Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
  • H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
  • H01M8/04201—Reactant storage and supply, e.g. means for feeding, pipes
  • H01M8/04216—Reactant storage and supply, e.g. means for feeding, pipes characterised by the choice for a specific material, e.g. carbon, hydride, absorbent
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C11/00—Use of gas-solvents or gas-sorbents in vessels
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J20/00—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof
  • B01J20/22—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising organic material
  • B01J20/223—Solid sorbent compositions or filter aid compositions; Sorbents for chromatography; Processes for preparing, regenerating or reactivating thereof comprising organic material containing metals, e.g. organo-metallic compounds, coordination complexes
  • B01J20/226—Coordination polymers, e.g. metal-organic frameworks [MOF], zeolitic imidazolate frameworks [ZIF]
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01B—NON-METALLIC ELEMENTS; COMPOUNDS THEREOF; METALLOIDS OR COMPOUNDS THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASS C01C
  • C01B3/00—Hydrogen; Gaseous mixtures containing hydrogen; Separation of hydrogen from mixtures containing it; Purification of hydrogen
  • C01B3/0005—Reversible uptake of hydrogen by an appropriate medium, i.e. based on physical or chemical sorption phenomena or on reversible chemical reactions, e.g. for hydrogen storage purposes ; Reversible gettering of hydrogen; Reversible uptake of hydrogen by electrodes
  • C01B3/001—Reversible uptake of hydrogen by an appropriate medium, i.e. based on physical or chemical sorption phenomena or on reversible chemical reactions, e.g. for hydrogen storage purposes ; Reversible gettering of hydrogen; Reversible uptake of hydrogen by electrodes characterised by the uptaking medium; Treatment thereof
  • C01B3/0015—Organic compounds; Solutions thereof
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C11/00—Use of gas-solvents or gas-sorbents in vessels
  • F17C11/005—Use of gas-solvents or gas-sorbents in vessels for hydrogen
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
  • H01M8/00—Fuel cells; Manufacture thereof
  • H01M8/04—Auxiliary arrangements, e.g. for control of pressure or for circulation of fluids
  • H01M8/04082—Arrangements for control of reactant parameters, e.g. pressure or concentration
  • H01M8/04201—Reactant storage and supply, e.g. means for feeding, pipes
  • H01M8/04208—Cartridges, cryogenic media or cryogenic reservoirs
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2221/00—Handled fluid, in particular type of fluid
  • F17C2221/03—Mixtures
  • F17C2221/032—Hydrocarbons
  • F17C2221/033—Methane, e.g. natural gas, CNG, LNG, GNL, GNC, PLNG
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
  • F17C2223/03—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the pressure level
  • F17C2223/035—High pressure (>10 bar)
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2223/00—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel
  • F17C2223/03—Handled fluid before transfer, i.e. state of fluid when stored in the vessel or before transfer from the vessel characterised by the pressure level
  • F17C2223/036—Very high pressure (>80 bar)
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F17—STORING OR DISTRIBUTING GASES OR LIQUIDS
  • F17C—VESSELS FOR CONTAINING OR STORING COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED OR SOLIDIFIED GASES; FIXED-CAPACITY GAS-HOLDERS; FILLING VESSELS WITH, OR DISCHARGING FROM VESSELS, COMPRESSED, LIQUEFIED, OR SOLIDIFIED GASES
  • F17C2270/00—Applications
  • F17C2270/07—Applications for household use
  • F17C2270/0763—Fuel cells
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02C—CAPTURE, STORAGE, SEQUESTRATION OR DISPOSAL OF GREENHOUSE GASES [GHG]
  • Y02C20/00—Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases
  • Y02C20/40—Capture or disposal of greenhouse gases of CO2
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
  • Y02E60/32—Hydrogen storage
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/30—Hydrogen technology
  • Y02E60/50—Fuel cells
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10S502/00—Catalyst, solid sorbent, or support therefor: product or process of making
  • Y10S502/526—Sorbent for fluid storage, other than an alloy for hydrogen storage

Definitions

• the present invention relates to the technical field of storing gas including hydrogen and hydrocarbons, preferably hydrocarbons and more preferably methane, in particular to the fuel cell technology.
• the present invention relates to a container for uptaking, or storing, or releasing, or uptaking and storing, or uptaking and releasing, or storing and releasing, or uptaking, storing and releasing at least one gas, comprising at least one opening for allowing the at least one gas to enter and exit or at least one opening for allowing the at least one gas to enter and at least one opening for allowing the at least one gas to exit said container, and a gas-tight mechanism capable of storing the at least one gas under a pressure of from 1 to 750 bar inside the container, said container further comprising a metallo-organic framework material comprising pores and at least one metal ion and at least one at least bidentate organic compound which is bound to said metal ion.
