WO1989011540A1 - Inhibiteurs d'interleukine-1 - Google Patents

Inhibiteurs d'interleukine-1 Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1989011540A1
WO1989011540A1 PCT/US1989/002275 US8902275W WO8911540A1 WO 1989011540 A1 WO1989011540 A1 WO 1989011540A1 US 8902275 W US8902275 W US 8902275W WO 8911540 A1 WO8911540 A1 WO 8911540A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
inhibitor
sequence
dna
dna sequence
cells
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PCT/US1989/002275
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English (en)
Inventor
Charles H. Hannon
Stephen P. Eisenberg
Robert C. Thompson
William P. Arend
Fenneke G. Joslin
Andreas Sommer
Original Assignee
Synergen, Inc.
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Synergen, Inc. filed Critical Synergen, Inc.
Priority to HU9803037A priority Critical patent/HU222810B1/hu
Priority to KR1019960703435A priority patent/KR970002917B1/ko
Priority to KR1019890702466A priority patent/KR0148009B1/ko
Priority to BR898907457A priority patent/BR8907457A/pt
Publication of WO1989011540A1 publication Critical patent/WO1989011540A1/fr
Priority to NO19905090A priority patent/NO316122B1/no
Priority to FI905812A priority patent/FI109206B/fi
Priority to DK199100085A priority patent/DK172763B1/da
Priority to NO20014783A priority patent/NO316917B1/no
Priority to FI20020545A priority patent/FI20020545A/fi

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P19/00—Drugs for skeletal disorders
    • A61P19/02—Drugs for skeletal disorders for joint disorders, e.g. arthritis, arthrosis
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P29/00—Non-central analgesic, antipyretic or antiinflammatory agents, e.g. antirheumatic agents; Non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs [NSAID]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P37/00—Drugs for immunological or allergic disorders
    • A61P37/02—Immunomodulators
    • A61P37/06—Immunosuppressants, e.g. drugs for graft rejection
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/52—Cytokines; Lymphokines; Interferons
    • C07K14/54—Interleukins [IL]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides

Definitions

  • Interleukins-1 are a class of proteins produced by numerous cell-types, including monocytes and seme macro-phages. This class includes at least two 17-18 kilodalton proteins known as interleukin-1 alpha and interleukin-1 beta. These proteins have important physiological effects on a number of different target cells involved in the inflammatory and immune responses. The proteins are co-m.togens (with phytohemaglutinin) for T-cells, cause both fibroblasts and chondrocytes to secrete latent collagenase, and increase the surface adhesive powers of endothelial cells for neutrophils.
  • co-m.togens with phytohemaglutinin
  • interleukins-1 are obviously an important part of an organism's response to infection and injury. 3. Pathological Roles of IL-1
  • IL-1 may increase the level of collagenase in an arthritic joint and has been implicated as a mediator of both the acute and chronic stages of immuno-pathology in rheumatoid arthritis.
  • IL-1 may be responsible for altering endothelial cell function, directing the chemotaxis and migration of leukocytes and lymphocytes into the synovial tissue, inducing capillary proliferation, and stimulating macrophage accumulation in the synovial lining during the acute phase of this disease.
  • IL-1 has been implicated as a mediator in induction of tissue damage through stimulating release of enzymes from fibroblasts and chondrocytes.
  • excessive IL-1 production has been demonstrated in the skin of patients with psoriasis and high levels of IL-1 can be found in the synovial fluid of patients with psoriatic arthritis.
  • IL-1 released by cells in the inflamed synovium in psoriatic arthritis may mediate tissue destruction through stimulation of enzyme release from other cells.
  • the joint pathology of Reiter's syndrome is similar to that seen in psoriatic arthritis and in rheumatoid arthritis.
  • IL-1 has been implicated as a mediator of tissue destruction in these three different forms of inflammatory arthritis.
  • IL-1 may be found in the synovial fluid of patients with osteoarthritis.
  • the release of IL-1 by chondrocytes has been implicated in the destruction of articular cartilage in this disease.
  • IL-1 may also increase the severity of autoimmune diseases. For example, decreased IL-1 production has been described from peripheral blood cells in persons suffering from systemic lupus erythematosus. Moreover, some of the alterations in B lymphocyte function may be related to abnormalities in IL-1 production or IL-1 availability.
  • IL-1 has been implicated as a possible agent of fibrosis through stimulation of collagen production by fibroblasts.
  • the mechanism of tissue damage in dermatomyositis might also involve cell-mediated immunity and IL-1 may therefore be involved as a mediator in this pathophysiological process.
  • Acute and chronic interstitial lung disease is characterized by excessive collagen production by lung fibroblasts which may be stimulated by IL-1.
  • IL-1 may be responsible for induction of endothelial cell changes that result in narrowing of pulmonary arteries. It is this narrowing that leads to pulmonary hypertension and further secondary damage.
  • IL-1 inhibitors could be useful in treating these lung diseases.
  • Recent studies have described that IL-1 is capable of directly damaging the beta cells in the Islets of Langerhans that are responsible for the production of insulin. IL-1 damage to the cells is now hypothesized to be a primary event in the acute phase of juvenile diabetes mellitus.
  • Monocyte and macrophage infiltration in the kidneys predominates in many forms of acute and chronic glomerulonephritis.
  • IL-1 release by these cells may result in local accumulation of other inflammatory cells, eventually leading to inflammatory damage and fibrotic reaction in the kidneys.
  • IL-1 may be an important mediator in the inflammatory cycle in these diseases.
  • IL-1 is capable of inducing loss of calcium from bones and may be responsible for the osteoporosis that is seen in inflammatory joint diseases.
  • Keratinocytes from patients with psoriasis release large amounts of IL-1. This mediator may be responsible for the secondary cell proliferation and accumulation which occurs in the skin in patients with this disease.
  • IL-1 is one of the important endogenous pyrogens and may be responsible for inducing the marked degree of fever seen in some infectious diseases such as acute febrile illnesses due to bacteria or viruses.
  • IL-1 has been shown to be capable of inducing granuloma formation in vitro and may be involved in this process in patients with sarcoidosis.
  • IL-1 production has been demonstrated in peripheral monocytes from both Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis.
  • Local IL-1 release in the intestine may be an important mediator in stimulating the inflammatory cycle in these diseases.
  • Certain lymphomas are characterized by fever, osteoporosis and even secondary arthritis.
  • Excessive IL-1 release has been demonstrated by some lymphoma cells in vitro and may be responsible for some of the clinical manifestations of these malignancies.
  • IL-1 production by some malignant lymphocytes may be responsible for some of the fever, acute phase response and cachexia seen with leukemias.
  • IL-1 release by astrocytes in the brain is thought to be responsible for inducing the fibrosis that may result after damage to the brain from vascular occlusion.
  • IL-1 inhibitors could be useful immunosuppressive agents. Locally applied, such IL-1 inhibitors could serve to prevent tissue destruction in an inflamed joint and other sites of inflammation. Indeed, to prevent tissue destruction some IL-1 inhibitors could be even more effective when administered in conjunction with collagenase inhibitors.
  • IL-1 is synthesized by monocyte/macrophages and other cells in response to lipopolysaccharides, complement fragments and viruses. Any molecule that blocks binding of these inducing agents to producer cells or which interferes with their effects on the physiology of these cells would serve as a regulator of IL-1 action.
  • IL-1 is not secreted by a traditional secretion system since mRNAs have been isolated that code for at least two 30 kd precursors of the proteins but which do not contain a hydrophobic signal sequence. Release of the active protein from the inactive precursor probably requires proteolysis of that precursor.
  • IL-1 probably acts on target cells through a classical receptor-mediated pathway, although that receptor has not yet been isolated. Thus, it could be that a molecule that interferes with IL-1 binding to its receptors, or down-regulates these receptors, could also regulate IL-1 action. Moreover, although the intracellular events following receptor binding of IL-1 are not yet fully understood, it is possible that agents exist that can interfere with the cellular responses to other receptor-mediated events and therefore block IL-1 action. For the reasons stated above, proteins and small molecules capable of inhibiting IL-1 in one or more of these manners have been sought.
