US6874450B2 - Engine cooling system - Google Patents

Engine cooling system Download PDF

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Publication number
US6874450B2
US6874450B2 US10/671,650 US67165003A US6874450B2 US 6874450 B2 US6874450 B2 US 6874450B2 US 67165003 A US67165003 A US 67165003A US 6874450 B2 US6874450 B2 US 6874450B2
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
coolant
cylinder block
cylinder head
cylinder
inlet
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US10/671,650
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English (en)
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US20040060524A1 (en
Inventor
Gyu-Han Hwang
Jae-Man Cho
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Hyundai Motor Co
Original Assignee
Hyundai Motor Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Hyundai Motor Co filed Critical Hyundai Motor Co
Assigned to HYUNDAI MOTOR COMPANY reassignment HYUNDAI MOTOR COMPANY ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: CHO, JAE-MAN, HWANG, GYU HAN
Publication of US20040060524A1 publication Critical patent/US20040060524A1/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US6874450B2 publication Critical patent/US6874450B2/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01P—COOLING OF MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; COOLING OF INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01P3/00—Liquid cooling
    • F01P3/02—Arrangements for cooling cylinders or cylinder heads
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01P—COOLING OF MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; COOLING OF INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01P7/00—Controlling of coolant flow
    • F01P7/14—Controlling of coolant flow the coolant being liquid
    • F01P7/16—Controlling of coolant flow the coolant being liquid by thermostatic control
    • F01P7/165—Controlling of coolant flow the coolant being liquid by thermostatic control characterised by systems with two or more loops
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B75/00—Other engines
    • F02B75/16—Engines characterised by number of cylinders, e.g. single-cylinder engines
    • F02B75/18—Multi-cylinder engines
    • F02B75/20—Multi-cylinder engines with cylinders all in one line
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02F1/00—Cylinders; Cylinder heads 
    • F02F1/02—Cylinders; Cylinder heads  having cooling means
    • F02F1/10—Cylinders; Cylinder heads  having cooling means for liquid cooling
    • F02F1/108—Siamese-type cylinders, i.e. cylinders cast together
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02F1/00—Cylinders; Cylinder heads 
    • F02F1/02—Cylinders; Cylinder heads  having cooling means
    • F02F1/10—Cylinders; Cylinder heads  having cooling means for liquid cooling
    • F02F1/14—Cylinders with means for directing, guiding or distributing liquid stream
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02F1/00—Cylinders; Cylinder heads 
    • F02F1/24—Cylinder heads
    • F02F1/26—Cylinder heads having cooling means
    • F02F1/36—Cylinder heads having cooling means for liquid cooling
    • F02F1/40—Cylinder heads having cooling means for liquid cooling cylinder heads with means for directing, guiding, or distributing liquid stream 
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02F1/00—Cylinders; Cylinder heads 
    • F02F1/24—Cylinder heads
    • F02F1/42—Shape or arrangement of intake or exhaust channels in cylinder heads
    • F02F1/4214—Shape or arrangement of intake or exhaust channels in cylinder heads specially adapted for four or more valves per cylinder
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01P—COOLING OF MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; COOLING OF INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01P3/00—Liquid cooling
    • F01P3/02—Arrangements for cooling cylinders or cylinder heads
    • F01P2003/021—Cooling cylinders
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01P—COOLING OF MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; COOLING OF INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01P3/00—Liquid cooling
    • F01P3/02—Arrangements for cooling cylinders or cylinder heads
    • F01P2003/024—Cooling cylinder heads
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01P—COOLING OF MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; COOLING OF INTERNAL-COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F01P3/00—Liquid cooling
    • F01P3/02—Arrangements for cooling cylinders or cylinder heads
    • F01P2003/027—Cooling cylinders and cylinder heads in parallel
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02B—INTERNAL-COMBUSTION PISTON ENGINES; COMBUSTION ENGINES IN GENERAL
    • F02B75/00—Other engines
    • F02B75/16—Engines characterised by number of cylinders, e.g. single-cylinder engines
    • F02B75/18—Multi-cylinder engines
    • F02B2075/1804—Number of cylinders
    • F02B2075/1816—Number of cylinders four
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02F—CYLINDERS, PISTONS OR CASINGS, FOR COMBUSTION ENGINES; ARRANGEMENTS OF SEALINGS IN COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02F1/00—Cylinders; Cylinder heads 
    • F02F1/24—Cylinder heads
    • F02F2001/244—Arrangement of valve stems in cylinder heads
    • F02F2001/245—Arrangement of valve stems in cylinder heads the valve stems being orientated at an angle with the cylinder axis