• the aforementioned container has a non-cylindrical geometry
• Fuel cell technology is regarded as one of the core technologies of the 21 st century, e.g. in relation to stationary applications, such as power plants, mobile applications such as cars, busses and trucks and portable applications, such as cellular phones and laptops and in so called APUs, such as the power supply in power plants.
• the reason therefor lies in the increased efficiency of fuel cells compared to normal combustion engines.
• the fuel cell produces significantly less emissions.
• An overview of the current developments in fuel cell technology may be found in Hynek et al. “Int. J. Hydrogen Energy”, 22, no. 6, pp. 601-610 (1997), J. A. Kerres “Journal of Membrane Science”, 185, 2001, p. 3-27 and a further review article by G. March in “Materials Today”, 4, No.2 (2001), p. 20-24.
• WO 02/088148 Specific materials suitable for storing gases are disclosed in WO 02/088148. It is described that specific metallo-organic framework materials, so-called isoreticular metallo-organic framework materials, which are also disclosed in the present invention are especially suitable for storing methane. However, WO 02/088148 relates only to the capability of said framework materials for methane storage and values for their capacity for methane storage. As far as container comprising these isoreticular metallo-organic framework material is concerned, no specific geometry is disclosed.
• U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/061,147 filed Feb. 1, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,929,679, by the inventors of the present application discloses a method for uptaking, storing, and releasing gases wherein metallo-organic framework materials are used.
• a device and a fuel cell comprising these metallo-organic framework materials.
• the described device includes, e.g., a container accomodating the metallo-organic framework material, an entrance/exit opening for allowing the at least one gas to enter or exit the device, and a gas-tight maintaining mechanism capable of maintaining the gas under pressure inside the container.
• a container accomodating the metallo-organic framework material
• an entrance/exit opening for allowing the at least one gas to enter or exit the device
• a gas-tight maintaining mechanism capable of maintaining the gas under pressure inside the container.
• an object of the present invention is to provide a container comprising metallo-organic framework materials which is capable of uptaking and/or storing and/or releasing a gas such as a noble gas, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, a hydrocarbon, hydrogen, or a compound generating and/or delivering theses gases, preferably a hydrocarbon gas such as propane, ethane, or methane, or hydrogen, and more preferably methane, under a certain pressure.
• a gas such as a noble gas, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, a hydrocarbon, hydrogen, or a compound generating and/or delivering theses gases, preferably a hydrocarbon gas such as propane, ethane, or methane, or hydrogen, and more preferably methane, under a certain pressure.
• a container for uptaking, or storing, or releasing, or uptaking and storing, or uptaking and releasing, or storing and releasing, or uptaking, storing and releasing at least one gas comprising at least one opening for allowing the at least one gas to enter and exit or at least one opening for allowing the at least one gas to enter and at least one opening for allowing the at least one gas to exit said container, and a gas-tight mechanism capable of storing the at least one gas under a pressure of from greater than 45 to 750 bar inside the container, said container further comprising a metallo-organic framework material comprising pores and at least one metal ion and at least one at least bidentate organic compound which is bound to said metal ion.
• the present invention further relates to a storage system comprising a container for uptaking, or storing, or releasing, or uptaking and storing, or uptaking and releasing, or storing and releasing, or uptaking, storing and releasing at least one gas, comprising at least one opening for allowing the at least one gas to enter and exit or at least one opening for allowing the at least one gas to enter and at least one opening for allowing the at least one gas to exit said container, and a gas-tight mechanism capable of storing the at least one gas under a pressure of from 1 to 750 bar inside the container, said container further comprising a metallo-organic framework material comprising pores and at least one metal ion and at least one at least bidentate organic compound which is bound to said metal ion.
• the present invention still further relates to a fuel cell, comprising at least one container for uptaking, or storing, or releasing, or uptaking and storing, or uptaking and releasing, or storing and releasing, or uptaking, storing and releasing at least one gas, comprising at least one opening for allowing the at least one gas to enter and exit or at least one opening for allowing the at least one gas to enter and at least one opening for allowing the at least one gas to exit said container, and a gas-tight mechanism capable of storing the at least one gas under a pressure of from 1 to 750 bar inside the container, said container further comprising a metallo-organic framework material comprising pores and at least one metal ion and at least one at least bidentate organic compound which is bound to said metal ion, and further relates to a method of using this fuel cell for supplying power to stationary and/or mobile and/or mobile portable application such as power plants, cars, trucks, busses, cordless tolls, cell phones, and laptops.
