USRE39078E1 - Recombinant adenoviruses for gene therapy in cancers - Google Patents

Recombinant adenoviruses for gene therapy in cancers Download PDF

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USRE39078E1
USRE39078E1 US09/654,223 US65422394A USRE39078E US RE39078 E1 USRE39078 E1 US RE39078E1 US 65422394 A US65422394 A US 65422394A US RE39078 E USRE39078 E US RE39078E
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adenovirus
gene
antigen
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Jean-Francois Dedieu
Aude Le Roux
Michel Perricaudet
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Gencell SAS
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
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    • C12N15/09—Recombinant DNA-technology
    • C12N15/63—Introduction of foreign genetic material using vectors; Vectors; Use of hosts therefor; Regulation of expression
    • C12N15/79—Vectors or expression systems specially adapted for eukaryotic hosts
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    • C12N15/86—Viral vectors
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
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    • C12N2710/00011—Details
    • C12N2710/10011—Adenoviridae
    • C12N2710/10311—Mastadenovirus, e.g. human or simian adenoviruses
    • C12N2710/10341—Use of virus, viral particle or viral elements as a vector
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    • C12N2830/00—Vector systems having a special element relevant for transcription
    • C12N2830/001—Vector systems having a special element relevant for transcription controllable enhancer/promoter combination
    • C12N2830/002—Vector systems having a special element relevant for transcription controllable enhancer/promoter combination inducible enhancer/promoter combination, e.g. hypoxia, iron, transcription factor
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    • C12N2830/00—Vector systems having a special element relevant for transcription
    • C12N2830/60—Vector systems having a special element relevant for transcription from viruses

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to recombinant vectors of viral origin and to their use for the treatment of cancers. More particularly, it relates to recombinant adenoviruses containing a heterologous DNA sequence under the control of expression signals which are active specifically in tumour cells. The invention also relates to the preparation of these vectors, to the pharmaceutical compositions containing them and to their use in gene therapy.
  • Gene therapy consists in correcting a deficiency or an abnormality (mutation, aberrant expression and the like) by the introduction of a genetic information into the cell or the affected organ.
  • This genetic information can be introduced either in vitro into a cell extracted from the organ, the modified cell then being reintroduced into the body, or directly in vivo into the appropriate tissue.
  • Various techniques have been described for the introduction of this genetic information, amongst which are various transfection techniques involving complexes of DNA and DEAE-dextran (Pagano et al., J. Virol.
  • Application EP 259 212 describes the preparation of vaccines intended for the treatment of cancers, comprising a modified virus capable of expressing an antigen specific for a tumour, permitting an immune response to be generated against these cells.
  • Application WO91/15580 describes the construction of retroviruses containing a gene encoding a ribozyme, whose expression in cell culture can make it possible to destroy an mRNA of an oncogene. It is also known from Application WO93/10814 to use vectors expressing immunogenic, non-tumorigenic forms of cellular oncogenes involved in the development of cancers. Application WO93/02556 finally describes the use of cells removed from the tumour, which are genetically modified ex vivo by the introduction of a toxic gene, then readministered to the patient. However, this approach requires surgical steps, and furthermore, the stability of the toxic gene in the cell transformed ex vivo is not established.
  • the present invention provides an advantageous solution to these problems. It provides, indeed, vectors capable of directing the expression of a given gene selectively in the tumour cells.
  • the present invention is based in particular on the demonstration that certain signals for control of transcription are active (or activated) specifically in the tumour cells, and the they can be used for the selective expression of heterologous genes.
  • adenoviruses constitute particularly effective vectors for the transfer and expression of therapeutic genes in the tumour cells.
  • adenoviruses have the advantage of not becoming integrated into the genome of the cells which they infect, of being maintained therein in a very stable manner, which makes it possible to obtain a lasting therapeutic effect and to have a very broad host range, which permits application to the treatment of cancers affecting any type of cells.
  • adenoviruses can be obtained at high titres, which makes it possible to work at high multiplicities of infection, and to introduce several copies of the heterologous gene per cell.
  • the invention is also based on the demonstration that adenovirus-type viruses are capable of incorporating heterologous sequences comprising such promoters, of transferring these sequences into the tumour cells, and of expressing desired genes under the control of specific signals directly in tumours.
  • a first subject of the invention therefore lies in a defective recombinant adenovirus containing a heterologous DNA sequence under the control of expression signals which are active specifically in tumour cells.
  • the subject of the invention is also the use of such a defective recombinant adenovirus for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition intended for the treatment or the prevention of cancers.
