Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L33/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides or nitriles thereof; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
  • C08L33/02—Homopolymers or copolymers of acids; Metal or ammonium salts thereof
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
  • H05K3/00—Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits
  • H05K3/22—Secondary treatment of printed circuits
  • H05K3/28—Applying non-metallic protective coatings
  • H05K3/285—Permanent coating compositions
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
  • B23K1/00—Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering
  • B23K1/20—Preliminary treatment of work or areas to be soldered, e.g. in respect of a galvanic coating
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
  • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
  • B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
  • B23K35/36—Selection of non-metallic compositions, e.g. coatings, fluxes; Selection of soldering or welding materials, conjoint with selection of non-metallic compositions, both selections being of interest
  • B23K35/3612—Selection of non-metallic compositions, e.g. coatings, fluxes; Selection of soldering or welding materials, conjoint with selection of non-metallic compositions, both selections being of interest with organic compounds as principal constituents
  • B23K35/3613—Polymers, e.g. resins
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D123/00—Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
  • C09D123/02—Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers not modified by chemical after-treatment
  • C09D123/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of ethene
  • C09D123/08—Copolymers of ethene
  • C09D123/0846—Copolymers of ethene with unsaturated hydrocarbons containing other atoms than carbon or hydrogen atoms
  • C09D123/0869—Acids or derivatives thereof
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
  • C09D133/00—Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
  • C09D133/02—Homopolymers or copolymers of acids; Metal or ammonium salts thereof
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01B—CABLES; CONDUCTORS; INSULATORS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR CONDUCTIVE, INSULATING OR DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES
  • H01B3/00—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties
  • H01B3/18—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances
  • H01B3/30—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes
  • H01B3/44—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes vinyl resins; acrylic resins
  • H01B3/447—Insulators or insulating bodies characterised by the insulating materials; Selection of materials for their insulating or dielectric properties mainly consisting of organic substances plastics; resins; waxes vinyl resins; acrylic resins from acrylic compounds
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H05K—PRINTED CIRCUITS; CASINGS OR CONSTRUCTIONAL DETAILS OF ELECTRIC APPARATUS; MANUFACTURE OF ASSEMBLAGES OF ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
  • H05K3/00—Apparatus or processes for manufacturing printed circuits
  • H05K3/30—Assembling printed circuits with electric components, e.g. with resistor
  • H05K3/32—Assembling printed circuits with electric components, e.g. with resistor electrically connecting electric components or wires to printed circuits
  • H05K3/34—Assembling printed circuits with electric components, e.g. with resistor electrically connecting electric components or wires to printed circuits by soldering
  • H05K3/3489—Composition of fluxes; Methods of application thereof; Other methods of activating the contact surfaces
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/29—Coated or structually defined flake, particle, cell, strand, strand portion, rod, filament, macroscopic fiber or mass thereof
  • Y10T428/2913—Rod, strand, filament or fiber
  • Y10T428/2933—Coated or with bond, impregnation or core
  • Y10T428/294—Coated or with bond, impregnation or core including metal or compound thereof [excluding glass, ceramic and asbestos]
  • Y10T428/2951—Metal with weld modifying or stabilizing coating [e.g., flux, slag, producer, etc.]
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
  • Y10T428/31678—Of metal
  • Y10T428/31692—Next to addition polymer from unsaturated monomers

Definitions

• This invention relates to the field of fluxes and coatings for electronic components and devices and, more particularly, to moisture-proof coatings with solder- through capability and fluxing action.
• Conformal coatings for electronic components and assemblies are well known and include the . waxes used for temporary coating before the soldering process and, as "permanent coatings after assembly, ther o-setting materials such as acrylics, polyurethan , epoxies, silicones, and styrene.
• ther o-setting materials such as acrylics, polyurethan , epoxies, silicones, and styrene.
• the silicone actually forms a chemical bond with many materials such as the surface of a printed circuit board and cannot be completely removed. Most other coatings must be scraped off thoroughly if replace- ment of a component is necessary, and then there is no simple way to replace the protective coating in the field. Also, there has been no way to coat components or assemblies for temporary storage before soldering without having to thoroughly remove the coating before the soldering process could proceed.