• the present invention still further relates to a method of uptaking, or storing, or releasing, or uptaking and storing, or uptaking and releasing, or storing and releasing, or uptaking, storing and releasing at least one gas wherein the at least one gas is uptaken, or stored, or released, or uptaken and stored, or uptaken and released, or stored and released, or uptaken and stored and released by a metallo-organic framework material comprising pores and at least one metal ion and at least one at least bidentate organic compound which is preferably coordinately bound to said metal ion, wherein the metallo-organic framework material comprising pores is comprised in a container comprising at least one opening for allowing the at least one gas to enter and exit or at least one opening for allowing the at least one gas to enter and at least one opening for allowing the at least one gas to exit said container, and a gas-tight mechanism capable of storing the at least one gas under a pressure of from greater than 45 to 750 bar inside the container
• the present invention further relates to a method of using a metallo-organic framework material comprising pores and at least one metal ion and at least one at least bidentate organic compound which is preferably coordinately bound to said metal ion, for uptakaking, or storing, or releasing, or uptaking and storing, or uptaking and releasing, or storing and releasing, or uptaking, storing and releasing at least one gas in stationary, mobile, or mobile portable applications, said applications comprising a container comprising said metallo-organic framework material comprising pores, said container further comprising at least one opening for allowing the at least one gas to enter and exit or at least one opening for allowing the at least one gas to enter and at least one opening for allowing the at least one gas to exit said container, and a gas-tight mechanism capable of storing the at least one gas under a pressure of from 1 to 750 bar inside the container, wherein these applications are preferably power plants, cars, trucks, busses, cordless tools, cell phones, and laptops.
• the pressure under which the at least one gas is stored is preferably in the range of from greater than 45 to 300 bar, more preferably in the range of from greater than 45 to 150 bar, even more preferably in the range of from greater than 50 to 150 bar, especially preferably in the range of from 50 to 100 bar and most preferably in the range of from 50 to 80 bar.
• the pressure under which the at least one gas is stored is preferably in the range of from 1 to 300 bar, more preferably in the range of from 1 to 200 bar, more preferably in the range of from greater than 45 to 200 bar, more preferably in the range of from greater than 45 to 150 bar, even more preferably in the range of from greater than 50 to 150 bar, especially preferably in the range of from 50 to 100 bar and most preferably in the range of from 50 to 80 bar.
• the volume of the container may be freely chosen and adapted to the specific needs of the respective application for which the container is used.
• the volume of the container is preferably smaller than or equal to 300 l, preferably smaller than or equal to 250 l, more preferably smaller than or equal to 200 l, more preferably smaller than or equal to 150 l, more preferably smaller than or equal to 100 l.
• the volume of the container is preferably smaller than or equal to 500 l, preferably smaller than or equal to 450 l, more preferably smaller than or equal to 400 l, more preferably smaller than or equal to 350 l, more preferably smaller than or equal to 300 l.
• the volume of the container may be within the aforementioned ranges, but may as well exceed the aforementioned ranges.
• the geometry of a container comprising at least one gas under pressure, especially in the technical field of fuel cells, is generally restricted to cylindrical geometry due to stability considerations.
• inventive containers comprising the above-mentioned metallo-organic framework, allow for storing a higher amount of the at least one gas under a given pressure or, vice versa, the same amount of at least one gas, preferably a hydrocarbon, most preferably methane, under a considerably lower pressure.
• the present invention relates to a container having a non-cylindrical geometry for uptaking, or storing, or releasing, or uptaking and storing, or uptaking and releasing, or storing and releasing, or uptaking, storing and releasing at least one gas, comprising at least one opening for allowing the at least one gas to enter and exit or at least one opening for allowing the at least one gas to enter and at least one opening for allowing the at least one gas to exit said container, and a gas-tight mechanism capable of storing the at least one gas under a pressure of from 1 to 750 bar inside the container, said container further comprising a metallo-organic framework material comprising pores and at least one metal ion and at least one at least bidentate organic compound which is bound to said metal ion.
• the pressure under which the at least one gas is stored is preferably in the range of from 1 to 300 bar, more preferably in the range of from 1 to 200 bar, more preferably in the range of from 1 to 150 bar, more preferably in the range of from 1 to 80 bar, more preferably in the range of greater than 45 to 80 bar and most preferably in the range of from 50 to 80 bar.
• the present invention also relates to a storage system comprising a container having non-cylindrical geometry as mentioned above.
• the present invention also relates to a fuel cell comprising a container having non-cylindrical geometry as mentioned above.
• One example is the use of fuel cells in cars wherein, using containers of restricted geometry, a considerable portion, if not the complete, rear trunk had to be taken up for housing the container or a plurality of containers.
• Non-cylindrical containers, and consequently storage systems and/or fuel cells are provided whose geometries may be more or less freely adapted to the respective applications.
• cavities which are generally useless like cavities in a transmission tunnel may be equipped with a container or part of a container or a fuel cell or part of a fuel cell thus saving valuable storage space.
• the present invention also relates to a method of using a fuel cell comprising said container for supplying power to stationary, mobile, and mobile portable applications.
• the present invention therefore relates to a method of using a fuel cell comprising the aforementioned container for supplying power to power plants, cars, trucks, busses, cordless tools, cell phones, and laptops.