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to an engine cooling system and, more particularly, to an engine cooling system in which coolant flows separately in the cylinder block and the cylinder head of the engine, thereby improving the cooling efficiency of the engine.
  • a water cooling system which is one of the cooling systems for cooling engines, basically comprises a water pump for forcibly delivering a coolant, a radiator for cooling a high-temperature coolant, and a thermostat for controlling the flow of the coolant on the basis of the temperature of the coolant.
  • Such a water cooled engine is typically provided with a water jacket with channels formed in a cylinder block and in a cylinder head of a conventional engine, respectively, through which the coolant flows.
  • the water jacket formed in the cylinder block of the engine has a coolant inlet and a coolant outlet, which are typically formed in the same area toward the intake side of the engine. Consequently, the coolant does not uniformly flow to the vicinities of cylinder bores of the engine, whereby the cooling efficiency of the engine is very low.
  • the water jacket formed in the cylinder block communicates with the water jacket formed in the cylinder head, which leads to a sharing of the coolant.
  • the coolant delivered from the water pump is supplied to the cylinder head via the cylinder block. Consequently, insufficient cooling of the cylinder head results in it having a temperature higher than that of the cylinder block as fuel in the engine is combusted.
  • Embodiments of the present invention provide an engine cooling system which is capable of causing coolant delivered from a water pump to separately flow in the cylinder block and the cylinder head of the engine, thereby improving the cooling efficiency of the cylinder block and the cylinder head.
  • an engine cooling system comprises a coolant inlet formed at one side of a cylinder block for allowing coolant to separately flow into a cylinder block and cylinder head.
  • a coolant outlet is formed at the other side of the cylinder head for allowing the coolant having flowed into the cylinder block and the cylinder head to separately flow out of the cylinder block and the cylinder head, the coolant outlet being diagonally opposite to the coolant inlet.
  • FIG. 1 is a schematic block diagram showing an engine cooling system according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention
  • FIG. 2 is a schematic block diagram showing coolant flow channels of the engine cooling system according to the present invention in a cylinder block and in a cylinder head, respectively;
  • FIG. 3 is a perspective view showing a cylinder block to which the engine cooling system of the present invention is applied;
  • FIG. 4 is an enlarged perspective view of the coolant inlets shown in FIG. 3 ;
  • FIG. 5 is a perspective view showing the cylinder block of FIG. 3 from a different direction
  • FIG. 6 is a perspective view showing a cylinder head to which the engine cooling system of the present invention is applied.
  • FIG. 7 is a perspective view showing the cylinder head of FIG. 6 from a different direction.
  • an engine cooling system comprises a coolant inlet formed at one side of a cylinder block 10 for allowing a coolant to separately flow into the cylinder block 10 and a cylinder head 20 .
  • a coolant outlet is formed at the other side of the cylinder head 20 for allowing the coolant having flowed into the cylinder block 10 and the cylinder head 20 to separately flow out of the cylinder block 10 and the cylinder head 20 .
  • the coolant outlet is formed diagonally opposite to the coolant inlet.
  • the coolant inlet formed at one side of the cylinder block 10 is located at the exhaust side of the engine disposed closer to the rear of a car body in an engine compartment, and the coolant outlet formed at the other side of the cylinder head 20 is located at the intake side of the engine disposed closer to the front of the car body in the engine compartment.
  • a plurality of liners 12 are arranged, in a line, a plurality of liners 12 , each of which forms a cylinder bore.
  • a water jacket 14 is formed along the circumference of the liners 12 .
  • a water jacket 24 is formed in the cylinder head 20 mounted on the cylinder block 10 .
  • the water jacket 24 serves as a coolant flow channel for guiding coolant flow.
  • the coolant inlet formed at the exhaust side of the cylinder block 10 comprises a plurality of inlet holes separately communicating with the outlet of a water pump P.
  • the coolant inlet comprises a first inlet hole 16 directly communicating with the water jacket 14 formed in the cylinder block 10 , and a second inlet hole 18 directly communicating with the water jacket 24 formed in the cylinder head 20 .
  • the first inlet hole 16 is formed in the shape of a straight through-hole communicating with the water jacket 14 formed in the cylinder block 10
  • the second inlet hole 18 is formed in the shape of an upwardly bent through-hole communicating with the water jacket 24 formed in the cylinder head 20 mounted on the cylinder block 10 .
  • the cross sections of the first inlet hole 16 and the second inlet hole 18 are curved, respectively, so that the flow resistance of the coolant is reduced when the coolant delivered from the water pump P separately flows into the water jacket 14 of the cylinder block 10 and the water jacket 24 of the cylinder head 20 through the first inlet hole 16 and the second inlet hole 18 , respectively.
