WO1986001496A1 - Traitement electromagnetique de l'eau - Google Patents
Traitement electromagnetique de l'eau Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- WO1986001496A1 WO1986001496A1 PCT/FR1985/000227 FR8500227W WO8601496A1 WO 1986001496 A1 WO1986001496 A1 WO 1986001496A1 FR 8500227 W FR8500227 W FR 8500227W WO 8601496 A1 WO8601496 A1 WO 8601496A1
- Authority
- WO
- WIPO (PCT)
- Prior art keywords
- cathode
- strong
- water
- weak
- anode
- Prior art date
Links
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 32
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 19
- 230000033558 biomineral tissue development Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 230000005284 excitation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 230000005294 ferromagnetic effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 230000005298 paramagnetic effect Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 238000005187 foaming Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000008213 purified water Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims abstract 2
- 230000009919 sequestration Effects 0.000 claims abstract 2
- VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Calcium carbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].[O-]C([O-])=O VTYYLEPIZMXCLO-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 23
- 229910000019 calcium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 11
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims description 11
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 claims description 7
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000008719 thickening Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000006641 stabilisation Effects 0.000 claims 1
- 238000011105 stabilization Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 235000010216 calcium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 11
- 238000010926 purge Methods 0.000 description 7
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000005115 demineralization Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000002328 demineralizing effect Effects 0.000 description 4
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 4
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000005292 diamagnetic effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000002093 peripheral effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 230000010287 polarization Effects 0.000 description 3
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000003750 conditioning effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000005611 electricity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005868 electrolysis reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005672 electromagnetic field Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000001962 electrophoresis Methods 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000013081 microcrystal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000005012 migration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000013508 migration Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000010409 thin film Substances 0.000 description 2
- 235000019738 Limestone Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- NKWPZUCBCARRDP-UHFFFAOYSA-L calcium bicarbonate Chemical compound [Ca+2].OC([O-])=O.OC([O-])=O NKWPZUCBCARRDP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000020 calcium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001768 cations Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003086 colorant Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012141 concentrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001143 conditioned effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000909 electrodialysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005265 energy consumption Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 description 1
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 1
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000006028 limestone Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011159 matrix material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006386 neutralization reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001737 promoting effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010802 sludge Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003068 static effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/20—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by degassing, i.e. liberation of dissolved gases
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C02—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F—TREATMENT OF WATER, WASTE WATER, SEWAGE, OR SLUDGE
- C02F1/00—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage
- C02F1/46—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods
- C02F1/4602—Treatment of water, waste water, or sewage by electrochemical methods for prevention or elimination of deposits
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S204/00—Chemistry: electrical and wave energy
- Y10S204/05—Magnetic plus electrolytic
Definitions
- the present invention uses the electromagnetic properties of electric currents for the conditioning and demineralization of water.
- Devices using the passage of an electric current between two electrodes immersed in water fall into three families:
- the invention differs from existing methods in that a potential difference of less than 3 volts is established between an electrode called “strong cathode” and an electrode called “weak cathode” supplied by two simultaneous, continuous or impulsive electric currents, of opposite directions and different voltages.
- the choice of voltages determines the potential difference sought between the strong cathode and the weak cathode corresponding to a salt contained in water, with calcium carbonate for example.
- the system is maintained at the selected voltage by a stabilizer.
- An electron current flows from the strong cathode to the weak cathode acting as an anode, limited by the opposition of the reverse voltage. This current generates an electromagnetic field acting on the salts contained in the water which passes through the treatment chamber, otherwise called ionization and neutralization chamber.
- a calcareous gangue forms on the strong cathode.
- An additional handicap is interposed in the passage of the current by means of a static resistance, which has the effect of lowering the potential difference between the electrodes and of promoting the formation and thickening of the polarization layer.
- CaCO3 is reputed to be neutral and the calcareous gangue constitutes a dielectric in relation to its thickness.