• the present invention also relates to a method of transferring at least one gas from a storage system to a fuel cell, said storage system comprising at least one container having a non-cylindrical geometry for uptaking, or storing, or releasing, or uptaking and storing, or uptaking and releasing, or storing and releasing, or uptaking, storing and releasing at least one gas, comprising at least one opening for allowing the at least one gas to enter and exit or at least one opening for allowing the at least one gas to enter and at least one opening for allowing the at least one gas to exit said container, and a gas-tight mechanism capable of storing the at least one gas under a pressure of from 1 to 750 bar inside the container, said container further comprising a metallo-organic framework material comprising pores and at least one metal ion and at least one at least bidentate organic compound which is bound to said metal ion.
• the fuel cell the at least one gas is transferred into comprises at least one container having a non-cylindrical geometry for uptaking, or storing, or releasing, or uptaking and storing, or uptaking and releasing, or storing and releasing, or uptaking, storing and releasing at least one gas, comprising at least one opening for allowing the at least one gas to enter and exit or at least one opening for allowing the at least one gas to enter and at least one opening for allowing the at least one gas to exit said container, and a gas-tight mechanism capable of storing the at least one gas under a pressure of from 1 to 750 bar inside the container, said container further comprising a metallo-organic framework material comprising pores and at least one metal ion and at least one at least bidentate organic compound which is bound to said metal ion.
• the present invention relates to a method of uptaking, or storing, or releasing, or uptaking and storing, or uptaking and releasing, or storing and releasing, or uptaking, storing and releasing at least one gas
• the at least one gas is uptaken, or stored, or released, or uptaken and stored, or uptaken and released, or stored and released, or uptaken and stored and released by a metallo-organic framework material comprising pores and at least one metal ion and at least one at least bidentate organic compound which is preferably coordinately bound to said metal ion
• the metallo-organic framework material comprising pores is comprised in at least one container having non-cylindrical geometry comprising at least one opening for allowing the at least one gas to enter and exit or at least one opening for allowing the at least one gas to enter and at least one opening for allowing the at least one gas to exit said container, and a gas-tight mechanism capable of storing the at least one gas under a pressure of from 1
• the present invention relates to a method of using a metallo-organic framework material comprising pores and at least one metal ion and at least one at least bidentate organic compound which is preferably coordinately bound to said metal ion, for uptaking, or storing, or releasing, or uptaking and storing, or uptaking and releasing, or storing and releasing, or uptaking, storing and releasing at least one gas in stationary, mobile, or mobile portable applications, said applications comprising a container having a non-cylindrical geometry comprising said metallo-organic framework material comprising pores, said container further comprising at least one opening for allowing the at least one gas to enter and exit or at least one opening for allowing the at least one gas to enter and at least one opening for allowing the at least one gas to exit said container, and a gas-tight mechanism capable of storing the at least one gas under a pressure of from 1 to 750 bar inside the container.
• each material As material the container according to the present invention is manufactured from, generally each material may be used which is stable when exposed to the pressures given above and which is gas-tight under these pressures. Therefore, different materials may be chosen for different gases to be uptaken and/or stored and/or released.
• materials are metals like, for example, stainless steel or aluminum, synthetic material, composite material, fiber reinforced synthetic material, fiber reinforced composite material, carbon fiber composite materials or mixtures of two or more thereof like, for example, carbon fiber composite material laminated with aluminum. Preferred are, among others, materials having low weight and/or low density.
• a container according to the present invention may have one wall, a double wall, a triple wall or even more than three walls. If the container has more than one wall and is, for example, double-walled, there may be at least one insulating layer between two adjacent walls.
• insulating layer a vacuum layer or a layer comprising, for example, glass wool, may be used.
• insulating layer also a metal foil covered with at least one layer of glass wool may be used.
• As insulating layer also the combination of one or more metal foils at least one of which is covered with glass wool with vacuum is possible.
• Containers, storage systems and/or fuel cells according to the invention may be used once or several times, according to the application they are used in.
• the at least one gas may be uptaken, stored and released whereafter the container is disposed.
• the container from which the uptaken and stored gas is at least partially released is at least partially refilled again with the same or another gas or the same gas mixture or another gas mixture.
• the present invention relates to a method of transferring at least one gas from a first container to a second container wherein at least one container is a container according to the present invention.
• the first container may contain at least one gas, for example hydrogen or a hydro-carbon, most preferably methane, wherein said first container is a container according to the invention.
• the at least one gas, stored in the first container is then transferred to a second container which may or may not be a container according to the present invention.
• the first container comprising the at least one gas may be a container known in the art, for example a cylindrical container without metallo-organic framework material comprising pores and at least one metal ion and at least one at least bidentate organic compound which is bound to said metal ion.
• the at least one gas is transferred to a second container according to the invention, having, for example, non-cylindrical geometry.
• the first container is a container according to the present invention, for example a container which represents or which is part of a storage system
• the second container is a container according to the present invention as well, for example a container having, for example, non-cylindrical geometry which is part of a fuel cell.
