WO1996030711A1 - Echangeur de chaleur a plaques - Google Patents
Echangeur de chaleur a plaques Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1996030711A1 WO1996030711A1 PCT/JP1996/000848 JP9600848W WO9630711A1 WO 1996030711 A1 WO1996030711 A1 WO 1996030711A1 JP 9600848 W JP9600848 W JP 9600848W WO 9630711 A1 WO9630711 A1 WO 9630711A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- plate
- gasket
- heat exchanger
- resin
- core
- Prior art date
Links
Classifications
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
- F28F—DETAILS OF HEAT-EXCHANGE AND HEAT-TRANSFER APPARATUS, OF GENERAL APPLICATION
- F28F3/00—Plate-like or laminated elements; Assemblies of plate-like or laminated elements
- F28F3/08—Elements constructed for building-up into stacks, e.g. capable of being taken apart for cleaning
- F28F3/10—Arrangements for sealing the margins
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a food, pharmaceutical industry and gasket replacement maintenance which dislikes using various adhesives such as synthetic rubber adhesives and adhesive tapes for mounting a plate-type heat exchanger gasket on a plate.
- the present invention relates to a plate-type heat exchanger used in the general chemical industry, etc., which desires to improve productivity. Background art
- a plate heat exchanger is formed by stacking a plurality of plates via a gasket, forming a plurality of passages between the plates, and providing different passages for these passages.
- the plate (1) used for the plate heat exchanger is a rectangular flat plate, and has a heat transfer surface (2) with an appropriate uneven pattern (not shown).
- fluid passage holes (3) are opened in the four corners, and gasket grooves (4) are formed around the heat transfer surface (2) and around the periphery of each fluid passage hole (3).
- the gasket (5) is installed in the groove (4).
- the side of the liquid contact side of the elastic core (5a) made of an elastic material such as synthetic rubber is used.
- a packaging gasket (5) is used in which a resin cover (5b) having excellent corrosion resistance has a U-shaped cross section.
- the present invention has been proposed in view of the above problems, and an object of the present invention is to provide a plate heat exchanger capable of mounting a resin-wrapped gasket to a plate without using an adhesive.
- a gasket groove surrounding a heat transfer surface is formed by laminating a plurality of plates each having a gasket mounted thereon, wherein the gasket is provided with a core made of an elastic material.
- a plate-type heat exchanger composed of a resin cover having excellent corrosion resistance covering the surface of the core on the liquid contact side, wherein a fixing piece is integrally formed on the non-liquid contact side of the core, A recess is formed in the periphery of the blade to be fitted with the fixing piece.
- the resin-enclosed gasket By fitting the fixing piece of the resin-enclosed gasket into the recess of the plate, the resin-enclosed gasket can be mounted on the plate without using 15 mm.
- the tree ia gasket is connected to the plate! ? Can be used without the use of an agent, and the liquid in the first gasket is liquid SI: iifitt
- the resin cover only has excellent heat resistance, preventing the entry of impurities into the solution due to dissolution or curing of the adhesive, preventing the quality of the treatment solution from deteriorating, and corroding the core during long-term use.
- stable sealing performance can be ensured by preventing deterioration of sealing performance due to deterioration and deterioration.
- the replacement work of the resin-wrapped gasket is extremely simple, and maintenance can be improved.
- the fixing piece includes a pair of protrusions protruding from the center toward the non-contact liquid side, and a connecting portion connecting the protrusions and extending in parallel with the center.
- the concave portion includes a concave portion that fits with the protrusion, and a hole that fits with the connecting portion.
- the fixing piece may be provided with a dowel which can be fitted into a fitting hole formed in the recess.
- the fixing piece may be provided with a stopper that engages with a plate upper surface around the concave portion.
- FIG. 1 is a partial perspective view of a plate and a resin-wrapped gasket in a plate-type heat exchanger according to a first embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 2 is a partial perspective view of the plate-type heat exchanger according to the first embodiment of the present invention, in which a resin-wrapped gasket is mounted on a plate.
