatment + reactive soap treatment combined lubrication system, is free of the environmental issues described above, provides for facile film removal, and/or is not subject to the decline in seizure resistance caused by nonuniform add-on when large numbers of individual workpieces are treated by immersion.
• a waterborne lubricant comprising, preferably consisting essentially of, or more preferably consisting of, in addition to water: (A) as its base, a water-soluble inorganic salt that strongly adheres to the substrate, and that can introduce the lubricating component(s) to the tool surface and main ⁇ tain the lubricating component(s) in place during the cold working operation;
• the drying process that follows treatment leads to the formation on the metal surface of a solid inor- ganic salt coating containing the solid lubricant in dispersed form and to the formation of an oily outer surface of the coating due to bleed by oily component (C) onto the outer surfaces of the film.
• This oily surface provides for a major improvement in seizure resist ⁇ ance by contributing to the initial lubrication during the working operation and by com ⁇ pensating for the nonuniform add-on of solid lubricant in any regions of the workpieces that have come into contact with each other during treatment and as a result have less treatment coating thickness than most parts of the workpieces.
• Figure 1 is a sectional view of the die, punch, and test substrate for the backward punching test of carbon steel that was run using the waterbome lubricant.
• Figures 2.1.1, 2.x.1, 2.y.1, 2.13.1, 2.1.2, 2.X.2, 2.y.2, and 2.13.2 are projection views of various sized substrates for this test before and after punching has occurred.
• Water-soluble inorganic salt component (A) constitutes the firm, solid, and highly metal-adherent coating formed by the waterborne lubricant according to the present in ⁇ vention.
• the chemical nature of this salt is not critical; it can be any water-soluble inor ⁇ ganic salt that forms the requisite type of coating, including those salts typically or gener ⁇ ally used in prior art as a carrier in the cold plastic working of metals.
• borates such as sodium tetraborate (borax), potassium tetraborate, ammonium tetraborate, and the like; sulfates such as sodium sulfate, potassium sulfate, ammonium sulfate, and the like; silicates such as sodium silicate, potassium silicate, and the like; and nitrates such as sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate, and the like.
• Borax, po ⁇ tassium tetraborate, and sodium sulfate are preferred among the preceding.
• the water- soluble inorganic salt may be a single selection or a combination of two or more selec- tions.
• the solid lubricant (B) is homogeneously dispersed in the waterborne lubricant according to the present invention. It is taken up when the waterborne lubricant is coat ⁇ ed on the workpiece and will be present mainly in the coating of water-soluble inorganic salt that is produced when the water fraction is evaporated during the drying process.
• the solid lubricant (B) contributes to preventing scuffing and seizure.
• the chemical na ⁇ ture of the solid lubricant is not critical; it can be any solid lubricant with the requisite physical properties, including those generally used for the cold plastic working of metals.
• Solid lubricant (B) is exemplified by metal soaps, micas, calcium compounds, metal sul- fides, nitrides, metal oxides, and solid polymers.
• Metal soaps are metal salts of fatty acids.
• the fatty acids are exemplified by lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, behenic acid, and hydroxystearic acid, with stearic acid being preferred.
• the met ⁇ als are exemplified by calcium, aluminum, magnesium, barium, zinc, lead, lithium, and potassium.
• the subject metal soap is preferably calcium stearate.
• Micas are exemp- lified by sericite, muscovite, and synthetic micas; the calcium compounds are exempli ⁇ fied by calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, and the like; the metal sulfides are ex ⁇ emplified by molybdenum disulfide, tungsten disulfide, selenium disulfide, and the like; the nitrides are exemplified by boron nitride and the like; the metal oxides are exempli ⁇ fied by titanium oxide, zinc oxide, silica, and the like; and the solid polymers are exemp- lified by poly(tetrafluoroethene), hereinafter usually abbreviated as "PTFE", nylon, pol ⁇ yethylene, and the like.
• PTFE poly(tetrafluoroethene
• the solid lubricant generally takes the form of a powder. Among the preceding, micas and the metal soaps and specifically calcium stearate are preferred. These pro ⁇ vide excellent lubricity while being free of substances that disturb annealing.