- the electromagnetic waves which cross the dielectric matrix accentuate. the excitation of the peripheral electrons of the CaCO3 particles and their friction. This excitation is maximal on the internal surface of the gangue.
- the potential difference rises in fcncticn from the thickness and excitation of the dielectric layer. At the optimal value, this layer stops growing: the process is in equilibrium.
- the process continues with electrification by influence and excitation of CaCO3 particles on the gangue, as long as there is presence of Ca (H CO3) 2 corresponding to intermittent or continuous passages of water.
- Ca (H CO3) 2 When the presence of Ca (H CO3) 2 is very reduced or zero, the maximum excitation of the dielectric layer is maintained by the passage of electromagnetic waves and the electrification of the weak cathode acting as anode, with a stabilized potential difference .
- the device When the dielectric limestone layer is formed, the device is similar to an electrolytic capacitor and the best results are obtained when one of the electrodes completely surrounds the other.
- the mineralization treatment is obtained at 100% with a time of passage of a quantity of water in the device of between 10 and 380 seconds and an extremely reduced electrical consumption.
- the potential chosen and communicated to the micro-crystals formed allows alkalization of the water observed during our tests, by an increase in pH of 3 to 4 tenths and a remarkable foaming power.
- the associations of micro-crystals which form on the dielectric layer are durable over time after several days and numerous passages in a heat exchanger.
- the strong cathode is the metal wall, including the bottoms, "of a treatment tank of cylindrical shape.
- the weak cathode is constituted by a cylindrical grid placed in the axis of the tank and isolated from An electrically insulated metal anode occupies the axis of the tank. The entire conditioning process described above is reproduced between the strong and weak cathodes with direct currents.
- the insulated central anode is connected directly to the pole plus the generator supplying the strong cathode.
- the potential difference between the isolated anode and the strong and weak cathodes can therefore be much greater than 3 Volts.
- the particles are ferromagnetic, paramagnetic or diamagnetic.
- the electron transport of the strong cathode at the weak cathode acting as anode occur by electrophoresis by means of cations which are ferromagnetic or diamagnetic and are pushed back towards the strong cathode.
- the anions (acid radicals) are diamagnetic and concentrate on the isolated anode.
- a non-conductive diaphragm, cylindrical in shape, pierced with flow distribution holes at its top, is interposed between the insulated anode and the weak cathode, the treatment tank being arranged vertically.
- the water to be treated flows between the strong and weak cathodes, at reduced speed. If it is a question of removing part of the acid radicals, it will suffice to produce a purge of deconcentration of the central volume periodically or continuously and sending partially demineralized water for use. Depending on the importance of the purge flow, all or part of the acid radicals can be removed. If the power of the deconcentration flow exceeds a certain value, the repulsive force of the paramagnetic particles may be insufficient and part of these may be entrained. A higher concentration of acid radicals can be obtained by processing the volume of the purges in one or more similar devices of reduced dimensions.
- the ferromagnetic and paramagnetic particles will form sludge that is easy to purge.
- Water freed from acid radicals and containing ferromagnetic and paramagnetic mineralization can be treated again in a similar device where a drawing in the central volume will give more or less purified water depending on the setting of the drawing rate.
- a concentration of the remaining mineralization will be obtained at the base of the peripheral volume.
- a better concentration of this mineralization will be obtained by having a tank of frustoconical shape, vertical, large base at the top, of a weak wire mesh cathode also of frustoconical shape parallel to the wall of the tank.
- the water inlets and outlets are done tangentially.
- Other forms and tips can be used for the implementation of the process which is the subject of the invention.
- the discharges can be neutralized by mixing acid and alkaline concentrations, or even dried up to serve as amendments.
- the invention will be better understood by the schematic description of the electrical circuit, Figure 1, Figure 2 showing the simple strong cathode system - weak cathode and Figures 3 and 4 showing, in two different geometric forms, the strong cathode system, weak cathode and anode.