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view taken along line AA of FIG.
- FIG. 4 is a partial perspective view of a plate and a resin-wrapped gasket in a plate-type heat exchanger according to a second embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 5 is a partial perspective view of the plate heat exchanger according to the embodiment of the present invention, in which the resin-wrapped gasket is in a plate state.
- FIG. 6 is a sectional view taken along line BB of FIG.
- FIG. 7 shows the portion of the gasket in the BJj
- FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of a mounted state of the kit.
- FIG. 9 is a partial perspective view of a resin-wrapped gasket in the plate heat exchanger according to the fourth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 10 is a sectional view of a plate-type heat exchanger according to a fourth embodiment of the present invention in a state where a resin-wrapped gasket is mounted.
- FIG. 11 is a partial perspective view of a resin-wrapped gasket in a plate-type heat exchanger according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 12 is a sectional view of a plate-type heat exchanger according to a fifth embodiment of the present invention in a state where a resin-wrapped gasket is mounted.
- FIG. 13 is a partial perspective view of a resin-wrapped gasket in the plate heat exchanger according to the sixth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 14 is a cross-sectional view of the plate-type heat exchanger according to the sixth embodiment of the present invention taken along line C-C in FIG. 13 in a state where the resin-wrapped gasket is mounted.
- FIG. 15 is a cross-sectional view taken along the line DD of FIG. 13 in a state where the resin wrapped gasket is mounted in the plate heat exchanger according to the sixth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 16 is a cross-sectional view taken along line EE in FIG. 13 of the plate-type heat exchanger according to the sixth embodiment of the present invention in a state where the resin-wrapped gasket is mounted.
- FIG. 17 is a partial perspective view of a resin wrapped gasket in the plate heat exchanger according to the seventh embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 18 is a cross-sectional view of a plate-type heat exchanger according to a seventh embodiment of the present invention in a state where a resin-wrapped gasket is mounted.
- FIG. 19 is a partial perspective view of a resin-wrapped gasket in the plate heat exchanger according to the eighth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 20 is a sectional view of a resin-wrapped gasket in the plate heat exchanger of the eighth embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 21 is a front view of a plate forming a plate-type exchanger.
- Figure 22 shows the iffiM cut off at ⁇ —E 3 ⁇ 4l in Figure 21 for the conventional gasket.
- FIG. 1 is a partial perspective view of the plate and the resin wrapped gasket in the plate heat exchanger according to the first embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 2 is a partial perspective view of the state in which the resin wrapped gasket is mounted on the plate
- FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view taken along line AA of FIG.
- the plate (11) has a heat transfer surface (12) with an appropriate uneven pattern (not shown), and a gasket groove (13) is formed around the heat transfer surface (12). ), And a U-shaped recess (U) is formed in the outer peripheral edge (lla) of the plate (11) at predetermined intervals in the longitudinal direction of the gasket groove (13).
- the gasket (15) installed in the gasket groove (13) has an elastic core (15a) made of an elastic material such as synthetic rubber and at least a liquid contact side (heat transfer surface side) of the core (15a). ) And a resin cover (15b), which has excellent corrosion resistance and covers the side surface.
- the illustrated resin cover (15b) has a U-shaped cross section, and the surface of the core (15a) on the side opposite to the liquid contacting side is exposed.
- a U-shaped fixing piece (OS) corresponding to the recess (14) is integrated with the surface on the opposite liquid contact side of the core (15a) so as to fit into the recess (14) of the plate (11).
- the protrusion is formed.
- the resin wrapped gasket (15) has the core (15a) covered with the resin cover (15b) on the liquid contact side in the gasket groove (13) of the plate (11). Attachment is made to the plate (11) by fitting the fixing piece (16) into the recess (U) of the plate (11).
- the synthetic rubber-based adhesive is formed by fitting the fixing piece (1G) formed on the core (15a) into the recess (14) of the plate (11).
- a flsk wrapped in flS (15) and mounted on a plate (11) without using adhesives or adhesive tapes? ? can do.
