US7412838B2 - Heat pump using CO2 as refrigerant and method of operation thereof - Google Patents

Heat pump using CO2 as refrigerant and method of operation thereof Download PDF

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Publication number
US7412838B2
US7412838B2 US11/747,493 US74749307A US7412838B2 US 7412838 B2 US7412838 B2 US 7412838B2 US 74749307 A US74749307 A US 74749307A US 7412838 B2 US7412838 B2 US 7412838B2
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Prior art keywords
refrigerant
valve
water
stopper
heat
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Expired - Fee Related
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US11/747,493
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US20070261432A1 (en
Inventor
Kunio Hamanaka
Katsumi Fujima
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Mayekawa Manufacturing Co
Adaptivenergy LLC
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Mayekawa Manufacturing Co
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Assigned to ADAPTIVENERGY, LLC reassignment ADAPTIVENERGY, LLC CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: PAR TECHNOLOGIES, LLC
Assigned to MAYEKAWA MFG. CO., LTD. reassignment MAYEKAWA MFG. CO., LTD. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: FUJIMA, KATSUMI, HAMANAKA, KUNIO
Publication of US20070261432A1 publication Critical patent/US20070261432A1/en
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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B29/00—Combined heating and refrigeration systems, e.g. operating alternately or simultaneously
    • F25B29/003—Combined heating and refrigeration systems, e.g. operating alternately or simultaneously of the compression type system
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B5/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, with several evaporator circuits, e.g. for varying refrigerating capacity
    • F25B5/04—Compression machines, plants or systems, with several evaporator circuits, e.g. for varying refrigerating capacity arranged in series
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B9/00—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point
    • F25B9/002—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the refrigerant
    • F25B9/008—Compression machines, plants or systems, in which the refrigerant is air or other gas of low boiling point characterised by the refrigerant the refrigerant being carbon dioxide
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2309/00—Gas cycle refrigeration machines
    • F25B2309/06—Compression machines, plants or systems characterised by the refrigerant being carbon dioxide
    • F25B2309/061—Compression machines, plants or systems characterised by the refrigerant being carbon dioxide with cycle highest pressure above the supercritical pressure
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2339/00—Details of evaporators; Details of condensers
    • F25B2339/04—Details of condensers
    • F25B2339/047—Water-cooled condensers
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2400/00—General features or devices for refrigeration machines, plants or systems, combined heating and refrigeration systems or heat-pump systems, i.e. not limited to a particular subgroup of F25B
    • F25B2400/04—Refrigeration circuit bypassing means
    • F25B2400/0409—Refrigeration circuit bypassing means for the evaporator
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B2400/00—General features or devices for refrigeration machines, plants or systems, combined heating and refrigeration systems or heat-pump systems, i.e. not limited to a particular subgroup of F25B
    • F25B2400/04—Refrigeration circuit bypassing means
    • F25B2400/0411—Refrigeration circuit bypassing means for the expansion valve or capillary tube
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
    • F25B41/00—Fluid-circulation arrangements
    • F25B41/30—Expansion means; Dispositions thereof
    • F25B41/39—Dispositions with two or more expansion means arranged in series, i.e. multi-stage expansion, on a refrigerant line leading to the same evaporator