  • IL-1 inhibitor proteins with IL-1 inhibiting properties. These molecules have been obtained in a purified form which will enable one of ordinary skill in the art to determine their amino acid sequence. Furthermore, a preparation of cells has been characterized which produce these proteins, and an mRNA that leads to its synthesis has been characterized. Finally, an antisera has been developed that will facilitate screening of cDNA expression libraries for the genes coding for these inhibitors. Together these reagents will allow cDNAs encoding the IL-1 inhibitors to be cloned. These genes will, in turn, make possible the large scale production of IL-1 inhibitors suitable for use in pharmaceutical formulations useful in treating pathophysicological conditions mediated by IL-1. Summary of the Invention
  • This invention relates to IL-1 inhibitors ("IL-1i”) generally and, more specifically, to a monocyte-derived IL-1 inhibitor. Additionally, the present invention relates to biologically-active, analogs of these inhibitors.
  • An object of the present invention is to provide purified forms of IL-1 inhibitors which are active against IL-1 ⁇ or IL-1 ⁇ or a combination thereof.
  • An additional object of the present invention is to provide these inhibitors in purified forms to enable the determination of their amino acid sequence.
  • a further object is to provide the amino acid sequences of certain IL-1 inhibitors.
  • the identification of biologically-active analogs of such IL-1 inhibitors with enhanced or equivalent properties is also one of the objects of the invention.
  • a further object of the present invention includes providing purified forms of IL-1 inhibitors which would be valuable as pharmaceutical preparations exhibiting activity against IL-1.
  • IL-1 inhibitors which exhibit inhibitory activity against IL-1.
  • the preferred inhibitors have been isolated in a purified form from monocyte-conditioned medium with monocytes grown on IgG-coated plates.
  • Preferred inhibitors of the present invention are 1, 2 and 3.
  • Inhibitors 1 and 2 are proteins running at positions characteristic of 22-23 kDa proteins on SDS-PAGE and eluting at 52 mM and 60 mM NaCl, respectively, from a Mono Q FPLC column under specified conditions.
  • Inhibitor 3 is a protein running at a position characteristic of a 20kD protein on SDS-PAGE and eluting at 48 mM NaCl from a Mono Q FPLC column under the specified conditions.
  • a recombinant-DNA system for the creation of these IL-1 inhibitors and their analogs is also disclosed.
  • a preferred embodiment of this system includes at least one cDNA clone or its synthetic equivalent encoding at least one IL-1 inhibitor along with vectors and cells constituting an expression system capable of expressing the IL-1 inhibitors disclosed herein.
  • Anti- sera for use in identifying these cDNA clones is also provided.
  • Expression systems for producing these IL-1 inhibitors using these cDNA clones, their analogs, or other DNA sequences encoding these inhibitors are also provided.
  • Figures 1a and lb depict the protein profile of the Mono Q chromatography of two metabolically-labelled monocyte supernatants.
  • the cells were cultured on IgG (1a) or fetal calf serum (1b) coated plates.
  • FIG 2a shows silver stained gels of fractions from the regions indicated in Figures 1a and 1b.
  • Figure 2b is an autoradiogram of the gels shown in Figure 2a.
  • Figures 3a, b and c present data on the purified IL-1i of Example 1.
  • Figure 3a presents chromatography data with the radioactivity pattern superimposed.
  • Figure 3b presents silver stained gels run on .amples of the fractions indicated in Figure 3a.
  • Figure 3c presents autoradiograms of the gels in Figure 3b.
  • Figures 4a and b present the results of gel filtration chromatograms of Mono Q-purified IL-1i.
  • Figures 5a and b present Western analysis of mouse antisera.
  • Figure 6 depicts the construction of plasmid pSVXVPL2lL-1i.
  • Figure 7 depicts the construction of plasmid pMK-SGE: IL-1i.
  • Figures 8a-d present data on IL-1i- ⁇ .
  • Figures 8a and 8b present chromotography data.
  • Figure 8c presents a silver stained gel run on samples of fractions indicated in figure 8b.
  • Figure 8d presents an autoradiogram.
  • Figures 9a and 9b present data on iL-1i- ⁇ .
  • Figure 9a presents chromotography data.
  • Figure 9b presents SDS-PAGE data.
  • Figure 10 presents data of IL-1i- ⁇ peptide separation.
  • Figure 11 presents data of IL-1i- ⁇ peptide separation.
  • Figure 12a is a photograph of the gel with the GT10-IL1i-2A digested with EcoRI after electrophoresis according to Example 6.
  • Figure 12b presents data of an autoradiogram of a Southern blot of the gel shown in Figure 12a.
  • Figure 13 depicts a part of the DNA sequence of the protein coding region of lambda GT10-IL1i-2A and the predicted amino acid sequence according to Example 6.
  • Figure 14 depicts the nucleotide sequence of GT-10-il1I-2A.
  • Figure 15 depicts a peptide including, inter alia, an IL-1i sequence and a secretory leader sequence. Description of the Preferred Embodiment
  • the present invention relates to IL-1 inhibitors which have been isolated in a purified form.
  • the IL-1 inhibitors of the present invention are derived from human monocyte conditioned medium where the monocytes are grown on IgG coated vessels.
  • the invention encompasses substantially purified IL-1 inhibitors of any origin which are biologically equivalent to the inhibitor derived from human monocyte-contained medium.
  • compositions of the present invention that are capable of preventing IL-1 action in a similar fashion, but not necessarily to the same degree, as the native IL-1 inhibitor isolated from monocytes.
  • substantially homologous as used throughout the ensuing specification and claims, is meant a degree of homology to the native IL-1 inhibitor isolated from monocyte-conditioned medium in excess of that displayed by any previously reported IL-1 inhibitors.
  • the degree of homology in excess of 70 percent, more preferably in excess of 80 percent and even more preferably in excess of 90 per cent.
  • a particularly preferred group of inhibitors are in excess of 95 percent homologous with the native inhibitor.
  • the percentage of homology as described is calculated as the percentage of amino acid residues found in the smaller of the two sequences that align with identical amino acid residues in the sequence being compared when four gaps in a length of 100 amino acids may be introduced to assist in that alignment as set forth by Dayhoff, M. in Atlas of Protein Sequence and Structure Vol.5, p. 124 (1972), National Biochemical Research Foundation, Washington, D.C., specifically incorporated herein by reference.
  • the preferred IL-1 inhibitors of the present invention have been derived from monocyte-conditioned medium and, for the first time, have been isolated in a purified form.
  • purified form or “purified form” when used to refer to the IL-1 inhibitors disclosed herein, shall mean a preparation which is substantially free of other proteins which are not IL-1 inhibitor proteins.
  • the IL-1 inhibitors of the present invention are at least 90% pure and preferably 95% pure.
  • At least three purified IL-1 inhibitors have been isolated by the methods of the Example. These include inhibitor 1, inhibitor 2 and inhibitor 3.
  • Inhibitor 1 is behaving as a 22-23 kDa molecule on SDS-PAGE with an approximate isoelectric point of 4.8 and eluting from a Mono Q FPLC column at around 52 mM NaCl in Tris buffer, pH 7.6.
  • Inhibitor 3 is a 20kDa protein and elutes from a Mono Q column at 48 mM NaCl.
  • Inhibitors 1, 2 and 3 are related immumologically and functionally. Having obtained these inhibitors in purified forms has enabled the present inventors to obtain their amino acid sequences. Using the purified inhibitors disclosed for the first time herein and methods such as those described in and by ABI Protein Sequencer technical manuals supplied with the ABI Protein Sequencer, a substantial proportion of the amino acid sequences of these inhibitors can be deduced.
  • Example 3 shows amino acid sequence data obtained of three species of IL-1 inhibitors, namely IL-1i-X, IL-1i- ⁇ and IL-1i- ⁇ .
  • a recombinant DNA method for the manufacture of an IL-1 inhibitor is now disclosed.
  • the active site functions in a manner biologically equivalent to that of the native IL-1 inhibitor isolated from human.
  • a natural or synthetic DNA sequence may be used to direct production of the IL-1 inhibitors. This method comprises: (a) Preparation of a DNA sequence capable of directing a host cell to produce a protein having IL-1 inhibitor activity;
  • DNA sequences contemplated for use in this method are discussed in part in Example 5 and in part in Example 6. It is contemplated that these sequences include synthetic and natural DNA sequences. The natural sequences further include cDNA or genomic DNA segments.
  • Example 6 provides a molecular clone of DNA encoding a protein identical to that isolated in Examples 1- 3.
  • a plaque, GT10-IL1i-2A was isolated from aGT10 Library. The phage within this plaque was propagated and the DNA was isolated and digested with EcoRI. An EcoRI fragment of 1850 base pairs carries the coding sequence for IL1 inhibitor.
  • Figure 13 shows the partial DNA sequence of the EcoRI fragment.