  • the center of the first inlet hole 16 is on the central axis X of the first cylinder liner 12 , which is closest to the coolant inlet in the cylinder block 10 , as shown in FIG. 5 . Consequently, the coolant introduced through the first inlet hole 16 is uniformly distributed to both sides of the first cylinder liner 12 about the first cylinder liner 12 so that the circumference of the liners in the cylinder block 10 are uniformly cooled.
  • a first intermediate inlet hole 21 communicating with the first intermediate outlet hole 17 is formed at the lower part of the cylinder head 20 at the lower part of the cylinder head 20 . Consequently, the coolant delivered from the water pump P passes through the second inlet hole 18 and the first intermediate outlet hole 17 formed in the cylinder block 10 , and is then introduced into the water jacket 24 formed in the cylinder head 20 through the first intermediate inlet hole 21 formed in the cylinder head 20 .
  • the first intermediate outlet hole 17 of the cylinder block 10 directly communicates with the water jacket 24 formed in the cylinder head 20 via the first intermediate inlet hole 21 .
  • a second intermediate outlet hole 19 is formed at the upper part of the cylinder block 10 , which is located at the intake side of the cylinder block 10 .
  • the second intermediate outlet hole 19 of the cylinder block 10 is formed diagonally opposite to the first inlet hole 16 of the cylinder block 10 .
  • a second intermediate inlet hole 23 communicating with the second intermediate outlet hole 19 of the cylinder block 10 .
  • the second intermediate inlet hole 23 does not communicate with the water jacket 24 formed in the cylinder head 20 . Consequently, it is easily understood that the coolant separately flowing in the water jacket 14 of the cylinder block 10 and the water jacket 24 of the cylinder head 20 flows along two separate flow channels.
  • the thermostat assembly S is composed of one or more thermostats.
  • the coolant outlet comprises a first outlet hole 25 communicating with the second intermediate inlet hole 23 for guiding the coolant discharged from the water jacket 14 of the cylinder block 10 to the thermostat assembly S.
  • a second outlet hole 27 is formed near the first outlet hole 25 for guiding the coolant introduced into the water jacket 24 of the cylinder head 20 through the first intermediate outlet hole 17 of the cylinder block 10 to the thermostat assembly S.
  • the coolants separately discharged through the first outlet hole 25 and the second outlet hole 27 are directed to the water pump P or a radiator R on the basis of the operation of the thermostat assembly S, which is switched on or off depending upon the temperature of the coolant.
  • the coolant delivered from the water pump P is introduced through the coolant inlet formed at the exhaust side of the cylinder block 10 .
  • a portion of the coolant delivered from the water pump P is supplied to the water jacket 14 formed in the cylinder block 10 through the first inlet hole 16 , and is then introduced into the second intermediate inlet hole 23 of the cylinder head 20 through the second intermediate outlet hole 19 diagonally opposite to the first inlet hole 16 .
  • the coolant introduced into the second intermediate inlet hole 23 is discharged to the thermostat assembly S through the first outlet hole 25 .
  • the rest of the coolant delivered from the water pump P is supplied to the water jacket 24 formed in the cylinder head 20 through the second inlet hole 18 , the first intermediate outlet hole 17 and the first intermediate inlet hole 21 , and is then discharged to the thermostat assembly S through the second outlet hole 27 formed diagonally opposite to the second inlet hole 18 .
  • the coolant delivered from the water pump P separately flows in the water jacket 14 of the cylinder block 10 and the water jacket 24 of the cylinder head 20 .
  • the coolant may be delivered to the water pump P in two ways, which is selected by the thermostat assembly S disposed at the side of the coolant outlet of the cylinder head 20 on the basis of the temperature of the coolant.
  • the coolant discharged from the thermostat assembly S is bypassed to the water pump P.
  • the coolant discharged from the thermostat assembly S is introduced into the radiator R, and is then supplied to the water pump P via the thermostat assembly S.
  • the high-temperature coolant discharged through the coolant outlet is naturally cooled by air while the vehicle is running since the intake side of the engine is disposed closer to the front of the car body in the engine compartment.
  • the present invention provides an engine cooling system which is capable of causing coolant delivered from a water pump to separately flow in a cylinder block of the engine and in a cylinder head of the engine, thereby improving the cooling efficiency of the cylinder block and the cylinder head.
  • a coolant outlet is disposed closer to the front of the car body in an engine compartment so that the high-temperature coolant discharged through the coolant outlet is naturally cooled by air while a vehicle is running, thus improving the cooling efficiency of the coolant.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Cylinder Crankcases Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
US10/671,650 2002-09-27 2003-09-26 Engine cooling system Expired - Lifetime US6874450B2 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
KR20020058774 2002-09-27
KR2002-58774 2002-09-27
KR20020060652 2002-10-04
KR2002-60652 2002-10-04

