WO1986002922A1 - Agent for the protection of building materials, particularly concrete and bricks, against water - Google Patents

Agent for the protection of building materials, particularly concrete and bricks, against water Download PDF

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Publication number
WO1986002922A1
WO1986002922A1 PCT/HU1985/000063 HU8500063W WO8602922A1 WO 1986002922 A1 WO1986002922 A1 WO 1986002922A1 HU 8500063 W HU8500063 W HU 8500063W WO 8602922 A1 WO8602922 A1 WO 8602922A1
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WIPO (PCT)
Prior art keywords
water
composition according
anion
protection
cation
Prior art date
Application number
PCT/HU1985/000063
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German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Márton SCHÄFFER
Sándor jun. FELLNER
Ferenc jun. HORVÁTH
István jun. MÉSZÁROS
Béla HOLLÓSI
Original Assignee
Öntödei Formázó És Segédanyagokat Gyártó Vállalat
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Application filed by Öntödei Formázó És Segédanyagokat Gyártó Vállalat filed Critical Öntödei Formázó És Segédanyagokat Gyártó Vállalat
Publication of WO1986002922A1 publication Critical patent/WO1986002922A1/en

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Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
    • C04B41/009—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone characterised by the material treated
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B28/00—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements
    • C04B28/02—Compositions of mortars, concrete or artificial stone, containing inorganic binders or the reaction product of an inorganic and an organic binder, e.g. polycarboxylate cements containing hydraulic cements other than calcium sulfates
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B41/00—After-treatment of mortars, concrete, artificial stone or ceramics; Treatment of natural stone
    • C04B41/45—Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements
    • C04B41/46—Coating or impregnating, e.g. injection in masonry, partial coating of green or fired ceramics, organic coating compositions for adhering together two concrete elements with organic materials

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an agent for the protection of structural materials, in particular concrete and brick, against water.
  • the agent according to the invention fulfills the above requirements.
  • the agent according to the invention is characterized in that it contains, as the active component, with the cation present in the structural material, advantageously calcium ion, a water-soluble compound containing a non-water-soluble precipitate.
  • the basis of the invention is the recognition that in the case when such a water-soluble anion reacts with the calcium ion present in the concrete that forms with the insoluble precipitate, this precipitate becomes the capillary of the
  • the presence of such an anion is necessary which forms a water-soluble salt with a corresponding cation, from which an insoluble precipitate forms in the structural material by cation exchange.
  • the polycarboxylic acids optionally substituted by hydroxyl groups containing 2-8 carbon atoms and also optionally containing double bonds contain such anions.
  • the organic dicarboxylic acids optionally substituted by hydroxyl groups are also worth mentioning.
  • Such acids are e.g. B. malic acid, citric acid and fumaric acid.
  • An advantageous anion is e.g. B. Oxalate, but above all the tartaration.
  • the agent contains tartaric acid and sodium carbonate, which ver bindings can be reached easily and cheaply. These compounds form sodium tartar in an aqueous medium, which penetrates into the capillary with the calcium oxide, calcium carbonate, etc. reacts to insoluble calcium tartar.
  • the agent can serve as a cation source compound or. Cation any compound or cation are used which forms water-soluble compound with the anion used. An alkali metal ion or alkali metal compound whose salts are generally water-soluble is expediently used.
  • tartaric acid sodium carbonate or - if the active ingredient is a compound - sodium tartarate or tartar / potassium hydrogen tartar / are suitably used.
  • the agent according to the invention contains at most one additive known per se in construction practice.
  • the agent expediently contains cement and sand, while in the case of protecting bricks against water cement and bentonite, and, if appropriate, sand.
  • the agent expediently contains cement and sand, while in the case of protecting bricks against water cement and bentonite, and, if appropriate, sand.
  • others that are equivalent to the above or suitable for the same purposes can also be used
  • the agent according to the invention is used in such a way that the agent is applied to the prepared concrete surface in any manner known per se, such as e.g. B. is applied by brushing, spraying, etc.
  • the surface should be moistened before application to allow the possibility of diffusion into the pores.
  • the wall In the case of treating a brick wall, the wall should be cleaned of any mortar and other dirt that may still be present, after which the treatment should be carried out as above.
  • Moisture should be protected one can proceed with a technology which is known per se, by making holes in the brick wall along a horizontal line, possibly at the same distance from one another, expediently in a width of 10-15 cm, and that according to the invention Medium is filled into the holes with a suitable device, but also with a funnel.
  • a suitable device possibly at the same distance from one another, expediently in a width of 10-15 cm
  • the wall will not suffer any strength or other damage.
  • an advantage of the agent according to the invention is that the air permeability of the treated object does not change.
  • composition of the agent according to the invention can, for. B. be the following:
  • the agent according to Example 2 can also be prepared by using water glass in the same instead of sodium carbonate

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Curing Cements, Concrete, And Artificial Stone (AREA)

Abstract

The invention is characterized in that the protection agent, together with the cation present in the building material, preferably a calcium ion, contains a water soluble composition including an anion which forms a water insoluble precipitate.

