WO1995021950A1 - Materiau electroactive, sa preparation et son utilisation pour l'obtention d'elements cathodiques - Google Patents
Materiau electroactive, sa preparation et son utilisation pour l'obtention d'elements cathodiques Download PDFInfo
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- WO1995021950A1 WO1995021950A1 PCT/FR1995/000167 FR9500167W WO9521950A1 WO 1995021950 A1 WO1995021950 A1 WO 1995021950A1 FR 9500167 W FR9500167 W FR 9500167W WO 9521950 A1 WO9521950 A1 WO 9521950A1
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- Prior art keywords
- fibers
- binder
- material according
- sheet
- agent
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF COMPOUNDS OR NON-METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25B11/00—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for
- C25B11/04—Electrodes; Manufacture thereof not otherwise provided for characterised by the material
- C25B11/051—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier
- C25B11/073—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material
- C25B11/091—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of at least one catalytic element and at least one catalytic compound; consisting of two or more catalytic elements or catalytic compounds
- C25B11/095—Electrodes formed of electrocatalysts on a substrate or carrier characterised by the electrocatalyst material consisting of at least one catalytic element and at least one catalytic compound; consisting of two or more catalytic elements or catalytic compounds at least one of the compounds being organic
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
- Y10T428/2913—Rod, strand, filament or fiber
- Y10T428/2918—Rod, strand, filament or fiber including free carbon or carbide or therewith [not as steel]
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
- Y10T428/2913—Rod, strand, filament or fiber
- Y10T428/2933—Coated or with bond, impregnation or core
- Y10T428/294—Coated or with bond, impregnation or core including metal or compound thereof [excluding glass, ceramic and asbestos]
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
- Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
- Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
- Y10T428/2982—Particulate matter [e.g., sphere, flake, etc.]
- Y10T428/2991—Coated
Definitions
- the present invention relates to an electroactivated material, comprising fibers and a binder, and further comprising an electrocatalytic agent in the form of particles comprising a precious metal oxide or in the form of particles comprising a support and a coating based on a such oxide.
- the electroactivated material can be used in particular as a cathode element of an electrolysis cell, and in particular of an electrolysis cell of aqueous sodium chloride solutions.
- cathodes made up of a metallic surface on which a fibrous sheet is deposited then possibly a diaphragm, developed in the field of the electrolysis of aqueous solutions of sodium chloride.
- Such cathodes have a low overvoltage vis-à-vis the hydrogen evolution reaction at the cathode and therefore have made it possible to reduce energy consumption.
- electrocatalytic agents such as nickel for example
- these agents can be used in the form of a powder dispersed within the aforementioned fibrous sheet, or even in the form of a deposit on said sheet, obtained by an electrochemical route for example.
- cathodes of this type do not have a very high resistance to poisoning, due to the nature of the electrocatalytic agents, and are therefore deactivated relatively quickly.
- the object of the present invention is to provide an electroactivated material and a composite material comprising the latter, which can be used as a cathode in an electrolysis cell for aqueous sodium chloride solutions, the resistance of which to poisoning and therefore , the service life, are increased.
- the present invention therefore has as its first object an electroactivated material comprising fibers of which at least part is electrically conductive, a binder, and further comprising an electrocatalytic agent consisting of particles formed from ruthenium oxide, platinum, palladium, iridium, or a mixture thereof, or one or more of said oxides, distributed at least in part, on an electrically conductive support.
- a second object of the invention consists of a composite material comprising, (a) a material with high porosity, (b) the aforementioned electro-activated material.
- a third object of the invention consists of a composite material comprising from one face to the other: (a) a metallic surface of high porosity, (b) the aforementioned electro-activated material, (c) a separator.
- the invention also relates to a method for preparing an electro-activated material which consists in carrying out the following steps:
- an aqueous suspension comprising the fibers, the binder, the electrocatalytic agent, optionally adjuvants,
- a sheet is deposited by filtration under programmed vacuum of said suspension through a material with high porosity, (c) the liquid is removed and the sheet thus formed is optionally dried, (d) the sheet is thus sintered obtained.
- the present invention relates to a method of preparing a composite material. This consists of performing the following steps:
- an aqueous suspension comprising the fibers, the binder, the electrocatalytic agent, optionally adjuvants,
- the electrocatalytic agent used in the composition of the electroactivated material according to the invention can be in the form of particles based on ruthenium oxide, platinum, iridium, palladium. , these oxides being alone or in a mixture.