  • synthetic sequences may be identical to the natural sequences described in more detail below or they may contain different nucleotides. In one embodiment, if the synthetic sequences contain nucleotides different from those found in the natural DNA sequences of this invention, it is contemplated that these different sequences will still encode a polypeptide which has the same primary structure as IL-1i isolated from monocytes. In an alternate embodiment, the synthetic sequence containing different nucleotides will encode a polypeptide which has the same biological activity as the IL-1i described herein.
  • the DNA sequence may be a fragment of a natural sequence, i.e., a fragment of a polynucleotide which occurred in nature and which has been isolated and purified for the first time by the present inventors.
  • the DNA sequence is a restriction fragment isolated from a cDNA library.
  • the DNA sequence is isolated from a human genomic library.
  • a human genomic library An example of such a library useful in this embodiment is set forth by Lawn et al. in Cell 15:1157-1174 (1978), specifically incorporated herein by reference.
  • the natural DNA sequence will be obtained by a method comprising:
  • the vectors contemplated for use in the present invention include any vectors into which a DNA sequence as discussed above can be inserted, along with any preferred or required operational elements, and which vector can then be subsequently transferred into a host cell and replicated in such cell.
  • Preferred vectors are those whose restriction sites have been well documented and which contain the operational elements preferred or required for transcription of the DNA sequence.
  • certain embodiments of the present invention are also envisioned which employ currently undiscovered vectors which would contain one or more of the cDNA sequences described herein.
  • all of these vectors have some or all of the following characteristics: (1) possess a minimal number of host-organism sequences; (2) be stably maintained and propagated in the desired host; (3) be capable of being present in a high copy number in the desired host; (4) possess a regu- latable promoter positioned so as to promote transcription of the gene of interest; (5) have at least one marker DNA sequence coding for a selectable trait present on a portion of the plasmid separate from that where the DNA sequence will be inserted; and (6) a DNA sequence capable of terminating transcription.
  • these cloning vectors containi g and capable of expressing the DNA sequences of the present invention contain various operational elements.
  • These "operational elements,” as discussed herein, include at least one promoter, at least one Shine-Dalgarno sequence and initiator codon, and at least one terminator codon.
  • these "operational elements” also include at least one operator, at least one leader sequence for proteins to be exported from intracellular space, at least one gene for a regulator protein, and any other DNA sequences necessary or preferred for appropriate transcription and subsequence translation of the vector DNA.
  • each of these vectors in a way that allows them to be easily isolated, assembled and interchanged. This facilitates assembly of numerous functional genes from combinations of these elements and the coding region of the DNA sequences. Further, many of these elements will be applicable in more than one host. It is additionally contemplated that the vectors, in certain preferred embodiments, will contain DNA sequences capable of functioning as regulators ("operators"), and other DNA sequenes capable of coding for regulator proteins.
  • regulators in one embodiment, will serve to prevent expression of the DNA sequence in the presence of certain environmental conditions and, in the presence of other environmental conditions, will allow transcription and subsequent expression of the protein coded for by the DNA sequence.
  • regulatory segments be inserted into the vector such that expression of the DNA sequence will not occur, or will occur to a greatly reduced extent, in the absence of, for example, isopropylthio-beta-D-galactoside.
  • the transformed microorganisms containing the DNA sequence may be grown to at a desired density prior to initiation of the expression of IL-1i.
  • expression of the desired protein is induced by addition of a substance to the microbial environment capable of causing expression of the DNA sequence after the desired density has been achieved.
  • the expression vectors must contain promoters which can be used by the host organism for expression of its own proteins. While the lactose promoter system is commonly used, other microbial promoters have been isolated and characterized, enabling one skilled in the art to use them for expression of the recombinant IL-1i.
  • transcription terminators contemplated herein serve to stabilize the vector.
  • those sequences as described by Rosenberg, M. and Court, D., in Ann. Rev. Genet. 13:319-353 (1979), specifically incorporated herein by reference, are contemplated for use in the present invention.
  • the 3' or 5' end of the coding region may also be desirable to reconstruct the 3' or 5' end of the coding region to allow incorporation of 3' or 5' non-translated sequences into the gene transcript. Included among these non-translated sequences are those which stabilize the mRNA as they are identified by Schmeissner, U., McKenney, K. , Rosenberg, M and Court, D. in J. Mol. Biol. 176:39-53 (1984), specifically incorporated herein by reference.
  • a ribosome binding site is a sequence which a ribosome recognizes and binds to in the initiation of protein synthesis as set forth in Gold, L., et al., Ann. Rev. Microbio. 35: 557-580; or Marquis, D.M., et al., Gene 42:175-183 (1986), both of which are specifically incorporated herein by reference.
  • a preferred ribosome binding site is GAGGCGCAAAAA(ATG).
  • DNA coding for an appropriate secretory leader (signal) sequence be present at the 5' end of the DNA sequence as set forth by Watson, M.E. in Nucleic Acids Res. 12:5145-5163, specifically incorporated herein by reference, if the protein is to be excreted from the cytoplasm.
  • the DNA for the leader sequence must be in a position which allows the production of a fusion protein in which the leader sequence is immediately adjacent to and covalently joined to the inhibitor, i.e., there must be no transcription or translation termination signals between the two DNA coding sequences.
  • the presence of the leader sequence is desired in part for one or more of the following reasons. First, the presence of the leader sequence may facilitate host processing of the IL-1i.
  • the leader sequence may direct cleavage of the initial translation product by a leader peptidase to remove the leader sequence and leave a polypeptide with the amino acid sequence which has potential protein activity.
  • the presence of the leader sequence may facilitate purification of the IL-1i, through directing the protein out of the cell cytoplasm.
  • the presence of an appropriate leader sequence will allow transport of the completed protein into the periplasmic space, as in the case of some E. coli.
  • the appropriate leader sequence will allow transport of the protein through the cell membrane and into the extracellular medium.
  • the protein may be purified from extracellular protein.
  • the presence of the leader sequence may be necessary to locate the completed protein in an environment where it may fold to assume its active structure, which structure possesses the appropriate protein activity.
  • an additional DNA sequence is located immediately preceding the DNA sequence which codes for the IL-1 inhibitor.
  • the additional DNA sequence is capable of functioning as a translational coupler, i.e., it is a DNA sequence that encodes an RNA which serves to position ribosomes immediately adjacent to the ribosome binding site of the inhibitor RNA with which it is contiguous.
  • the translational coupler may be derived using the DNA sequence
  • translation terminators contemplated herein serve to stop the translation of mRNA. They may be either natural, as described by Kohli, J., Mol. Gen. Genet. 182:430-439; or synthesized, as described by Pettersson, R.F. Gene 24:15-27 (1983), both of which references are specifically incorporated herein by reference.
  • the cloning vector contain a selectable marker, such as a drug resistance marker or other marker which causes expression of a selectable trait by the host microorganism.
  • a selectable marker such as a drug resistance marker or other marker which causes expression of a selectable trait by the host microorganism.
  • the gene for ampicillin resistance is included in the vector while, in other plasmids, the gene for tetracycline resistance or the gene for chloramphenicol resistance is included.
  • Such a drug resistance or other selectable marker is intended in part to facilitate in the selection of transformants. Additionally, the presence of such a selectable marker in the cloning vector may be of use in keeping contaminating microorganisms from multiplying in the culture medium. In this embodiment, a pure culture of the transformed host microorganisms would be obtained by culturing the microorganisms under conditions which require the induced phenotype for survival.
  • the vector is assembled by methods generally known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Assembly of such vectors is believed to be within the duties and tasks performed by those with ordinary skill in the art and, as such, is capable of being performed without undue experimentation.
  • similar DNA sequences have been ligated into appropriate cloning vectors, as set forth by Maniatis et al. in Molecular Cloning, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratories (1984), which is specifically incorporated herein by reference.
  • the present invention it should additionally be noted that multiple copies of the DNA sequence and its attendant operational elements may be inserted into each vector.
  • the host organism would produce greater amounts per vector of the desired IL-1 inhibitor.
  • the number of multiple copies of the DNA sequence which may be inserted into the vector is limited only by the ability of the resultant vector, due to its size, to be transferred into and replicated and transcribed in an appropriate host cell.
  • Vectors suitable for use in microorganisms other than E. coli are also contemplated for this invention. Such vectors are described in Table 1. In addition, certain preferred vectors are discussed below.