- the oil-wrapped gasket () can be used as a resin cover (15b) that excels in Wit properties, preventing impurities from entering the liquid and improving the seal 1 ⁇ 2.
- the resin wrapped gasket (15) is replaced, there is no need to remove the adhesive adhered to the flat part of the gasket groove (13) as in the past, and the gasket replacement work is eliminated. Is extremely simple.
- the recess (14) and the fixing piece (1B) are both U-shaped and are three-dimensionally fitted to each other. That is, as shown in FIG. 1, the fixing piece (16) connects the pair of projections (16a) projecting from the core (15a) to the two projections and extends in parallel with the core (15a). (1Gb), while the recess (U) fits into the recess (14a) that fits into the protrusion (16a) of the fixing piece (16) and the connecting part (16b) of the fixing piece (1B). Hole (14b). Due to such a three-dimensional fitting structure, the bonding strength between the gasket (15) and the plate (11) is high.
- the connecting part (lBb) of the fixing piece (16) is parallel to the core (15a), and thus also parallel to the gasket groove (13), and similarly, an elongated slot parallel to the gasket groove (13).
- the fitting piece (16) is provided with a certain degree of flexibility in a direction parallel to the gasket groove (13) because the fitting piece (Mb) is fitted with the hole (Mb) in the form of a socket hole. As a result, for example, even if the length of the core (a) varies, it can be absorbed by moving any fixing piece (16) in the direction of the gasket groove (13) when installing the gasket. it can.
- FIG. 4 is a partial perspective view of the plate and the resin wrapped gasket in the plate heat exchanger according to the second embodiment of the present invention
- FIG. 5 is a partial perspective view of the resin wrapped gasket mounted on the plate
- FIG. 6 is a sectional view taken along line BB of FIG.
- the same parts as those in the first embodiment of FIGS. 1 to 3 are denoted by the same reference numerals, and description thereof will be omitted.
- a groove (17) is formed in the outer peripheral edge (11a) of the plate (11), and a fitting hole (17a) is formed in the bottom of the groove (17).
- a fixed piece (18) is formed integrally with the oil on the non-wetted side of the core (15a) of the gasket (15) in accordance with the ⁇ section (17) and the W groove (17).
- the fixing piece (18) of the resin-encased gasket (15) is fitted into the groove ( ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ) of the plate (11).
- the resin-wrapped gasket (15) can be attached to the plate (11) without using various kinds of adhesives such as a synthetic rubber adhesive or an adhesive tape. . Therefore, the same function and effect as those of the first embodiment can be obtained. Also, the gasket can be fixed by fitting the dowel (18a) and the hole (17a) which are simple in shape and easy to work.
- FIGS. 7 and 8 show a third embodiment of the present invention, in which a resin wrapped gasket (15) has a stopper (13a) at the upper end on the side opposite to the liquid contact side of the center (15a).
- the piece (13) is protruded and integrally formed, and the side wall of the gasket groove (13) of the plate (11) opposite to the liquid contact side and the outer peripheral edge (11a) which is an extension thereof are cut out to fix the piece (13).
- the fixing piece (13) is fitted to the slit (20) until the stopper (13a) comes into contact with the upper surface of the outer peripheral edge (11a) of the plate (11).
- the resin wrapped gasket (15) is mounted on the plate (11).
- the stopper (19a) since the stopper (19a) is provided, the pushing depth of the gasket becomes constant, so that the mounting operation of the gasket is easy, and furthermore, the three-dimensional fitting of the gasket and the plate allows the gasket to be attached. High bonding strength.
- FIG. 9 and 10 show a fourth embodiment of the present invention.
- a resin-wrapped gasket () is provided on the side opposite to the liquid contacting side of the core (15a), and a plate (11) is provided at the tip.
- a solid piece (21) having a U-shaped pin (21a) to be sandwiched between the outer peripheral edges is formed to protrude as soon as possible, and as shown in FIG. ) Of the measuring piece (21) to the end of fi (m) (21a) outside the plate (11).