- Said agent can also be in the form of particles consisting of an electrically conductive support, comprising for at least a portion of said particles, a coating in the form of ruthenium oxide, platinum, iridium, palladium; these oxides being alone or in a mixture.
- precious metal metal
- precious metal metal
- mixing is meant first of all particles comprising several oxides or alternatively particles containing at least one oxide, mixed with other particles comprising at least one different oxide, or finally these two possibilities simultaneously.
- the electrocatalytic agent according to the invention is in the form of a coating of a support.
- the support consists of an electrically conductive material which is stable under the conditions of the subsequent application of the material (pH and temperature in particular). More particularly, this is chosen from iron, cobalt, nickel, iron of
- the information relating to the table of the periodic classification of the elements refers to that which appeared in the supplement to the bulletin of the governing Chimique de France (n ° 1 - January 1966).
- the support is in the form of a powder. More particularly, the particle size of the support is between 1 and 100 ⁇ m.
- the specific surface of said support is at most 1000 m 2 / g. More specifically, the specific surface varies between 5 and 500 m 2 / g.
- the proportion by weight, between the coating and the support varies between 0.5 and 50. It should be noted that proportions outside, and more particularly higher than those indicated above, are possible. This does not however bring any particular advantages for the performance of the electroactivated material, while unnecessarily increasing its cost.
- the electrocatalytic agent according to the invention can also comprise additives chosen from iron, cobalt, nickel and / or their oxides.
- the proportion of said additives, relative to the precious metal oxide (by weight) varies from 0 to 50%.
- the electrocatalytic agent used in the composition of the electroactivated material according to the invention can be distributed either uniformly within said material or else be gathered in a particular zone thereof, at the periphery for example.
- the electrocatalytic agent is uniformly distributed in the mass of the electroactivated material.
- the amount of electrocatalytic agent in the material according to the invention represents 10 to 70% by weight, relative to the assembly of fibers, binder and electrocatalytic agent.
- the material according to the invention comprises fibers of which at least part is electrically conductive.
- These fibers are in the form of filaments whose diameter is generally less than 1 mm, and preferably between 10 " 5 and 0.1 mm, and whose length is greater than 0.5 mm and preferably between 1 and 20 mm, said material having a resistivity equal to or less than 0.4 ohm.cm.
- Said fibers can be entirely made up of a material that is intrinsically electrically conductive. Examples of such materials include metallic fibers , and in particular iron fibers, ferrous alloys or nickel, carbon fibers or graphite.
- the electroactivated material comprises intrinsically conductive fibers, and more particularly carbon or graphite fibers.
- fibers having a monodispersed length are used, that is to say that the length of at least 80% and more particularly 90% of the fibers, corresponds to the average length of the fibers at ⁇ 20% and advantageously at ⁇ 10%.
- the conductive fibers can also be combined with non-electrically conductive fibers as long as the resistivity of the material is at most 0.4 ohm.cm. These fibers are generally in the form of filaments whose geometric characteristics are similar to those given for conductive fibers but whose resistivity will, by convention, be greater than 0.4 ohm.cm.
- non-conductive fibers By way of illustration of non-conductive fibers, mention may in particular be made of mineral fibers such as asbestos fibers, glass fibers, quartz fibers, zirconia fibers, titanate fibers, or organic fibers, such as polypropylene fibers or polyethylene, optionally halogenated and in particular fluorinated, polyhalovinylidene fibers and in particular polyvinylidene fluoride, or also fibers of fluorinated polymers, which will be discussed below with regard to the binder of the plies according to the invention.
- mineral fibers such as asbestos fibers, glass fibers, quartz fibers, zirconia fibers, titanate fibers, or organic fibers, such as polypropylene fibers or polyethylene, optionally halogenated and in particular fluorinated, polyhalovinylidene fibers and in particular polyvinylidene fluoride, or also fibers of fluorinated polymers, which will be discussed below with regard to the binder of the plies according to the invention
- asbestos fibers are used in particular in combination with carbon or graphite fibers.
- polytetrafluoroethylene fibers are used, hereinafter called PTFE fibers, in particular in combination with mineral fibers mentioned above.
- the PTFE fibers have a diameter (D) is generally between 10 and 500 ⁇ m and their length (L) is such that the L / D ratio is between 5 and 500.
