US7687738B2 - Wire for high-speed electrical discharge machining - Google Patents

Wire for high-speed electrical discharge machining Download PDF

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US7687738B2
US7687738B2 US10/499,508 US49950804A US7687738B2 US 7687738 B2 US7687738 B2 US 7687738B2 US 49950804 A US49950804 A US 49950804A US 7687738 B2 US7687738 B2 US 7687738B2
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electrode wire
wire
coating layer
copper
diameter
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US20050040141A1 (en
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Michel Ly
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Thermocompact SA
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Thermocompact SA
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Priority claimed from FR0117052A external-priority patent/FR2833874B1/fr
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    • BPERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23HWORKING OF METAL BY THE ACTION OF A HIGH CONCENTRATION OF ELECTRIC CURRENT ON A WORKPIECE USING AN ELECTRODE WHICH TAKES THE PLACE OF A TOOL; SUCH WORKING COMBINED WITH OTHER FORMS OF WORKING OF METAL
    • B23H7/00Processes or apparatus applicable to both electrical discharge machining and electrochemical machining
    • B23H7/02Wire-cutting
    • B23H7/08Wire electrodes

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to electrode wires for spark erosion machining to cut or finish electrically conductive parts.
  • Spark erosion is used to machine an electrically conductive part by generating sparks between an electrically conductive wire and the part to be machined.
  • the electrically conductive wire moves in the lengthwise direction near the part, and also moves progressively in the transverse direction relative to the part as a result of movement in translation either of the wire or of the part.
  • the sparks progressively erode the part and the wire.
  • the longitudinal movement of the wire maintains at all times a wire diameter in the sparking area sufficient to prevent it breaking.
  • the relative movement of the wire and the part in the transverse direction cuts the part or treats its surface, as appropriate.
  • Spark erosion machines comprise means for holding and tensioning a length of wire in the vicinity of the part to be machined in a sparking area filled with a dielectric such as water, means for moving the wire longitudinally in the sparking area, means for generating a sparking current between the wire and the part to be machined, and means for producing relative movement of the wire and the part transversely to the longitudinal direction of the wire.
  • spark erosion wire There are at present many types of spark erosion wire, classified into two main families.
  • the wires in the first family have a generally homogeneous transverse structure, consisting of copper, brass, tungsten or molybdenum, for example.
  • the selected alloy must satisfy electrical conductivity and mechanical strength requirements. Conductivity is necessary to feed energy into the sparking area. Mechanical strength is necessary to prevent the wire breaking in the sparking area. If possible, the alloy is chosen so that the wire has a behavior favorable to erosion, i.e. so that the wire causes fast erosion. The maximum erosion speed of a wire is the speed limit beyond which the wire breaks if the sparking energy is increased in an attempt to accelerate erosion.
  • each wire structure confers a machining rate, a machining accuracy and a surface state.
  • the second family of spark erosion wires comprises coated wires, i.e. wires consisting of a metal core coated with a surface layer that is generally a homogeneous metal or alloy layer.
  • coated wires i.e. wires consisting of a metal core coated with a surface layer that is generally a homogeneous metal or alloy layer.
  • the electrical arc formed through the dielectric, such as water, between the surface of the wire and the surface of the part must not reach the center of the wire, or the wire will break. It is the coating of the wire that is worn away.
  • coated wires The benefit of coated wires is that the core of the wire may be selected as a function of its electrical and mechanical properties, and the coating may be selected as a function of its erosion properties and its contact resistance.
  • the document FR 2 418 699 proposes coating a copper or brass core with an alloy of zinc, cadmium, tin, lead, bismuth or antimony.
  • the document teaches that the coating increases the machining rate.
  • the example given is a copper core coated with a coating approximately 15 ⁇ m thick for an overall diameter of 180 ⁇ m.
  • the document EP 0 526 361 A teaches the provision of a spark erosion electrode comprising an external metal layer containing zinc around a metal core comprising copper or a copper alloy.
  • a spark erosion electrode comprising an external metal layer containing zinc around a metal core comprising copper or a copper alloy.
  • the copper used in this case is a copper microalloy.
  • the above document further recommends doping the copper with one or more elements such as iron, cobalt, titanium, phosphorus, manganese, chromium, zirconium, aluminum, tin, nickel.