- the resin wrapped gasket (15) is attached to the plate (11) by being clamped around the periphery.
- FIGS. 11 and 12 show a fifth embodiment of the present invention.
- a resin-wrapped gasket (15) is provided on the side opposite to the liquid contacting side of the center (15a), and a locking flange is provided at the tip.
- the fixing piece (22) having the (22a) is integrally formed to protrude, and as shown in FIG. 12, the locking flange (22a) at the tip of the fixing piece (22) of the resin-wrapped gasket (15) is The resin-wrapped gasket (15) is attached to the plate (11) by engaging the through-hole (23) drilled in the outer peripheral edge (11a) of the plate (11). .
- FIGS. 13 to 16 show a sixth embodiment of the present invention.
- a T-shaped fixing is performed on the side opposite to the liquid contact side of the core (15a) of the resin-wrapped gasket (15).
- a fixed piece (24) consisting of a piece body (24a) and projecting pieces (24b) protruding near both ends inside a parallel portion parallel to the core (15a) is integrally formed to protrude.
- the part (24c) perpendicular to the center (15a) of the fixing piece body (24a) of the fixing piece (24) of the resin wrapped gasket (15) is attached to the plate (11).
- the groove (25) formed in the outer peripheral edge (11a) is fitted into the groove (25).
- the protruding pieces (24b) of the fixing piece (24) are connected to both sides of the groove (25).
- the gasket (15) wrapped with resin is fitted to the fitting (2G) formed on the outer periphery of the plate (11) so that the resin-wrapped gasket (15) is mounted on the plate (11).
- FIG. 17 and FIG. 18 show a seventh embodiment of the present invention.
- a flat fixed piece (a) is provided on the side opposite to the liquid contact side of the core (15a) of the resin-wrapped gasket (). 27), and a dowel (27a) is integrally protruded from the lower surface of the fixing piece (27).
- the fixing piece (27) of the resin wrapped gasket (15) is ) Is fitted to the M part (28) formed on the outer peripheral part (lla) of the plate (11), and at the same time, the dowel (27a) is fitted to the K base hole (28a). Gasket () to plate (11) I'll let you do it.
- FIGS. 19 and 20 show an eighth embodiment of the present invention.
- a tongue-shaped fixing piece is formed on the outer peripheral edge (11a) of the core U5a) of a resin-encased gasket ().
- the fixing piece (29) of the resin wrapped gasket (15) is attached to the gasket groove (13) of the plate (11) on the opposite side to the liquid contact side, as shown in Fig. 20.
- the resin wrapped gasket () is attached to the plate (11) by fitting into the fitting hole (30) drilled on the side surface.
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Heat-Exchange Devices With Radiators And Conduit Assemblies (AREA)
- Gasket Seals (AREA)
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (4)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CA002191589A CA2191589C (en) | 1995-03-29 | 1996-03-29 | Plate type heat exchanger |
EP96907711A EP0762071A4 (en) | 1995-03-29 | 1996-03-29 | PLATE HEAT EXCHANGER |
AU51222/96A AU696123B2 (en) | 1995-03-29 | 1996-03-29 | Plate type heat exchanger |
US08/732,350 US5988268A (en) | 1995-03-29 | 1996-03-29 | Plate type heat exchanger |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