- fibers are used.
- PTFE whose average dimensions are between 1 and 10 mm for the length and between 50 and 200 ⁇ m for the diameter. Their preparation is described in US Patent No. 4,444,640 and this type of PTFE fiber is known to those skilled in the art.
- the proportion of non-conductive fibers can represent up to 90% by weight and preferably be between 20 and 70%.
- the electroactivated material according to the invention also comprises a binder chosen from fluorinated polymers.
- fluoropolymer is meant a homopolymer or a copolymer, derived, at least in part, from olefinic monomers totally substituted with fluorine atoms, or totally substituted with a combination of fluorine atoms and one to less chlorine, bromine or iodine atoms per monomer.
- fluorinated homo- or copolymers can be constituted by polymers and copolymers derived from tetrafluoroethylene, hexafluoropropylene, chlorotrifluoroethylene, bromotrifluoroethylene.
- Such fluorinated polymers can also contain up to 75 mole percent of units derived from other ethylenically unsaturated monomers containing at least as many fluorine atoms as carbon atoms, such as for example vinylidene (di) fluoride, vinyl and perfluoroalkyl esters, such as perfluoroalkoxyethylene.
- units derived from other ethylenically unsaturated monomers containing at least as many fluorine atoms as carbon atoms such as for example vinylidene (di) fluoride, vinyl and perfluoroalkyl esters, such as perfluoroalkoxyethylene.
- the binder can be either in the form of a dry powder or a latex, that is to say an aqueous suspension of which the dry extract is between 30 and 70%.
- the amount of fibers in the electro-activated material of the present invention represents 10 to 65% by weight, based on the assembly of fibers, binder and electrocatalytic agent.
- the amount of binder is between 5 and 20% by weight, based on all the fibers, binder and electrocatalytic agent. However, to ensure good consolidation in the electroactivated material, the binder preferably represents 20 to 50% by weight relative to the fiber and binder sub-assembly.
- the materials according to the present invention may also contain adjuvants such as in particular surfactants.
- nonionic surfactant it is possible in particular to use ethoxylated alcohols or fluorocarbon compounds with functionalized groups, alone or as a mixture; these alcohols or fluorocarbon compounds generally have carbon chains from C 6 to C 20 .
- ethoxylated alcohols are used which are ethoxylated alkylphenols, such as in particular octoxynols.
- the amount of surfactant that may be present in the sheets according to the invention can reach 10% by weight, relative to the assembly of fibers, binder and electrocatalytic agent and more specifically from 0.1 to 5% by weight, relative to the assembly. fibers, binder and electrocatalytic agent.
- thickener is meant according to the present invention a compound which increases the viscosity of the solution and which exhibits water retaining properties.
- Natural or synthetic polysaccharides are generally used. Mention may in particular be made of the biopolymers obtained by fermentation of a carbohydrate under the action of microorganisms.
- xanthan gum is used. Xanthan gum is synthesized using bacteria belonging to the genus Xanthomonas and more particularly to the species described in Bergey's manual of determination bacteriology (8th edition - 1974 - Williams N.
- Wilkins C ° Baltimore such as Xanthomonas begoniae, Xanthomonas campestris, Xanthomonas carotae, Xanthomonas hederae, Xanthomonas incanae,
- Xanthomonas pisi Xanthomonas vasculorum, Xanthomonas vesicatoria, Xanthomonas vitians, Xanthomonas pelargonii.
- Xanthomonas campestris is particularly suitable for the synthesis of xanthan gum.
- Xanthan gum can be obtained by any means known per se.
- the polysaccharide is isolated from the fermentation must by evaporation, drying and grinding or by precipitation using a lower alcohol, separation of the liquid, drying and grinding so as to obtain a powder.
- the commercially available powders have a particle size generally between 50 and 250 ⁇ m and an apparent density greater than about 0.7.
- the amount of thickener generally varies between 0.1 to 5% by weight, based on the assembly of fibers, binder and electrocatalytic agent.
- the materials may still contain blowing agents. It is understood that when pore-forming agents are used, the final material, the porosity of which, under the effect of the decomposition or elimination of these agents, is adjusted or modified, in principle no longer contains such agents.
- pore-forming agents mention may be made of mineral salts, which can then be eliminated by leaching, as well as salts which can be eliminated by chemical or thermal decomposition.