- the apparatus includes: an electrical box, figure 1, composed of an electrical circuit (1) containing 2 inverted capacitors (2) and (3), a voltage stabilizer (4), a potentiometer for adjusting the stabilized voltage ( 7), a variable resistor (5) making it difficult for the current to flow, 2 resistors (6) and (8), an operation indicator by light diode (9).
- the circuit (1) is equipped with 3 connection terminals: (10) for the strong cathode link, (11) for the weak cathode link, (12) for the connection with the anode used in the treatment cases shown in Figure 3 and Figure 4.
- a treatment tank commonly comprising in FIGS. 2, 3 and 4 an ionization chamber (13) into which the water to be treated (17) arrives and the outlet (18) of which is connected to the conventional supply system in treated water.
- the ionization chamber (13) acts as a strong cathode and is connected to the reference terminal (10) in FIG. 1.
- the ionization chamber (13) is crossed by a weak cathode (14) connected to the terminal (11) of FIG. 1.
- the strong cathode (13) is electrically isolated from the weak cathode (14).
- a purge orifice completes the assembly (20).
- the reaction chamber (13) is traversed by a pierced weak cylindrical cathode (mesh type) (14) electrically isolated from the strong cathode (13) and containing an openwork non-conductive diaphragm (15) itself containing an electrically insulated anode (16).
- the assembly is completed by a purge (20) of the central volume and by a purge (19) of the peripheral volume.
- the arrangements are the same as in Figure 3, only the geometric shapes differ for the improvement of hydraulics.
- the application possibilities of the invention are immense in the field of supplying clean water to the needs of individuals, communities, industries, agriculture by extraction, addition or transformation of all or part of the mineralization contained. in the water used.
Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
MC85FR8500227D MC1753A1 (fr) | 1984-08-24 | 1985-08-23 | Traitement electromagnetique de l'eau |
JP60503732A JPS63500704A (ja) | 1984-08-24 | 1985-08-23 | 水の電磁処理 |
BR8506888A BR8506888A (pt) | 1984-08-24 | 1985-08-23 | Tratamento eletromagnetico de agua |
FI861712A FI861712A (fi) | 1984-08-24 | 1986-04-23 | Elektromagnetisk behandling av vatten. |
DK187386A DK187386D0 (da) | 1984-08-24 | 1986-04-23 | Elektromagnetisk behandling af vand |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR84/13233 | 1984-08-24 | ||
FR8413233A FR2569394A1 (fr) | 1984-08-24 | 1984-08-24 | Appareil de traitement de l'eau par flux electronique de basse tension qui permet la neutralisation simultanee d'un ou plusieurs sels dissous dans l'eau |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
WO1986001496A1 true WO1986001496A1 (fr) | 1986-03-13 |
Family
ID=9307222
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
PCT/FR1985/000227 WO1986001496A1 (fr) | 1984-08-24 | 1985-08-23 | Traitement electromagnetique de l'eau |
Country Status (12)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US4772369A (fr) |
EP (1) | EP0191818A1 (fr) |
JP (1) | JPS63500704A (fr) |
AU (1) | AU578487B2 (fr) |
BR (1) | BR8506888A (fr) |
DK (1) | DK187386D0 (fr) |
FI (1) | FI861712A (fr) |
FR (1) | FR2569394A1 (fr) |
MC (1) | MC1753A1 (fr) |
NO (1) | NO159484C (fr) |
OA (1) | OA08244A (fr) |
WO (1) | WO1986001496A1 (fr) |
Cited By (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0377411A2 (fr) * | 1989-01-04 | 1990-07-11 | Hans LÜBER | Procédé et dispositif de déminéralisation de l'eau douce par électrolyse |