JP7/71955 | 1995-03-29 | ||
JP7071955A JPH08271178A (ja) | 1995-03-29 | 1995-03-29 | プレート式熱交換器 |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1996030711A1 true WO1996030711A1 (fr) | 1996-10-03 |
Family
ID=13475423
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/JP1996/000848 WO1996030711A1 (fr) | 1995-03-29 | 1996-03-29 | Echangeur de chaleur a plaques |
Country Status (6)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US5988268A (ja) |
EP (1) | EP0762071A4 (ja) |
JP (1) | JPH08271178A (ja) |
AU (1) | AU696123B2 (ja) |
CA (1) | CA2191589C (ja) |
WO (1) | WO1996030711A1 (ja) |
Cited By (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2775248A1 (en) * | 2013-03-08 | 2014-09-10 | Danfoss A/S | Fixing gasket in plate type heat exchanger |
CN114636332A (zh) * | 2020-12-16 | 2022-06-17 | 丹佛斯有限公司 | 用于热交换器的间隔件插入件 |
EP4015964A1 (en) * | 2020-12-16 | 2022-06-22 | Danfoss A/S | Gasket unit insert for heat exchanger |
WO2023003763A1 (en) * | 2021-07-20 | 2023-01-26 | WCR Inc. | Plate heat exchanger gasket |
Families Citing this family (20)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
IT1299659B1 (it) * | 1998-04-23 | 2000-03-24 | Cipriani Scambiatori Srl | Scambiatore di calore a piastre |
IL125113A (en) * | 1998-06-25 | 2001-08-26 | Pessach Seidel | Heat exchanger plates and sealing gaskets therefor |
DK1196730T3 (da) | 1999-06-14 | 2004-06-21 | Apv Heat Exchanger As | Plade til en varmeveksler |
DE10035776C1 (de) * | 2000-07-22 | 2001-12-13 | Gea Ecoflex Gmbh | Plattenwärmetauscher |
US6419282B1 (en) | 2000-08-09 | 2002-07-16 | Siemens Automotive Corporation | Compliant zero evaporative fuel connection |
JP2002107086A (ja) * | 2000-09-27 | 2002-04-10 | Hisaka Works Ltd | プレート式熱交換器 |
US6755422B2 (en) | 2002-08-16 | 2004-06-29 | Visteon Global Technologies, Inc. | Low permeation sealing member |
US8434433B2 (en) * | 2007-02-20 | 2013-05-07 | Modine Manufacturing Company | Heat exchanger system and method of operating the same |
GB2459480B8 (en) * | 2008-04-23 | 2013-07-24 | Denso Corp | A heat exchanger, a method of making a heat exchanger and a kit of parts for making a heat exchanger |
ITVR20090014A1 (it) * | 2009-02-16 | 2010-08-17 | Luca Cipriani | Struttura di piastra per scambiatore di calore a piastre |
DK2762823T3 (en) * | 2013-01-30 | 2017-10-09 | Alfa Laval Corp Ab | Fastener, Packing Device and Unit |
CN105074374B (zh) * | 2013-02-27 | 2017-07-04 | 株式会社日阪制作所 | 板式热交换器 |
PT2886998T (pt) * | 2013-12-18 | 2018-06-28 | Alfa Laval Corp Ab | Meios de fixação, sistema de vedação, permutador de calor de placa e unidade |
EP3001131A1 (en) * | 2014-09-26 | 2016-03-30 | Alfa Laval Corporate AB | A porthole gasket for a plate heat exchanger, a plate package and a plate heat exchanger with such a porthole gasket |
GB2574021B (en) * | 2018-05-22 | 2023-03-01 | Trp Sealing Systems Ltd | Gasket for a plate heat exchanger |
WO2020141983A1 (en) * | 2019-01-04 | 2020-07-09 | Secespol Spółka Z O.O. | A gasket for a plate-type gasketed heat exchanger |
PL73433Y1 (pl) * | 2019-01-04 | 2024-04-22 | Secespol Spolka Z Ograniczona Odpowiedzialnoscia | Uszczelka do płytowego skręcanego wymiennika ciepła |
RU2738541C1 (ru) * | 2019-10-31 | 2020-12-14 | Данфосс А/С | Теплообменная пластина |