Description

MITTEL FÜR D EN SCHUT Z VON STRUKTURMATERIAL IEN , INSB E SONDERE BETON UND ZIEGEL , GEGEN WAS SER AGENT FOR THE PROTECTION OF STRUCTURAL MATERIAL IEN, ESPECIALLY CONCRETE AND BRICK, AGAINST WHAT
Gebiet der ErfindungField of the Invention
Die Erfindung betrifft ein Mittel für den Schutz von Strukturmaterialien, insbesondere Beton und Ziegel, gegen Wasser .The invention relates to an agent for the protection of structural materials, in particular concrete and brick, against water.
Stand der TechnikState of the art
Bei mehreren, besonders bei den schon ohne Isolation angefertigten Gebäuden verursacht die Benetzung ein sehr bedeutendes Problem. Meistens ist der Grund dafür die sich aus dem Boden auf- hebende Feuchtigkeit . E s ist bekannt, das s in den B aumaterialien, so z . B . Ziegel, Beton, Mörtel , sich ein Kapillarensystem ausstaltet, welches die Feuchtigkeit weiterführt und es kann dieselbe , abhängig von der Dimension der Kapillare , der Zeitperiode und der Temperatur, in eine bedeutende Entfernung weiterfördern. Bei Ziegel- und Betonerzeugung entstehen notwendigerweiseIn several buildings, particularly those that have already been made without insulation, wetting causes a very significant problem. Most of the time this is due to the moisture rising from the ground. It is known that s in the building materials, such. B. Brick, concrete, mortar, a capillary system constructs itself, which carries the moisture on and it can, depending on the dimension of the capillary, the time period and the temperature, move it further to a significant distance. Brick and concrete production necessarily arise
Poren, infolge der Anwendung von wässrigem Mittel, welches Phänomen eben durch die Einführung von Zusatzmitteln nicht vollkommend verhindert werden kann. So enthalten diese Konstruktionen immer Poren, in welchen das Wasser diffundieren kann. Grund der Benetzung kann weiters - abhängig von den Wetterumständen - das Präzipitat bzw . die gegen das Präzipitat abgewendete , nicht entsprechende Isolation sein. Dieses Phänomen kann auch im Falle von Basins und anderen Gegenständen, wie z. B . Verkehrsüberführungen vorkommen. Bisher wurden in der Baupraxis zur Verhütung der Benetzung, d. h . zur Isolation bzw . gegen Isolationsunvoll ständigkeiten bzw. nachträgliche Benetzung solche Systeme ange wendet, in welchen eine von der Grundkonstruktion fremde Isolation benützt wird . Diese Lösungen sind sehr kompliziert und bieten keinen dauernden Schutz an. Es war notwendig ein solche s Mittel zustande zubringen, welches in erster Reihe bei den schon existierenden Konstruktionen, im Falle ihrer Beschädigung, aber auch bei neuen Konstruktionen mit der Grundkonstruktion kompatibel, langdauernde und zweckmässig bedeutend billigere Isolierung sichert. D as erfindungsgemässe Mittel erfüllt die obigen Forderungen.Pores, as a result of the use of an aqueous agent, which phenomenon cannot be completely prevented by the introduction of additives. These constructions always contain pores in which the water can diffuse. Depending on the weather conditions, the precipitation or. the isolation that is turned away from the precipitate is not corresponding. This phenomenon can also occur in the case of basins and other objects, such as. B. Overpasses occur. So far in construction practice to prevent wetting, i. H . for isolation or. against insulation incompleteness or subsequent wetting, such systems are used in which insulation that is foreign to the basic construction is used. These solutions are very complicated and do not offer permanent protection. It was necessary to bring about such a means primarily in the case of existing constructions, in the event of damage, but also in new constructions, compatible with the basic construction, ensures long-lasting and expediently significantly cheaper insulation. The agent according to the invention fulfills the above requirements.
Das Wesen der ErfindungThe essence of the invention