• the solid lubricant may be a single selection or a combination of two or more selections.
• the oily component (C) is at least one selection from mineral oils, animal and plant oils and fats, and synthetic oils. This oily component (C) forms an oily surface on the dried coating of water-soluble inorganic salt afforded by application of the water- borne lubricant according to the present invention to the metal and thereafter drying. Oily component (C) compensates for the reduced lubricating performance of the solid lubricant in those regions of the workpieces that are characterized by nonuniform add-on of the solid lubricant.
• the flash point, melting point, and viscosity of the oily component used in the present invention preferably fall within specific ranges.
• the flash point preferably falls in the range from 150 °C to 300 °C.
• the aver- age post-working temperature of the metal stock can reach up to 150 °C and above.
• the flash point of the oily component is below 150 °C, large amounts of gas may be generated post-working, which would create an ignition risk.
• a flash point in excess of 300 °C is undesirable because the associated viscosity and melting point will gener- ally be high.
• the preferred range for the melting point is -20 °C to 20 °C.
• a melting point in excess of 20 °C leads to a diminished emulsifiability and re-emulsifiability by the oil in the waterborne lubricant and thus to a tendency for the treatment bath stability to be reduced.
• An oily component with a melting point below -20 °C will typically have a reduced flash point.
• the viscosity of the oily component is preferably 5 to 100 centi- stokes at 40 °C.
• a viscosity below 5 centistokes is typically associated with a low flash point, which leads to the post-working generation of large amounts of gas and hence an ignition risk.
• the viscosity is below 5 centistokes, the slip between the solid lubricant particles is diminished and the lubrication performance tends to decline.
• a viscosity in excess of 100 centistokes usually leads to a diminished emulsifiability and re-emulsifiability of the oily component in the waterborne lubricant and thus to a tenden ⁇ cy for the treatment bath stability to be reduced.
• Mineral oils are exemplified by machine oils, turbine oils, spindle oils, and the like; animal and plant oils and fats are exemplified by palm oil, rapeseed oil, coconut oil, castor oil, beef tallow, lard, whale oil, and fish oils; and the synthetic oils are exemplified by ester oils and silicone oils.
• the ester oils are exemplified by the esters between a fatty acid such as stearic acid or oleic acid and a polyhydric alcohol such as ethylene glycol or trimethylolpropane.
• the silicone oils are exemplified by poly(dimethylsiloxane) and poly(diphenylsiloxane).
• An oily component used by the present invention may be a single selection or a combination of two or more selections from the above-described mineral oils, animal and plant oils and fats, and synthetic oils. Regardless of the particular selection, the oily component preferably satisfies the above-described ranges for the flash point, melting point, and viscosity.
• the oily component also has a secondary activity.
• the waterborne lubri- cant according to the present invention is coated at elevated temperature on the metal workpiece(s), the waterborne lubricant is typically heated by steam tubes prior to its ap ⁇ plication. The presence of the oily component inhibits adhesion by the solid lubricant to the heating tubes during this process.
• Surfactant component (D) functions in a waterborne lubricant according to the present invention to emulsify the oily component homogeneously in the water and also to disperse the solid lubricant homogeneously in the water.
• This surfactant can be a nonionic, anionic, amphoteric, or cationic surfactant.
• noni- onic surfactant is not critical and is exemplified by polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers, polyoxy- ethylene alkylphenyl ethers, polyoxyethylene alkyl esters derived from polyethylene gly- col and higher fatty acids (e.g., C 12 - C 18 fatty acids), and polyoxyethylene sorbitan alkyl esters deriving from higher fatty acids (e.g., C 12 - C 18 fatty acids), sorbitan, and polyeth ⁇ ylene glycol (or ethylene oxide).
• polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers polyoxy- ethylene alkylphenyl ethers
• polyoxyethylene alkyl esters derived from polyethylene gly- col and higher fatty acids e.g., C 12 - C 18 fatty acids
• polyoxyethylene sorbitan alkyl esters deriving from higher fatty acids (e.g., C 12 - C 18 fatty acids), sorbitan, and polyeth ⁇
• the chemical nature of the anionic surfactant is not crit ⁇ ical and is exemplified by fatty acid salts, the salts of sulfate esters, sulfonates, the salts of phosphate esters, and the salts of dithiophosphate esters.