  • the document also recommends using alloys, and the only example provided in the document is a wire whose core is of CuZn20 brass.
  • the present invention is the result of research seeking to optimize the structure of a spark erosion wire, in order to obtain a high rate of erosion.
  • the document EP 0 526 361 A previously cited seeks a long electrode life combined with a good surface quality of the machined part.
  • the document teaches increasing the thickness of the surface metal layer with the diameter of the wire.
  • the thickness of the surface layer is preferably from 10 to 100 microns. This corresponds to a relative thickness of the surface layer from 1 to 10%.
  • the only example given in the document is a wire whose total diameter is 0.25 mm and comprises a metal surface layer 20 microns thick, which is a relative thickness of 8%. There is no teaching, in the above document, of providing a relative thickness of the surface layer greater than 10% of the diameter of the electrode wire.
  • the machining rate may sometimes be further increased if the metal of the surface layer is brass obtained by thermal diffusion of zinc on the outside into an underlying layer containing copper.
  • the diameters of the wires and machining conditions being identical, the relative machining rates (in mm 2 /min) were respectively in the proportions of 98 for the homogeneous wire and 67 for the wire with a surface layer, demonstrating the negative effect of the surface layer.
  • the surface layer-then comprises a ⁇ phase, or even a ⁇ phase, which is harder and more rigid.
  • the problem addressed by the present invention is that of designing a new spark erosion electrode wire structure that significantly increases the spark erosion machining rate, for a given diameter, and under given machining conditions.
  • An object of the invention is to propose a method of fabricating this kind of electrode wire, and a machining method that increases the machining rate.
  • the invention starts from the surprising observation that, if the core is of unalloyed copper, an increase in the relative thickness of the diffused brass surface layer produces a significant increase in the machining rate.
  • the invention therefore provides a spark erosion machining electrode wire, comprising a metal core coated with a coating layer of diffused zinc alloy, in which:
  • This kind of spark erosion electrode structure is particularly well adapted to use with spark erosion machines whose electrical generators deliver a higher electrical power, enabling the benefit of the presence of a thicker surface layer to be obtained.
  • good results may be obtained for an electrode wire diameter D of 0.20 mm, with a coating layer thickness E greater than or equal to 20 microns; for an electrode wire of diameter D equal to 0.25 mm, the thickness E of the coating layer may advantageously be greater than or equal to 25 microns; for an electrode wire diameter D of 0.30 mm, the thickness E of the coating layer may advantageously be greater than or equal to 30 microns; for an electrode wire of diameter D equal to 0.33 mm, the thickness E of the coating layer may advantageously be greater than or equal to 33 microns; and for an electrode wire of diameter D equal to 0.35 mm, the thickness E of the coating layer may advantageously be greater than or equal to 35 microns.
  • an increase in the spark erosion rate of approximately 30% is observed, compared to a brass or zinc-plated brass wire of the same diameter.
  • the copper constituting the core is unalloyed copper, the purity of which is defined in French standard NF A 51 050.
  • the copper is preferably selected from the following family of recommended coppers, designated by the references used in French standard NF A 51050, with the corresponding ISO references in parentheses: Cu-a1 (Cu-ETP); Cu-a2 (Cu-FRHC); Cu-C1 (Cu-OF); Cu-c2 (Cu-OFE).
  • the unalloyed copper may be selected as a function of its electrical conductivity.
  • the recommended unalloyed copper has an electrical conductivity of approximately 100% IACS, i.e. 58 MegaSiemens/meter at 20° C. At 20° C., the electrical conductivity of the unalloyed copper core, work hardened as a result of wire drawing, is of the order of 99% IACS.
  • the high electrical conductivity of the unalloyed copper core work-hardened as a result of wire drawing prevents excessive heating of the electrode wire during spark erosion, and thus protects it from breaking, unlike copper microalloys.
  • a second aspect of the invention highlights the influence of the overall conductivity of the electrode wire on spark erosion performance, and exploits this influence to increase the machining rate on the assumption that electrical energy will be supplied by more and more powerful generators.
  • the overall electrical conductivity of the electrode wire is the sum of the conductivities of the core and the coating layer, multiplied by their respective areas in the section of the wire.