  • PseudoTrp 27 IAA addition, phossulfop- Trp (E. coli) nonas (E. coli) or tryptophan pholipase C 28 amide 30 Lac depletion exotoxin A 29 strep(E. coli) IPTG tomycin 30 Tac (E. coli)
  • Adb I 33 galactose Alpha Alpha His 3
  • RSF1010 plasmid RSF1010 and derivatives thereof as described by Bagdasarian, M., Bagdasarian, M.M., Coleman, S., and Timmis, K.N. in Plasmids of Medical, Environmental and Commercial Importance, Timmis, K.N. and Puhler, A. eds., Elsevier/North Holland Biomedical Press (1979), specifically incorporated herein by reference.
  • the advantages of RSF1010 are that it is relatively a small, high copy number plasmid which is readily transformed into and stably maintained in both E. coli and Pseudomonas species. In this system, it would be preferred to use the Tac expression system as described for Escherichia, since it appears that the E.
  • coli trp promoter is readily recognized by Pseudomonas RNA polymerase as set forth by Sakagucki, K. in Current Topics in Microbiology and Immunology 96: 31-45 (1982) and Gray, G.L., McKeown, K.A., Jones, A.J.S., Seeburg, P.H., and Heyneker, H.L. in Biotechnology, Feb. 1984, pp. 161-165, both of which are specifically incorporated herein by reference. Transcriptional activity may be further maximized by requiring the exchange of the promoter with, e.g., an E. coli or P. aeruqinosa trp promoter. Additionally, the lad gene of E. coli would also be included in the plasmid to effect regulation.
  • Translation may be coupled to translation initiation for any of the Pseudomonas proteins, as well as to initiation sites for any of the highly expressed proteins of the type chosen to cause intracellular expression of the inhibitor.
  • a preferred expression system in hosts of the genus Bacillus involves using plasmid pUB110 as the cloning vehicle.
  • Bacillus it is possible in Bacillus to express the IL-1i of the present invention as either an intracellular or a secreted protein.
  • the present embodiments include both systems.
  • Shuttle vectors that replicate in both Bacillus and E. coli are available for constructing and testing various genes as described by Dubnau, D., Gryczan, T., Contente, S., and Shivakumar, A.G. in Genetic Engineering, Vol. 2, Setlow and Hollander eds., Plenum Press, New York, New York, pp. 115-131 (1980), specifically incorporated herein by reference.
  • the signal sequence of alpha-amylase is preferably coupled to the coding region for the protein.
  • the portable DNA sequence will be translationally coupled to the ribosome binding site of the alpha-amylase leader sequence.
  • alpha-amylase promoter or a derivative thereof.
  • This derivative contains the RNA polymerase recognition sequence of the native alpha-amylase promoter but incorporates the lac operator region as well.
  • Similar hybr id promoters constructed from the penicillinase gene promoter and the lac operator have been shown to function in Bacillus hosts in a regulatable fashion as set forth by Yansura, D.G. and Henner in Genetics and Biotechnology of Bacilli, Ganesan, A.T. and Hoch, J.A., eds.. Academic Press, pp. 249-263 (1984), specifically incorporated by reference.
  • the lad gene of E. coli would also be included in the plasmid to effect regulation.
  • Clostridium Vectors One preferred construction for expression in Clostridium is in plasmid pJU12, described by Squires, CH. et al., in J. Bacteriol. 159:465-471 (1984) and specifically incorporated herein by reference, transformed into C. perfrinqens by the method of Heefner, D.L. et al., as described in J. Bacteriol. 159:460-464 (1984), specifically incorporated herein by reference. Transcription is directed by the promoter of the tetracycline resistance gene. Translation is coupled to the Shine-Dalgarno sequences of this same tet r gene in a manner strictly analogous to the procedures outlined above for vectors suitable for use in other hosts.
  • yeast Maintenance of foreign DNA introduced into yeast can be effected in several ways as described by Botstein, D. and Davis, R.W., in The Molecular Biology of the Yeast Saccharomyces, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Strathern, Jones and Broach, eds., pp. 607-636 (1982), specifically incorporated hereby by reference.
  • One preferred expression system for use with host organisms of the genus Saccharomyces harbors the IL-1i gene on the 2 micron plasmid.
  • the advantages of the 2 micron circle include relatively high copy number and stablility when introduced into cir° strains.
  • These vectors preferably incorporate the replication origin and at least one antibiotic resistance marker from pBR322 to allow replication and selection in E. coli.
  • the plasmid will preferably have the two micron sequence and the yeast LEU2 gene to serve the same purposes in LEU2 defective mutants of yeast. If it is contemplated that the recombinant IL-1 inhibitors will ultimately be expressed in yeast, it is preferred that the cloning vector first be transferred into Escherichia coli, where the vector would be allowed to replicate and from which the vector would be obtained and purified after amplification. The vector would then be transferred into the yeast for ultimate expression of the IL-1 inhibitor, (c) Mammalian Cells
  • the cDNA for the IL-1 inhibitor will serve as the gene for expression of the inhibitor in mammalian cells. It should have a sequence that will be efficient at binding ribsomes such as that described by [Kozak, in Nucleic Acids Research 15:8125-8132 (1987), specifically incorporated herein by reference,] and should have coding capacity for a leader sequence (see section 3(a) (vi)) to direct the mature protein out of the cell in a processed form.
  • the DNA restriction fragment carrying the complete cDNA sequence can be inserted into an expression vector which has a transcriptional promoter and a transcriptional enhancer as described by Guarente, L. in Cell 52:303-305 (1988) and Kadonaga, J.T.
  • the promoter may be regulatable as in the plasmid pMSG (Pharmacia Cat. No. 27450601) if constitutive expression of the inhibitor is harmful to cell growth.
  • the vector should have a complete polyadenylation signal as described by Ausubel, F.M. et al. in Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, Wiley (1987), specifically incorporated herein by reference, so that the mRNA transcribed from this vector is processed properly.
  • the vector will have the replication origin and at least one antibiotic resistance marker from pBR322 to allow replication and selection in E. coli.
  • the expression vector can carry the gene for a selectable marker such as a drug resistance marker or carry a complementary gene for a deficient cell line, such as a dihydrofolace reductase (dhfr) gene for transforming a dhfr- cell line as described by Ausubel et al., supra.
  • a separate plasmid carrying the selectable marker can be cotransformed along with the expression vector.
  • the vector thus obtained is transferred into an appropriate host cell.
  • These host cells may be microorganisms or mammalian cells.
  • any microorganism having the ability to take up exogenous DNA and express those genes and attendant operational elements may be chosen.
  • the vector is transferred into the host organism using methods generally known to those of ordinary skill in the art. Examples of such methods may be found in Advanced Bacterial Genetics by R. W. Davis et al., Cold Spring Harbor Press, Cold Spring Harbor, New York, (1980), which is specifically incorporated herein by reference. It is preferred, in one embodiment, that the transformation occur at low temperatures, as temperature regulation is contemplated as a means of regulating gene expression through the use of operational elements as set forth above. In another embodiment, if osmolar regulators have been inserted into the vector, regulation of the salt concentrations during the transformation would be required to insure appropriate control of the foreign genes.
  • the host microorganism be a facultative anaerobe or an aerobe.
  • Particular hosts which may be preferable for use in this method include yeasts and bacteria.
  • Specific yeasts include those of the genus Saccharomyces, and especially Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
  • Specific bacteria include those of the genera Bacillus, Escherichia, and Pseudomonas, especially Bacillus subt ilis and Escherichia coli. Additional host cells are listed in Table I, supra. (b) Mammalian Cells
  • the vector can be introduced into mammalian cells in culture by several techniques such as calcium phosphate: DNA coprecipitation, electroporation, or protoplast fusion.
  • the preferred method is coprecipitation with calcium phosphate as described by Ausubel et al., supra.
  • cell types that are transformable and capable of transcribing and translating the cDNA sequence, processing the precursor IL-1i and secreting the mature protein.
  • cell types may be variable with regard to glycosylation of secreted proteins and post-translational modification of amino acid residues, if any.
  • the ideal cell types are those that produce a recombinant IL-1 inhibitor identical to the natural molecule.
  • the host cells are cultured under conditions appropriate for the expression of the IL-1 inhibitor. These conditions are generally specific for the host cell, and are readily determined by one of ordinary skill in the art in light of the published literature regarding the growth conditions for such cells and the teachings contained herein. For example, Bergey's Manual of Determinative Bacteriology, 8th Ed., Williams & Wilkins Company, Baltimore, Maryland, which is specifically incorporated herein by reference, contains information on conditions for culturing bacteria. Similar information on culturing yeast and mammalian cells may be obtained from Pollack, R. Mammalian Cell Culture, Cold Spring Habor Laboratories (1975), specifically incorporated herein by reference.
