US6806464B2 - Method and device for detecting and identifying bio-aerosol particles in the air - Google Patents

Method and device for detecting and identifying bio-aerosol particles in the air Download PDF

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US6806464B2
US6806464B2 US10/450,638 US45063803A US6806464B2 US 6806464 B2 US6806464 B2 US 6806464B2 US 45063803 A US45063803 A US 45063803A US 6806464 B2 US6806464 B2 US 6806464B2
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laser device
particles
bioaerosol particles
fluorescence
bioaerosol
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US20040075049A1 (en
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Michael Anthony Stowers
Arjan Laurens Wuijckhuijse
Johannes Cornelis Maria Marijnissen
Charles Eliza Kientz
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BIOSPARQ BV
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Technische Universiteit Delft
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Assigned to TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITEIT DELFT reassignment TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITEIT DELFT CORRECTIVE ASSIGNMENT TO CORRECT THE ACTUAL ASSIGNMENT DOCUMENT WAS OMITTED W/COVER SHEET MAILED 11/18/05 PREVIOUSLY RECORDED ON REEL 014858 FRAME 0464. ASSIGNOR(S) HEREBY CONFIRMS THE CORRECTIVE ASSIGN TO RE-RECORD ASSIGN. PREVIOUSLY RECORDED TO CORRECTSERIAL NO. FROM 10/405,638 TO 10/450,638 ASSIGNMENT OF 50% INTEREST. Assignors: NEDERLANDSE ORGANISATIE VOOR TOEGEPASTNATUURWETENSCHAPPELIJK ONDERZOEK TNO (ASSIGNMENT OF 50% INTEREST)
Assigned to BIOSPARQ B.V. reassignment BIOSPARQ B.V. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: TECHNISCHE UNIVERSITEIT DELFT
Assigned to BIOSPARQ B.V. reassignment BIOSPARQ B.V. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: NEDERLANDSE ORGANISATIE VOOR TOEGEPAST-NATUURWETENSCHAPPELIJK ONDERZOEK TNO SCHOEMAKERSTRAAT
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J49/00—Particle spectrometers or separator tubes
    • H01J49/02—Details
    • H01J49/10—Ion sources; Ion guns
    • H01J49/16—Ion sources; Ion guns using surface ionisation, e.g. field-, thermionic- or photo-emission
    • H01J49/161—Ion sources; Ion guns using surface ionisation, e.g. field-, thermionic- or photo-emission using photoionisation, e.g. by laser
    • H01J49/164—Laser desorption/ionisation, e.g. matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation [MALDI]
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
    • G01N15/01—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials specially adapted for biological cells, e.g. blood cells
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
    • G01N15/02—Investigating particle size or size distribution
    • G01N15/0205—Investigating particle size or size distribution by optical means
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
    • G01N15/10—Investigating individual particles
    • G01N15/14—Optical investigation techniques, e.g. flow cytometry
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N15/00—Investigating characteristics of particles; Investigating permeability, pore-volume or surface-area of porous materials
    • G01N15/10—Investigating individual particles
    • G01N15/14—Optical investigation techniques, e.g. flow cytometry
    • G01N15/1456—Optical investigation techniques, e.g. flow cytometry without spatial resolution of the texture or inner structure of the particle, e.g. processing of pulse signals
    • G01N15/1459—Optical investigation techniques, e.g. flow cytometry without spatial resolution of the texture or inner structure of the particle, e.g. processing of pulse signals the analysis being performed on a sample stream
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J49/00—Particle spectrometers or separator tubes
    • H01J49/02—Details
    • H01J49/04—Arrangements for introducing or extracting samples to be analysed, e.g. vacuum locks; Arrangements for external adjustment of electron- or ion-optical components
    • H01J49/0431—Arrangements for introducing or extracting samples to be analysed, e.g. vacuum locks; Arrangements for external adjustment of electron- or ion-optical components for liquid samples
    • H01J49/0445—Arrangements for introducing or extracting samples to be analysed, e.g. vacuum locks; Arrangements for external adjustment of electron- or ion-optical components for liquid samples with means for introducing as a spray, a jet or an aerosol
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01J—ELECTRIC DISCHARGE TUBES OR DISCHARGE LAMPS
    • H01J49/00—Particle spectrometers or separator tubes
    • H01J49/26—Mass spectrometers or separator tubes
    • H01J49/34—Dynamic spectrometers
    • H01J49/40—Time-of-flight spectrometers