  • the electrode wire according to the invention has an electrical conductivity of at least 60% IACS (60% of the normalized conductivity of annealed pure copper). Failing this, a progressive reduction of the spark erosion rate is observed.
  • the overall electrical conductivity of the electrode wire may advantageously be from 65% IACS to 75% IACS.
  • the required type of electrode wire cannot be obtained above 75% IACS, because it is then obligatory to reduce the thickness of the diffused layer below 10% of the diameter of the electrode wire. Failing this, the wire is too rigid and brittle, and must not be drawn during its fabrication.
  • the recommended overall electrical conductivity of the electrode wire is of the order of 69% IACS, and corresponds to a diffused layer approximately 35 ⁇ m thick for a 0.33 mm electrode wire, i.e. a relative thickness of approximately 11%.
  • the coefficient ⁇ of variation of the overall resistivity of the electrode wire relative to temperature is 0.0034° K ⁇ 1 .
  • the relative thickness values of 11% and overall electrical conductivity values of 69% IACS give good results in the range of wire diameters from approximately 0.20 mm to approximately 0.35 mm.
  • Two parameters are available to the operator to obtain the above conductivity values during fabrication of the electrical wire: the thickness of the layer of zinc initially deposited, and the extent of the heat treatment producing diffusion of the zinc and the copper. The operator will have no problem in making an appropriate choice of these two parameters.
  • Electrode wires of different structure may also be applied with advantage to the production of electrode wires of different structure, for example with a thinner surface layer, a surface layer of other metals or alloys, multiple surface layers, on an unalloyed copper core or a core of another metal or alloy.
  • Wire 1 with a thinner unalloyed copper surface layer, provided a machining rate of 145 mm 2 /min at the maximum water injection pressure, and broke when the water injection pressure was below approximately 3.2 bar.
  • Wire 2 in accordance with the invention with an 11% thick unalloyed copper surface layer, produced a machining rate greater than 168 mm 2 /min, and broke when the water injection pressure was lower than approximately 4 bar.
  • Wire 3 with a 16% thick unalloyed copper surface layer produced a higher machining rate of 171 mm 2 /min, but broke as soon as the water injection pressure was below approximately 8 bar.
  • a 16% surface layer of this kind may be deemed to constitute an upper limit that it is better not to exceed.
  • Wires 4 and 5 with an alloyed copper core, produced machining rates of 165 mm 2 /min and 161 mm 2 /min, respectively, but broke as soon as the water injection pressure was lower than approximately 5 bar.
  • the fabrication of an electrode wire as defined hereinabove may comprise the following steps:
  • the coating layer then having a thickness greater than 10% of the final diameter of the electrode wire.
  • the zinc is preferably deposited on the copper core wire electrolytically.
  • the electrode wire may further be covered with a thin contact surface layer, for example of zinc, copper, nickel, silver or gold. This may be achieved by electrolytic deposition in particular.
  • an electrode wire as defined above may advantageously be used for spark erosion machining a part.
  • the generator is set to produce the maximum sparking energy compatible with the machining capacity of the electrode wire without breaking, thereby increasing the machining rate.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic front view of a spark erosion machine of the type using a wire
  • FIG. 2 is a plan view showing the process of spark erosion in the FIG. 1 machine
  • FIG. 3 is a plan view of the machined part from FIGS. 1 and 2 ;
  • FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic perspective view to an enlarged scale of one embodiment of an electrode wire of the present invention.
  • FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic view in cross section of a preferred embodiment of an electrode wire of the invention.
  • FIGS. 1 to 3 depict spark erosion machining using an electrode wire.
  • the spark erosion machine shown in FIG. 1 essentially comprises a machining enclosure 1 containing a dielectric such as water, means such as pulleys 2 and 3 and wire guides 20 and 30 for holding an electrode wire 4 and tensioning it in a sparking area 5 inside the enclosure 1 , a work support 6 , and means 7 for moving the work support 6 relative to the electrode wire 4 in the sparking area 5 .
  • the part 8 to be machined, held by the work support 6 is placed in the sparking area 5 .
  • the wire guides 20 , 30 are on either side of the part 8 to be machined, and guide the electrode wire 4 accurately.
  • the electrode wire 4 is moved longitudinally in the sparking area 5 and facing the part 8 to be machined as indicated by the arrow 9 .