RU2741171C1 (ru) | 2019-11-07 | 2021-01-22 | Данфосс А/С | Кожухопластинчатый теплообменник и теплообменная пластина для кожухопластинчатого теплообменника |
DK180498B1 (en) * | 2019-11-07 | 2021-05-27 | Danfoss As | Heat exchanger plate |
Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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JPS50448A (ja) * | 1973-05-09 | 1975-01-07 | ||
JPS60500680A (ja) * | 1983-02-28 | 1985-05-09 | アルフア−ラヴアル サ−マル アクツイエボラ−グ | 板形熱交換器 |
JPH01101083U (ja) * | 1987-12-22 | 1989-07-06 | ||
JPH01101082U (ja) * | 1987-12-22 | 1989-07-06 | ||
JPH02223795A (ja) * | 1980-04-30 | 1990-09-06 | Alfa Laval Ab | プレート式熱交換器 |
Family Cites Families (8)
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US2580546A (en) * | 1947-07-02 | 1952-01-01 | Us Gasket Company | Jacketed gasket |
US3322433A (en) * | 1964-03-10 | 1967-05-30 | Minnesota Rubber Co | Sealing ring and method of making same |
SE424906B (sv) * | 1976-10-14 | 1982-08-16 | Hisaka Works Ltd | Packning for platvermevexlare |
GB2186035B (en) * | 1986-01-23 | 1989-11-01 | Fort Vale Eng Ltd | Seal |
JPH01101083A (ja) * | 1987-10-14 | 1989-04-19 | Hitachi Ltd | 静止画伝送方式 |
JPH01101082A (ja) * | 1987-10-14 | 1989-04-19 | Sony Corp | 映像信号記憶装置 |
US4905758A (en) * | 1989-07-03 | 1990-03-06 | Tranter, Inc. | Plate heat exchanger |
JP3069592B2 (ja) * | 1990-02-21 | 2000-07-24 | 株式会社日阪製作所 | プレート式熱交換器 |
-
1995
- 1995-03-29 JP JP7071955A patent/JPH08271178A/ja active Pending
-
1996
- 1996-03-29 WO PCT/JP1996/000848 patent/WO1996030711A1/ja not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1996-03-29 AU AU51222/96A patent/AU696123B2/en not_active Expired
- 1996-03-29 CA CA002191589A patent/CA2191589C/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1996-03-29 EP EP96907711A patent/EP0762071A4/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1996-03-29 US US08/732,350 patent/US5988268A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
Patent Citations (5)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
JPS50448A (ja) * | 1973-05-09 | 1975-01-07 | ||
JPH02223795A (ja) * | 1980-04-30 | 1990-09-06 | Alfa Laval Ab | プレート式熱交換器 |
JPS60500680A (ja) * | 1983-02-28 | 1985-05-09 | アルフア−ラヴアル サ−マル アクツイエボラ−グ | 板形熱交換器 |
JPH01101083U (ja) * | 1987-12-22 | 1989-07-06 | ||
JPH01101082U (ja) * | 1987-12-22 | 1989-07-06 |
Cited By (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP2775248A1 (en) * | 2013-03-08 | 2014-09-10 | Danfoss A/S | Fixing gasket in plate type heat exchanger |
CN114636332A (zh) * | 2020-12-16 | 2022-06-17 | 丹佛斯有限公司 | 用于热交换器的间隔件插入件 |
EP4015963A1 (en) * | 2020-12-16 | 2022-06-22 | Danfoss A/S | Spacer insert for heat exchanger |
EP4015964A1 (en) * | 2020-12-16 | 2022-06-22 | Danfoss A/S | Gasket unit insert for heat exchanger |
CN114636332B (zh) * | 2020-12-16 | 2024-08-20 | 丹佛斯有限公司 | 用于热交换器的间隔件插入件 |
WO2023003763A1 (en) * | 2021-07-20 | 2023-01-26 | WCR Inc. | Plate heat exchanger gasket |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CA2191589C (en) | 2004-08-10 |
CA2191589A1 (en) | 1996-10-03 |
EP0762071A1 (en) | 1997-03-12 |
JPH08271178A (ja) | 1996-10-18 |
EP0762071A4 (en) | 1999-04-07 |
AU696123B2 (en) | 1998-09-03 |
US5988268A (en) | 1999-11-23 |
AU5122296A (en) | 1996-10-16 |
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