• a flux In soldering processes, whether hand soldering or mechanized; e.g. wave or flow soldering, a flux must be used first to prepare the surfaces to accept solder. While rosin fluxes have been widely used in electrical products to reduce corrosion at the soldered connections, it has also been the practice to remove all rosin remain ⁇ ing on the product after the soldering process. This additional step has been necessary because, while rosin flux is nearly inert when completely dry, residual activators may be sufficiently acid in the presence of slight humidity to allow the growth of metal "whiskers" (electromigration) between two adjacent points or areas having a voltage difference between them. Also, the moisture absorbed by rosin can, in certain circumstances, detune a circuit.
• Another desirable coating application would be the capability for temporary non-contact, as of battery con- nections during a storage period, with a simple heating step allowing the contact to be made at the appropriate time, no contact cleaning being required before or after heating.
• Another application would be the elimination of the need for gold plating on contacts by the use of a coating ' which first protects from oxidation, then acts as a flux for the soldering process.
• a solder flux has been developed for a specific "solder bucket" application which includes an oxidized homopolymer of polyethylene, suberic acid and fumed mica.
• the acid is suspended in the polyethylene and is the active fluxing agent.
• the mica acts as a thickening agent which is required in the particular application. Since oxidized polyethylene is somewhat hydrophilic, slight amounts of water can be absorbed, changing the dielectric constant significantly and thus affecting the tuning in some devices. Since the acid is not chemically
• a copolymer of polyethylene-acrylic acid which may be used alone, or in a gel with a solvent such as mineral spirits, with or without the addition of a tackifier such as a terpene.
• a tackifier such as a terpene.
• application may be by dipping, spraying or brushing on, etc., and can also be a coating on or core in solder for direct use as a flux for normal hand soldering.
• copolymers are marketed by Allied Chemical Corp. and are typically supplied in small pellet (prill) or powder form. They are highly hydrophobic, have low dielectric constants, low molecular weight and are linear with medium density. The modecular weights are in the range of about 2,000 to about 3,000. The densities are in the range of about 0.93 to 0.95.
• the preferred "tackifiers” are polymerized terpenes which serve to "wet” the surface in all but very thin coatings.
• the terpenes may or may not include acids, depending on the particular application, and have a chemical structure very similar to that of the copolymer; that is, both structures have only a limited amount of branching.
• the molecular chains of the tackifier tend to support the pack structure of the polyethylene acrylic acid.
• Mineral spirits may be any aliphatic hydrocarbon solvent which is similar in structure to polyethylene.
• Alcohol is a hydroxy functional alkyl hydrocarbon of the general form R-OH.
• a "thixotropic" gel is a colloidal solution which moves from a gel to a liquid when mechanically disturbed.
• the chief advantage- of. a thixotropic gel is that, in the gel form, solvent loss is greatly reduced yet stirring will quickly bring the solution to the desired consistency for application. Refrigeration of the prepared gel further reduces solvent loss .
• Electromigration is the movement of ions in a field,and can cause the growth of metal "whiskers" between two adjacent conductors. As in a plating, both the presence of acid molecules and water molecules are conducive to such migration. Therefore, if the acid molecules are chemically bound, as in the present copolymer chains, so that they cannot combine with any moisture present in the atmosphere, electromigration is essentially impossible.
• the significance of density of the polyethylene lies in the fact that as density increases, the polymer becomes more linear, crystallinity increases and it becomes less permeable to moisture.
• the copolymers chosen for this application combine adhesion, solubility and moisture resistance and are of medium density. "Acid number” is the percent of acid (by weight) in the final product (after solvent evaporation) .
• the flux coating in general. While, as already noted, it is not required to use a solvent, application of the coating in a gel form has many practical advantages.
• the coating has been applied by being brushed on and by immersion.
• the viscosity of the flux coating solvent mix must be lowered sufficiently to be readily applied by pressurized spray application.
• a thin solution has been brushed on the edges of a component or assembly and drawn by capillary action into an internal area to be soldered then or later.
• the gel formed by any of the processes described herein is applied to a component or assembly, then allowed, to dry to remove the solvents (if any). Drying is usually done in a forced air oven at a temperature significantly above room temperature, but well below the melting point. In most applications, the assemblies are- then reheated above the melting point for a few minutes. This fuses any surface cracks which may have appeared during the drying period and, more importantly, allows more of the acrylic acid ends of the polyethylene chains to become bonded to the surface of the coated object.
• the copolymer could be an ethylene-organic acid such as the ethylene-acrylic acid copolymer manufactured by Allied Chemical Corporation and known as AC° Copolymer 540A. This material was developed specifically for use in Nylon 6 resins for molding, extruding, etc., where it improves mold release and other such characteristics.