• the present invention relates to transferring at least one gas like hydrogen or a hydrocarbon like methane from a storage system to a fuel cell wherein either the storage system or the fuel cell or the storage system as well as the fuel cell comprise a container of the present invention.
• the storage system may be, for example, part of a gas station in which at least one gas like hydrogen or methane is stored. From this storage system the at least one gas may be transferred to another storage system comprising a container or preferably to a fuel cell comprising a container wherein this fuel cell is, for example, part of a passenger car, a truck, a motorbike or the like or another mobile application.
• the present invention relates to transferring at least one gas like hydrogen or a hydrocarbon like methane from a first storage system to a second storage system wherein the first storage system is part of, for example, a truck delivering the at least one gas, and the second storage system is part of a gas station to which the at least one gas is delivered.
• the first storage system or the second storage system or the first storage system as well as the second storage system comprise at least one container according to the present invention.
• the metallo-organic framework materials comprise pores, particularly micro- and/or mesopores.
• Micropores are defined as being pores having a diameter of 2 nm or below and mesopores as being pores having a diameter in the range of above 2 nm to 50 nm, respectively, according to the definition given in Pure Applied Chem. 45, p. 71 seq., particularly on p. 79 (1976).
• the presence of the micro- and/or mesopores can be monitored by sorption measurements for determining the capacity of the metallo-organic framework materials to take up nitrogen at 77 K according to DIN 66131 and/or DIN 66134.
• the specific surface area as calculated according to the Langmuir model (DIN 66131, 66134) preferably is above 5 m 2 /g, further preferred above 10 m 2 /g, more preferably above 50 m 2/ g, particularly preferred above 500 m 2 / g and may increase into the region of above 4,000 m 2 /g.
• the metal component within the framework material that is to be used according to the present invention, particularly to be mentioned are the metal ions of the main group elements and of the subgroup elements of the periodic system of the elements, namely of the groups Ia, IIa, IIIa, IVa to VIIIa and Ib to VIb.
• metal components particular reference is made to Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Sc, Y, Ti, Zr, Hf, V, Nb, Ta, Cr, Mo, W, Mn, Re, Fe, Ru, Os, Co, Rh, Ir, Ni, Pd, Pt, Cu, Ag, Au, Zn, Cd, Hg, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, and Bi, more preferably to Zn, Cu, Ni, Pd, Pt, Ru, Rh and Co.
• metal ions of these elements particular reference is made to: Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Sr 2+ , Ba 2+ , Sc 3+ , Y 3+ , Ti 4+ , Zr 4+ , Hf 4+ , V 4+ , V 3+ , V 2+ , Nb 3+ , Ta + , Cr 3+ , Mo 3+ , W 3+ , Mn 3+ , Mn 2+ , Re 3+ , Re 2+ , Fe 3+ , Fe 2+ , Ru 3+ , Ru 2+ , Os 3+ , Os 2+ , Co 3+ , Co 2+ , Rh 2+ , Rh + , Ir 2+ , Ir + , Ni 2+ , Ni + , Pd 2+ , Pd + , Pt 2+ , Pt + , Cu 2+ , Cu + , Ag + , Au + , Zn 2+ , Cd 2+ , Hg 2+ , Mg
• Particularly preferred metal ions are Co 2+ and Zn 2+ .
• metal salts disclosed in EP-A 0 790 253 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,648,508 other metallic compounds can be used, such as sulfates, phosphates and other complex counter-ion metal salts of the main- and subgroup metals of the periodic system of the elements.
• Metal oxides, mixed oxides and mixtures of metal oxides and/or mixed oxides with or without a defined stoichiometry are preferred. All of the above mentioned metal compounds can be soluble or insoluble and they may be used as starting material either in form of a powder or as a shaped body or as any combination thereof.
• the at least bidentate organic compound which is capable to coordinate with the metal ion
• all compounds can be used which are suitable for this purpose and which fulfill the above requirements of being at least bidentate.
• Said organic compound must have at least two centers, which are capable to coordinate with the metal ions of a metal salt, particularly with the metals of the aforementioned groups.
• a preferred ligand is 1,3,5-benzene tricarboxylate (BCT).
• Further preferred ligands are ADC (acetylene dicarboxylate), NDC (naphtalen dicarboxylate), BDC (benzene dicarboxylate), ATC (adamantane tetracarboxylate), BTC (benzene tricarboxylate), BTB (benzene tribenzoate), MTB (methane tetrabenzoate) and ATB (adamantane tribenzoate).
• the framework material as used in accordance with the present invention may also comprise one or more mono-dentate ligand(s), which is/are preferably selected from the following mono-dentate substances and/or derivatives thereof:
• framework materials of the kind described herein which comprise Zn 2+ as a metal ion and ligands derived from terephthalic acid as the bidentate compound, are particularly preferred.
• Said framework materials are known as MOF-5 in the literature.
