US6355216B1 - Method of sterilizing closed containers - Google Patents
Method of sterilizing closed containers Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- US6355216B1 US6355216B1 US09/284,044 US28404400A US6355216B1 US 6355216 B1 US6355216 B1 US 6355216B1 US 28404400 A US28404400 A US 28404400A US 6355216 B1 US6355216 B1 US 6355216B1
- Authority
- US
- United States
- Prior art keywords
- container
- ozone
- sterilizing
- electron irradiation
- bottles
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Fee Related
Links
- 230000001954 sterilising effect Effects 0.000 title claims abstract description 32
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 26
- CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ozone Chemical compound [O-][O+]=O CBENFWSGALASAD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000004659 sterilization and disinfection Methods 0.000 description 17
- 229920000139 polyethylene terephthalate Polymers 0.000 description 11
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 9
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 7
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 7
- 244000005700 microbiome Species 0.000 description 7
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000000796 flavoring agent Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000001665 lethal effect Effects 0.000 description 5
- 210000004027 cell Anatomy 0.000 description 4
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 4
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 241000194103 Bacillus pumilus Species 0.000 description 3
- 235000014469 Bacillus subtilis Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 230000006378 damage Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 3
- 231100000614 poison Toxicity 0.000 description 3
- 230000007096 poisonous effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 244000063299 Bacillus subtilis Species 0.000 description 2
- 102000004190 Enzymes Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108090000790 Enzymes Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010894 electron beam technology Methods 0.000 description 2
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 230000001678 irradiating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000576 supplementary effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000002195 synergetic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000008265 DNA repair mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 101710172711 Structural protein Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 230000001133 acceleration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000009471 action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003281 allosteric effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008901 benefit Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 210000000170 cell membrane Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003247 decreasing effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002255 enzymatic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000019634 flavors Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011534 incubation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000977 initiatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 231100000518 lethal Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000010534 mechanism of action Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000007800 oxidant agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004806 packaging method and process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035515 penetration Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920000728 polyester Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000013074 reference sample Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000008439 repair process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000003441 saturated fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000004671 saturated fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000001953 sensory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 235000014214 soft drink Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L2/00—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor
- A61L2/02—Methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects other than foodstuffs or contact lenses; Accessories therefor using physical phenomena
- A61L2/08—Radiation
- A61L2/087—Particle radiation, e.g. electron-beam, alpha or beta radiation
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L2202/00—Aspects relating to methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects
- A61L2202/10—Apparatus features
- A61L2202/11—Apparatus for generating biocidal substances, e.g. vaporisers, UV lamps
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
- A61L—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR STERILISING MATERIALS OR OBJECTS IN GENERAL; DISINFECTION, STERILISATION OR DEODORISATION OF AIR; CHEMICAL ASPECTS OF BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES; MATERIALS FOR BANDAGES, DRESSINGS, ABSORBENT PADS OR SURGICAL ARTICLES
- A61L2202/00—Aspects relating to methods or apparatus for disinfecting or sterilising materials or objects
- A61L2202/20—Targets to be treated
- A61L2202/23—Containers, e.g. vials, bottles, syringes, mail
Definitions
- the present invention refers to a method of sterilizing a container.
- Electron guns have been used for food containers for the purpose of sterilizing relatively thin containers from the outside, and for several years the sterilization method has been contemplated for further use within the packaging industry.
- a commercial plastic bottle is irradiated from one side with a relatively low energetic and thus cheap commercial electron generator it is relatively simple to sterilize the cubic content within the bottle as well as smooth surfaces on the inside of the container.
- other places in the bottle such as its neck and bottom part, are concerned the material at those places is so thick and the radiation due to the low energy is so low that a sufficient lethal effect cannot be achieved.
- Different systems have thus been developed in order to obtain an effective sterilization within this type of container, the sterilization being achieved via the open part of the container.
- Electron irradiation is a generally known sterilization method, and the mechanism behind the lethal effect has been thoroughly studied.
- the main lethal mechanism of the irradiation is that these electrons within a cell break bonds in the DNA chain.
- a further problem is that the ozone formed in turn can react with the package material, and the reaction products obtained can give an off flavor when solubilized from the material.
- the ozone generated is considered to result in product limitations in that sensitive products are more difficult to pack.
- the purpose of the invention is to provide a method of the kind mentioned by way of introduction, which method allows a more effective sterilization of closed containers in a cheap and simple way, the problems mentioned above being eliminated.
- FIG. 1 shows the killing of microorganisms as a logarithmic reduction (LGR) after electron irradiation of sealed PET bottles containing air (empty rectangles) or helium (hatched rectangles).
- LGR logarithmic reduction
- Ozone is known to be a strong oxidant of organic substances, but the prospects of using ozone has been limited by the high investment and operating costs for its production.
- the ozone molecules—in the form of activated oxygen—by means of chain reaction give rise to what is called free radicals which result in that biomolecules (DNA, RNA, enzymic and structural proteins, and saturated fatty acids, etc.) are changed and destroyed.
- biomolecules DNA, RNA, enzymic and structural proteins, and saturated fatty acids, etc.
- the air which has been activated by means of electron irradiation is according to the invention utilized in that the container is sealed before the electron irradiation is started and the ozone formed is retained within the closed container for the purpose of sterilizing the same.
- an environment rich in ozone is produced, which during a suitable and necessary period of time is allowed to exert its effect so that a satisfactory sterilization is obtained.
- the ozone formed has half-lives which are very dependent on its environment, i.e. the material in the vicinity of the O 3 -molecules.