- alkali or alkaline-earth salts such as halides, sulfates, sulfonates, bisulfites, phosphates, carbonates, bicarbonates. Mention may also be made of amphoteric alumina.
- silica or derivatives are used as the blowing agent, which can be removed subsequently with an alkaline treatment.
- silica are suitable for this use and more particularly precipitated silicas or combustion silicas.
- the specific surface of said silica is more particularly between 100 and 300 m 2 / g.
- the quantity and particle size of the blowing agents are closely linked to the application for which the materials are intended. Simply as an order of magnitude, the particle size of the blowing agents most often varies between 1 and 50 ⁇ m and preferably between 1 and 15 ⁇ m.
- the quantity is chosen as a function of the desired porosity, which can reach 90%, or even more (according to standard ASTM D 276-72).
- a second object of the present invention consists of a composite material comprising a compound with high porosity and the electro-activated material described above.
- the high porosity compound is chosen from metallic surfaces or alternatively from fabrics, such as asbestos fabrics, the mesh void of which can be between 20 ⁇ m and 5 mm.
- the high porosity compound is a metallic surface, called an elementary cathode, which is more particularly made of iron, nickel, or even stainless steel.
- Said cathode may consist of a surface or an assembly of flat surfaces or, in the case of electrolysis cells of the "thimble" type, be in the form of cylinders, the director of which is a more or less complex, generally substantially rectangular with rounded corners.
- the composite material can also be associated with a separator which can be a diaphragm or a membrane.
- the diaphragms comprise fibers and a binder chosen from fluoropolymers, as well as conventional adjuvants. All that has been said before concerning the fibers, the binder and the adjuvants which can be used, remains valid and will therefore not be repeated in this part.
- the electrocatalytic agent used in the present invention can be obtained by any means known to those skilled in the art, allowing in particular, in the case of supported particles, to access a particle structure comprising a support having a coating.
- One of the suitable methods consists in preparing a suspension or a solution of a compound of ruthenium, platinum, palladium, iridium, or their mixture, optionally in the presence of the abovementioned support and / or additives.
- the compounds of said precious metals used for the preparation of the electrocatalytic agents according to the invention are chosen from oxides or compounds capable of being transformed into oxide by an appropriate heat treatment (precursor).
- the salts of organic or mineral acids such as, for example, nitrates, halides, carbonates, sulfates, acetates, acetylacetonates, oxalates, tartrates, malonates, succinates.
- organic or mineral acids such as, for example, nitrates, halides, carbonates, sulfates, acetates, acetylacetonates, oxalates, tartrates, malonates, succinates.
- ruthenium chloride hexachloroplatinic acid, hexachloroiridic acid, palladium nitrate, palladium chloride, iridium chloride, trinitronitrosyl ruthenium.
- salts are therefore suspended or dissolved in a solvent.
- the solvent is chosen from water, C ⁇ Cg alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol.
- the precious metal salt content of the solution or suspension is generally between 0.1 and 5 M.
- additives used in the composition of the electrocatalytic agents, these can be in the form of oxide, oxide precursors, or even in metallic form. If precursors are used, what has been said above about precursors of precious metals remains valid.
- a support is used and depending on its nature, it may be preferable to use it after having undergone a specific surface treatment.
- an oxidation is first carried out to increase the concentration of the surface in oxidized groups.
- the treatment can be carried out in the presence of inorganic acids such as nitric acid, sulfuric acid in particular, or by a heat treatment under an oxidizing atmosphere.
- the oxidation is carried out in the liquid phase by immersing the carbon in a boiling nitric acid solution for approximately one hour. At the end of this treatment, the product obtained is filtered and then rinsed with water.
- the support used is pyrophoric, as is notably the case for Raney nickel, a controlled oxidation is carried out, in the presence of hydrogen hydroperoxide for example.
- all of the constituent elements of said agent are mixed in the form of a solution or a suspension.
- This variant is particularly suitable in the case where the agent comprises a support and in the case where a precursor salt of the precious metal oxides is used, optionally comprising additives.
- the mixing is generally carried out with stirring, at a temperature close to room temperature.
- the duration of the contact is from a few minutes to 24 hours.
- a solution or a suspension of the constituent elements of the electrocatalytic agent is prepared and a precipitation step is carried out.