  • any conditions necessary for the regulation of the expression of the DNA sequence, dependent upon any operational elements inserted into or present in the vector, would be in effect at the transformation and culturing stages.
  • cells are grown to a high density in the presence of appropriate regulatory conditions which inhibit the expression of the DNA sequence. When optimal cell density is approached, the environmental conditions are altered to those appropriate for expression of the DNA sequence. It is thus contemplated that the production of the IL-1 inhibitor will occur in a time span subsequent to the growth of the host cells to near optimal density, and that the resultant IL-1 inhibitor will be harvested at some time after the regulatory conditions necessary for its expression were induced.
  • the recombinant IL-1 inhibitor is purified subsequent to harvesting and prior to assumption of its active structure. This embodiment is preferred as the inventors believe that recovery of a high yield of re-folded protein is facilitated if the protein is first purified.
  • the IL-1 inhibitor may be allowed re-fold to assume its active structure prior to purification.
  • the IL-1 inhibitor is present in its re-folded, active state upon recovery from the culturing medium.
  • the IL-1 inhibitor will assume its proper, active structure upon expression in the host microorganism and transport of the protein through the cell wall or membrane or into the periplasmic space. This will generally occur if DNA coding for an appropriate leader sequence has been linked to the DNA coding for the recombinant protein. If the IL-1 inhibitor does not assume its proper, active structure, any disulfide bonds which have formed and/or any noncovalent interactions which have occurred will first be disrupted by denaturing and reducing agents, for example, guanidinium chloride and beta-mercaptoethanol, before the IL-1 inhibitor is allowed to assume its active structure following dilution and oxidation of these agents under controlled conditions.
  • denaturing and reducing agents for example, guanidinium chloride and beta-mercaptoethanol
  • anion exchange chromatography (MonoQ or DEAE-Sepharose), gel filtration chromatography (superose), chromatofocusing (MonoP), and hydrophobic interaction chromatography (octyl or phenyl sepharose).
  • anion exchange chromatography (MonoQ or DEAE-Sepharose)
  • gel filtration chromatography (superose)
  • chromatofocusing (MonoP)
  • hydrophobic interaction chromatography octyl or phenyl sepharose.
  • antibody affinity chromatography using the IL-1i-specific monoclonal antibodies (described in Example 3).
  • IL-1i produced from mammalian cells will be purified from conditioned medium by steps that will include ion exchange chromatography and immunoaffinity chromatography using monoclonal antibodies described in Example 3. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made in the processes and products of the present invention. Thus, it is intended that the present invention cover the modifications and variations of this invention provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.
  • HBSS Hank's Balanced Salt Solution
  • RPMI RPMI
  • Human IgG, MTT, rabbit anti-prostaglandin E 2 antiserum, ammonium bicarbonate, dithiothreitol, complete and incomplete Freund' s adjuvants, hypoxanchine, aminopterin, and thymidine were purchased from Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, Missouri.
  • C3H/HeJ mice were purchased from Jackson Labs, Bar Harbor, Maine.
  • BALB/c mice and P3 myeloma cells were obtained from Drs.
  • [ 35 S]- me thionine, diphenyloxazole, and [ 14 C]-iodoacetic acid were obtained from DuPont-NEN, Chicago, Illinois.
  • Fetal calf serum was purchased from HyClone Laboratories, Logan, Utah.
  • Mono Q and Superose 12 columns were purchased from Pharmacia, Inc., Piscataway, N.J.
  • C4-reversed phase columns were obtained from Synchrom, Inc., Lafayette, Indiana.
  • C8-reversed phase columns were obtained from Applied Biosystems, Inc., Foster City, California.
  • Acetonitrile and polyethylene glycol 8000 were purchased from J. T. Baker Chemical Co., Phillipsburg, N.J.
  • Trifluroacetic acid and guanidine hydrochloride were obtained from Pierce Chemicals, Rockford, Illinois. Endoproteinase Lys C was obtained from Boehringer Mannheim Biochemicals, Indianapolis, Indiana.
  • the microtitering plates used for PGE 2 ELISA were Nunc-Immuno Plate I obtained from Intermountain Scientific Corporation, Bountiful, Utah. The plates used for hybridoma production were from Costar, Cambridge, Massachusetts. B. Generation of Monocyte IL-1 Inhibitor
  • Human leukocytes were obtained from normal donors by leukophoresis, resuspended in Hank's balanced salt solution (HBSS) at 1 part packed cells to 1 part HBSS, underlaved with Lymphoprep and spun at 400 ⁇ g for 30' at room temperature.
  • the mononuclear fraction was taken (typically 4-5 ⁇ 10 9 cells were obtained per donor), washed in HBSS without Ca ++ or Mg ++ , suspended in serum-free RPMI and plated on petri dishes coated with normal human IgG made LPS free by chromatography over Sephapex G200 (6 ⁇ 10 7 cells in 10ml per 100 mm dish). All reagents contained less than 10 pg/ml LPS.
  • the cells were cultured 24-48 hr, and the resulting conditioned medium constituted the crude IL-1 inhibitor (IL-1i) supernatant. Typically, the cells from one donor yielded 700-900 ml crude IL-1i supernatant.
  • Thymocytes (1 ⁇ 10 6 cells from 4 to 6 week old C3H/HeJ mice) respond to 1.0 unit/ml of recombinant human IL-1 plus 1 ug/ml phytohaemaglutinin by proliferating half-maximally, as measured by 3 H-thymidine incorporation or uptake of the tetrazolium salt MTT (Mosmann, T., J. Immunol. Method, 65:55-61 (1983)) after three days of stimulation. Crude IL-1i supernatant fully inhibits this proliferative response at a 1/10 dilution.
  • Human dermal fibroblasts (1 ⁇ 10 5 cells per well in a 96 well plate) typically respond to 0.5 units/ml recombinant human IL-1 by secreting, at 6 hours of stimulation, approximately 50,000 pg/ml PGE2 that can be measured by ELISA. This assay is as sensitive to IL-1i as is the thymocyte assay.
  • the IL-1i was metabolically labeled by culturing mononuclear leukocytes for 48 hours on IgG-coated plates (as described in B) in serum-free RPMI containing only 0.75 ug/ml cold methionine (15ug/ml is normal) and to which was added 0.5 mCi 35 S-methionine (1151 Ci/mmol) per 10 7 cells. Control labelings were performed identically except that the plates were coated with fetal calf serum rather than IgG. Assays on such control supernatants showed that very little IL-1i was secreted when the cells were cultured on fetal calf serum-coated plates. E. Purification of the IL-1 Inhibitor Protein
  • the supernatants were typically combined with 10 ml of similarly prepared supernatant from a metabolic labeling and loaded onto Mono Q-Superose (Pharmacia FPLC) columns with bed volumes of either 1.0 ml or 8.0 ml, washed with A buffer until the OD 280 of the effluent returned to baseline, and carefully chromatographed using a linear sodium chloride gradient (.025M to .10M) in buffer A. Column fractions were collected and analyzed for radioactivity and bioactivity. Samples of each fraction were also run on reduced 12.5% SDS-PAGE, silver stained, permeated with diphenyloxazole, dried and put onto film to obtain autoradiographic data.
  • Figure la shows the protein profile of the Mono Q chromatography of 40 ml crude Il-1i supernatant mixed with 3 ml of metabolically labeled IL-1i supernatant. Superimposed are the amount of radioactivity found in 50 ul of each fraction as well as the IL-1i bioactivity as measured in the PGE2 ⁇ production assay. Two major and one minor radioactive species are shown that perfectly correlate with three peaks of bioactivity.
  • Figure lb shows the similar chromatography of 15 ml of crude Il-1i supernatant mixed with 3 ml of supernatant from monocytes metabolically labeled on plates coated with fetal calf serum (FCS) rather than IgG. The levels of the three radioactive species discussed above are markedly diminished.
  • FCS fetal calf serum
  • Figure 2a shows silver stained gels run on the fractions from the regions of interest in the chromatographies shown in Figures la and lb. Note that the fractions of peak radioactivity and bioactivity in Figure la (fractions 52 and 59) both show a major band at 22 Kd (marked with arrows) on SDS-PAGE. The third species (fraction 48 in Figure la) shows a band at 20kD on SDS-PAGE. Gel filtration experiments on crude IL-1i have shown that the active molecule has a molecular weight of 18-25 Kd.