• the chemical nature of the amphoteric surfactant is not critical and is exemplified by amino acid-type and be ⁇ ta in e-type carboxylates, sulfate ester salts, sulfonate salts, and phosphate ester salts.
• the chemical nature of the cationic surfactant is not critical and is exemplified by fatty amine salts and quaternary ammonium salts.
• a surfactant component can be a single selection or a combination of two or more selections.
• Water functions as a dispersion medium for the solid lubricant, as a medium for the homogeneous emulsification of the oily component through the action of the surfact ⁇ ant, and as a solvent for the water-soluble inorganic salt.
• a waterborne lubricant according to the present invention may contain a conventional waterbome lubricant for the cold plastic working of metals. It may also contain an oiliness improver such as a fatty acid or higher alcohol, an extreme-pressure additive such as a chlorine-based or sulfur-based extreme-pressure additive, a defoamer, and a preservative.
• the water ⁇ borne lubricant according to the present invention may additionally contain a colloidal titanium compound for the purpose of improving the lubricity and rust prevention.
• the subject colloidal titanium compound is exemplified by the turbid liquids afforded by the neutralization, with a strong alkali such as sodium hydroxide or the like, of a compound of sulfuric acid and titanium or a compound of phosphoric acid and titanium.
• a strong alkali such as sodium hydroxide or the like
• the solid lubricant/water-soluble inorganic salt weight ratio (B)/(A) in the water ⁇ borne lubricant according to the present invention must be in the range from 0.05:1 to 2:1 and is preferably in the range from 0.1:1 to 1.5:1 and more preferably is in the range from 0.3:1 to 1.5:1.
• the particular value of this ratio is preferably selected based on the specific shape of the metal stock to be subjected to plastic working, the working condi ⁇ tions, the working device, and so forth. When this weight ratio has a value below 0.05:1 , the resulting coating has reduced lubricating properties and scuffing and seizure of the metal workpiece will often occur.
• a weight ratio in excess of 2:1 results in a reduced ad- hesion between the substrate and the resulting coating and a reduced coating hardness.
• the weight ratio of oily component to the sum of the water-soluble inorganic salt and solid lubricant ⁇ (C)/(A)+(B) ⁇ must be in the range from 0.05:1 to 1.0:1 and preferably is in the range from 0.1:1 to 0.8:1.
• a weight ratio below 0.05:1 results in a diminished bleed by the oily component onto the surface of the coating during drying.
• the amount of surfactant (D) used in the waterborne lubricant according to the present invention is not critical as long as at least the minimum amount is used that is capable of emulsifying the oily component in the water to homogeneity and dispersing the solid lubricant in the water to homogeneity. However, the use of too much surfactant facilitates foaming and is economically inefficient.
• the generally preferred concentration for the surfactant in the waterborne lubricant is 0.2 to 5 weight % of the total composi ⁇ tion.
• the solids fraction defined as ⁇ A + B + C + D + optional solids (i.e., any solids in optional components such as the oiliness improver referenced above) ⁇ /(the total com ⁇ position), in a waterbome lubricant according to the present invention is not critical.
• the preferred solids fraction is about 20 to 45 weight % during preparation, transport, and storage and about 5 to 45 weight % during application.
• the method for preparing the waterborne lubricant according to the present in- vention is not critical and any method can be used that gives a waterborne lubricant meeting the conditions described above.
• the waterborne lubricant is prefer ⁇ ably prepared by dissolving the water-soluble inorganic salt (A) in water and then disper ⁇ sing the solid lubricant (B) to homogeneity into this solution; adding to this a liquid in which the oily component (C) is homogeneously emulsified in water using the surfactant (D); and agitating the combination in order to homogeneously disperse the solid lubri- cant and homogeneously emulsify the oily component.
• Dispersion of the solid lubricant, emulsification of the oily component, and the final agitation are preferably effected by strong agitation using a homogenizer, in order to obtain a uniform and microfine emul ⁇ sification and dispersion.