- the precious metal is used in the form of a solution of precursors.
- an agent is added which precipitates at least said metal. It should be noted that precipitation of the additives, if they are present, is also possible.
- All the compounds are capable of being used insofar as they combine at least with the precious metal in the form of an insoluble compound.
- ammonia Conventionally, the precipitating agent is introduced into the precious metal support mixture, but a simultaneous introduction can be carried out.
- This operation takes place with stirring and at a temperature close to room temperature.
- provision may be made after the introduction of the precipitating agent for a period of ripening, possibly with stirring, for 1 to 10 hours.
- the resulting solid is usually rinsed with a solvent which may or may not be the same as that used for contacting.
- next step is a drying step.
- this operation can take place under vacuum or under air at a temperature between room temperature and the solvent removal temperature.
- a second embodiment consists in drying the solution by atomization.
- an apparatus is used as described in French patent applications FR 2 257 326, FR 2 419 754 and FR 2 431 321.
- the treating gases are driven by a helical movement. and flow into a whirlpool well.
- the solution or suspension to be dried is injected along a trajectory coincident with the axis of symmetry of the helical trajectories of the gases, which makes it possible to perfectly transfer the momentum of the gases to said solution or suspension.
- the gases thus perform a dual function, spraying the solution or suspension (transformation into fine droplets) and drying said droplets.
- the residence time is less than 0.1 seconds, which eliminates any risk of overheating as a result of too long contact with the gases.
- the treatment temperature is such that it allows the solvent to evaporate, or even, in the case where a precious metal salt has been used, to start the transformation of said salt into oxide.
- the gas inlet temperature is between 600 and 900 ° C, preferably between 700 and 900 ° C and the gas outlet temperature between 100 ° C and 300 ° C, preferably between 150 ° C and 250 ° C.
- a step of separation of the solid can be carried out if the variant used includes passage through a suspension.
- the separation is generally carried out by filtration or centrifugation. Filtration is carried out by any means known to those skilled in the art, at atmospheric pressure or under vacuum.
- This operation is then carried out under an oxidizing atmosphere at temperatures varying, depending on the nature of the compound to be transformed, between 200 and 800 ° C.
- an aqueous suspension is prepared comprising the fibers, the binder, the electrocatalytic agent, optionally adjuvants.
- a web is deposited by programmed vacuum filtration of said suspension through a material with high porosity,
- a thickening agent such as, for example, natural or synthetic polysaccharides.
- the dispersion can be obtained by mixing each of the constituents in the required proportions with water, optionally added with additives of the surfactant type, thickener.
- a sheet is then formed from the resulting dispersion by programmed vacuum filtration through a material of high porosity.
- the vacuum program consists of going from atmospheric pressure to a final vacuum (1,5.10- 3 to 4 10 "* Pa) and can be carried out continuously or in stages.
- sheet is meant a material whose thickness is usually between 0.1 and 5 mm and whose surface can reach several square meters.
- the sheet, from which the liquid has been removed and which has optionally been dried, can be sintered.
- sintering is carried out in air at a temperature higher than the softening point of the binder.
- a dispersion is deposited by filtration under programmed vacuum.
- This dispersion comprises the constituent elements of a diaphragm and is obtained in a manner completely analogous to the process used to prepare the first dispersion. It should however be noted that the constituent elements of this dispersion can be dispersed in water or in an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide.
- step (d) Thereafter, a sintering operation of the assembly is carried out under conditions identical to those mentioned in step (d).
- each mentioned sintering step is carried out.
- Examples 1 to 4 relate to the study of the performance of the stacked electrocatalytic agent obtained according to the following method:
- the electrocatalytic agent is mixed with a suspension of PTFE containing 60% dry extract, and the whole is pressed. on a nickel mesh with a pressure of 1000 kg / cm 2 .
- a step of consolidation of the structure is then carried out by bringing the pellet to 350 ° C.
- the compact pellets obtained are tested as the cathode of an electrolysis cell of an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide.
- the electrocatalytic agent is a nickel powder (spherical particles 5 ⁇ m).
- Example 4 the electrocatalytic agent is based on graphite and ruthenium oxide.
- a graphite powder (LONZA) with a specific surface 300 m 2 / g is placed for 1 hour in a solution of boiling nitric acid. The powder is then filtered, rinsed and dried. The powder is introduced into an aqueous solution of RUCI3 (10 " 1 M) and the mixture is stirred for 1 hour.