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a heat pump using CO 2 as a refrigerant and utilizing natural water such as well water, underground water, river water, and sea water as a heat source or cold source and a method of operating the heat pump, specifically a heat pump compact in construction and low in cost capable of being switched from heating/hot-water supplying operation and to heating/hot-water supplying and refrigerating operation without requiring a large-scaled ancillary facility, and a method of operating the heat pump so that heating capacity is increased when the heat pump is used for the purpose of room heating or hot-water supplying operation by utilizing natural water as a heat source and so that refrigerating capacity is increased when the heat pump is used for the purpose of heating/hot-water supplying and refrigerating operation by utilizing natural water as a cold source.
  • Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application Publication No. 8-247496 (prior art 1) is disclosed a system utilizing a heat pump which performs snow melting, room heating, room cooling, etc. utilizing underground water as a heat source or cold source.
  • pumped-up underground water is used directly to melt snow, and the water after used to melt snow is utilized as a heat source for the evaporator of a heat pump, then the water after use is returned to a well.
  • Japanese Laid-Open Patent Application Publication No. 2002-146852 (prior art 4) is disclosed a system for performing air conditioning, etc. utilizing underground water as a heat source or cold source.
  • the present invention was made in light of the problems of the prior arts, and an object of the invention is to enhance heating/hot-water supplying and refrigerating capacity by applying to an air conditioning system a heat pump using CO 2 as a refrigerant and utilizing natural water such as well water, underground water, river water, and sea water as a heat source or cold source.
  • Another object of the invention is to provide a heat pump and a method of operation thereof that does not require a large-scaled ancillary facility when utilizing natural water as a heat source or cold source.
  • Further object of the invention is to provide a heat pump and a method of operation thereof that makes possible easy and smooth switching of operation mode from heating/hot-water supplying to heating/hot-water supplying and refrigerating and vice versa.
  • the present invention proposes a heat pump employing CO 2 as refrigerant including; a CO 2 circulation path and, in the CO 2 circulation path, a compressor for compressing a refrigerant, a gas cooler for cooling the compressed refrigerant thereby producing hot water, expansion valves for allowing the refrigerant to be expanded, a heat exchanger, and evaporators for allowing the expanded and depressurized refrigerant to be evaporated by receiving heat from cold water, in which a first stopper valve and a first expansion valve are provided in parallel with each other in a downstream part from the compressor in the CO 2 circulation path, a heat exchanger for allowing the refrigerant to exchange heat with natural water is provided in a downstream part from the first stopper valve and first expansion valve, a second stopper valve and a second expansion valve are provided in parallel with each other in a downstream part from the heat exchanger, and an evaporator is provided in a downstream part from the second stop valve and second expansion valve.
  • exit side of the second stopper valve is connected by a bypass line to a downstream part from said evaporator.
  • the natural water is well water, river water, underground water, or sea water, etc.
  • the present invention proposes a method of performing heating/hot-water supplying operation using the heat pump composed as mentioned above, in which the refrigerant is expanded by allowing the refrigerant to flow through the first expansion valve by closing the first stopper valve thereby allowing the refrigerant to be evaporated in the heat exchanger by receiving heat from natural water, then the refrigerant is allowed to flow through the second stopper valve which is opened so that the refrigerant is allowed to flow to the compressor without allowing the evaporator to function.
  • the present invention further proposes a method of performing heating/hot-water supplying and refrigerating operation using the heat pump composed as mentioned above, in which the refrigerant is allowed to flow to the heat exchanger by opening said first stopper valve in order to allow the refrigerant to perform heat exchange with natural water in the heat exchanger, then the refrigerant is allowed to flow through the second expansion valve by closing said second stopper valve to be expanded and depressurized so that the refrigerant is evaporated in the evaporator by receiving heat from cold water, and the evaporated refrigerant flows to the compressor.
  • the first stopper valve and first expansion valve are provided in parallel with each other in the downstream side of the compressor, the heat exchanger in which the refrigerant exchanges heat with natural water is provided in the downstream part from the first stopper valve and first expansion valve, the second stopper valve and second expansion valve are provided in parallel with each other in the downstream part from the heat exchanger, and the evaporator in which the refrigerant is evaporated by receiving heat from cold water is provided in the downstream part from the second stopper valve and expansion valve, so operation can be switched from heating/hot-water supplying to heating/hot-water supplying and refrigerating and vise versa extremely easily, and ancillary equipment required for making the operation mode switching possible is very simple. Ancillary facility required for utilizing natural water as a heat source or cold source is only the heat exchanger.