Das erfindungsgemässe Mittel ist dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es als aktive Komponente mit dem in dem Strukturmaterial an- wesenden Kation, zweckmässigerweise Kalziumion, eine nicht-wasserlösliches Präzipitat bildende Anion beinhaltende wasserlösliche Verbindung enthält. Als Grundlage der Erfindung dient die Erkennung, dass im Falle , wenn mit dem im Beton anwesenden Kalziumion ein solches wasserlösliches Anion reagiert, welches mit denen unlösliches Präzipitat bildet, wird dieses Präzipitat die Kapillare desThe agent according to the invention is characterized in that it contains, as the active component, with the cation present in the structural material, advantageously calcium ion, a water-soluble compound containing a non-water-soluble precipitate. The basis of the invention is the recognition that in the case when such a water-soluble anion reacts with the calcium ion present in the concrete that forms with the insoluble precipitate, this precipitate becomes the capillary of the
Strukturmaterials in solchem Masse verstopfen, dass sich weiteres Wasser durch die Kapillare nicht fortbewegen kann.Block structural material to such an extent that further water cannot move through the capillary.
In dem erfindungsgemässen Mittel ist die Anwesenheit eines solchen Anions notwendig, welches mit einem entsprechenden Kation einen wasserlö slichen Salz bildet, aus welchem in dem Strukturmaterial durch Kationenaustausch sich ein unlösbares Präzipitat bildet. Im Allgemeinen enthalten die gegebenenfalls durch Hydroxygruppen sub stituierten, 2-8 Kohlenstoffatome und auch gegebenenfalls Doppelbindung enthaltenden Polycarbonsäuren solche Anione . Zweckmas sig sind noch die gegebenenfalls durch Hydroxygruppen substituierten organischen Dicarbonsäuren zu erwähnen. Solche Säuren sind z . B . die Apfelsäure , Zitronensäure und Fumar säure . Ein vorteilhaftes Anion ist z . B . Oxalat, vor allem aber das T artaration.In the agent according to the invention, the presence of such an anion is necessary which forms a water-soluble salt with a corresponding cation, from which an insoluble precipitate forms in the structural material by cation exchange. In general, the polycarboxylic acids optionally substituted by hydroxyl groups containing 2-8 carbon atoms and also optionally containing double bonds contain such anions. The organic dicarboxylic acids optionally substituted by hydroxyl groups are also worth mentioning. Such acids are e.g. B. malic acid, citric acid and fumaric acid. An advantageous anion is e.g. B. Oxalate, but above all the tartaration.
Laut einer Ausführungsform der Erfindung enthält das Mittel als Wirkstoff Weinsäure und Natriumkarbonat, welche Ver bindungen leicht und billig erreichbar sind . Diese Verbindungen bilden Natriumtartarat im wässrigen Medium, was in die Kapillare eindringend mit dem in denselben befindlichen Kalziumoxyd, Kalziumkarbonat, usw . zu unlöslichem Kalziumtartarat reagiert. In dem Mittel kann als Kationquelle dienende Verbindung bzw . Kation jede Verbindung bzw. Kation angewendet werden, welche mit dem benützten Anion wasserlö sliche Verbindung bildet . Zweckmässigerweise wendet man ein Alkalimetallion bzw. Alkalimetallverbindung an, deren Salze im allgemeinen wasserlöslich sind. Bei Anwendung von Weinsäure werden zweck mässig Natriumkarbonat, oder - falls der Wirkstoff eine Verbindung ist - Natriumtartarat oder Weinstein /Kali umhydrogentartarat/ angewendet. Das erfindungsgemässe Mittel enthält ausser der wasserlöslichen Verbindung bzw. den die wasserlösliche Verbindung bildenden, Anion und Kation separat beinhaltenden zwei Verbindungen höchstens ein, in der Baupraxis in sich selbst bekanntes Zusatzmittel. So enthält das Mittel im Falle vom Schutz des Betons gegen Wasser zweckmässig Zement und Sand , während im Falle des Schutzes von Ziegel gegen Wasser Zement und Bentonit , sowie gegebenenfalls Sand . Natürlich können auch andere , mit den Obigen gleichwertige , bzw. für die selbe Zwecke geeigneteAccording to one embodiment of the invention, the agent contains tartaric acid and sodium carbonate, which ver bindings can be reached easily and cheaply. These compounds form sodium tartar in an aqueous medium, which penetrates into the capillary with the calcium oxide, calcium carbonate, etc. reacts to insoluble calcium tartar. In the agent can serve as a cation source compound or. Cation any compound or cation are used which forms water-soluble compound with the anion used. An alkali metal ion or alkali metal compound whose salts are generally water-soluble is expediently used. When tartaric acid is used, sodium carbonate or - if the active ingredient is a compound - sodium tartarate or tartar / potassium hydrogen tartar / are suitably used. In addition to the water-soluble compound or the two compounds which form the water-soluble compound and contain anion and cation separately, the agent according to the invention contains at most one additive known per se in construction practice. Thus, in the case of protecting the concrete against water, the agent expediently contains cement and sand, while in the case of protecting bricks against water cement and bentonite, and, if appropriate, sand. Of course, others that are equivalent to the above or suitable for the same purposes can also be used