- the mixture is filtered, and the resulting powder is rinsed 4 times with distilled water, dried for 12 hours at 110 ° C.
- the final roasting is carried out by bringing the powder to 450 ° C. under a stream of air for 30 min.
- a step of disaggregating the aggregates is carried out by grinding.
- the electrocatalytic agent is incorporated into the suspension described under (a): comparative example 5 120 g of nickel according to example 1 example 6 115 g of ruthenium oxide according to example 2 example 7 60 g of electrocatalytic agent l Example 3 Example 8 170 g of electrocatalytic agent according to Example 4. c) preparation of the composite material
- the suspension prepared in (b) is filtered through an elementary braided and rolled cathode (wire diameter 2 mm, opening 2 mm) by applying a vacuum ramp from atmospheric pressure to a vacuum of 300 mbar.
- the elementary cathode assembly and the electroactivated sheet is carried in a 350 ° C oven for 30 minutes.
- the materials prepared are used as a cathode element in an electrolysis cell of an aqueous solution of 6N sodium hydroxide at 80 ° C. percolating through the cathode assembly.
- the voltage is measured relative to a Hg / HgO reference electrode connected to the surface of the sheet by a Luggin capillary.
- the ohmic drop due to the electrical resistance of the electrolyte is corrected by impedance measurement.
- the electrolyte current density is 300 mA / cm 2 .
- Example 9 the elementary cathode and electro-activated sheet assembly is obtained according to the method described for examples 5 to 8, except that only graphite powder is used
- Example 10 the elementary cathode and electro-activated layer assembly corresponds to that obtained in Example 6.
- Example 11 the elementary cathode and electroactivated sheet assembly corresponds to that obtained in Example 8.
- a diaphragm is deposited on the electroactivated material / elementary cathode assembly according to the following operating method:
- a suspension is prepared , with stirring, comprising:
- the suspension is allowed to stand for at least 24 hours.
- the suspension is stirred for 30 minutes before use.
- the volume of solution required is withdrawn so that it contains the quantity of dry extract which it is intended to deposit to form the diaphragm (of the order of 1 2 kg / m 2 ).
- Filtration is carried out under programmed vacuum.
- the vacuum is established and increases by 50 mbar per minute to reach around 800 mbar.
- the vacuum is maintained for 15 minutes at 800 mbar.
- the assembly is then sintered, after possible drying at approximately 100 ° C., by carrying the cathode and diaphragm assembly at 350 ° C., with a plateau at a temperature of approximately 315 ° C., the whole for approximately 1 hour and a half. .
- silica is then eliminated by an alkaline attack with electrolytic soda during the first moments of electrolysis (elimination "in situ").
- ⁇ U l ⁇ O is calculated from the plot of the cell voltage ( ⁇ U) as a function of the electrolysis current.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (11)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
CA002183104A CA2183104C (fr) | 1994-02-15 | 1995-02-13 | Materiau electroactive, sa preparation et son utilisation pour l'obtention d'elements cathodiques |
EP95909820A EP0745150B1 (fr) | 1994-02-15 | 1995-02-13 | Materiau electroactive, sa preparation et son utilisation pour l'obtention d'elements cathodiques |
RU96118251/28A RU2146308C1 (ru) | 1994-02-15 | 1995-02-13 | Электроактивированный материал для катодных элементов и способ его изготовления |
DE69522671T DE69522671T2 (de) | 1994-02-15 | 1995-02-13 | Elektroaktiver Werkstoff, seine Herstellung und seine Verwendung zur Herstellung von kathodischen Elementen |
PL95315948A PL315948A1 (en) | 1994-02-15 | 1995-02-13 | Electrically activated material, method of obtaining same and application thereof for making cathode elements |
UA96093560A UA53609C2 (uk) | 1994-02-15 | 1995-02-13 | Електроактивований матеріал, спосіб його виготовлення, композиційний матеріал та спосіб його виготовлення |
