Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L71/00—Compositions of polyethers obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G75/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing sulfur with or without nitrogen, oxygen, or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G75/12—Polythioether-ethers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
  • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
  • C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
  • C08G18/40—High-molecular-weight compounds
  • C08G18/52—Polythioethers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G59/00—Polycondensates containing more than one epoxy group per molecule; Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups
  • C08G59/18—Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing
  • C08G59/20—Macromolecules obtained by polymerising compounds containing more than one epoxy group per molecule using curing agents or catalysts which react with the epoxy groups ; e.g. general methods of curing characterised by the epoxy compounds used
  • C08G59/22—Di-epoxy compounds
  • C08G59/30—Di-epoxy compounds containing atoms other than carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen
  • C08G59/302—Di-epoxy compounds containing atoms other than carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen containing sulfur
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G65/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G65/34—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule from hydroxy compounds or their metallic derivatives
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G65/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G65/34—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule from hydroxy compounds or their metallic derivatives
  • C08G65/48—Polymers modified by chemical after-treatment
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G75/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing sulfur with or without nitrogen, oxygen, or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G75/02—Polythioethers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G75/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming a linkage containing sulfur with or without nitrogen, oxygen, or carbon in the main chain of the macromolecule
  • C08G75/02—Polythioethers
  • C08G75/0204—Polyarylenethioethers
  • C08G75/0245—Block or graft polymers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
  • C08L63/00—Compositions of epoxy resins; Compositions of derivatives of epoxy resins

Definitions

• the prior art polythioethers are also crystallizing products which, even if liquid or semi-liquid at ambient temperatures, when they are cooled sufficiently to solidify will not return to their previous liquid state even when the temperature is raised to ambient.
• n is from about 15, preferably 20, to 200; p is 0 or 1; and each of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 is hydrogen or lower alkyl (preferably methyl) with the provision that the total number of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and/or R 4 which are lower alkyl in said polymeric backbone is sufficient to render said back- bone non-crystallizing.
• the total number of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and/or R 4 which are lower alkyl in said polymeric backbone is at least the nearest whole number to the quotient of n/5, preferably n/4.
• n/4 when n is 16 at least four of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 or R 4 would be lower alkyl in the polymeric backbone.
• n when n is, for example, 200 at least about 50 of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and/or R 4 would be lower alkyl in the polymeric backbone which could be accomplished (1) by having R 1 and R 4 both lower alkyl in at least about 12% to 13% of the units or groups or (2) by having R 1 lower alkyl in at least about 25% of the units or groups .
• the resulting polymeric backbone is non-crystallizing.
• the polymeric backbone is terminated with two terminating radicals which do not substantially reduce the water, solvent, fuel and temperature, resistance of the liquid polythioether polymer.
• terminating radicals are either vulcanizable radicals which, when vulcanized, produce elastomeric sealants, for example room or low temperature vulcanizable radicals, or chemically non-reactive radicals,
• non-crystallizing liquid polythioethers having terminating vulcanizable radicals such liquid polythioethers are curable or vulcanizable to solid polythioether elastomer sealants which are water, solvent, fuel and temperature resistant and exhibit elastomeric properties over a wide range of temperature .
• non-crystallizing liquid polythioethers having terminating chemically non-reactive radicals such liquid polythioethers are useful as plasticizers and non-curing sealants.
• the non-crystallizing linear, liquid polythioethers of this invention will in general have a molecular weight of at least about 1500, preferably 2000, to as high as about 25,000, the particular molecular weight desired being a matter of choice.
• non-crystallizing we mean a polymer which is liquid at ambient temperature and is not a semi-crystalline wax, gum or solid. Moreover, the non-crystallizing polymer, even when cooled to a sufficiently low temperature to become a solid, will be an amorphous solid which, when the temperature is raised to ambient, will return to the liquid state.
• the liquid polythioethers of the present invention will be made by condensing one or more beta-thioether diols.
• beta-thioether diol we mean a thioether diol wherein each hydroxyl group in the diol is located beta to a sulfur atom, i.e. each hydroxyl group will be separated from a sulfur atom by two carbon atoms.