  • Manipulation to be done is to close the first stopper valve and to open the second stopper valve when performing heating/hot-water supplying operation by the heat pump of the invention.
  • the refrigerant flows through the first expansion valve to be expanded and evaporated in the heat exchanger where the refrigerant receives heat from natural water, heat of natural water is utilized effectively and a large heating/hot-water supplying capacity can be obtained.
  • cold water supply to the evaporator provided in the downstream side is stopped, and the refrigerant flows passing through the second stopper valve which is opened and through the evaporator to the compressor without experiencing any change in the evaporator.
  • manipulation to be done is to open the first stopper valve and to close the second stopper valve.
  • the refrigerant flows through the first stopper valve without being expanded to the heat exchanger where the refrigerant is cooled by natural water, for the refrigerant is higher in temperature than the natural water supplied to the heat exchanger.
  • the second stopper valve is closed, the cooled refrigerant flows through the second expansion valve to be expanded and evaporated in the evaporator by receiving heat from the cold water supplied to the evaporator. In this case, refrigerating capacity is increased by the amount of heat given from the refrigerant to the cold water supplied to the evaporator.
  • FIG. 1 is a system diagram of the first embodiment when heating or hot-water supplying is performed using the heat pump of the invention
  • FIG. 2 is a pressure-enthalpy diagram of the first embodiment
  • FIG. 3 is a system diagram of the second embodiment when heating or hot-water supplying and cooling are performed using the heat pump of the invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a pressure-enthalpy diagram of the second embodiment.
  • reference symbol d indicates a circulation path of CO 2 refrigerant
  • reference numeral 1 is a compressor for compressing the CO 2 refrigerant
  • 2 is a motor for driving the compressor 1
  • 3 is a gas cooler for cooling the compressed CO 2 refrigerant by the medium of water fed via a feedwater line f. Feedwater of 55° C. is supplied to the gas cooler 3 and heated to 90° C. by the CO 2 refrigerant for example as shown in FIG. 1 .
  • Reference numerals 4 and 5 are a first expansion valve and a first stopper valve respectively provided in the circulation line d in parallel with each other
  • 6 is a heat exchanger for allowing heat exchange between the CO 2 refrigerant and well water supplied via a well water line g.
  • Reference numerals 7 and 8 are a second expansion valve and a second stopper valve respectively provided in the circulation path d in the downstream part from the heat exchanger 6 in parallel with each other
  • 9 is an evaporator for allowing the CO 2 refrigerant to be evaporated by receiving heat from cold water fed via a cold water line h. It is suitable as an another embodiment to provide a bypass line e connecting the exit side of the second stopper valve 8 to the circulation path d in the downstream side of the evaporator 9 .
  • the compressed CO 2 refrigerant cooled in the gas cooler 3 flows through the first expansion valve 4 to be expanded (expansion process C in FIG. 2 ) and depressurized, because the first stopper valve 5 is closed, and the depressurized CO 2 refrigerant evaporates in the heat exchanger 6 receiving heat from the well water supplied via the well water line g (evaporation process D in FIG. 2 ).
  • the well water supplied via the well water line g is cooled from 15° C. to 10° C. as shown in FIG. 1 , for example.
  • the evaporated CO 2 refrigerant flows through the second stopper valve 8 which is opened and the evaporator 9 to the compressor 1 .
  • water supply to the evaporator 9 via the cold water line h is not done, as the heat pump is operated for the purpose of heating/hot-water supplying.
  • K is the critical point of CO 2 (critical temperature of 31.1° C. and critical pressure of 75.28 Kg/cm 2 )
  • SL is the saturated liquid line
  • Sy is the dry saturated vapor line
  • Tk is an isothermal line
  • Pk is the critical pressure.
  • Length b represents heating/hot-water supplying capacity.
  • high heating/hot-water supply capacity b can be obtained by utilizing heat of the well water supplied via the well water line g.
  • first and second stopper valves 5 and 8 are arranged in parallel with the first and second expansion valves 4 and 7 respectively, heating/hot-water supplying operation can be performed only by closing the first stopper valve 5 and opening the second stopper valve 8 .
  • the heat exchanger 6 which performs heat exchange between well water and CO 2 refrigerant is required as an ancillary facility for utilizing heat of well water, so the system can be composed very compactly.
  • CO 2 refrigerant can be introduced to the compressor smoothly without passing through the evaporator 9 .
  • FIGS. 3 and 4 depict respectively the system diagram and p-h diagram of the second embodiment of the invention.
  • construction of the heat pump is the same as that of the first embodiment.
  • CO 2 refrigerant is compressed by the compressor 1 to be raised in pressure and temperature (compression process A in FIG. 4 ), then the compressed refrigerant is cooled in the gas cooler 3 by the feedwater fed via the feedwater line f (cooling process B 1 in FIG. 4 ).