• solvents which are particularly useful for the preparation of MOF-5, in addition to the solvents disclosed in the above-referenced literature, dimethyl formamide, diethyl formamide and N-methylpyrollidone, alone, in combination with each other or in combination with other solvents may be used.
• the solvents and mother liquors are recycled after crystallization in order to save costs and materials.
• MOFs metallo-organic framework materials
• IR-MOFs isoreticular metal organic framework materials
• the solvents used are of particular importance for the synthesis of these materials and are therefore mentioned in the table.
• the values for the cell parameters (angles alpha, beta and gamma as well as the spacings a, b and c, given in Angstrom) have been obtained by X-ray diffraction and represent the space group given in the table as well.
• MOF-14 Cu(NO 3 ) 2 ⁇ 2.5H 2 O H 2 O 90 90 90 90 26.946 26.946 26.946 Im-3 Cu 3 (BTB) 0.28 mmol DMF H 3 BTB EtOH 0.052 mmol MOF-32 Cd(NO 3 ) 2 ⁇ 4H 2 O H 2 O 90 90 90 13.468 13.468 13.468 P( ⁇ 4)3m Cd(ATC) 0.24 mmol NaOH H 4 ATC 0.10 mmol MOF-33 ZnCl 2 H 2 O 90 90 90 19.561 15.255 23.404 Imma Zn 2 (ATB) 0.15 mmol DMF H 4 ATB EtOH 0.02 mmol MOF-34 Ni(NO 3 ) 2 ⁇ 6H 2 O H 2 O 90 90 90 10.066 11.163 19.201 P2 1 2 1 2 1 Ni(ATC) 0.24 mmol NaOH H 4 ATC 0.10 mmol MOF-36 Zn(NO 3 ) 2 ⁇ 4H 2 O H 2 O
• the separation of the framework materials, particularly of MOF-5, from the mother liquor of the crystallization may be achieved by procedures known in the art such as solid-liquid separations, centrifugation, extraction, filtration, membrane filtration, cross-flow filtration, flocculation using flocculation adjuvants (non-ionic, cationic and anionic adjuvants) or by the addition of pH shifting additives such as salts, acids or bases, by flotation, by spray drying, by spray granulation, as well as by evaporation of the mother liquor at elevated temperature and/or in vacuo and concentrating of the solid.
• the material obtained in this step is typically a fine powder.
• the separated framework materials may be mixed with inert adjuvants like, e.g., graphite, compounded, melted, extruded, co-extruded, pressed, spinned, foamed and/or granulated to form a shaped body or shaped bodies.
• inert adjuvants like, e.g., graphite, compounded, melted, extruded, co-extruded, pressed, spinned, foamed and/or granulated to form a shaped body or shaped bodies.
• Possible geometries of the shaped body or shaped bodies are, among others, pellets, pills, spheres, granulate, or extrudates such as strands.
• shaped bodies which allow for for space saving geometries and forms of containers and gas storage systems and fuel cells, respectively.
• the term “shaped body” refers to any solid body that has at least a two-dimensional outer contour and extends to at least 0.02 mm in at least one direction in space. No other restrictions apply, i.e., the body may take any conceivable shape and may extend in any direction by any length so long as it extends to at least 0.02 mm in one direction. In a preferred embodiment, the shaped bodies do not extend to more than 50 mm and not to less than 0.02 mm in all directions. In a further preferred embodiment, this range is limited from 1.5 mm to 5 mm.
• spherical or cylindrical bodies are preferred, as well as disk-shaped pellets or any other suitable geometry, such as honeycombs, meshes, hollow bodies, wire arrangements etc.
• zeolites are the most commonly used porous materials which are either molded into shaped bodies or applied onto a (porous) support.
• shaped bodies containing at least one metallo-organic framework material for the step of preparing shaped bodies containing at least one metallo-organic framework material, all processes of molding a powder and/or crystallites together that are known to the expert are conceivable. Also, all processes of applying an active component, such as the metallo-organic framework material, onto a substrate are conceivable. Preparing shaped bodies by a process involving molding is described first, followed by a description of the process of applying said material onto a (porous) substrate.
• the term “molding” refers to any process known to the expert in the field by which a substance that does not fulfill the above-mentioned requirement of a shaped body, i.e. any powder, powdery substance, array of crystallites etc., can be formed into a shaped body that is stable under the conditions of its intended use.
• the mandatory step of molding, shaping or forming may be achieved by any method known to expert to achieve agglomeration of a powder, a suspension or a paste-like mass. Such methods are described, for example, in Ullmann's Enzylopädie der Technischen Chemie, 4 th Edition, Vol. 2, p. 313 et seq., 1972, whose respective content is incorporated into the present application by reference.