• a certain percentage, ranging up to 100 mole %, of the starting beta-thioether diols will have at least one (preferably one or two) branched lower alkyl, i.e.
• beta- thioether diols there will be a lower alkyl group (preferably a methyl group) attached to at least one of the two carbon atoms separating the sulfur, preferably the beta carbon atom, and hydroxyl groups so that at least one of said hydroxyl groups will have a lower alkyl group located alpha or beta to said hydroxyl group.
• beta- thioether diols will be referred to as "substituted beta- thioether diols”.
• the substituted beta-thioether diol may be the only beta-thioether diol used in the condensation reaction which produces the liquid polythioether backbone but .there may also be used an "unsubstituted beta-thioether diol" by which we mean a beta-thioether diol wherein the two carbon atoms separating the sulfur and hydroxyl -groups are unsubstituted, i.e. have the structure of HO-CH 2 -CH 2 -S-.
• the preferred unsubstituted beta-thioether diol is thiodiglycol, bis (beta-hydroxyethyl) sulfide.
• the amount of substituted beta-thioether diol in the condensation reaction may be 100% or less. However, the least amount of substituted beta thioether diol which may be used must be sufficient to render the resulting liquid polythioether non-crystallizing. In general, the number of branched alkyls present in the liquid polythioether will be the quotient of n/5 or, preferably, n/4 where n has the same meaning as before.
• the liquid polythioethers of the present invention are linear and will contain no carbonyl groups.
• the beta-thioether diols referred to above may be condensed in the presence of an etherification catalyst which will not initiate intramolecular dehydration at the temperature and pressures used in the reaction.
• a non-crystallizing water, solvent, fuel and temperature resistant linear polymeric backbone is formed containing no carbonyl groups and having two terminating hydroxyl groups or radicals thereon, such terminating hydroxyl groups being one of the terminating vulcanizable groups.
• the resulting linear liquid polythioether having the two terminating hydroxyl radicals is vulcanizable or curable to a solid elastomer sealant at either low or high temperatures.
• terminating vulcanizable radicals may be added by including a condensable organic compound having a terminating radical in the initial condensation reaction with the beta-thioether diol.
• other terminating vulcanizable radicals and chemically non-reactive radicals may be added after formation of the hydroxyl terminated linear liquid polythioether by reacting such linear polythioether with an organic compound having the required terminating radicals as well as radicals reactive with hydroxyl groups.
• Linear liquid polythioethers containing no carbonyl groups or olefinic double bonds and having terminating chemically non-reactive radicals may be formed in situ by including in the condensation reaction an organic compound which is chemically non-reactive except for a condensable radical (e.g. a hydroxyl radical located beta to a sulfur atom) which will react with the hydroxyl groups in the beta-thioether diols during the condensation reaction thereby forming a liquid polythioether which is terminated with the chemically non-reactive radical of said organic compound, which will hereinafter be referred to as a "condensable, non-reactive organic compound".
• a condensable radical e.g. a hydroxyl radical located beta to a sulfur atom
• the terminal chemically non-reactive radicals may be introduced after formation of the hydroxyl terminated liquid polythioether by reaction with an organic compound which has a radical reactive with said terminal hydroxyl groups (hereinafter referred to as hydroxyl reactive organic compound).
• This hydroxyl reactive organic compound may have, as the only reactive group, a group which is reactive with hydroxyl, the remainder of the compound being chemically non-reactive in which event there is formed a liquid polythioether terminated with chemically non-reactive radicals.
• the hydroxyl reactive organic compound may be difunctional, i.e.
• non-crystallizing water, solvent, fuel and temperature resistant linear liquid polythioethers of the present invention will have 2 terminating radicals which do not substantially reduce the water, solvent, fuel and temperature resistance of the liquid polythioether.
• the terminating radicals will include, inter alia, chemically non-reactive radicals as well as vulcanizable radicals such as low temperature vulcanizable radicals. It should be noted that by "low temperature” we mean a radical which is vulcanizable at a temperature of less than about 150°F. and preferably less than about 100°F..