  • the feedwater is heated from 55° C. to 90° C. to be used for room heating or hot-water supplying, for example.
  • the compressed CO 2 refrigerant cooled in the gas cooler 3 flows through the first stopper valve 5 to the heat exchanger 6 .
  • the CO 2 refrigerant entering the heat exchanger 6 is higher in temperature than well water supplied via the well water line g and cooled by the well water (cooling process B 2 in FIG. 4 ).
  • the well water supplied via the well water line g is heated from 15° C. to 20° C. as shown in FIG. 3 , for example.
  • the CO 2 refrigerant cooled in the heat exchanger 6 flows through the second expansion valve 7 to be expanded and depressurized (expansion process C in FIG. 4 ), then evaporates in the evaporator 9 receiving heat from the cold water supplied via the cold water line h (evaporation process D in FIG. 4 ).
  • length a represents refrigerating capacity
  • length b represents heating/hot-water supplying capacity
  • length c represents performance of cooling the CO 2 refrigerant by the well water in the heat exchanger 6 , in the operation according to the second embodiment.
  • refrigerating capacity is increased by the amount of cooling performance of cooling the CO 2 refrigerant by the well water in the heat exchanger 6 .
  • operation mode can be changed simply only by switching operation of the first and second stopper valves 5 and 8 .
  • system composition required to allow operation mode changing is to arrange each of the expansion valves and stopper valves in parallel with each other, so the system can be composed simple in construction and low in cost.
  • the heat pump composed such that the first stopper valve and first expansion valve are provided in parallel with each other in the downstream part from the compressor, the heat exchanger in which heat exchange is performed between the refrigerant and natural water is provided in the downstream side of the first stopper valve and first expansion valve, the second stopper valve and second expansion valve are provided in parallel with each other in the downstream side of the heat exchanger, and the evaporator in which the refrigerant receives heat from cold water and evaporates is provided in the downstream side of the second stopper valve and second expansion valve, a system of heating/hot-water supplying and refrigerating utilizing natural water as a heat source or cold source can be composed without requiring a large-scaled facility for utilizing natural water.
  • composition required for operation mode switching from heating/hot-water supplying to heating/hot-water supplying and refrigerating and vice versa is that two sets of a stopper valve and an expansion valve are provided with the stopper valve and expansion valve arranged in parallel with each other, so the system can be composed simple in construction and low in cost.
  • the first stopper valve When applying the heat pump composed as mentioned above to an air conditioning system and operating to perform heating/hot-water supplying, the first stopper valve is closed and the refrigerant cooled in the gas cooler is allowed to flow through the first expansion valve to be expanded, and then the depressurized refrigerant is evaporated in the heat exchanger by receiving heat from natural water. By utilizing heat of natural water like this, a large heating/hot-water supplying capacity can be obtained.
  • the first stopper valve When performing heating/hot-water supplying and refrigerating, the first stopper valve is opened to allow the refrigerant cooled in the gas cooler to flow through the first stopper valve to the heat exchanger where the refrigerant is further cooled and allowed to flow through the second expansion valve to the evaporator by closing the second stopper valve, then the expanded and depressurized refrigerant is evaporated in the evaporator by receiving heat from cold water and the evaporated refrigerant flows to the compressor.
  • cold heat of natural water By utilizing cold heat of natural water, a large heating/hot-water supplying capacity is obtained and at the same time refrigerating capacity is largely increased.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Other Air-Conditioning Systems (AREA)
  • Heat-Pump Type And Storage Water Heaters (AREA)
  • Steam Or Hot-Water Central Heating Systems (AREA)
US11/747,493 2004-11-12 2007-05-11 Heat pump using CO2 as refrigerant and method of operation thereof Expired - Fee Related US7412838B2 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/JP2004/017207 WO2006051617A1 (ja) 2004-11-12 2004-11-12 Ｃｏ２を冷媒としたヒートポンプ及びその運転方法

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US7412838B2 true US7412838B2 (en) 2008-08-19

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EP (1) EP1811246A4 (zh)
JP (1) JP4827191B2 (zh)
CN (1) CN100541050C (zh)
CA (1) CA2586572C (zh)
WO (1) WO2006051617A1 (zh)

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US8385729B2 (en) 2009-09-08 2013-02-26 Rheem Manufacturing Company Heat pump water heater and associated control system
US9702574B2 (en) 2013-05-09 2017-07-11 Steven B. Haupt Ground water air conditioning systems and associated methods
US20190226726A1 (en) * 2018-01-19 2019-07-25 Arctic Cool Chillers Limited Apparatuses and methods for modular heating and cooling system

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CA2586572A1 (en) 2006-05-18
JP4827191B2 (ja) 2011-11-30
CN100541050C (zh) 2009-09-16
WO2006051617A1 (ja) 2006-05-18
EP1811246A4 (en) 2010-09-08
CN101095018A (zh) 2007-12-26
CA2586572C (en) 2013-01-08
JPWO2006051617A1 (ja) 2008-05-29
EP1811246A1 (en) 2007-07-25

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