• a waterborne lubricant according to the present invention can be diluted with water at the point of application as a function of the type of metal, type of cold plastic working, degree of metal working, and the like. Waterborne lubricants prepared by dilu ⁇ tion are included within the scope of the present invention.
• a process according to the invention for cold plastic working of a solid metal sub- strate by mechanically forcing said solid metal substrate through an opening bounded by at least one solid surface of at least one metal working tool comprises, at a minimum, steps of:
• step (II) drying the layer of liquid waterbome lubricant formed during step (I) into place over any solid surface of said metal substrate that was coated with a layer of li ⁇ quid waterborne lubricant during step (I), so that the liquid layer is converted to a corresponding solid lubricant layer consisting of non-aqueous and non-volatile constituents of the liquid layer from which it was formed;
• step (III) mechanically forcing the solid metal substrate, while any of its surface that was covered with a liquid lubricant layer in step (I) remains coated with the corre ⁇ sponding solid lubricant layer formed in step (II), through said opening bounded by at least one metal working tool surface, so that the metal substrate is cold worked.
• a waterbome lubricant according to the present invention can be used as lubri ⁇ cant in cold plastic working, e.g., tube and pipe drawing, wire drawing, forging, etc., of substrates such as tube stock, wire stock, bar stock, etc., of a metal such as iron, steel, titanium, titanium alloy, copper, copper alloy, aluminum, or aluminum alloy. It can be used in particular as lubricant for the drawing of steel tubing and pipe.
• a work piece is preferably pretreated, in the order giv ⁇ en, by degreasing (typically with an alkaline degreaser), washing with water, pickling (hydrochloric acid, for example, is used to remove oxide scale from the metal work piece and improve coating adherence), and washing with water.
• degreasing typically with an alkaline degreaser
• pickling hydrochloric acid, for example, is used to remove oxide scale from the metal work piece and improve coating adherence
• the pickling and ensuing water wash can be omitted when oxide scale is not present, as on most kinds of stain ⁇ less steel, for example.
• This pretreatment can be carried out by the usual techniques.
• a waterbome lubricant according to the present invention can be applied to the metal work piece by dipping, flow coating, and so forth.
• the temperature of the water- borne lubricant during application is not critical, but suitable temperatures fall in the range from ambient temperature to 90 X.
• the dipping time is also not critical, but dip ⁇ ping is suitably continued until the temperature of the metal work piece has reached the bath temperature, for example, generally about 5 to 10 minutes.
• the dried coating is obtained by drying the applied coating in a drying oven, etc.
• the drying temperature is not critical, but will generally preferably be from 60 °C to 150 °C.
• the optimal thickness of the dried coating will vary as a function of the type of metal working, degree of working, and surface roughness.
• the coating will generally have an average mass, per unit area of work piece coated with the coating, that is from 1 to 50 grams per square meter, hereinafter usually abbreviated as "g/m 2 ", and prefer ⁇ ably is from 5 to 40 g/m 2 .
• g/m 2 grams per square meter
• the waterbome lubricant according to the present invention can be applied to the plastic working of metals by the usual plastic working methods.
• a solid coating according to the invention that remains on a work piece after plastic working can be easily stripped off.
• Metal is typically formed or molded by plastic working in a repetitive sequence of lubrication treatment and then plastic working in order to gradually form the work piece into the desired product shape.
• the metal work piece is an ⁇ nealed in order to soften it, since the direct transfer of the work-hardened metal work piece to the next plastic working step would eventually interfere with forming due to the high working force required to further deform such work-hardened metal.
• the lub ⁇ ricating coating remains present during annealing, the components in the lubricant can lead to infiltration of carbon, sulfur, phosphorus, etc., into the metal work piece, which can impair the corrosion resistance and mechanical strength of the metal itself. More ⁇ over, the adherence of the new coating will be usually be poor when an old lubricating coating is present during the next lubrication treatment after a plastic working step.
• the residual coating is ordinarily removed after each cold working stage of a plastic working operation.