• the condensation of the beta-thioether diol and, if desired, the aforesaid organic compound having a condensable group is accomplished by mixing the reactants with a suitable etherifying catalyst and heating until water is split off which is then removed by, for example, simple distillation or , if a faster reaction is desired, by applying a vacuum, the vacuum not being sufficient to remove the reactants.
• a vacuum of 100 millimeters of mercury or less , (preferably 15 millimeters or less, e.g. 10 millimeters of mercury) must be applied to produce the instant polythioethers of the present invention.
• This high vacuum of 100 millimeters or less is applied when the average molecular weight reaches about 1,000 at which point the reactants will not be removed because of the increase in molecular weight. This high vacuum is necessary in order to produce higher molecular weight products and to prevent side reactions causing the introduction of random olefinic double bends and carbonyl groups in the polythioethers.
• the tempera ture at which the condensation reaction takes place may vary widely but in general is between 125 ° or 150°C. and 200°C. but below the boiling point of the reaction mixture .
• the etherification catalysts used in the present invention are esters or hemi-esters of phosphorous acid. Such catalysts will not initiate intramolecular dehydration during the condensation reaction.
• the preferred catalyst of the present invention is triphenyl phosphite. We have found that this catalyst produces excellent results , giving liquid polymers with narrower molecular weight distributions , less by-products , and no formation of carbonyl groups or olefinic double bonds .
• beta-thioether diols are, in general , known in the art and will have the following formula:
• R 1 , R 2 , R 3 R 4 , X and p have the same meaning as indicated hereinbefore.
• each of R 1 , R 2, R 3 and R 4 is hydrogen and in the case of the substituted beta-thioether diols at least one of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 and R 4 is lower alkyl and preferably methyl and more preferably one or both of R 1 or R 4 are lower alkyl (preferably methyl) and R 2 and R 3 are hydrogen.
• the unsubstituted beta-thioether diols are known in the art and therefore no detailed exemplification thereof is necessary.
• An exemplary unsubstituted beta- thioether diol is thiodiglycol.
• substituted beta-thioether diols are not as well known in the art but either the substituted or unsubstituted beta-thioether diols may be prepared by reacting mercapto-alcohols or dimercaptans with ethylene oxide or lower alkyl substituted epioxides according to the following reactions:
• each of R 5 , R 6 and R 7 is hydrogen or lower alkyl, and X has the same meaning indicated hereinbefore. It should be noted that when R 5 , R 6 and R 7 is hydrogen, unsubstituted beta-thioether diols are formed and when R 5 , R 6 or R 7 is lower alkyl, substituted beta-thioether diols are formed. Exemplary substituted beta-thioether diols are
• the preferred linear polythioether of the present invention having two terminating radicals has the formula
• R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , X, n and p have the same meaning as indicated before and B is a terminating vulcanizable radical or a chemically non-reactive radical having no carbonyl groups and, preferably, containing no more than 20 carbon atoms.
• the terminating radical on the linear, liquid polythioethers must not substantially reduce the very desirable properties of the backbone of this invention, said properties including water, solvent, fuel and temperature resistance. If a water, solvent, fuel and temperature resistant solid elastomer sealant is desired, the terminating radicals will be terminating vulcanizable radicals and if room or low temperature vulcanizable elastomer sealants are desired such vulcanizable radicals will be low temperature vulcanizable radicals. Such vulcanizable radicals, including those curable at low temperatures, will include epoxide, reactive silyls, isocyanate, reactive olefinic double bond, mercaptan or hydrogen of a hydroxyl.
• polythioethers of the present invention terminated with 2 hydroxyl groups are made by condensing the beta-thioether diol.
• R' is alkylene of 4 to 6 carbon atoms.
• Linear, liquid polythioethers having terminating mercaptan radicals may be produced by reacting the polythioethers terminated with olefinic double bonds with an excess of an organic compound having two terminal mercaptan groups in the presence of an appropriate catalyst, e.g. a free radical initiating catalyst such as a peroxide and an amine having a pK b of 6 or less as disclosed in U.S. Patent 3,923,748 issued December 2, 1975.