  • the defective adenoviruses according to the invention are adenoviruses which are incapable of autonomously replicating in the target cell.
  • the genome of the defective adenoviruses used within the framework of the present invention therefore lacks at least sequences necessary for the replication of the said virus in the infected cell. These regions can be either removed (completely or partially), or rendered non-functional, or substituted by other sequences and especially by the inserted gene.
  • the defective virus conserves, nevertheless, the sequences of its genome which are necessary for the encapsulation of the viral particles.
  • adenoviruses There are various serotypes of adenoviruses, whose structure and properties vary somewhat. However, these viruses are not pathogenic for man, and especially for non-immunosuppressed subjects. Among these serotypes, the use of type 2 or 5 human adenoviruses (Ad 2 or Ad 5) or of adenoviruses of animal origin (see Application FR 93 05954) is preferred within the framework of the present invention.
  • adenoviruses of animal origin which can be used within the framework of the present invention
  • adenoviruses of canine, bovine, murine example: MAV1, Beard et al., Virology 75 (1990) 81
  • ovine, porcine avian or alternatively simian (example: SAV) origin
  • the adenovirus of animal origin is a canine adenovirus, more preferably a CAV2 adenovirus [Manhattan strain or A26/61 (ATCC VR800) for example].
  • adenovirus of human, canine or mixed origin are used within the framework of the invention.
  • the adenoviruses of the invention carry a heterologous DNA sequence.
  • This heterologous DNA sequence permits the expression of a desired biological activity in tumour cells.
  • the heterologous DNA sequence comprises at least one gene chosen from a gene which is toxic for the infected cell, a gene whose expression makes it possible to at least partially inhibit cell division, or a gene encoding a lymphokine.
  • the adenoviruses of the invention may, in addition, contain several of these sequences, so as to obtain, in some cases, a synergistic anti-tumour effect.
  • the genes which are toxic for the infected cell there may be mentioned preferably the genes whose expression product confers on the cell sensitivity to a therapeutic agent. More preferably, the toxic gene is chosen from the thymidine kinase gene, whose expression product confers on mammalian cells sensitivity to certain therapeutic agents such as ganciclovir or acyclovir.
  • the thymidine kinase of the herpes simplex virus is capable of phosphorylating nucleoside analogues such as acyclovir or ganciclovir.
  • These modified molecules can be incorporated into a DNA chain undergoing elongation, which has as consequence the stopping of the DNA synthesis, resulting in the death of the cell (F. L. Moolten, Cancer Res. 46 (1986) 5276). This strategy thus makes it possible to remove specifically the cells expressing the suicide gene. Furthermore, the synthesis of DNA being the target of the toxicity, only the cells undergoing division are affected.
  • thymidine kinase gene of the human herpes virus is used within the framework of the present invention.
  • the sequence of this gene has been described in the literature (see especially McKnight et al., Nucleic Acid. Res. 8 (1980) 5931).
  • cytosine deaminase gene whose expression product confers on mammalian cells sensitivity to 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC).
  • 5-fluorocytosine 5-fluorocytosine
  • tumour suppressor genes or antioncogenes
  • antisense sequences or ribozymes whose expression in the target cell makes it possible to at least partially inhibit the expression of genes promoting cell division.
  • tumour suppressor genes which can be used within the framework of the present invention, there may be mentioned more particularly the p53 gene (Baker et al., Science 244 (1989) 217); the Rb gene (Friend et al., Nature 323 (1986) 643; Huang et al., Science 242 (1988) 1563); the rap 1A gene (Kitayama et al., Cell 56 (1989) 77); the DCC gene (Fearon et al., Science 247 (1990) 49), the k-rev2 and k-rev3 genes; or any other tumour suppressor genes described in the literature (cf. for example WO91/15580).
  • the heterologous DNA sequence may also contain an antisense sequence, whose expression in the target cell makes it possible to control the expression of genes promoting cell proliferation. This control may occur during transcription, splicing of the pre messengerger, degradation of the messenger, its translation into protein, or post-translational modifications.
  • the heterologous DNA sequence contains a gene encoding an antisense RNA capable of controlling the translation of a target mRNA (EP 140 308).
  • antisense sequences which can be used within the framework of the invention, there may be mentioned more particularly any antisense sequence which makes it possible to reduce the levels of production of the oncogenes ras, myc, fos, c-erb B, and the like.
  • lymphokines there may be mentioned more particularly genes encoding interleukins (preferably IL-1 to IL-3), interferons, tumour necrosis factors, colony-stimulating factors (G-CSF, M-CSF, GM-CSF, and the like), TGF- ⁇ , and the like.