  • Figure 2b is an autoradiogram of the gels shown in Figure 2a. It can be readily seen that the protein bands at 20 and 22 Kd are the major radioactive species in those fractions.
  • the Mono Q purification of IL-1i resolves the biological activity into three major species, as shown in Figure la and described in Example 1, where the peak fractions for this activity are 48, 52, and 59.
  • SDS-PAGE on samples of these fractions, as shown in Figure 2a reveal pertinent species at 20 kD, 22 kD, and 22kD, respectively.
  • Western analysis of such gels using the mouse antisera discussed in Example 4 below, stains all three of these species.
  • IL-1i is prepared from cells metabolically labeled with 35 S-methionine, during growth on plates coated with IgG, each of these bands is radioactive (as shown in Figure 2b, the autoradiogram of the above-mentioned gel).
  • IL-1i-aB2p42 yielded the following sequence: 1 5 10 15 20 R P S G R K S S K M Q A F _ I S D V N Q and subsequent preparations of IL-1i-X, similarly purified by
  • IL-1i-a and IL-1i-b are apparently chemically blocked at their N-termini, peptides of each were generated by endoproteinase digestion. Specifically, Mono Q fractions containing either IL-1i-a or IL-1i-b were passed through a 4.6 ⁇ 250 mm C3-RPHPLC column (Zorbax Protein Plus), an acceptable alternative to the C-4 columns used in all previous experiments. Very gradual gradients (0.2% acetonitrile per minute at 0,5 ml/min) resolved the IL-1i-a ( Figure 8a, b) or IL-1i-b ( Figure 9a) away from the major contaminating radioactive species, human lysozyme.
  • IL-1i-a the enzyme used was Endoproteinase Lys C (Boehringer-Mannheim), while IL-1i-b was cleaved with Endoproteinase Asp N (Boehringer-Mannheim) . Cleavage was carried out at 37°C for 16 hr, and then the volume of the reaction mix was reduced to 50 ml on a Speed Vac.
  • IL-1i-a the sample was directly chroma- tographed, whereas the IL-1i-b sample was first reduced by the addition of 5ml of 50 mM dithiothreitol in 2 M Tris, pH 8.0, reacted for 30 min at 37°C, and then carboxymethylated by addition of 1.1 umole H-iodoacet ic acid in 10 ml ethanol (reacted 30 min at 37°C in the dark).
  • mice Ten week old BALB/c mice were injected subcutaneously with IL-1i that was partially purified (400-fold) from crude supernatants by Mono Q-chromatography, dialyzed versus PBS, and emulsified with Complete Freund's Adjuvant. Each mouse received the IL-1i purified from 5 ml of crude supernatant. The mice were boosted every two weeks with an equivalent amount of IL-1i emulsifed with Incomplete Freund's Adjuvant, and serum samples were taken from the tails seven .days after each boost, Antisera were tested for anti-IL-1i activity by Western analysis of transblots of the immunogen run on SDS-PAGE, as shown in Fig. 5a. Fig. 5b shows that all of the mice were making anti-IL-1i antibodies after three injections of IL-1i.
  • the supernatants from the confluent wells are tested for anti-IL-1i activity using an ELISA in which partially purified IL-1i (Mono Q-purified material identical to that injected into the mice) is bound to microtitering wells. Normal mouse sera and hyperimmune antisera are used as the negative and positive controls, respectively. Positive supernatants will be retested by ELISA on plates coated with homogeneously purified IL-1i and by immunoprecipitation of purified metabolically labeled IL-1i. Positive cells will then be cloned by limiting dilution and injected into pristane-treated mice for the generation of ascites.
  • IL-li-specif ic antibodies can be produced by tissue culture or by massive generation and collection of ascitic fluid in mice. Purification of these antibodies and attachment thereof to insoluble beads will produce affinity adsorbents for the purification of the recombinant IL-1i protein.
  • IL-1i In order to determine when (during the 24 hour period) IL-1i was being produced at a maximal rate, plated monocytes were exposed to [ 35 S ]-methionine (pulsed) for a short, two-hour period, at which time a large excess of unlabelled methionine was added and incubated for an additional two hours. The medium was then collected and analyzed for ra- tiolabelle ⁇ IL-1i.
  • RNA was isolated by oligo dT cellulose chromatography by the method of Aviv, H. and Leder, P. (1972) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. (USA) 69:1408-1412 precipitated with ethanol and. dissolved to a concentration of 0.36 ug/ul.
  • One microgram to poly A + RNA was used to prepare cDNA according to Gubler, U. and Hoffman, B. J. (1983) Gene 25:263-169.
  • the cDNA was incorporated into a lambda gt11 expression library using Eco RI linkers from Boehringer Mannheim catalog No. 988448 or New England Bio Lab No. 1070 and instructions provided by these manufacturers.
  • the resulting library which contains 10° independent clones, was screened on E. coli Y1090 rk- (Promega Biotec) with an appropriate polyclonal antibody to IL-1i as described previously using screening conditions described by R. A. Young and R. W. Davis [(1983) PNAS 80: 1194-1198].
  • Positive signals will be detected using a biotinylated second antibody (such as goat anti-mouse IgG, Bethesda Research Labs) followed by a strepavidin-alkaline phosphatase conjugate (Bethesda Research Labs), as described by Bayer, E. A. and Wilchek, M. (1979) in Methods in Biochemical Analysis, and Guesdon, J. L. Ternynch, T. and Avrameas, S. (1979) J. Histochem. Cytochem. 27:1131-1138 and according to manufacturer's instructions.
  • Example 6 Preparation and Sequencing of Gene Encoding IL-1i cDNA prepared as described in Example 5 was incorporated into the cloning vector lambda GT10. This cDNA was first methylated using EcoRI methylase with S-adenosyl-methionine as the substrate, EcoRI linkers were attached in a ligation reaction, and excess linkers were removed by digestion with EcoRI endonuclease and chromatography on a CL6B spin column.
  • a ligation reaction containing 0.124 ug of linkered, size- selected cDNA and 1 ug of EcoRI-cut and phosphatase-treated lambda GT10 was performed, and the products of this ligation reaction were packaged using GIGAPACK GOLD packaging extracts (Stratagene). This yielded a library of 1x10 members.
  • oligonucleotide (antisense) probes were synthesized based on protein and peptide sequence presented in Example 3. The sequences of the probes and of their corresponding peptide sequence are as follows.
  • N A, G, C, and T
  • Probe #ILlil-3 was 32 p-phosphorylated at its 5' end and used to screen 3 ⁇ 10 5 plaques of the library. The probe hybridized reproducibly to three plaques, and out of these, one plaque was shown to also hybridize to probe #ILlil-4.
  • This plaque, GT10-IL1i-2A was cultivated and the DNA was isolated using Lambdasorb (Promega) according to the manufacturer's instructions. GT10-IL1i-2A has been deposited at American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) in Rockville, Maryland under Accession No. 40488. The DNA was digested with EcoRI, divided into five equal aliquots, and electrophoresed on a 1% agarose gel.
  • FIG. 12 a shows that GT10-IL1i-2A contains an EcoRI fragment that is 1850 base pairs in length.
  • Figure 12b is a photograph of this autoradiograph. It provides evidence that all of the probes hybridize specifically to the 1850 bp fragment, proving that this fragment carries substantial coding sequences for the IL1 inhibitor.
  • GT10-IL1I-2A DNA was digested with EcoRI, electrophoresed on a 1% agarose gel, and the 1850 bp fragment was isolated. This fragment was ligated with EcoRI-diqested M13 mpl9 and transformed into E. coli strain JM109. Transformants were screened by looking for those lacking beta-galactosidase activity. Five such transformants were isolated, single-stranded DNA was prepared, and sequencing was performed according to Sanger et al. The DNA sequence of three of the transformants corresponded to the 3' end of the mRNA, while two transformants provided protein coding sequence. In Figure 13, the DNA sequence is shown that was obtained for the protein coding region of the cDNA.
  • Figure 13 also shows the predicted amino acid sequence.
  • the amino acid sequence from the first amino acid Alanine to the 29th amino acid Proline and from the 79th amino acid isoleucine to the end is the hypothesized amino acid sequence.
  • the predicted amino acid sequence from the 30th amino acid Proline to the 78th amino acid Proline agrees with the peptide sequences described in Example 3.