  • An electrical general 10 electrically connected, on the one hand, to the electrode wire 4 by a line 18 and to a contact 18 a that touches the electrode wire 4 when it enters the dielectric in the enclosure 1 between the pulley 2 and the wire guide 20 , and, on the other hand, connected to the part 8 to be machined by a line 19 , generates in the sparking area 5 electrical energy appropriate to cause electrical arcs to be struck between the part 8 to be machined and the electrode wire 4 .
  • the machine comprises control means for adapting the electrical energy, the speed at which the electrode wire 4 moves, and the displacement of the part 8 to be machined as a function of the machining steps.
  • the spark erosion process causes the electrode wire 4 to penetrate progressively into the mass of the part 8 to be machined which is electrically conductive, and produces a slot 12 . Then, by moving the part 8 to be machined in the direction of the arrow 13 , a perpendicular cut is produced, finally yielding a part as shown in FIG. 3 , with a first machined facet 14 and a second machined facet 15 .
  • the electrical energy heats the wire in the machining area, and increasing this energy simultaneously increases the risks of the wire breaking. Accordingly, for a given structure of the electrode wire, the maximum machining rate is obtained for an electrical energy just below the energy that would cause the electrode wire to break.
  • a first comparative test was carried out, on the one hand, with a brass electrode wire containing 37% zinc, and, on the other hand, with an electrode wire having a brass core containing 37% zinc covered with an 8 micron layer of an ⁇ and ⁇ phase alloy of copper and zinc obtained by diffusion heat treatment.
  • the two electrode wires had the same final diameter of 0.25 mm.
  • the brass electrode wire achieved a relative machining rate of 98, whereas the electrode wire with a brass core covered with diffused zinc and copper alloy achieves a relative machining rate of only 67.
  • a second comparative test was carried out using, on the one hand, an electrode wire whose core was of copper and zinc alloy containing 80% copper, with a 20 micron coating layer of an ⁇ and ⁇ phase diffused zinc and copper alloy, and, on the other hand, with an electrode wire with an unalloyed copper core coated with a 14 micron layer of diffused zinc and copper alloy.
  • the two electrode wires achieved relative machining rates of 109 and 125, respectively. This demonstrates the advantage of an unalloyed copper core, which machines faster than the brass core even if the coating layer is thinner.
  • a third test employed in succession three 0.25 mm diameter electrode wires having an unalloyed copper core, with coating layers of diffused zinc and copper alloy 11 microns, 14 microns, and 28 microns thick, respectively.
  • the relative machining rates obtained were 115, 125 and 133, respectively. It is seen that, for the same sparking power, a thicker diffused layer accelerates cutting, in the case of electrode wires with unalloyed copper cores.
  • the electrode wire according to the invention comprises an unalloyed copper core 16 , coated with a layer 17 of diffused zinc and copper alloy whose thickness E is greater than 10% of the diameter D of the electrode wire.
  • the thickness E of the coating layer It may be beneficial to increase significantly the thickness E of the coating layer.
  • a limit is encountered in the relative deformation capacity of the metals during drawing to obtain the required final dimension of the electrode wire: too great a thickness of the coating layer leads to the risk of the wire breaking during drawing, which affects the production and use properties of the electrode wire. It remains easy to carry out drawing if the relative thickness of the coating layer is less than approximately 16% of the final diameter D. At the same time, too great a thickness E of the coating layer makes the wire brittle because of insufficient electrical conductivity.
  • the interface between the core and the coating layer is generally deformed by the wire drawing operation, which naturally eliminates its smooth nature and makes it slightly irregular. This irregularity is not a problem for the spark erosion process.
  • a contact surface layer 21 may advantageously be added to the electrode wire, for example of zinc, copper, nickel, silver or gold, to improve electrical conduction between the electrode wire 4 and the contact 18 a , and make sparking more stable.
  • a thick layer of copper significantly reduces the spark erosion rate.
  • the copper layer must be extremely thin, for example less than 0.5 micron thick.
  • a layer of nickel appears to be too fragile to be continuous at thicknesses of the order of 1 micron.
  • a zinc layer of approximately 1 micron is beneficial. Even if discontinuous, this layer unexpectedly improves the electrical contact and the stability of sparking.