• the following main pathways can be discerned: (i) briquetting, i.e. mechanical pressing of the powdery material, with or without binders and/or other additives, (ii) granulating (pelletizing), i.e. compacting of moistened powdery materials by subjecting it to rotating movements, and (iii) sintering, i.e. subjecting the material to be compacted to a thermal treatment.
• briquetting i.e. mechanical pressing of the powdery material, with or without binders and/or other additives
• granulating i.e. compacting of moistened powdery materials by subjecting it to rotating movements
• sintering i.e. subjecting the material to be compacted to a thermal treatment.
• the latter is somewhat limited for the material according to the invention due to the limited temperature stability of the organic materials (see discussion below).
• the molding step according to the invention is preferably performed by using at least one method selected from the following group: briquetting by piston presses, briquetting by roller pressing, binderless briquetting, briquetting with binders, pelletizing, compounding, melting, extruding, co-extruding, spinning, deposition, foaming, spray drying, coating, granulating, in particular spray granulating or granulating according to any process known within the processing of plastics or any combination of at least two of the aforementioned methods.
• the preferred processes of molding are those in which the molding is affected by extrusion in conventional extruders, for example such that result in extrudates having a diameter of, usually, from about 1 to about 10 mm, in particular from about 1.5 to about 5 mm.
• extrusion apparatuses are described, for example, in Ullmann's Enzylopädie der Technischen Chemie, 4 th Edition, Vol. 2, p. 295 et seq., 1972.
• an extrusion press is preferably also used for molding.
• the molding can be performed at elevated pressure (ranging from atmospheric pressure to several 100 bar), at elevated temperatures (ranging from room temperature to 300° C.) or in a protective atmosphere (noble gases, nitrogen or mixtures thereof). Any combinations of these conditions is possible as well.
• the step of molding can be performed in the presence of binders and/or other additional substances that stabilize the materials to be agglomerated.
• binders and/or other additional substances that stabilize the materials to be agglomerated.
• any material known to expert to promote adhesion between the particles to be molded together can be employed.
• a binder, an organic viscosity-enhancing compound and/or a liquid for converting the material into a paste can be added to the metallo-organic framework material, with the mixture being subsequently compacted in a mixing or kneading apparatus or an extruder.
• the resulting plastic material can then be molded, in particular using an extrusion press or an extruder, and the resulting moldings can then be subjected to the optional step (III) of finishing, for example drying.
• a number of inorganic compounds can be used as binders.
• binders For example, according to U.S. Pat. No. 5,430,000, titanium dioxide or hydrated titanium dioxide is used as the binder.
• examples of further prior art binders are:
• binders are in principle all compounds used to date for the purpose of achieving adhesion in powdery materials.
• Compounds, in particular oxides, of silicon, of aluminum, of boron, of phosphorus, of zirconium and/or of titanium are preferably used.
• silica Of particular interest as a binder is silica, where the SiO 2 may be introduced into the shaping step as a silica sol or in the form of tetraalkoxysilanes.
• Oxides of magnesium and of beryllium and clays for example montmorillonites, kaolins, bentonites, halloysites, dickites, nacrites and anauxites, may furthermore be used as binders.
• Tetraalkoxysilanes are particularly used as binders in the present invention. Specific examples are tetramethoxysilane, tetraethoxysilane, tetrapropoxysilane and tetrabutoxysilane, the analogous tetraalkoxytitanium and tetraalkoxyzirconium compounds and trimethoxy-, triethoxy-, tripropoxy- and tributoxyaluminum, tetramethoxysilane and tetraethoxysilane being particularly preferred.
• organic viscosity-enhancing substances and/or hydrophilic polymers e.g. cellulose or polyacrylates may be used.
• the organic viscosity-enhancing substance used may likewise be any substance suitable for this purpose.
• organic, in particular hydrophilic polymers e.g., cellulose, starch, polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, polyvinyl alcohol, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyisobutene and polytetrahydrofuran. These substances primarily promote the formation of a plastic material during the kneading, molding and drying step by bridging the primary particles and moreover ensuring the mechanical stability of the molding during the molding and the optional drying process.
• the optional liquid which may be used to create a paste-like substance, either for the optional step (I) of mixing or for the mandatory step of molding.
• alcohols may be used, provided that they are water-miscible. Accordingly, both monoalcohols of 1 to 4 carbon atoms and water-miscible polyhydric alcohols may be used.
• methanol, ethanol, propanol, n-butanol, isobutanol, tert-butanol and mixtures of two or more thereof are used.
• Amines or amine-like compounds for example tetraalkylammonium compounds or aminoalcohols, and carbonate-containing substances, such as calcium carbonate, may be used as further additives.
• Such further additives are described in EP-A 0 389 041, EP-A 0 200 260 and WO 95/19222, which are incorporated fully by reference in the context of the present application.
• the additive substances mentioned above may be removed from the shaped bodies by drying or heating, optionally in a protective atmosphere or under vacuum.
• the shaped bodies are preferably not exposed to temperatures exceeding 300° C.