Publications (2)

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US20040060524A1 US20040060524A1 (en) 2004-04-01
US6874450B2 true US6874450B2 (en) 2005-04-05

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US10/671,650 Expired - Lifetime US6874450B2 (en) 2002-09-27 2003-09-26 Engine cooling system

Country Status (5)

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US (1) US6874450B2 (ja)
JP (1) JP3844249B2 (ja)
KR (1) KR100559848B1 (ja)
CN (1) CN1267633C (ja)
DE (1) DE10344834B4 (ja)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20060137626A1 (en) * 2004-12-23 2006-06-29 Lee Bong S Cooling system for an engine
US20090301414A1 (en) * 2008-06-09 2009-12-10 Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. Oil heat exchange apparatus in a cylinder head
US20130247848A1 (en) * 2010-12-13 2013-09-26 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Engine cooling apparatus
US20140245975A1 (en) * 2013-03-01 2014-09-04 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Method and system for an internal combustion engine with liquid-cooled cylinder head and liquid-cooled cylinder block

Families Citing this family (16)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US6955141B2 (en) * 2003-08-06 2005-10-18 General Motors Corporation Engine cooling system
WO2007128123A1 (en) * 2006-05-08 2007-11-15 Magna Powertrain Inc. Vehicle cooling system with directed flows
US7942117B2 (en) * 2006-05-27 2011-05-17 Robinson Thomas C Engine
DE102008015002B4 (de) 2008-03-19 2024-04-25 Dr. Ing. H.C. F. Porsche Aktiengesellschaft Kühlung des Zylinderkopfes und des Kurbelgehäuses einer Brennkraftmaschine
CN102383962B (zh) * 2011-11-01 2013-04-24 中国南方航空工业(集团)有限公司 发动机的冷却系统及其发动机
JP5932433B2 (ja) * 2012-03-28 2016-06-08 本田技研工業株式会社 車両用水冷式内燃機関の冷却系構造
EP2644861B1 (en) * 2012-03-28 2016-05-18 Honda Motor Co., Ltd. Motorcycle with a cooling system structure and a water-cooled internal combustion engine
US8978596B2 (en) * 2012-06-29 2015-03-17 GM Global Technology Operations LLC Powertrain cooling system with cooling flow modes
JP5932547B2 (ja) * 2012-07-27 2016-06-08 本田技研工業株式会社 水冷式エンジン
KR101601224B1 (ko) * 2014-10-29 2016-03-08 현대자동차주식회사 헤드와 블록을 분리하여 냉각하는 엔진 냉각 시스템
CN104533651B (zh) * 2014-11-10 2017-02-22 上海中船三井造船柴油机有限公司 基于运行负荷实现水温可控的柴油机缸套冷却系统
JP6135684B2 (ja) * 2015-01-26 2017-05-31 マツダ株式会社 エンジンの冷却装置