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method and a device for detecting and identifying bioaerosol particles in the air.
  • the known “single particle” fluorescence detectors may be used to indicate whether the aerosol particles are of biological origin or non-biological origin; they are, however, not arranged for identifying bioaerosol particles.
  • the above article therefore describes an identification experiment which starts from bioaerosol particles in a liquid which is nebulized, after which the spray is drawn into an ATOFMS (aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer).
  • ATOFMS aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer
  • an aerosol particle identification is carried out on the basis of MALDI (matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization).
  • the object of the study indicated in this article is still directed to an identification carried out on real-time basis. In the manner described, however, this cannot be realized in a satisfactory manner, because the air for the greater part contains non-bioaerosol particles.
  • the ATOFMS detection and identification apparatus used is therefore relatively insensitive to bioaerosol particles.
  • the object of the present invention is directed to the aim stated in the above article, namely a rapid on-line bioaerosol particles detection and identification.
  • a rapid on-line aerosol particle detection and identification not relating to bioaerosol particle detection and identification, is, for that matter, already known from the international patent application WO96/31900. According to this application an air stream containing particles is passed through an ATOFMS system. A rapid detection and identification of specifically bioaerosol particles is not possible in this manner, because, as mentioned before, there will be relatively few bioaerosol particles in the air, and precisely these particles, as soon as they are spread in the air, must be detected and identified.
  • the bioaerosol particles in a particle stream are selected in an ATOFMS by means of fluorescence techniques, after which successively the selected bioaerosol particles are ionized, the resulting ions are detected and the bioaerosol particles are identified.
  • the known per se property is utilized that the presence of specific substances, such as, for instance, amino acids, when irradiated with a suitable wavelength, induces a characteristic fluorescence.
  • the irradiation of tryptophan by UV laser light of 266 nm gives a broad fluorescence in the wavelength range of 300 to 400 nm.
  • the selection of bioaerosol particles takes place by means of laser radiation, generated by a first laser device, of a wavelength which in specific substances in bioaerosol particles effects a fluorescence, after which by means of a detector for detecting the fluorescence radiation the bioaerosol particles are selected, and a second laser device is triggered to emit light of a wavelength which effects the ionization of the bioaerosol particles selected only by the fluorescence detector.
  • a continuous-wave laser device cw-laser device
  • a pulse laser device is used, the pulses being triggered by the fluorescence detector.
  • the size of bacteria and viruses is substantially in the range below 20 ⁇ m. Because the aerosol particles enter the central space of the ATOFMS at a given speed, the size of the successive aerosol particles can be determined from the duration of a known distance traversed by an aerosol particle. By directing the laser beam of the first laser device to two successive spots with a known mutual distance, the above duration and hence the size of the aerosol particle can be determined from the light scattered and detected by an aerosol particle. However, the distance between the spots must then be smaller than the mutual distance of the successive particles.
  • the first laser device is, according to a further aspect of the invention, a two-color continuous-wave laser device, operative at wavelengths of 266 and 532 nm.
  • the wavelength of the light directed to the first spot is 532 nm, and that of the light directed to the second spot is 266. This last wavelength is also such that bioaerosol particles then show fluorescence.
  • the second laser device is, for instance, an Excimer laser device, operative at a wavelength of 308 nm and, after a proper triggering, ensuring the ionization of only the bioaerosol particles.
  • the pulses of this laser device are triggered by the fluorescence detector.
  • the use of a UV Excimer laser implies that in order to enable the performance of the method described herein on the basis of MALDI, the aerosol particles must be provided with a matrix.
  • the aerosol particles, during or immediately before drawing into the ATOFMS are therefore provided with such a matrix by evaporation/condensation or sublimitation/condensation. Should an IR (infrared) laser device be used, then this is not necessary.
  • FIG. 1 shows a device in which the method for detecting and identifying bioaerosol particles in the air can be used according to the invention
  • FIG. 2 diagrammatically shows a part of the distance traversed by a particle stream in the ATOFMS used, in which the locations where particles are subjected to the relevant laser radiation are indicated.
  • the ATOFMS 1 shown in FIG. 1 is represented in cross-section, that is to say perpendicular to the aerosol particle stream.
  • the aerosol particle stream substantially follows the line 2 .
  • Aerosol particles are drawn into the ATOFMS from the air and, in the entrance part of this device, are provided at elevated temperature with a coating, originating from an easily sublimiting substance. It is known to use for this purpose, for instance, picolinic acid or sinapic acid.
  • the aerosol particles are then bundled by means of an aerodynamic lens system, a converging nozzle, and skimmers.
  • FIG. 2 diagrammatically shows how the aerosol particle stream is brought from the nozzle 3 of the above entrance part via an exit opening 4 of 800 ⁇ m and skimmer openings 5 and 6 of respectively 400 and 800 ⁇ m into the central space 7 of the ATOFMS.