KR1019960704446A KR970701276A (ko) | 1994-02-15 | 1995-02-13 | 전기활성물, 이의 제조방법 및 음극 성분을 수득하는데 있어서의 이의 용도(electroactivated material, its preparation and utlization for producing cathode elements) |
JP07521022A JP3103598B2 (ja) | 1994-02-15 | 1995-02-13 | 電気的に活性化される物質、その製法及びカソード部材の製造におけるその用途 |
NO963372A NO963372L (no) | 1994-02-15 | 1996-08-13 | Elektrisk aktivert materiale, dets fremtilling og anvendelse for fremstilling av katodeelementer |
MXPA/A/1996/003366A MXPA96003366A (en) | 1994-02-15 | 1996-08-14 | Electroactivated material, its preparation and its employment in producing cat components |
BG100827A BG100827A (en) | 1994-02-15 | 1996-09-05 | Elecroactivated material, method for its preparation and utilization for producing cathode elements |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR94/01702 | 1994-02-15 | ||
FR9401702A FR2716207B1 (fr) | 1994-02-15 | 1994-02-15 | Matériau électroactive, sa préparation et son utilisation pour l'obtention d'éléments cathodiques. |
Related Child Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US09/464,576 Continuation US6200457B1 (en) | 1994-02-15 | 1999-12-16 | Electroactivated material, its preparation and its use in producing cathode components |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
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WO1995021950A1 true WO1995021950A1 (fr) | 1995-08-17 |
Family
ID=9460095
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/FR1995/000167 WO1995021950A1 (fr) | 1994-02-15 | 1995-02-13 | Materiau electroactive, sa preparation et son utilisation pour l'obtention d'elements cathodiques |
Country Status (14)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6200457B1 (fr) |
EP (1) | EP0745150B1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JP3103598B2 (fr) |
KR (1) | KR970701276A (fr) |
CN (1) | CN1145099A (fr) |
BG (1) | BG100827A (fr) |
CA (1) | CA2183104C (fr) |
DE (1) | DE69522671T2 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2716207B1 (fr) |
NO (1) | NO963372L (fr) |
PL (1) | PL315948A1 (fr) |
RU (1) | RU2146308C1 (fr) |
UA (1) | UA53609C2 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO1995021950A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US6670301B2 (en) * | 2001-03-19 | 2003-12-30 | Brookhaven Science Associates Llc | Carbon monoxide tolerant electrocatalyst with low platinum loading and a process for its preparation |
US6593023B2 (en) * | 2001-04-27 | 2003-07-15 | The Gillette Company | Battery and method of making the same |
US6660828B2 (en) | 2001-05-14 | 2003-12-09 | Omnova Solutions Inc. | Fluorinated short carbon atom side chain and polar group containing polymer, and flow, or leveling, or wetting agents thereof |
JP4017988B2 (ja) * | 2001-05-14 | 2007-12-05 | オムノバ ソリューソンズ インコーポレーティッド | ペンダントフッ素化炭素基を有する環状モノマー由来のポリマー界面活性剤 |
US7258778B2 (en) * | 2003-03-24 | 2007-08-21 | Eltech Systems Corporation | Electrocatalytic coating with lower platinum group metals and electrode made therefrom |
JP5199575B2 (ja) * | 2003-10-29 | 2013-05-15 | ユミコア・アクチエンゲゼルシャフト・ウント・コムパニー・コマンディットゲゼルシャフト | 水電解用の貴金属酸化物触媒 |
US9005331B2 (en) | 2004-12-22 | 2015-04-14 | Brookhaven Science Associates, Llc | Platinum-coated non-noble metal-noble metal core-shell electrocatalysts |
US7855021B2 (en) * | 2004-12-22 | 2010-12-21 | Brookhaven Science Associates, Llc | Electrocatalysts having platium monolayers on palladium, palladium alloy, and gold alloy core-shell nanoparticles, and uses thereof |
US7691780B2 (en) * | 2004-12-22 | 2010-04-06 | Brookhaven Science Associates, Llc | Platinum- and platinum alloy-coated palladium and palladium alloy particles and uses thereof |
EP2085501A1 (fr) * | 2008-01-31 | 2009-08-05 | Casale Chemicals S.A. | Cathodes haute performance pour électrolyseurs d'eau |
RU2467798C1 (ru) * | 2011-11-02 | 2012-11-27 | Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение "Национальный исследовательский центр "Курчатовский институт" | Способ получения катализатора на углеродном носителе |