  • Example 7 Sequencing GT10-IL-1I-2A and IL-1i
  • GT10-IL1I-2A A portion of GT10-IL1I-2A has been sequenced and is set forth in Figure 14.
  • the DNA encodes a protein containing amino acid sequences that are characteristic of IL-1i (nucleotides 99-557), However, it is believed that several modifications may be made to this protein before it is secreted into the extracellular milieu. These modifications may or may not be essential for the protein to have activity as an IL-1i.
  • GT10-IL1i-2A encodes at least 32 amino acids N-terminal (nucleotides 3-98) to the amino terminus of the form of IL-1i known as X. It is believed that included in these 32 amino acids is a secretory leader sequence that starts at the M encoded by nucleotides 24-26, directs the nascent IL-1i to the extracellular milieu, and is then removed by a leader peptidase, and possible other peptidases. The extent to which this sequence is removed in forms alpha and beta of IL-1i is presently unknown, but the N-terminus of these forms is thought to be close to that of form X. Removal of the secretory leader sequence is probably required for the protein to have effective IL-1i activity.
  • Nucleotides 349-351 of GT10-IL1I-2A encode an N residue that is a part of a concensus N-glycosylation site.
  • N-glycanase it is believed that forms alpha and beta of IL-1i are glycosylated. Since form X is not believed to be susceptible to digestion with this enzyme it is believed that it is not glycosylated, although this remains a possibility that could easily be demonstrated by one of ordinary skill in the art of protein sequencing using the information provided here. It is believed that glycosylation at this N residue is not required for the protein to show effective IL-1i activity.
  • Nucleotides 99-101 of GT10-IL1i-2A encode a P (see Figure 15), but no P has been detected at this position (the N-terminus) of form X of IL-1i. It is possible that this residue has been modified in the mature protein. It is believed that modification of this residue is not essential for effective IL-1i activity,
  • N-terminus residues of forms alpha and beta are not wholly detectable by Edman degradation and are likely to be modified following removal of some of the N-terminal residues of the protein encoded by GT10-ILli-2A. It is believed that this modification is not essential for effective IL-1i activity.
  • IL-1i expression vectors designed for use in animal cells can be of several types including strong consitutitve expression constructs, inducible gene constructs, as well as those designed for expression in particular cell types. In all cases promoters and other gene regulatory regions such as enhancers (inducible or not) and polyadenylat ion signals are placed in the appropriate location in relation to the cDNA sequences in plasmid-based vectors.
  • a construct using a strong constitutive promoter region should be made using the simian virus 40 (SV40) gene control signals in an arrangement such as that found in the plasmid pSV2CAT as described by Gorman et al. in Mol. Cel. Biol. 2:1044-1051, 1982, specifically incorporated herein by reference.
  • This plasmid should be manipulated in such a way as to substitute the IL-1i cDNA for the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) coding sequences using standard molecular biological techniques (Maniatis et al., supra), as shown in Fig. 6.
  • An inducible gene construct should be made utilizing the plasmid PMK which contains the mouse metaliothionein (MT-1) promoter region (Brinster et al., Cell 27:228-231, 1981).
  • This plasmid can be used as a starting material and should be manipulated as shown in Fig. 7 to yield a metal-inducible gene construct.
  • a number of animal cell lines should be used to express IL-1i using the vectors described above to produce active protein.
  • Two potential cell lines that have been well-characterized for their ability to promote foreign gene expression are mouse Ltk- and Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) dhfr- cells, although expression of Il-1i is not limited to these cell lines.
  • Vector DNA should be introduced into these cell lines using any of a number of gene-transfer techniques.
  • the method employed here involves the calcium phosphate-DNA precipitation technique described by S.L. Graham & A.S, van der Eb (Virology 52:456-467, 1973) in which the expression vector for IL-1i is co-precipitated with a second expression vector encoding a selectable marker.
  • the selectable marker is a thymidine kinase gene and the selection is as described by Wigler, et al.
  • DHFR dihydrofolate reductase
  • Cells that express the IL-1i gene constructs should then be grown under conditions that will increase the levels of production of IL-1i.
  • Cells carrying the metaliothionein promoter constructs can now be grown in the presence of heavy metals such as cadmium which will lead to a 5-fold increased utilization of the MT-1 promoter (Mayo et al., Cell 29:99-108) subsequently leading to a comparable increase in IL-1i protein levels.
  • Cells containing IL-1i expression vectors (either SV40- or MT-1-based) along with a DHFR expression vector can be taken through the gene amplification protocol described by Ringold et al, (J. Mol. Appl. Genet.
  • methotrexate a competitive antagonist of DHFR. This leads to more copies of the DHFR genes present in the cells and, concomitantly, increased copies of the IL-1i genes which, in turn, can lead to more IL-1i protein being produced by the cells.
  • IL-1i are expected to be secreted from cells like the natural material, it is anticipated that the methods described above for purification of the natural protein will allow similar purification and characterization of the recombinant protein.
  • the amino terminal residue of IL-1i has been identified several times by direct protein sequencing as an arginine (R). The result of such sequencing is shown in Example 3.
  • the amino terminal residue of IL-1i predicted by the sequence of the cDNA is a proline (P) .
  • This amino terminal residue corresponds to nucleotides 85-87 in Fig. 13, and is circled in Figs. 14 and 15. This apparent disagreement between the cDNA sequence and the direct protein sequence can be resolved by assuming that an error in the cDNA sequence was incorporated during the reverse transcriptase-catalyzed synthesis from its mRNA.
  • Example 11 A protein having the sequence:
  • Z is arginine or proline is also included in the invention.

Abstract

L'invention concerne un inhibiteur d'interleukine-1 (IL-li) sensiblement purifié actif contre l'interleukine-1 alpha ou l'interleukine-1 bêta ou l'une et l'autre de ces substances. Elle concerne également un procédé à ADN recombinant de production d'un inhibiteur d'interleukine-1 (IL-li), ainsi qu'une séquence d'ADN isolée codant un inhibiteur d'interleukine-1 (IL-li) physiologiquement fonctionnel.
PCT/US1989/002275 1988-05-27 1989-05-25 Inhibiteurs d'interleukine-1 WO1989011540A1 (fr)

Priority Applications (9)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
HU9803037A HU222810B1 (hu) 1988-05-27 1989-05-25 Interleukin-1 inhibitorok, ezeket kódoló DNS-szekvenciák, a szekvenciákat tartalmazó rekombináns DNS-vektorok, a vektort tartalmazó gazdasejtek és rekombináns GT-10-il-1i-2A DNS molekula
KR1019960703435A KR970002917B1 (ko) 1988-05-27 1989-05-25 인터루킨-i 억제제
KR1019890702466A KR0148009B1 (ko) 1988-05-27 1989-05-25 인터루킨-1 억제제
BR898907457A BR8907457A (pt) 1988-05-27 1989-05-25 Inibidores de interleucina-1
NO19905090A NO316122B1 (no) 1988-05-27 1990-11-23 DNA-sekvens som koder for interleukin-1-inhibitorer, rekombinant vektor sominneholder og kan kode DNA-sekvensen, vertcelle som inneholder ogkan uttrykkevektorer, og fremgangsmåte til fremstilling av interleukin-1-inhibitorer, og rekombinant vertcelle s