CN106032777B (zh) * 2015-03-09 2019-01-11 海马汽车有限公司 发动机气缸及发动机
CN105697180A (zh) * 2016-04-11 2016-06-22 广西玉柴机器股份有限公司 分层冷却的气缸盖
JP6581548B2 (ja) * 2016-08-01 2019-09-25 株式会社Ｓｏｋｅｎ 冷却システム
KR20200071529A (ko) * 2018-12-11 2020-06-19 현대자동차주식회사 엔진 냉각시스템

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US1680567A (en) * 1922-02-08 1928-08-14 Pitzman Marsh Internal-combustion engine
US1985240A (en) * 1930-10-23 1934-12-25 Jacob Z Brubaker Force feed cooling system for internal combustion engines
JPH03225015A (ja) * 1990-01-31 1991-10-04 Yamaha Motor Co Ltd 内燃エンジンの冷却装置

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DE19628542A1 (de) * 1996-07-16 1998-01-22 Juergen Dipl Ing Naegeler Kühlsystem für einen Verbrennungsmotor
DE10047080B4 (de) * 2000-09-22 2013-06-06 Volkswagen Ag Kühlsystem für eine flüssigkeitsgekühlte Brennkraftmaschine

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1680567A (en) * 1922-02-08 1928-08-14 Pitzman Marsh Internal-combustion engine
US1985240A (en) * 1930-10-23 1934-12-25 Jacob Z Brubaker Force feed cooling system for internal combustion engines
JPH03225015A (ja) * 1990-01-31 1991-10-04 Yamaha Motor Co Ltd 内燃エンジンの冷却装置

Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US20060137626A1 (en) * 2004-12-23 2006-06-29 Lee Bong S Cooling system for an engine
US7207298B2 (en) * 2004-12-23 2007-04-24 Hyundai Motor Company Cooling system for an engine
US20090301414A1 (en) * 2008-06-09 2009-12-10 Nissan Motor Co., Ltd. Oil heat exchange apparatus in a cylinder head
US20130247848A1 (en) * 2010-12-13 2013-09-26 Toyota Jidosha Kabushiki Kaisha Engine cooling apparatus
US20140245975A1 (en) * 2013-03-01 2014-09-04 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Method and system for an internal combustion engine with liquid-cooled cylinder head and liquid-cooled cylinder block
US9500115B2 (en) * 2013-03-01 2016-11-22 Ford Global Technologies, Llc Method and system for an internal combustion engine with liquid-cooled cylinder head and liquid-cooled cylinder block

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE10344834A1 (de) 2004-04-15
CN1497157A (zh) 2004-05-19
JP2004116528A (ja) 2004-04-15
KR100559848B1 (ko) 2006-03-10
US20040060524A1 (en) 2004-04-01
CN1267633C (zh) 2006-08-02
DE10344834B4 (de) 2010-04-08
KR20040027309A (ko) 2004-04-01
JP3844249B2 (ja) 2006-11-08

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