US10449532B2 (en) * | 2013-04-25 | 2019-10-22 | H2 Catalyst, Llc | Catalysts and fuels for producing hydrogen |
US9762965B2 (en) | 2015-05-29 | 2017-09-12 | The Nielsen Company (Us), Llc | Methods and apparatus to measure exposure to streaming media |
JP6615682B2 (ja) * | 2016-04-12 | 2019-12-04 | デノラ・ペルメレック株式会社 | アルカリ水電解用陽極及びアルカリ水電解用陽極の製造方法 |
Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2446870A1 (fr) * | 1979-01-17 | 1980-08-14 | Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie | Electrode pour l'electrolyse de l'eau |
EP0062951A1 (fr) * | 1981-04-09 | 1982-10-20 | Diamond Shamrock Corporation | Particules catalytiques et leur procédé de fabrication |
EP0066349A1 (fr) * | 1981-06-01 | 1982-12-08 | Westinghouse Electric Corporation | Electrode à support de tissu de carbone |
EP0319517A2 (fr) * | 1983-06-22 | 1989-06-07 | Elf Atochem S.A. | Matériau à base de fibres conductrices, sa fabrication et son utilisation notamment pour la réalisation d'éléments cathodiques |
Family Cites Families (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2616809B1 (fr) * | 1987-06-19 | 1991-06-14 | Rhone Poulenc Chimie | Materiau electroactive a base de fibres conductrices, sa fabrication et son utilisation pour realiser des elements cathodiques |
IT1270649B (it) * | 1994-10-11 | 1997-05-07 | Solvay | Elettrodo per un procedimento elettrochimico e impiego di detto elettrodo |
-
1994
- 1994-02-15 FR FR9401702A patent/FR2716207B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1995
- 1995-02-13 RU RU96118251/28A patent/RU2146308C1/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1995-02-13 EP EP95909820A patent/EP0745150B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1995-02-13 KR KR1019960704446A patent/KR970701276A/ko not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1995-02-13 PL PL95315948A patent/PL315948A1/xx unknown
- 1995-02-13 JP JP07521022A patent/JP3103598B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-02-13 CA CA002183104A patent/CA2183104C/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-02-13 CN CN95192352A patent/CN1145099A/zh active Pending
- 1995-02-13 DE DE69522671T patent/DE69522671T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1995-02-13 UA UA96093560A patent/UA53609C2/uk unknown
- 1995-02-13 WO PCT/FR1995/000167 patent/WO1995021950A1/fr active IP Right Grant
-
1996
- 1996-08-13 NO NO963372A patent/NO963372L/no not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1996-09-05 BG BG100827A patent/BG100827A/xx unknown
-
1999
- 1999-12-16 US US09/464,576 patent/US6200457B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (4)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
FR2446870A1 (fr) * | 1979-01-17 | 1980-08-14 | Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie | Electrode pour l'electrolyse de l'eau |
EP0062951A1 (fr) * | 1981-04-09 | 1982-10-20 | Diamond Shamrock Corporation | Particules catalytiques et leur procédé de fabrication |
EP0066349A1 (fr) * | 1981-06-01 | 1982-12-08 | Westinghouse Electric Corporation | Electrode à support de tissu de carbone |
EP0319517A2 (fr) * | 1983-06-22 | 1989-06-07 | Elf Atochem S.A. | Matériau à base de fibres conductrices, sa fabrication et son utilisation notamment pour la réalisation d'éléments cathodiques |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR2716207A1 (fr) | 1995-08-18 |
NO963372D0 (no) | 1996-08-13 |
EP0745150A1 (fr) | 1996-12-04 |
FR2716207B1 (fr) | 1996-05-31 |
BG100827A (en) | 1997-11-28 |
EP0745150B1 (fr) | 2001-09-12 |
CN1145099A (zh) | 1997-03-12 |
KR970701276A (ko) | 1997-03-17 |
CA2183104A1 (fr) | 1995-08-17 |
DE69522671D1 (de) | 2001-10-18 |
RU2146308C1 (ru) | 2000-03-10 |
DE69522671T2 (de) | 2002-06-20 |
CA2183104C (fr) | 2001-10-02 |
US6200457B1 (en) | 2001-03-13 |
PL315948A1 (en) | 1996-12-09 |
MX9603366A (es) | 1997-12-31 |
JP3103598B2 (ja) | 2000-10-30 |
NO963372L (no) | 1996-10-15 |
JPH09507530A (ja) | 1997-07-29 |
UA53609C2 (uk) | 2003-02-17 |
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