• the prior-art combined lubrication system of conversion coating treatment + reactive soap treatment at the very least requires alkaline degreasing and pickling (hydrochloric acid cleaning or sulfuric acid cleaning) to remove the residual coating.
• the residual coating can generally be removed with an alkaline degreaser alone.
• This alkaline degreaser can be an alka ⁇ line degreaser in general use, for example, an alkaline degreaser containing sodium phosphate, sodium silicate, surfactant, etc.
• a specific example of a useabie alkaline de- greaser is FINECLEANERTM 4360 from Nihon Parkerizing Company, Limited, Tokyo.
• the function of the waterbome lubricant according to the present invention is not entirely clear. It is thought, however, that when the waterborne lubricant according to the present invention is coated on metal and then dried at elevated temperature to give the dried coating, the oily component, present as an emulsion, bleeds onto the outside of the coating, so that this bled-out oily component supplements the lubricity in those regions having a low dry coating add-on mass.
• seizure phenomena are substantially reduced due to a reduction in friction between the work piece and tool (e.g., die, plug, punch, etc.).
• Lubricants were prepared with the compositions reported in Tables 1 and 2.
• the water-soluble inorganic salt was dissolved in water and the solid lubricant was then uniformly dispersed in this solution. This was followed by the introduction of water in which the oily component was homogeneously emulsified by the surfactant.
• a homogenizer was used for preparing the separate dispersion and emulsifi- cation. The mixture of the dispersion and emulsion was stirred to give a uniform Table 1 COMPOSITION DATA FOR EXAMPLES 1 TO 16
• the starting materials used to prepare the waterborne lubricants had the follow ⁇ ing properties
• the water-soluble inorganic salts were in all cases reagent first-grade quality
• the calcium stearate used was a waterborne dispersion with 30 % solids.
• 5 PTFE used was a waterborne dispersion with 60 % solids.
• the machine oil had a vis ⁇ cosity of 46 millimeters squared per second, hereinafter usually abbreviated as "mm 2 /s" at 40 °C
• the palm oil was a purified palm oil with a viscosity of 28 mm 2 /s at 50 °C
• the ester oil was the ester condensate of oleic acid dimer, launc acid, and trimethylolpro- pane and had a viscosity of 64 mm 2 /s at 50 °C.
• the surfactant was a polyoxyethylene
• the drawing stock was STKM13A carbon steel pipe with an outside diameter of 25.4 millimeters, hereinafter usually abbreviated as "mm", and a wall thickness of 3.0 mm or SUS304 stainless steel pipe with an outside diameter of 25.0 mm and a wall thickness of 2.5 mm.
• the pipe Prior to application of the waterborne lubricant, the pipe was subjected to the pretreatment described below.
• the carbon steel pipe was subjected to process steps (1) to (4) in the order given, while the stainless steel pipe was subjected to process steps (1) and (2) in the order given.
• the waterbome lubricant was applied by immersion at a treatment bath tempera ⁇ ture of 50 °C. After treatment, the treated work piece was dried by placement in a tunnel-shaped drying box and heating for 1 hour at 100 °C to 120 °C, using a kerosene- fired jet heater.
• the drawing test was run using a 10-tonne chain-type drawbench and a die (Model KD Superhard Die from Fuji Die Company, Limited) and plug (Model MB Super- hard Plug from Fuji Die Company, Limited) composed of superhard tooling.
• the draw rate was 17 meters per minute.
• reduction ratio (%) ⁇ (A 0 - A ⁇ /A Q ⁇ * 100, where Ag is the pre-working cross-sectional area of the pipe and A 1 is the post-working cross-sectional area of the pipe.
• scratching denotes strip-like seizure scratching observed on the inner or outer surface of the pipe, while an uneven finish refers to differences in gloss caused by a mixture of glossy regions and orange peel-like textured regions on the surface after drawing.
• the alkaline-degreased pipe was visually inspected and rated on the following 4-level scale: + + + no residual coating could be observed after immersion for 5 min ⁇ utes; + + : no residual coating could be observed after immersion for 10 minutes; + coating remained even after immersion for 10 minutes; x coating remained even after immersion for 20 minutes.