  • the surface of the electrode wire may be covered with a thin layer of oxide, resulting from fabrication process steps. It is not essential to eliminate this layer, although it is possible. This layer may be uniform or non-uniform.
  • the surface of the electrode wire may be cracked, without this reducing the machining rate.
  • the electrode wire obtained in accordance with the invention is generally yellow-brown in color.
  • the surface of the electrode wire must be relatively clean, with few traces of wire drawing lubricants or other soiling.
  • the coating layer is an alloy of copper and zinc with a heterogeneous mixture of ⁇ and ⁇ and/or ⁇ ′ phases.
  • the zinc content by weight is then from 35% to 57%, preferably from 35% to 50%.
  • the phases present in the surface layer were the ⁇ and ⁇ and ⁇ ′ phases of the copper-zinc diagram.
  • FIG. 5 shows diagrammatically in cross section the structure of the surface layer of a preferred embodiment of a wire of the invention.
  • the structure is heterogeneous, in the sense that some portions of the surface layer are crystallized as phase ⁇ or ⁇ ′, from the core as far as the external surface, while other areas consist of a mixture of one phase in a matrix of another phase.
  • the area 17 a is of big ⁇ phase crystal, which may have a size T from a few microns to more than 10 microns.
  • the area 17 b is an area of mixed phases ⁇ and ⁇ , for example, as shown to a larger scale in the box in the top right-hand corner of the figure, microzones of phase ⁇ , from 1 micron to a few microns for example, distributed in a matrix of the ⁇ phase.
  • microzones of the a phase are found distributed in a matrix of the ⁇ phase.
  • the area 17 d is a combination of a surface layer of the ⁇ phase and a lower layer of mixed ⁇ and ⁇ phases.
  • This kind of heterogeneous structure is obtained by an appropriate choice of heat diffusion conditions during the production of the coating layer: fast heating, appropriate diffusion time.
  • the benefits of this structure especially include facilitating wire drawing, despite the a priori unfavorable presence of the ⁇ phase, with the result that it is then possible to increase the zinc content and consequently to increase the spark erosion rate.
  • An electrode wire according to the invention may be produced by a method comprising the following steps:
  • the coating layer 17 then having a thickness E greater than 10% of the final diameter D of the electrode wire.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Electrical Discharge Machining, Electrochemical Machining, And Combined Machining (AREA)
  • Metal Extraction Processes (AREA)
  • Superconductors And Manufacturing Methods Therefor (AREA)
  • Coating By Spraying Or Casting (AREA)
  • Non-Insulated Conductors (AREA)
  • Electroplating Methods And Accessories (AREA)
US10/499,508 2001-12-21 2002-12-20 Wire for high-speed electrical discharge machining Active 2025-11-27 US7687738B2 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (5)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR01/17052 2001-12-21
FR0117052A FR2833874B1 (fr) 2001-12-21 2001-12-21 Fil pour electroerosion a grande vitesse d'usinage
FR02/06575 2002-05-27
FR0206575A FR2833875B1 (fr) 2001-12-21 2002-05-27 Fil pour electroerosion a grande vitesse d'usinage
PCT/FR2002/004515 WO2003053621A2 (fr) 2001-12-21 2002-12-20 Fil pour electroerosion a grande vitesse d'usinage

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
US20050040141A1 US20050040141A1 (en) 2005-02-24
US7687738B2 true US7687738B2 (en) 2010-03-30

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US (1) US7687738B2 (ja)
EP (1) EP1455981B1 (ja)
JP (2) JP4516753B2 (ja)
KR (1) KR20040068601A (ja)
CN (1) CN1305624C (ja)
AT (1) ATE305356T1 (ja)
BR (1) BRPI0214599B8 (ja)
DE (1) DE60206413T2 (ja)
ES (1) ES2249642T3 (ja)
FR (1) FR2833875B1 (ja)
WO (1) WO2003053621A2 (ja)

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US20090032515A1 (en) * 2005-03-22 2009-02-05 Yukihiro Oishi Magnesium Welding Wire
US20170072489A1 (en) * 2015-01-07 2017-03-16 Hitachi Metals, Ltd. Electric discharge machining electrode wire and manufacturing method therefor
US10399167B2 (en) 2015-01-07 2019-09-03 Hitachi Metals, Ltd. Electric discharge machining electrode wire and manufacturing method therefor

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FR2850045B1 (fr) * 2003-01-17 2005-04-01 Thermocompact Sa Fil pour electroerosion a ame en laiton et couche superficielle en cuivre
FR2911806B1 (fr) * 2007-01-29 2009-03-13 Thermocompact Sa Fil electrode pour electroerosion
ES2390167T3 (es) * 2008-10-01 2012-11-07 Berkenhoff Gmbh Electrodos de alambre para corte por descarga eléctrica
EP2193867B2 (de) 2008-12-03 2022-12-21 Berkenhoff GmbH Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Drahtelektrode zum funkenerosiven Schneiden.