  • the lymphokine-encoding gene generally comprises, upstream of the coding sequence, a signal sequence directing the synthesized polypeptide in the secretion pathways of the target cell.
  • This signal sequence may be the natural signal sequence of the lymphokine, but it may also be any other functional signal sequence, or an artificial signal sequence.
  • Such constructs make it possible in particular to increase the lymphokine levels in a very localized manner, and thus, in the presence of a tumour-specific antigen, to enhance the immune response against a particular type of tumour, which gives a particularly advantageous effect.
  • the heterologous DNA sequence is placed under the control of expression signals which are active specifically in tumour cells.
  • the gene used is expressed and produces its effect only when the virus has indeed infected a tumour cell.
  • they are expression signals which are induced by or active in the presence of viruses responsible for or associated with tumours.
  • an expression signal inducible by the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) or by the papilloma virus is used within the framework of the present invention.
  • Epstein-Barr virus is associated with two types of human cancers: Burkitt's lymphoma and cancer of the nasopharynx.
  • Burkitt's lymphoma The use of a recombinant adenovirus containing a toxic gene under the control of a promoter inducible by EBV makes it possible advantageously to express this toxic gene specially in the tumour cells of the nasopharynx.
  • EBNA1 nuclear antigen
  • One particular subject of the invention therefore lies in the use, for the specific expression of a gene in nasopharynx cancer cells, of a sequence corresponding to EBNA1 (EBNA1-RE: EBNA1 “responsive element”).
  • the invention relates to an adenovirus containing, as expression signal, a chimeric promoter containing a sequence corresponding to EBNA1 fused upstream of another viral promoter, the promoter of the terminal protein 1 (TP1) gene.
  • TP1 terminal protein 1
  • Papilloma viruses are responsible for 90% of cervical cancers in women and have been identified in pre-cancerous epithelial lesions (Riou et al., Lancet 335 (1990) 117).
  • the product of the E6 gene leads to the formation of tumours by substantially decreasing the quantity of wild-type p53, an antioncogene, in HPV-positive cells (Wrede et al., Mol. Carcinog. 4 (1991) 171).
  • HPV for example protein E6
  • ⁇ -foetoprotein promoter Alpha-foetoprotein promoter
  • IGF-II IGF-II
  • promoters induced by hormones in the case of hormone-dependent or hormone-associated tumours (breast or prostate tumours, for example).
  • promoter sequences can be modified by addition of activating or regulatory sequences and the like.
  • the defective recombinant adenoviruses according to the invention can be prepared by any technique known to persons skilled in the art (Levrero et al., Gene 101 (1991) 195, EP 185 573; Graham, EMBO J. 3 (1984) 2917). In particular, they can be prepared by homologous recombination between an adenovirus and a plasmid carrying, inter alia, the heterologous DNA sequence. The homologous recombination occurs after cotransfection of the said adenoviruses and plasmid into an appropriate cell line.
  • the cell line used should preferably (i) be transformable by the said elements, and (ii) contain the sequences capable of complementing the defective adenovirus genome part, preferably in integrated form in order to avoid risks of recombination.
  • a cell line there may be mentioned the human embryonic kidney line 293 (Graham et al., J. Gen. Virol. 36 (1977) 59) which contains especially, integrated in its genome, the left-hand part of the genome of an Ad5 adenovirus (12%).
  • Strategies for constructing vectors derived from adenoviruses have also been described in Applications Nos. FR 93 05954 and FR 93 08596.
  • the adenoviruses which have multiplied are recovered and purified according to conventional molecular biology techniques, as illustrated in the examples.
  • the present invention also relates to a pharmaceutical composition containing one or more defective recombinant adenoviruses as described above.
  • the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention contain a vehicle which is pharmaceutically acceptable for a formulation directly injectable into the tumours to be treated.
  • a vehicle which is pharmaceutically acceptable for a formulation directly injectable into the tumours to be treated.
  • This may be in particular isotonic sterile solutions, or dry, especially freeze-dried, compositions which, upon addition, depending on the case, of sterilized water or physiological saline, permit the preparation of injectable solutions.
  • Direct injection into the tumour to be treated is advantageous since it makes it possible to concentrate the therapeutic effect at the level of the affected tissues.
  • the doses of defective recombinant adenovirus used for the injection can be adjusted according to various parameters, especially according to the mode of administration used, the pathology concerned, the gene to be expressed, or alternatively the duration of treatment desired.
  • the recombinant adenoviruses according to the invention are formulated and administered in the form of doses of between 10 4 and 10 14 pfu/ml, and preferably 10 6 to 10 10 pfu/ml.