Families Citing this family (14)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
DE4008684C1 (fr) * | 1990-03-17 | 1991-02-07 | Heraeus Elektroden Gmbh, 6450 Hanau, De | |
US5089145A (en) * | 1990-10-22 | 1992-02-18 | Fern Charles S | Water treatment apparatus and method |
WO1995000443A1 (fr) * | 1993-06-22 | 1995-01-05 | Devoe Irving W | Procede de dessalement de l'eau de mer et d'obtention des matieres brutes qu'elle contient |
FR2731420B1 (fr) * | 1995-03-10 | 1997-06-13 | Mercier Dominique | Procede et dispositif de traitement de l'eau en vue de son adoucissement par voie electrochimique |
US6168693B1 (en) * | 1998-01-22 | 2001-01-02 | International Business Machines Corporation | Apparatus for controlling the uniformity of an electroplated workpiece |
MXPA05005386A (es) * | 2002-11-19 | 2005-11-23 | Xogen Technologies Inc | Tratamiento de una corriente de desechos a traves de la produccion y utilizacion de gas oxhidrico. |
US9296629B2 (en) | 2002-11-19 | 2016-03-29 | Xogen Technologies Inc. | Treatment of a waste stream through production and utilization of oxyhydrogen gas |
US9187347B2 (en) * | 2002-11-19 | 2015-11-17 | Xogen Technologies Inc. | Treatment of a waste stream through production and utilization of oxyhydrogen gas |
JP4538688B2 (ja) * | 2004-11-10 | 2010-09-08 | 太平洋セメント株式会社 | カルシウム含有水の処理方法と装置 |
US7547413B2 (en) * | 2005-02-07 | 2009-06-16 | Bauer Energy Design, Inc. | Systems and methods for disinfecting and sterilizing by applying steam vapor containing low zeta potential mineral crystals |
US7906025B2 (en) * | 2005-02-07 | 2011-03-15 | Ebed Holdings Inc. | Systems and methods for treatment of liquid solutions for use with livestock operations |
US20060175253A1 (en) * | 2005-02-07 | 2006-08-10 | Bauer Energy Design, Inc. | Systems and methods for generation of low zeta potential mineral crystals to enhance quality of liquid solutions |
WO2006081687A1 (fr) * | 2005-02-07 | 2006-08-10 | Bauer Energy Design, Inc. | Systemes et procedes pour produire des cristaux mineraux a faible potentiel zeta et des electrons hydrates pour ameliorer la qualite de solutions liquides |
CA2888661C (fr) | 2013-10-03 | 2015-11-17 | Ebed Holdings Inc. | Solutions liquides contenant des nanobulles |
Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US1831075A (en) * | 1926-10-20 | 1931-11-10 | Griffin Watkins | Means of removing scale matter from liquids |
GB601579A (en) * | 1945-06-05 | 1948-05-07 | Dubilier Condenser Co 1925 Ltd | Improvements in or relating to apparatus for electrically treating fluids |
FR1086426A (fr) * | 1953-06-30 | 1955-02-11 | Clayton Manufacturing Co | Procédé et installation pour le traitement de l'eau en particulier pour l'alimentation des chaudières |
FR2190737A1 (en) * | 1972-06-29 | 1974-02-01 | Guldager Electrolyse | Hot water treatment - to prevent corrosion by electrolytically reducing dissolved oxygen content |
FR2252296A1 (en) * | 1973-11-22 | 1975-06-20 | Sandei Gurafu Co Ltd | Prodn appts., for alkaline/acid water - by passage of electric current in either direction |
FR2266752A1 (fr) * | 1974-04-05 | 1975-10-31 | Goteborgs Analyslaboratorium A |
Family Cites Families (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US3562137A (en) * | 1968-01-22 | 1971-02-09 | Fischer & Porter Co | System for electrochemical water treatment |
FR2138310B1 (fr) * | 1971-05-24 | 1973-05-25 | Herbert Jean Jacques | |
US3923629A (en) * | 1974-03-25 | 1975-12-02 | Carborundum Co | Electrolytic cell for inactivation and destruction of pathogenic material |