• heating/drying under the aforementioned mild conditions, in particular drying in vacuo, preferably well below 300° C. is sufficient to at least remove organic compounds out of the pores of the metallo-organic framework (see the references given with respect to metallo-organic frameworks above).
• the conditions are adapted and chosen depending upon the additive substances used.
• the order of addition of the components is not critical. It is possible either to add first the binder, then, for example, the metallo-organic framework material and, if required, the additive and finally the mixture containing at least one alcohol and/or water or to interchange the order with respect to any of the aforementioned components.
• the substrate is porous.
• all techniques for contacting said material with said substrate are conceivable. Specifically, all techniques used for contacting an active material with a porous substrate known from the preparation of catalysts are applicable.
• the at least one method of contacting is selected from the group comprising impregnating with a fluid, soaking in a fluid, spraying, depositing from the liquid phase, depositing from gas phase (vapor deposition), precipitating, co-precipitating, dipping-techniques, coating.
• each shaped body known to the expert can be used, given that the shaped body fulfills the general requirements concerning its geometry as specified in the present application, for example, in items (i) to (iii) above.
• the porous substrate that will be contacted with the metallo-organic framework material can be selected from alumina, activated alumina, hydrated alumina, silica gels, silicates, diatomite, kaolin, magnesia, activated charcoal, titanium dioxide, and/or zeolites.
• porous substrates are preferred, contacting of the metallo-organic framework material with a non-porous body and/or a two-dimensional substrate are conceivable as well.
• shell structures comparable to shell catalysts are obtained.
• Such configurations, as well as monolithic embodiments, are explicitly included in the present invention, given that they contain at least one metallo-organic framework material.
• customary in catalyst technologies such as application of an active substance in a washcoat and/or structuring the support in honeycombs or in channels or other skeleton-shapes are preferred.
• the metallo-organic framework material and/or the shaped body formed from the metallo-organic framework material is contacted with at least one capacity-enhancing agent selected from the group consisting of solvents, complexes, metals, metal hydrides, alanates, alloys, and mixtures of two or more thereof, such as embodiments of the above derived from Pd, Pt, Ni, Ti, and Ru as the metal.
• at least one capacity-enhancing agent selected from the group consisting of solvents, complexes, metals, metal hydrides, alanates, alloys, and mixtures of two or more thereof, such as embodiments of the above derived from Pd, Pt, Ni, Ti, and Ru as the metal.
• Examples for said capacity-enhancing agent are occluded metal hydrides.
• the containers according to the invention may be used at temperatures in the range of from 21 K to temperatures being equivalent to an internal pressure inside the container of 750 bar.
• Preferred temperature ranges are from 77 K to 400° C., preferably from ⁇ 100° C. to +100° C., the range of from ⁇ 70° C. to 70° C. being especially preferred.
• the container comprises at least one means for transferring the at least one gas savely and easily into the container and/or transferring the at least one gas savely and easily out from the container.
• This means may be, for example, a coupling which is part of the at least one opening of the inventive container and which is, at the same time, the gas-tight mechanism of the inventive container.
• this means may be capable of keeping the at least one gas savely inside the container and furthermore capable of releasing the at least one gas savely from the container.
• this coupling provides for a clean and hermitical transfer of the at least one gas into and out from the inventive container without the risk of spilling the at least one gas.
• this coupling provides for a save, clean, easy-to-use, hermitical gas transfer from a road tanker to the gas station tanks or from a gas station tank to the fuel cell of a car, a truck, a motorbike or the like.
• a storage system may comprise one or more inventive containers.
• a fuel cell according to the invention may comprise one ore more containers or one or more storage systems. Each container comprised in the fuel cells and/or the storage systems may be equipped with separate means for transfering the gas into the container, keeping the gas inside the container and/or releasing the gas from the container.
• two or more containers may be suitably connected by at least one connecting means so that only one means for transfering the gas into the plurality of connected containers, keeping the gas inside the plurality of connected containers and/or releasing the gas from the plurality of connected container is necessary.
• the above-mentioned amounts of the starting materials were dissolved in a beaker in the order diethylformamide, terephthalic acid, and zinc nitrate.
• the resulting solution was introduced into two autoclaves (250 ml), having respectively inner walls which were covered by teflon.
• the resulting product was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction and an adsorptive determination of micropores.
• the resulting product shows an X-ray diffractogramm which coincides with MOF-5.
• the discharge valve was screwed onto the bottle, opened, and the bottle was gas-free deflated by a slide vane rotary vacuum pump until the pressure was 0.01 mbar.
• the bottle was sealed and weighed. The total weight of the empty bottle was 3.95 kg.
• the discharge valve was screwed onto the bottle, opened, and the bottle was gas-free deflated by a slide vane rotary vacuum pump until the pressure was 0.01 mbar.
• the bottle was sealed and weighed. The total weight of the empty bottle was 3.95 kg.

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