• an appropriate catalyst e.g. a free radical initiating catalyst such as a peroxide and an amine having a pK b of 6 or less as disclosed in U.S. Patent 3,923,748 issued December 2, 1975.
• the dimercaptan compounds may have the formula R" (SH) 2 wherein R" is a divalent organic radical such as alkyl, aryl ether, alkyl ether, and the thioether thereof.
• R" is a divalent organic radical such as alkyl, aryl ether, alkyl ether, and the thioether thereof.
• exemplary of such dimercaptan compounds though not limited thereto are beta, beta'-dimercapto diethyl ether, beta, beta'-dimercapto diethyl sulfide, 1,6-dimercapto hexane and p,p'-dimercaptomethyl, diphenyl oxide.
• the linear liquid polythioethers having terminating epoxide radicals may be made by reacting the hydroxyl or mercaptan terminated polythioethers with an excess of a diepoxide cc ⁇ pound such as bisphenol A diglycidyl ether in the presence of an appropriate catalyst.
• linear, liquid polythioethers having terminating isocyanate radicals may be produced by reacting the hydroxyl terminated polythioethers with an excess of an organic diisocyanate such as toluene diisocyanate.
• the terminating reactive silyl radicals include hydrolyzable silyls such as lower alkoxy silane (e.g. tri (lower) alkoxy silane), acyloxy silane, silane oximes and silane hydrides.
• a reactive silyl termination may be made by reacting a mercapto silane with the olefin terminated liquid polythioether.
• linear, liquid polythioethers having terminating olefin radicals can be vulcanized to elastomeric sealants by mixing therewith a stoichiometric amount of di- or trimercaptan and an appropriate catalyst or by free radical mechanism.
• linear, liquid polythioethers of the present invention having terminating mercaptan vulcanizable radicals may be vulcanized to elastomeric sealants by using an oxidizing agent such as a dichromate, an organic peroxide, an inorganic peroxide, a diepoxide, etc..
• an oxidizing agent such as a dichromate, an organic peroxide, an inorganic peroxide, a diepoxide, etc.
• the linear, liquid polythioethers having terminating epoxide vulcanizable radicals may be vulcanized by using a di- or triamine or a di- or trimercaptan.
• the vulcanized products made from such linear, liquid polythioethers will be solid polythioether elastomer sealants, the vulcanization, in general taking place after application of the liquid polythioether to the desired place, such application being by pouring, brushing, spraying, etc..
• the linear, liquid polythioether may also be mixed with, prior to vulcanization, various additives such as plasticizers, fillers, colorants, and other monomeric or polymeric compounds in order to give the vulcanized polythioether certain desired properties known in the art. Additionally, cure times and rates may be altered by adding other catalysts, reactants, etc. during vulcanization.
• redox catalysts such as an iron salt has been found to be of value in vulcanizing the mercaptan terminated polythioethers.
• the non-crystallizing linear, liquid polythioethers may also contain terminating chemically non-reactive radicals.
• chemically nonreactive we mean a radical which is chemically inert or inactive with water and other substances, such as oxygen, generally found in the ambient.
• chemically non-reactive radicals which have a reactivity the same as, or less than the hydrogens on a benzene ring are quite satisfactory.
• Those chemically non-reactive radicals which are suitable for use in the present invention include aromatic, alkyl, heteroalkyl containing one or more heteroatoms (e.g. thioalkyl, oxyalkyl, etc.), alicyclic and heteroalicyclic, the hetero atom being sulfur and/or oxygen.
• the number of carbon atoms in the chemically non-reactive radical will not exceed about twenty.
• the non-crystallizing linear, liquid polythioethers having terminating chemically non-reactive radicals are excellent plasticizers and may be compounded with a number of liquid polymers with which they are compatible or miscible and may be added in the same amounts and for the same purpose as any of the common plasticizers.
• the linear, liquid polythioethers having terminating chemically non-reactive radicals of the present invention have all the necessary properties e.g. compatibility, low volatility and non-reactivity, of any good plasticizer but, in addition, also are fuel, solvent, temperature and water resistant as well as being non-crystallizing.