DE2607906A1 (de) * | 1976-02-26 | 1977-09-01 | Hans Einhell Inh Josef Thannhu | Elektrolysezelle fuer die behandlung von wasser |
DE2649649C2 (de) * | 1976-10-29 | 1982-03-25 | Hans Einhell Gmbh, 8380 Landau | Elektrolysezelle für die Behandlung von wässrigen Lösungen |
US4088550A (en) * | 1977-05-25 | 1978-05-09 | Diamond Shamrock Corporation | Periodic removal of cathodic deposits by intermittent reversal of the polarity of the cathodes |
CH631951A5 (de) * | 1978-08-23 | 1982-09-15 | Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie | Vorrichtung zur aufbereitung von verunreinigtem wasser und verfahren zum betrieb einer derartigen vorrichtung. |
JPS57106490U (fr) * | 1980-12-23 | 1982-06-30 |
-
1984
- 1984-08-24 FR FR8413233A patent/FR2569394A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
-
1985
- 1985-08-23 WO PCT/FR1985/000227 patent/WO1986001496A1/fr not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1985-08-23 US US06/862,498 patent/US4772369A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1985-08-23 MC MC85FR8500227D patent/MC1753A1/fr unknown
- 1985-08-23 AU AU47246/85A patent/AU578487B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1985-08-23 JP JP60503732A patent/JPS63500704A/ja active Pending
- 1985-08-23 BR BR8506888A patent/BR8506888A/pt unknown
- 1985-08-23 EP EP85904118A patent/EP0191818A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
-
1986
- 1986-04-23 FI FI861712A patent/FI861712A/fi not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1986-04-23 OA OA58841A patent/OA08244A/fr unknown
- 1986-04-23 DK DK187386A patent/DK187386D0/da not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1986-04-23 NO NO86861596A patent/NO159484C/no unknown
Patent Citations (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US1831075A (en) * | 1926-10-20 | 1931-11-10 | Griffin Watkins | Means of removing scale matter from liquids |
GB601579A (en) * | 1945-06-05 | 1948-05-07 | Dubilier Condenser Co 1925 Ltd | Improvements in or relating to apparatus for electrically treating fluids |
FR1086426A (fr) * | 1953-06-30 | 1955-02-11 | Clayton Manufacturing Co | Procédé et installation pour le traitement de l'eau en particulier pour l'alimentation des chaudières |
FR2190737A1 (en) * | 1972-06-29 | 1974-02-01 | Guldager Electrolyse | Hot water treatment - to prevent corrosion by electrolytically reducing dissolved oxygen content |
FR2252296A1 (en) * | 1973-11-22 | 1975-06-20 | Sandei Gurafu Co Ltd | Prodn appts., for alkaline/acid water - by passage of electric current in either direction |
FR2266752A1 (fr) * | 1974-04-05 | 1975-10-31 | Goteborgs Analyslaboratorium A |
Cited By (2)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
EP0377411A2 (fr) * | 1989-01-04 | 1990-07-11 | Hans LÜBER | Procédé et dispositif de déminéralisation de l'eau douce par électrolyse |
EP0377411A3 (en) * | 1989-01-04 | 1990-10-03 | Hans Luber | Method and apparatus for fresh water demineralisation by electrolysis |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
JPS63500704A (ja) | 1988-03-17 |
BR8506888A (pt) | 1986-12-09 |
NO861596L (no) | 1986-04-23 |
FI861712A0 (fi) | 1986-04-23 |
NO159484B (no) | 1988-09-26 |
DK187386A (da) | 1986-04-23 |
DK187386D0 (da) | 1986-04-23 |
EP0191818A1 (fr) | 1986-08-27 |
NO159484C (no) | 1989-01-04 |
AU4724685A (en) | 1986-03-24 |
FI861712A (fi) | 1986-04-23 |
OA08244A (fr) | 1987-10-30 |
AU578487B2 (en) | 1988-10-27 |
US4772369A (en) | 1988-09-20 |
MC1753A1 (fr) | 1987-04-24 |
FR2569394A1 (fr) | 1986-02-28 |
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