Zusatzmittel angewendet werden.Additives are used.
Im Falle vom Schutz der Ziegel gegen Wasser ist ein solches Mittel zweckmässig, welches Bentonit jedenfalls enthält, da derselbe die Kapillare des Ziegels infolge seiner Quellung verstopft; ausserdem enthält derselbe noch gebundenes Wasser, welches die weitere Diffusion des Wirkstoffes fördert.In the case of protection of the bricks against water, such a means is expedient, which in any case contains bentonite, since it clogs the capillary of the brick due to its swelling; it also contains bound water, which promotes the further diffusion of the active ingredient.
Die Anwendung des erfindungsgemässen Mittels erfolgt so , dass das Mittel auf die vorbereitete Betonoberfläche in jeder, in sich bekannter einfacher Weise , so z. B . durch Bepinseln, Spritzen, usw. aufgebracht wird. Bevor dem Auftragen soll die Oberfläche befeuchtet werden, damit die Möglichkeit der Diffusion in die Poren ermöglicht werden soll. Im Falle der Behandlung von Ziegelwand, soll die Wand von dem eventuell noch existierenden Mörtel und anderen Verschmutzungen gereinigt werden, danach soll die Behandlung - wie oben - durch - geführt werden. Im Falle , wenn eine Ziegelwand gegen aufhebendeThe agent according to the invention is used in such a way that the agent is applied to the prepared concrete surface in any manner known per se, such as e.g. B. is applied by brushing, spraying, etc. The surface should be moistened before application to allow the possibility of diffusion into the pores. In the case of treating a brick wall, the wall should be cleaned of any mortar and other dirt that may still be present, after which the treatment should be carried out as above. In the case when a brick wall against lifting
Feuchtigkeit geschützt werden soll , kann man mit einer in sich selbst bekannter Technologie vorgehen, indem in der Ziegelwand entlang einer horizontalen Linie, von einander möglicher Weise in der gleichen Distanz, zweckmässigerweise in einer Weite von 10-15 cm befindliche Löcher angefertigt werden und das erfindungsgemässe Mittel wird mit einer entsprechenden Einrichtung, aber auch mit Trichter, in die Löche gefüllt. Infolge dieser letzteren Lösung wird die Wand keine Festigkeits- oder andere Beschädigungen erleiden. Gleichzeitig besteht ein Vorteil des erfindungsgemäsβen Mittels darin , dass die Luftdurchlässigkeit des behandelten Objektes sich nicht verändert.Moisture should be protected, one can proceed with a technology which is known per se, by making holes in the brick wall along a horizontal line, possibly at the same distance from one another, expediently in a width of 10-15 cm, and that according to the invention Medium is filled into the holes with a suitable device, but also with a funnel. As a result of this latter solution, the wall will not suffer any strength or other damage. At the same time, an advantage of the agent according to the invention is that the air permeability of the treated object does not change.
Die Zusammensetzung des erfindungsgemässen Mittels kann z. B . die folgende sein:The composition of the agent according to the invention can, for. B. be the following:
Beispiel 1example 1
Mittel für den Schutz von Ziegel gegen Wasser 3,33 Gew. % WeinsäureMeans for protecting bricks against water 3.33% by weight tartaric acid
13 , 33 Gew. % Natriumkarbonat13.33% by weight sodium carbonate
30, 00 Gew . % OA Bentonit30.00 wt. % OA bentonite
10, 00 Gew. % Sand10.00 wt% sand
43,03 Gew. % Portland Zement 350.43.03 wt% Portland cement 350.
Beispiel 2Example 2
Mittel für den Schutz von Beton gegen WasserMeans for protecting concrete against water
2, 16 Gew . % Weinsäure2, 16 wt. % Tartaric acid
9 , 12 Gew . % Natriumkarbonat 59,07 Gew. % Portland Zement 350 29,02 Gew. % Sand.9, 12 wt. % Sodium carbonate 59.07% by weight Portland cement 350 29.02% by weight sand.
Beispiel 3Example 3
Das Mittel gemäss Beispiel 2 kann auch so hergestellt werden, dass man statt Natriumkarbonat Wasserglas in derselbenThe agent according to Example 2 can also be prepared by using water glass in the same instead of sodium carbonate
Menge anwendet. Amount applies.