  • This space is traversed by the aerosol particles one by one, in succession at a specific mutual distance.
  • the speed at which the aerosol particles enter the central space of the ATOFMS is, in the present example, approximately 400 m/s.
  • the pressure in the relevant spaces to be traversed is respectively 1, 10 ⁇ 3 and 10 ⁇ 6 mbar.
  • the aerosol particle stream is first subjected to irradiation by a first laser device 8 .
  • a first laser device 8 In FIG.
  • This laser device 8 sends a light beam of a wavelength of 532 nm to the space 7 , that is at the location of the spot 9 , as well as light of a wavelength of 266 nm at the location of the spot 10 (see FIG. 2 ).
  • the light of both wavelengths is deflected by dichroic mirrors 11 and 12 .
  • the width of the spot 9 in the direction of the line 2 is approximately 50 ⁇ m, the diameter of this spot in the plane perpendicular thereto is approximately 150 ⁇ m.
  • the time during which an aerosol particle is exposed is approximately 125 ns.
  • the width of the spot 10 in the direction of the line 2 is approximately 500 ⁇ m, the diameter of this spot in a plane perpendicular thereto is again approximately 150 ⁇ m.
  • the aerosol particles exposed on the spot 9 scatter the light, while the aerosol particles on the spot 10 both scatter light and emit fluorescence radiation, as far as an aerosol particle is of biological origin.
  • the light scattered by the aerosol particles is detected by the detectors 13 and 14 . To this end, these detectors are provided with a photomultiplier tube.
  • the detector 13 directly detects the light scattered from the spot 9 .
  • the detector 14 detects the light scattered from the spot 10 , while the fluorescence radiation is transmitted by this mirror and passed to a fluorescence detector 16 .
  • the fluorescence detector 16 comprises at the entrance a band-pass filter 17 , which filters this wavelength further away, but transmits the fluorescence radiation located in the range of 300 to 500 nm.
  • the width of the spot 10 in the direction of the line 2 is relatively large.
  • the scattered light of an aerosol particle is detected in the detector 14 , so that on the basis of the successive observations of the scattered light of the spots 9 and 10 the size of the relevant aerosol particle can be determined.
  • the fluorescence detector 16 is released by the detector to examine whether the relevant aerosol particle is actually of biological origin.
  • the fluorescence detector 16 comprises a diffraction grating 21 and a CCD image recorder 22 .
  • control signals are fed to a trigger circuit 24 by means of a camera control unit 23 .
  • Also fed to this trigger circuit 24 are output signals from the two detectors 13 and 14 .
  • the trigger circuit 24 it is determined that an aerosol particle is of biological origin with a specific size, after which a trigger signal is fed to the Excimer laser 25 .
  • the Excimer laser device is triggered. That is to say that the Excimer laser device provides a laser pulse, which effects the ionization of the relevant bioaerosol particle on the spot 26 . To be sure that the bioaerosol particles are actually ionized, this spot is relatively large: in the direction of the line 2 approximately 300 ⁇ m and in the plane perpendicular thereto approximately 500 ⁇ m. The distance between the spots 10 and 26 is adjusted to the speed of the aerosol particles and the time required to generate the trigger signal. Via the above dichroic mirrors 11 , 12 the Excimer laser pulse is passed to the central space 7 in the ATOFMS.
  • the ionized bioaerosol particles are then accelerated and deflected in the conventional manner by means of electrodes 27 and passed via lenses 28 and a deflection means 29 to the ion detector 30 .
  • the result of the mass spectrometry thus performed is shown on a display 31 .
  • the spot dimensions are given only by way of example; they may of course be chosen differently, just like the other parameters mentioned in the specification. Because light is scattered, or emitted, by the aerosols to all sides, several detectors may be provided. Strictly speaking, it is not absolutely necessary to use the detectors 13 and 14 . Sufficient is the fluorescence detector for recognizing an aerosol particle as being of biological origin and for triggering the Excimer laser. The reliability of such an embodiment, however, will be insufficient in actual practice.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Investigating, Analyzing Materials By Fluorescence Or Luminescence (AREA)
  • Measuring Or Testing Involving Enzymes Or Micro-Organisms (AREA)
  • Sampling And Sample Adjustment (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analysing Biological Materials (AREA)
  • Investigating Or Analyzing Materials By The Use Of Fluid Adsorption Or Reactions (AREA)
US10/450,638 2000-12-15 2001-12-14 Method and device for detecting and identifying bio-aerosol particles in the air Expired - Lifetime US6806464B2 (en)

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Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL1016887A NL1016887C2 (nl) 2000-12-15 2000-12-15 Werkwijze en inrichting voor het detecteren en identificeren van bio-aÙrosoldeeltjes in de lucht.
NL1016887 2000-12-15
PCT/NL2001/000914 WO2002052246A2 (en) 2000-12-15 2001-12-14 Method and device for detecting and identifying bio-aerosol particles in the air

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EP (1) EP1342256B1 (zh)
JP (1) JP4145651B2 (zh)
KR (1) KR100871938B1 (zh)
CN (1) CN1296963C (zh)
AT (1) ATE411611T1 (zh)
AU (1) AU2002226802A1 (zh)
CA (1) CA2431255C (zh)
CY (1) CY1108708T1 (zh)
DE (1) DE60136217D1 (zh)
DK (1) DK1342256T3 (zh)
ES (1) ES2315318T3 (zh)
IL (2) IL156444A0 (zh)
NL (1) NL1016887C2 (zh)
PT (1) PT1342256E (zh)
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US20070284516A1 (en) * 2003-09-19 2007-12-13 Bustamante Carlos J Optical trap utilizing a pivoting optical fiber
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