  • pfu plaque forming unit
  • the term pfu corresponds to the infectivity of a virus solution, and is determined by infection of an appropriate cell culture, and measurement, generally after 48 hours, of the number of plaques of infected cells. The techniques for determining the pfu titre of a viral solution are well documented in the literature.
  • the present invention thus offers a very effective means for the treatment of or prevention of cancers. It is most particularly suitable for the treatment of cancers of the nasopharynx or hepatocarcinomas.
  • this treatment may apply both to man and any animal such as ovines, bovines, domestic animals (dogs, cats and the like), horses, fish and the like.
  • FIG. 1 Representation of the vector pONT-tk
  • FIG. 2 Representation of the vector pONT- ⁇ -gal
  • the pBR322- and pUC-type plasmids and the phages of the M13 series are of commercial origin (Bethesda Research Laboratories).
  • the DNA fragments can be separated according to their size by agarose or acrylamide gel electrophoresis, extracted with phenol or with a phenol/chloroform mixture, precipitated with ethanol and then incubated in the presence of phage T4 DNA ligase (Biolabs) according to the recommendations of the supplier.
  • the filling of the protruding 5′ ends can be performed with the Klenow fragment of E. coli DNA polymerase I (Biolabs) according to the specifications of the supplier.
  • the destruction of the protruding 3′ ends is performed in the presence of phage T4 DNA polymerase (Biolabs) used according to the recommendations of the manufacturer.
  • the destruction of the protruding 5′ ends is performed by a controlled treatment with S1 nuclease.
  • Site-directed mutagenesis in vitro by synthetic oligodeoxynucleotides can be performed according to the method developed by Taylor et al. [Nucleic Acids Res. 13 (1985) 8749-8764] using the kit distributed by Amersham.
  • PCR technique Polymerase-catalyzed-Chain Reaction, Saiki R. K. et al., Science 230 (1985) 1350-1354; Mullis K. B. and Faloona F. A., Meth. Enzym. 155 (1987) 335-350] can be performed using a DNA thermal cycler (Perkin Elmer Cetus) according to the specifications of the manufacturer.
  • the verification of the nucleotide sequences can be performed by the method developed by Sanger et al. [Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 74 (1977) 5463-5467] using the kit distributed by Amersham.
  • This example describes the construction of a recombinant adenovirus containing the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene (tk) under the control of a promoter which is specifically active in the cells infected by the EBV virus (chimeric promoter EBNA1-RE/TP1).
  • tk herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene
  • This example describes the construction of the plasmid p7tk1 containing the open reading frame of the tk gene of 1131 base pairs (ATG 114-116 and stop codon TGA 1242-1244), which frame is inserted into a multiple cloning site.
  • the BglII-NcoI fragment containing the herpes simplex virus type 1 thymidine kinase (tk) gene was isolated from the plasmid pHSV-106 (marketed by Gibco BRL), repaired by the action of the klenow fragment and then inserted into the SmaI site of the plasmid pGEM7zf(+) (marketed by Promega). The SmaI and BglII sites are destroyed during this step, the NcoI site is conserved.
  • the plasmid obtained was designated p7tk1.
  • This example describes the construction of a plasmid containing a chimeric promoter consisting of a sequence required for the transactivation by the EBNA1 antigen and of the EBV virus TP1 promoter.
  • the EcoRI(7315)-SmaI(8191) fragment from the EBV virus was isolated from the strain B95-8.
  • the complete sequence of the EBV virus has been described by Baer et al., (Nature 310 (1984) 207).
  • This fragment contains the sequences required for the transactivation by the nuclear 1 antigen (EBNA1) (D. Reisman & B. Sugden, 1986, Molecular and Cellular Biology, vol. 6 pp. 3838-3846).
  • EBNA1 nuclear 1 antigen
  • This fragment was then fused to the NruI(166 241)-PstI(166 559) fragment from EBV B95-8 (the PstI site was digested with T4 polymerase), containing the TP1 promoter.
  • the chimeric promoter thus obtained was then inserted into the multiple cloning site of the plasmid pBluescript II SK.
  • the plasmid obtained was designated pONT1.
  • the plasmid pONTtk contains the herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase gene (tk) cloned into the plasmid p7tk1, under the control of the chimeric promoter EBNA1-RE/TP1 cloned into the plasmid pONT1.
  • the BamHI-XhoI fragment of pONT1 which contains the chimeric promoter transactivated by EBNA-1 and EBNA-2, and the XhoI-ClaI fragment from p7tk1 which contains the tk open reading frame were cloned into the BamHI (478) and ClaI (4550) sites of the plasmid pAd.RSV ⁇ gal.