FI905812A FI109206B (fi) 1988-05-27 1990-11-26 Interleukiini-1 inhibiittoreita koodittavat DNA-sekvenssit, niitä sisältävät vektorit ja isäntäsolut sekä menetelmä interleukiini-1-inhibiittoreiden valmistamiseksi
DK199100085A DK172763B1 (da) 1988-05-27 1991-01-18 Isoleret interleukin-1 (IL-1) inhibitor eller forstadiepolypeptid dertil, isoleret DNA-molekyle, som koder derfor, vektor o
NO20014783A NO316917B1 (no) 1988-05-27 2001-10-01 Fremgangsmate til fremstilling av et farmasoytisk preparat inneholdende en interleukin-1-inhibitor
FI20020545A FI20020545A (fi) 1988-05-27 2002-03-21 Eristetty DNA-molekyyli, joka koodaa interleukiini-1 inhibiittoria, sitä sisältävä vektori ja isäntäsolu, menetelmä interleukiini-1-inhibiittoreiden valmistamiseksi sekä niiden käyttö farmaseuttistenkoostumusten valmistamisessa

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US19991588A 1988-05-27 1988-05-27
US23871388A 1988-08-31 1988-08-31
US26653188A 1988-11-03 1988-11-03
US266,531 1988-11-03
US238,713 1988-11-03
US199,915 1988-11-03

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US5455330A (en) * 1990-05-01 1995-10-03 Cetus Oncology Corporation Interleukin-1 antagonist and uses thereof
US5747444A (en) * 1990-10-09 1998-05-05 Chiron Corporation Method of treating graft-versus-host disease
US5872095A (en) * 1990-05-01 1999-02-16 Chiron Corporation IL-1 receptor antagonists medicaments
US5932537A (en) * 1990-10-09 1999-08-03 Chiron Corporation Method for attenuating a cellular response to IL-1
US6159460A (en) * 1988-05-27 2000-12-12 Amgen Inc. Method for treating interleukin-1 mediated diseases
WO2003035048A2 (fr) * 2001-10-26 2003-05-01 Novartis Ag Procedes et compositions de traitement de l'osteo-arthrite
US6599873B1 (en) 1988-05-27 2003-07-29 Amgen Inc. Interleukin-1 inhibitors, compositions, and methods of treatment
US6733753B2 (en) 1997-02-10 2004-05-11 Amgen Inc. Composition and method for treating inflammatory diseases
US6858409B1 (en) 1988-05-27 2005-02-22 Amgen Inc. Nucleic acids encoding interleukin-1 inhibitors and processes for preparing interleukin-1 inhibitors
EP2105449A2 (fr) 2000-02-23 2009-09-30 Amgen Inc. Agents antagonistes de liaison sélective de protéine de liaison d'ostéoprotégérine
EP2314316A1 (fr) 2002-04-05 2011-04-27 Amgen, Inc Anticorps humain anti-OPGL neutralizant comme inhibiteurs selectifs de la voie de signalisaition par l'OPGL
EP2336177A1 (fr) 2004-08-04 2011-06-22 Amgen, Inc anticorps anti-DKK-1
WO2012142391A1 (fr) 2011-04-15 2012-10-18 Merck Patemt Gmbh Inhibiteurs anti-il-1r1 destinés à une utilisation dans le cadre du cancer
EP2589610A1 (fr) 2007-08-21 2013-05-08 Amgen, Inc Protéines de liaison d'antigène de c-fms humain
WO2015087187A1 (fr) 2013-12-10 2015-06-18 Rinat Neuroscience Corp. Anticorps anti-sclérostine
US9359405B2 (en) 2011-03-14 2016-06-07 Phlogo Aps Antagonists of the interleukin-1 receptor
US9464139B2 (en) 2013-08-30 2016-10-11 Amgen Inc. GITR antigen binding proteins and methods of use thereof
WO2017156058A1 (fr) 2016-03-08 2017-09-14 Janssen Biotech, Inc. Anticorps anti-gitr, méthodes et utilisations

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US6858409B1 (en) 1988-05-27 2005-02-22 Amgen Inc. Nucleic acids encoding interleukin-1 inhibitors and processes for preparing interleukin-1 inhibitors
US6599873B1 (en) 1988-05-27 2003-07-29 Amgen Inc. Interleukin-1 inhibitors, compositions, and methods of treatment
US6159460A (en) * 1988-05-27 2000-12-12 Amgen Inc. Method for treating interleukin-1 mediated diseases
US5872095A (en) * 1990-05-01 1999-02-16 Chiron Corporation IL-1 receptor antagonists medicaments
US5455330A (en) * 1990-05-01 1995-10-03 Cetus Oncology Corporation Interleukin-1 antagonist and uses thereof
US5874561A (en) * 1990-05-01 1999-02-23 Chiron Corporation/Chapel Hill North Carolina DNA, host cell and vector encoding a protein with cytokine inhibitory activity
US5817306A (en) * 1990-10-09 1998-10-06 Chiron Corporation Method for treating graft versus host disease
US5840496A (en) * 1990-10-09 1998-11-24 Chiron Corporation Method for diagnosing endometrial cancer
US5932537A (en) * 1990-10-09 1999-08-03 Chiron Corporation Method for attenuating a cellular response to IL-1
US6087178A (en) * 1990-10-09 2000-07-11 Chiron Corporation Method for down regulating CD4 expression in a T cell
US5824549A (en) * 1990-10-09 1998-10-20 Chiron Corporation Transformed human T cell
US5814469A (en) * 1990-10-09 1998-09-29 Chiron Corporation Method for diagnosing endometrial cancer
US5747444A (en) * 1990-10-09 1998-05-05 Chiron Corporation Method of treating graft-versus-host disease
US6733753B2 (en) 1997-02-10 2004-05-11 Amgen Inc. Composition and method for treating inflammatory diseases
EP2105449A2 (fr) 2000-02-23 2009-09-30 Amgen Inc. Agents antagonistes de liaison sélective de protéine de liaison d'ostéoprotégérine
EP3184545A1 (fr) 2000-02-23 2017-06-28 Amgen, Inc Agents antagonistes de liaison sélective de protéine de liaison d'ostéoprotégérine
EP3613775A1 (fr) 2000-02-23 2020-02-26 Amgen Inc. Agents antagonistes de liaison sélective de protéine de liaison d'ostéoprotégérine
EP2305715A2 (fr) 2000-02-23 2011-04-06 Amgen, Inc Anticorps monoclonal contre la protéine de liaison d'ostéoprotégérine
EP2330197A2 (fr) 2000-02-23 2011-06-08 Amgen, Inc Agents antagonistes de liaison sélective de protéine de liaison d'ostéoprotégérine
WO2003035048A3 (fr) * 2001-10-26 2003-10-09 Novartis Ag Procedes et compositions de traitement de l'osteo-arthrite
WO2003035048A2 (fr) * 2001-10-26 2003-05-01 Novartis Ag Procedes et compositions de traitement de l'osteo-arthrite
EP2314316A1 (fr) 2002-04-05 2011-04-27 Amgen, Inc Anticorps humain anti-OPGL neutralizant comme inhibiteurs selectifs de la voie de signalisaition par l'OPGL
EP2336177A1 (fr) 2004-08-04 2011-06-22 Amgen, Inc anticorps anti-DKK-1
EP2589610A1 (fr) 2007-08-21 2013-05-08 Amgen, Inc Protéines de liaison d'antigène de c-fms humain
EP2592093A1 (fr) 2007-08-21 2013-05-15 Amgen, Inc Protéines de liaison d'antigène de c-fms humain
EP3330292A1 (fr) 2007-08-21 2018-06-06 Amgen, Inc Protéines de liaison d'antigène de c-fms humain
US9359405B2 (en) 2011-03-14 2016-06-07 Phlogo Aps Antagonists of the interleukin-1 receptor
WO2012142391A1 (fr) 2011-04-15 2012-10-18 Merck Patemt Gmbh Inhibiteurs anti-il-1r1 destinés à une utilisation dans le cadre du cancer
US9464139B2 (en) 2013-08-30 2016-10-11 Amgen Inc. GITR antigen binding proteins and methods of use thereof
EP3427751A1 (fr) 2013-08-30 2019-01-16 Amgen, Inc Protéines de liaison à l'antigène gitr
WO2015087187A1 (fr) 2013-12-10 2015-06-18 Rinat Neuroscience Corp. Anticorps anti-sclérostine
WO2017156058A1 (fr) 2016-03-08 2017-09-14 Janssen Biotech, Inc. Anticorps anti-gitr, méthodes et utilisations
US10730950B2 (en) 2016-03-08 2020-08-04 Janssen Biotech, Inc. GITR antibodies, methods, and uses

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FI20020545A (fi) 2002-03-21
BR8907457A (pt) 1991-04-02
NO316917B1 (no) 2004-06-21
DK172763B1 (da) 1999-07-05
DK8591D0 (da) 1991-01-18
HU215434B (hu) 1999-04-28
NO905090L (no) 1991-01-28
AU633831B2 (en) 1993-02-11
NO316122B1 (no) 2003-12-15
HU222810B1 (hu) 2003-11-28
JP2001029093A (ja) 2001-02-06
JPH03505279A (ja) 1991-11-21
DK8591A (da) 1991-01-18
HU893412D0 (en) 1991-05-28
NO905090D0 (no) 1990-11-23
FI109206B (fi) 2002-06-14
NO20014783D0 (no) 2001-10-01
HU9803037D0 (en) 1999-11-29
AU3746989A (en) 1989-12-12
KR970002917B1 (ko) 1997-03-12
OA09631A (en) 1993-04-30
NO20014783L (no) 1991-01-28
JP3192651B2 (ja) 2001-07-30
FI905812A0 (fi) 1990-11-26

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