• the mixture is then transferred to a cold plate, a chilled Teflon stirring rod is dropped in and vigorous stirring is begun, while 120 ml of chilled mineral spirits is dumped in. Stirring is continued until the mixture begins to thicken, then stirring is stopped occasionally to check the consistency since the gel is a thixotropic mixture. More mineral spirits, at room temperature, may then be added to obtain the desired viscosity for the particular method of application. A polymerized terpene may be added at this point to enhance the adhesion of the coating; up to 20% by weight of the solids in the solution. The shock cooling method will produce a gel with extremely small particles. When the gel is let stand, the particles form a three dimensional lattice structure.
• This flux coating will maintain its viscosity best if sealed and refrigerated, and may be applied in any suitable fashion such as dipping, brushing or spraying, with air drying followed by oven baking to fuse the coating to the surfaces.
• This coating may be used on any electrical component or device where it is desirable to provide moisture protection and corrosion resistance while allowing soldering through after coating. Since polyethylene is a thermoplastic, not thermosetting, material, during the soldering process the heated coating will move aside and allow the solder to flow down to the desired point. If the coating was applied before oxidation of the solder points became excessive, the acid in the coating will act as a flux. After soldering, the coating will tend to flow back to the original condition so that, in most cases, the repair job is essentially invisible. If desired, a small amount of the gel can be applied after the repair or replacement is complete.
• the mineral spirits may be reduced or eliminated.
• the copolymer must be molten when applied and it may be necessary to do the coating in a vacuum. Slightly thicker coatings may be preferable if it is desired to do soldering after the component or assembly is coated, as for repair or component replace ⁇ ment, as more acid is then available for fluxing. Addi- tionally, a slightly thicker coating is more likely to self-heal after soldering.
• Softer copolymers A-C 580 or 5120, having higher acid numbers than A-C 540A, can also be used with good results, since they provide better adhesion.
• the solution is pre- ferably cooled slowly (no shock cooling) to reduce pre ⁇ cipitate particle size.
• A-C 540 24 360-540 — 0-20 32-40
• A-C 580 30 230-290 100-140 0-20 60-75
• formulations #1 and #.2 would have the same characteristics after application except that #2 would provide a much thicker coating. 3 would be similar to #2, but with a higher acid number.
• #4 is particularly suited to being applied by dipping the component or the solder into the gel or could form a solder core. #5, #6 and #7 are increasingly thinner gels for application by brushing or spraying. #8 and #9 have still higher acid numbers, depending on the amount of tackifier, and are fairly thick formulations as for dipping. Examples 1-2 could use water white rosin as the tackifier, while examples 3-8 could use Zonatac 105, manufactured by
• Formulations may also include portions of two different copolymers to achieve a final product with intermediate characteristics. It should be noted that other ethylene-organic acid copolymers, with other acid numbers, are available as well and may be preferred for certain applications. In all formulations which are usable for the fluxing applications, however, the acid must be chemically bound to the polyethylene, which is essentially water imperme ⁇ able, so that the acid cannot be freed except during the soldering process.
• the acrylic acid is molecularly attached to one end of the polyethylene chain and this end chemically bonds to the surface of the coated object. This increases the adhe ⁇ sion of the coating and ensures that the acid-free end of the chain is oriented toward the outer surface of the coating. Since the outer surface thus has a highly hydrophobic composition, condensation and moisture intru- sion are essentially nonexistent and electromigration is effectively prevented.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
• Materials Engineering (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
• Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
• Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
• Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Electric Connection Of Electric Components To Printed Circuits (AREA)
• Paints Or Removers (AREA)
• Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
• Non-Metallic Protective Coatings For Printed Circuits (AREA)

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• 1981
  • 1981-03-16 US US06/243,980 patent/US4369287A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
• 1982
  • 1982-02-23 WO PCT/US1982/000223 patent/WO1982003221A1/en not_active Ceased
  • 1982-02-23 JP JP57501104A patent/JPS58500317A/ja active Granted
  • 1982-02-23 AU AU82740/82A patent/AU552570B2/en not_active Ceased
  • 1982-02-23 EP EP19820901079 patent/EP0073811A4/en not_active Withdrawn
  • 1982-02-23 BR BR8206878A patent/BR8206878A/pt unknown
  • 1982-02-24 CA CA000396915A patent/CA1242295A/en not_active Expired
  • 1982-03-15 KR KR8201094A patent/KR860000304B1/ko not_active Expired

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