Claims

Patentansprüche Claims
1. Mittel für den Schutz von Strukturmaterialien, insbesondere Beton und Ziegel, gegen Wasser, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es mit in dem Strukturmaterial anwesenden Kation - zweckmässigerweise Kalziumion - eine nicht wasserlösliches Präzipitat bildende Anion aufweisende wasserlösliche Verbindung enthält.1. Means for the protection of structural materials, in particular concrete and brick, against water, characterized in that it contains a non-water-soluble precipitate-forming anion with a cation present in the structural material - advantageously calcium ion.
2. Mittel nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es das Anion einer gegebenenfalls durch Hydroxygruppe substituierten organischen Dicarbonsäure enthält.2. Composition according to claim 1, characterized in that it contains the anion of an organic dicarboxylic acid optionally substituted by hydroxyl group.
3. Mittel nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gek ennzeichnet, dass es Tartaratanion enthält.3. Composition according to claim 1, characterized in that it contains tartar anion.
4. Mittel nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzei ch net, dass es eine mit dem Kalziumion nicht wasserlösliches Präzipitat bildende Anion aufweisende wasserlösliche Verbindung, sowie eine mit dem obigen Anion wasserlösliche Verbindung bildende Kation verweisende Verbindung enthält.4. Composition according to claim 1, characterized in that it contains a water-soluble compound having an anion which does not form a water-soluble precipitate, and a compound which forms a cation which forms water-soluble compound with the above anion.
5. Mittel nach Anspruch 4, dadurch gekennzeich net, dass es als mit dem Anion wasserlösliche Verbindung bildende Kation aufweisende Verbindung ein Alkalimetall salz enthält.5. A composition according to claim 4, characterized in that it contains an alkali metal salt as the cation having water-soluble compound forming cation.
6. Mittel nach irgendeinem der Ansprüche 1-5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es Weinsäure und Natriumkarbonat enthält.6. Agent according to any one of claims 1-5, characterized in that it contains tartaric acid and sodium carbonate.
7. Mittel nach irgendeinem der Ansprüche 1-6, dadurch gekennz eichnet, dass es mindestens ein Zusatzmittel enthält.7. Composition according to any one of claims 1-6, characterized in that it contains at least one additive.
8. Mittel nach irgendeinem der Ansprüche 1-7, für den Schutz von Beton gegen Wasser, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es als Zusatzmittel Sand und Zement enthält. 8. Composition according to any one of claims 1-7, for the protection of concrete against water, characterized in that it contains sand and cement as additives.
9. Mittel nach irgendeinem der Ansprüche 1-7, für den Schutz von Ziegel gegen Wasser, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es als Zusatzmittel Bentonit und Zement enthält. 9. Composition according to any one of claims 1-7, for the protection of bricks against water, characterized in that it contains bentonite and cement as additives.
PCT/HU1985/000063 1984-11-08 1985-11-06 Agent for the protection of building materials, particularly concrete and bricks, against water WO1986002922A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
HU4128/84 1984-11-08
HU412884 1984-11-08

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WO1986002922A1 true WO1986002922A1 (en) 1986-05-22

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EP (1) EP0199800A1 (en)
CS (1) CS276894B6 (en)
DD (1) DD236918A5 (en)
WO (1) WO1986002922A1 (en)
YU (1) YU43948B (en)

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
ES2091708A1 (en) * 1993-11-15 1996-11-01 Consejo Superior Investigacion Process for protecting the external surface of stony materials
WO2000026158A1 (en) * 1998-10-29 2000-05-11 Mcc Materials Incorporated Method for protecting and consolidating calcareous materials

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
ES2091708A1 (en) * 1993-11-15 1996-11-01 Consejo Superior Investigacion Process for protecting the external surface of stony materials
WO2000026158A1 (en) * 1998-10-29 2000-05-11 Mcc Materials Incorporated Method for protecting and consolidating calcareous materials
US6296905B1 (en) 1998-10-29 2001-10-02 Mmc Materials, Incorporated Method for protecting and consolidating calcareous materials
AU770262B2 (en) * 1998-10-29 2004-02-19 Mcc Materials Incorporated Method for protecting and consolidating calcareous materials

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CS8508030A2 (en) 1991-09-15
DD236918A5 (en) 1986-06-25
CS276894B6 (en) 1992-09-16
EP0199800A1 (en) 1986-11-05
YU172485A (en) 1987-10-31
YU43948B (en) 1989-12-31

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