  • the plasmid pAd.RSV ⁇ Gal contains, in the 5′ ⁇ 3′ orientation
  • the plasmid obtained was designated pONTtk (FIG. 1 ).
  • the vector pONTtk was linearized and cotransfected with a deficient adenoviral vector, into helper cells (line 293) providing in trans the functions encoded by the adenovirus E1 regions (E1A and E11B).
  • the adenovirus Ad-ONT-tk was obtained by homologous recombination in vivo between the mutant adenovirus Ad-d1324 (Thimmappaya et al., Cell 31 (1982) 543) and the vector pONTtk, according to the-following procedure: the plasmid pONTtk, linearized with XmnI, and the adenovirus d1324, linearized with the enzyme ClaI, were cotransfected into the line 293 in the presence of calcium phosphate, so as to allow the homologous recombination. The recombinant adenoviruses thus generated were selected by plate purification.
  • the DNA from the recombinant adenovirus was amplified in the cell line 293, which leads to a culture supernatant containing the unpurified recombinant defective adenovirus having a titre of-about 10 10 pfu/ml.
  • the viral particles are generally purified by caesium chloride gradient centrifugation according to known techniques (see especially Graham et al., Virology 52 (1973) 456).
  • the adenovirus Ad-ONT-tk can be preserved at ⁇ 80° C. in 20% glycerol.
  • This example describes the construction of a recombinant adenovirus containing the E. coli beta-galactosidase gene ( ⁇ gal) under the control of a promoter which is specifically active in the cells infected by the EBV virus (chimeric promoter EBNA1-RE/TP1).
  • a promoter which is specifically active in the cells infected by the EBV virus (chimeric promoter EBNA1-RE/TP1).
  • the XbaI-(HindIII) fragment from the plasmid pONT1 which contains the chimeric promoter transactivated by EBNA-1 and EBNA-2 and the fragment (StuI)-KpnI from the plasmid pAd.RSV ⁇ gal which contains the ⁇ -galactosidase gene were cloned into the XbaI (484) and KpnI (4520) sites of the plasmid pAd.RSV ⁇ gal. The HindIII and StuI sites are destroyed during this step.
  • the plasmid obtained was designated pONT- ⁇ gal (FIG. 2 ).
  • the vector pONT- ⁇ gal obtained in Example 2.1 was used, by homologous recombination according to the procedure described in Example 1.4, to prepare a recombinant adenovirus containing the E. coli beta-galactosidase gene ( ⁇ gal) under the control of the chimeric promoter EBNA1-RE/TP1.
  • the Ad-ONT1- ⁇ gal adenovirus thus obtained can be preserved at ⁇ 80° C. in 20% glycerol.
  • This example describes the construction of a vector comprising the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene under the control of a promoter which is specifically active in the cells infected by the EBV virus (chimeric promoter EBNA1-RE/TP1).
  • CAT chloramphenicol acetyltransferase
  • the EBV TP1-promoter was isolated in the form of the EBV NruI(166241)-PstI(166559) fragment. This fragment was then fused to the CAT gene, and inserted, in the form of an NruI-BamHI fragment, into the plasmid pGem7ZF (Promega). The resulting plasmid was designated pTP1-CAT. The NruI-BamHI fragment from the plasmid pTP1-CAT was then fused, downstream of the EBV strain B95-8 EcoRI(7315)-SmaI(8191) fragment, containing the sequences required for the transactivation by EBNA1 (cf. Example 1.2.).
  • the fragment obtained comprising the CAT gene under the control of the chimeric promoter EBNA1-RE/TP1, was inserted into the EcoRI and BamHI sites of the plasmid pBluescript SK in order to generate the plasmid pONT-CAT.
  • a plasmid was also constructed from which the elements for responding to the EBNA2 antigen of the TP1 promoter were deleted.
  • the TP1 promoter was isolated in the form of the EBV NruI(166375)-PstI(166559) fragment. This plasmid was designated pOST-CAT.
  • the vectors pONT-CAT, pOST-CAT and pTP1-CAT were transfected by electroporation into an EBV ⁇ B lymphocyte line (DG75 cells), either alone or in the presence of vectors for expressing the viral antigens EBNA1, EBNA2 or EBNA1+EBNA2. 48 hours after the transfection, the cells were lysed by freezing/thawing, the cell debris removed and then the extracts obtained were standardized depending on the quantity of proteins. The CAT activity was then assayed in these extracts by enzymatic assay. The results obtained are the following:

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