• linear, liquid polythioether plasticizers are therefore ideally suited for use with liquid elastomers and, particularly, with fuel, temperature and water resistant elastomers which are non-crystallizing, such as the linear, liquid polythioether elastomers of the present invention.
• the liquid polythioethers having terminating chemically non-reactive radicals may be incorporated with thermoplastic or thermosetting polymers.
• the amount of plasticizer used with any given polymer is the same as any other known plasticizer and depends upon the properties desired of the final composition. In general, it may be said that the amount of plasticizer will be between 1 and 50 parts by weight per hundred parts by weight of resin (phr).
• plasticizers are particularly useful when used in conjunction with liquid elastomers such as nitrile rubbers, polysulfides (e.g. Thiokol), etc.
• Particularly preferred elastomers with which the instant plasticizers are used are the linear, liquid polythioethers of the present invention having terminating vulcanizable radicals.
• liquid non-crystallizing polythioethers having 2 terminating thioalkyl radicals may be produced by including in the condensation reaction, a beta thioether alcohol having the formula:
• beta-thioether alcohols may be made by reacting mercaptoethanol with an alpha-olefin such as alpha-hexene, alpha-heptene or alpha-octene in the presence of a free radical catalyst.
• the aromatic terminated polythioethers may be produced by reacting the hydroxyl terminated polythioethers with para-toluene sulfonyl isocyanate or phenyl isocyanate.
• aromatic terminated polythioethers may be formed by reacting the hydroxyl terminated polythioethers with an aromatic diisocyanate such as toluene-2, 4-diisocyanate and then reacting the resulting isocyanate terminated polythioether with a lower alkyl alcohol.
• Another alternative route to forming liquid polythioethers having terminating chemically non-reactive radicals is to first form polythioethers having terminating vulcanizable radicals other than hydroxyl groups.
• polythioethers having terminating reactive olefinic double bonds may be produced as exemplified hereinbefore.
• Such reactive olefinic double bonds may be converted to chemically non-reactive terminals by reacting the olefin terminated polythioethers with a lower alkyl or aryl mercaptan in the presence of an appropriate catalyst, e.g. a free radical initiating catalyst such as a peroxide and an amine having a pK b of 6 or less as disclosed in U.S. Patent 3,923,748.
• an appropriate catalyst e.g. a free radical initiating catalyst such as a peroxide and an amine having a pK b of 6 or less as disclosed in U.S. Patent 3,923,748.
• Example 1 In order to fully illustrate the present invention the following examples are given, wherein all parts and percentages are by weight unless otherwise stated.
• the above ingredients were mixed in a 4 liter glass reactor fitted with a stirrer, a thermometer and a distillation condenser and heated under a stream of nitrogen at 180°C. until the vapor temperature of condensate dropped from initial 120°C. to less than 70°C. At this time vacuum was applied and the reaction of condensation continued at 180°C. until the rate of condensation was negligible as evidenced by collected distillate.
• the polymer obtained was a clear brownish liquid with a viscosity of 475 poise and hydroxyl number of 32.
• Double bond terminated polymer of Example 12 100 grams Dimercapto diethyl sulfide 10.4 grams t-butyl perbenzoate 0.6 grams
• Linear hydroxyl terminated polythioether (hydroxyl No. 34.4) made by the procedure of Example 4 100 grams
• Tri-ethyl amine 0.1 grams Procedure: The polythioether was dried under vacuum at 210°F. and 5 millimeters of mercury for 3 hours. The water content was found to be less than 0.05%. The dried polythioether was thoroughly mixed with the diisocyanate and amine under a nitrogen atmosphere and then heated at 120°F. for 18 hours. The resulting prepolymer had an isocyanate content of 2.38% and a viscosity of 740 poise at 77°F..
• Methylene bis-methyl anthranilate (MBMA) 51.7 grams Thioalkyl terminated polymer of Example 10 48.3 grams Procedure: The above two ingredients were mixed and the resulting mixture heated to a temperature of approximately 200°F. and stirred until the MBMA is dissolved in the thioalkyl terminated polymer to form a stable solution.

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• 1981
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