• Type STKM13A Steel as used in Examples 1 to 16 was subjected to a zinc phosphate conversion treatment by immersion for 10 minutes in a solution in water containing 90 g/L of a commercially available product, PALBOND® 181 X concentrate from Nihon Parkerizing Co., Ltd., Tokyo; the solution was maintained at 80 °C during the immersion.
• Type SUS304 stainless steel as used in Examples 1 to 16 was subjected to an oxalate conversion coating by immersion for 10 minutes at 95 °C in a solution in water containing 35 g/L of FERR- BOND® A Agent # 1 and 17 g/L of FERRBOND® A Agent #2.
• each of comparison examples 1 through 10 had 1 % by weight of poly ⁇ oxyethylene ⁇ alkyl ether surfactant, with the balance not otherwise accounted for being water
• the waterborne lubricants were prepared as described for Examples 1 to 16, but using the compositions reported in Table 6.
• the resulting waterborne lubricants were coated on carbon steel followed by drying, and the dry-coating bearing carbon steel was then subjected to backward punching.
• the performance of the waterborne lub ⁇ cants was evaluated based on the depth to which the samples could be satisfactorily punched in an apparatus partially illustrated in drawing Figure 1.
• each of examples 17 tiirough 19 had 1 % by weight of poly ⁇ oxyethylene ⁇ alkyl ether surfactant, with the balance not otherwise accounted for being water
• the substrate stock for the backward punching test was a commercial S45C nor ⁇ malized carbon steel (hardness about Hv 180). All of the test specimens depicted in Figures 2.1.1, 2.x.1, etc. had a diameter of 30 mm, while the initial height of the test specimens varied from 16 mm to 40 mm at 2-mm intervals, resulting in 13 distinct initial height values, only four of which, including the smallest and the largest, are depicted in the drawing figure numbers beginning with "2".
• the final digit of these figure numbers is "1" for initial test specimens, while the final test specimens formed by punching these initial test specimens have a final digit of "2", with all preceding parts of the figure num ⁇ ber the same as for the corresponding initial test specimen.
• the waterborne lubricant was applied to the initial test specimens by dipping at a waterborne lubricant temperature of 80 °C. The liquid coating in place on the sub ⁇ strate was then dried for one hour using a forced convection drying oven at 90 °C to 100 °C.
• the backward punching test was run using a 200-tonne crank press.
• the punch 1 in drawing Figure 1 was driven from above onto the circular test specimen 2 set in the die 3 with its circumference held to give a cup-shaped molding.
• the SKD11 die had an inside diameter of 30.4 mm for the test specimen insertion zone.
• the SKH53 punch had an outside diameter of 21.21 mm on its lower end, which was driven into the specimen, after the latter was in place in the die, at an operating rate of 30 strokes/minute.
• the ter- minal point of the press was controlled so as to give a 10-mm residual margin at the bot ⁇ tom of the final test specimen in all the tests. As a result, the surface enlargement ratio of the worked part increased with test specimen height (deeper hole).
• the shortest sub ⁇ strate sample thus tested increased in length from 16 to 20 mm, corresponding to a 10 mm hole depth, as a result of this punching, while the longest substrate sample thus tested increased in length from 40 to 70 mm, corresponding to a hole depth of 60 mm.
• Test substrate cylinders such as those depicted in Figures 2.x.1 and 2.y.1 with intermed ⁇ iate initial heights had intermediate hole depths.
• the performance of the waterborne lub ⁇ ricant was evaluated based on the hole depth that could be worked without seizure ("good-punch depth"). The results are reported in Table 7. Benefits of the Invention
• the waterbome lubricant according to the present invention provides, in a single step, the same lubrication performance in the cold plastic working of metals as the prior- art two or more step conversion coating/reactive soap treatment.
• treatment according to the invention provides substantial improvement in the working environment, treatment bath management, waste disposal, and so forth.
• Table 7 COMPONENT RATIOS AND TEST RESULTS FOR EXAMPLES 17 - 19
• waterbome lubricant according to the present invention in the cold plastic working of metals provides an easier post-working removal of the residual coating than in conversion coating plus reactive soap treatment.

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