JP4931028B2 (ja) * 2010-02-02 2012-05-16 沖電線株式会社 ワイヤ放電加工用電極線、その製造方法及びその電極線を用いた放電加工方法
KR101284495B1 (ko) * 2011-04-29 2013-07-16 성기철 방전가공용 전극선 및 그 제조방법
CN102784978A (zh) * 2011-05-20 2012-11-21 昆山市瑞捷精密模具有限公司 慢走丝电火花线切割铜合金电极线及其制备方法
CN102784979A (zh) * 2011-05-20 2012-11-21 昆山市瑞捷精密模具有限公司 快走丝电火花加工用金属丝及其制备方法
WO2013037336A1 (de) * 2011-09-16 2013-03-21 Heinrich Stamm Gmbh Drahtelektrode zum funkenerosiven schneiden von gegenständen
KR20140051734A (ko) * 2012-10-23 2014-05-02 성기철 방전가공용 전극선 및 그 제조방법
TW201545828A (zh) * 2014-06-10 2015-12-16 Ya-Yang Yan 一種放電加工切割線及該放電加工切割線之製造方法
CN104191056B (zh) * 2014-08-13 2016-06-29 宁波博威麦特莱科技有限公司 一种高精度锌基合金电极丝及其制备方法
CN104668679B (zh) * 2015-01-29 2017-02-22 宁波博威麦特莱科技有限公司 低硼氧单向走丝用切割线及其制造方法
CN105269100A (zh) * 2015-10-30 2016-01-27 长治清华机械厂 一种补偿电极丝以降低电火花线切割中电极丝损耗的方法
JP7051879B2 (ja) * 2016-10-14 2022-04-11 サーモコンパクト 合金で被覆したedmワイヤ
US11505856B2 (en) 2018-08-07 2022-11-22 Sumitomo Electric Industries, Ltd. Copper-coated steel wire and stranded wire
KR20200049183A (ko) 2018-10-31 2020-05-08 주식회사 풍국 방전가공용 전극선 및 그 제조방법
JP2022531909A (ja) 2019-05-10 2022-07-12 ベルケンホフ ゲーエムベーハー スパーク浸食切断のためのワイヤ電極および該ワイヤ電極を生産する方法
JP7180774B2 (ja) * 2019-06-28 2022-11-30 住友電気工業株式会社 銅被覆鋼線、撚線、絶縁電線およびケーブル
KR20210038172A (ko) * 2019-09-30 2021-04-07 (주) 이디엠투데이베타알앤디센타 방전가공용 전극선
CN112222552B (zh) * 2020-09-07 2022-08-26 宁波康强微电子技术有限公司 一种伽马电极丝及其制备方法

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BR0214599B1 (pt) 2012-06-26
EP1455981A2 (fr) 2004-09-15
ATE305356T1 (de) 2005-10-15
US20050040141A1 (en) 2005-02-24
BR0214599A (pt) 2004-11-03
CN1305624C (zh) 2007-03-21
WO2003053621A2 (fr) 2003-07-03
WO2003053621A3 (fr) 2004-02-12
DE60206413D1 (de) 2005-11-03
JP4516753B2 (ja) 2010-08-04
ES2249642T3 (es) 2006-04-01
JP2005512826A (ja) 2005-05-12
CN1604830A (zh) 2005-04-06
JP2010099832A (ja) 2010-05-06
FR2833875A1 (fr) 2003-06-27
KR20040068601A (ko) 2004-07-31
FR2833875B1 (fr) 2004-07-02
EP1455981B1 (fr) 2005-09-28
DE60206413T2 (de) 2006-07-06

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