- the half-life depends on such parameters as the humidity of the air as well as the temperature and it can vary from about ten seconds to several days. A too rapid degradation in a closed container would result in that the required sterilizing dosage [f(time, concentration)] becomes too low.
- a 300 keV electron beam and an analyzer Ozomat MP Ozone (Anseros, Germany) were used.
- the ozone was generated with an acceleration voltage of 300 keV and a dosage of 20 kGy in sixty PET bottles which had been subjected to a small pressure above the atmospheric for the purpose of avoiding the penetration of air.
- the ozone concentrations in the bottles were then followed for 12.5 h.
- Bottles containing ozone generated in air were compared with bottles irradiated with electrons in an inert atmosphere.
- sealed PET bottles of 350 ml were tested by means of four different treatments:
- the bottles contained air and were irradiated with an average dosage of 25 kGy;
- the bottles contained air and were irradiated with an average dosage of 40 kGy;
- the bottles contained nitrogen gas and were irradiated with an average dosage of 25 kGy;
- the bottles contained air and were not irradiated but treated as a reference example.
- PET bottles were inoculated with one of the test organisms and exposed to an electron gun (10 MeV, Risö National Laboratories) with doses of 7 and 9 kGy, respectively, the bottles then being filled with 50 ml culture broth for each organism. The bottles were incubated and afterwards analyzed to assess whether any growth occurred in the bottles or not. The results in comparison with reference samples were statistically evaluated in a customary way (based on the method with “Most Probable Number”) which is well known to the man skilled in the art.
- FIG. 1 shows the logarithmic reduction of B. pumilus and B. subtilis in helium and air (30% relative humidity) with radiation dosages of 7 and 9 kGy, respectively, for the two microorganisms.
- the effects obtained by the sterilization according to the invention could be due to the following.
- this corresponds to about 10 9 electrons being passed through a microorganism during the sterilization process, and only a small part of these electrons will result in a directly lethal effect in the form of destruction of DNA.
- all the electrons pass through the cell membrane and will then generate membrane damages which weaken the organism and result in an increased probability of the ozone generated by the electron irradiation more easily being able to penetrate into the cell.
- the ozone can exert its additive effect.
- a supplementary effect can be explained by the two sterilization methods being able to act in different ways. The effect becomes synergistic in that the ozone destroys enzymes, and then above all in that the enzymatic DNA repair mechanisms are eliminated.
- the ability of the electrons to penetrate a package material is relatively low but depends of course on the radiation energy. Thanks to the invention the energy level required for electron irradiation is not influenced by the container locally having a large material thickness, such as for example the neck of a bottle. In that way energy levels less than 300 keV can be utilized, which results in that commercially available equipment can be utilized.
- An important advantage of the method according to invention is that the unfilled container used is manufactured closed and impervious. Thus, the generation as well as the degradation of the poisonous gas takes place inside an already pre-sealed container.
- a certain sterilization takes place and at the same time ozone is formed. Before the container is filled the ozone is allowed to act for such a long period of time that its action together with the initial effect of the electron irradiation results in a sufficient sterilization of the container. Since it takes much time to repair the injuries obtained from an electron irradiation it can be necessary to make use of a long storage time with ozone in the container.
- the container While the sterilization process still proceeds after the treatment of the container by means of electron irradiation the container is transported to the place of filling, where the container is filled and resealed in a sterile environment. If the time between the sterilization and the filling of the container is sufficiently long the ozone concentration will decrease. Consequently, the inconvenience of handling a poisonous gas is reduced when the container is filled. It is thus possible to let the degradation proceed to such a length that the ozone content is harmless when the container is opened in the filling machine.
- the ozone content can according to the invention also be adjusted by modifying the atmosphere within the container.
- the amount of ozone generated in the container can be increased by the addition of more oxygen to the container before it is sealed.
- the degradation rate of the ozone can be decreased by lowering the temperature in the container.
- an increased degradation rate is obtained when the temperature is increased. Any remaining residual ozone in a container can thus be eliminated by heating the container directly before the filling procedure.
- the degradation rate can also be increased by raising the humidity in the container.
- the humidity in the container By controlling the humidity in the container the water activity is also controlled, which in turn influences the death rate of the microorganisms during the sterilization process.
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Epidemiology (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Public Health (AREA)
- Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
- Apparatus For Disinfection Or Sterilisation (AREA)
- Food Preservation Except Freezing, Refrigeration, And Drying (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
SE9603736A SE507526C2 (sv) | 1996-10-14 | 1996-10-14 | Steriliseringsmetod för slutna förpackningar |
SE9603736 | 1996-10-14 | ||
PCT/SE1997/001576 WO1998016287A1 (en) | 1996-10-14 | 1997-09-19 | A method of sterilizing closed containers |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
US6355216B1 true US6355216B1 (en) | 2002-03-12 |
Family
ID=20404224
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
US09/284,044 Expired - Fee Related US6355216B1 (en) | 1996-10-14 | 1997-09-19 | Method of sterilizing closed containers |
Country Status (11)
Country | Link |
---|---|
US (1) | US6355216B1 (zh) |
EP (1) | EP1023224B1 (zh) |
JP (1) | JP2001502278A (zh) |
CN (1) | CN1087258C (zh) |
AT (1) | ATE316039T1 (zh) |
AU (1) | AU4640597A (zh) |
BR (1) | BR9711912A (zh) |
DE (1) | DE69735141T2 (zh) |
ES (1) | ES2252796T3 (zh) |
SE (1) | SE507526C2 (zh) |
WO (1) | WO1998016287A1 (zh) |
Cited By (15)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20030212242A1 (en) * | 1999-01-18 | 2003-11-13 | Motoji Abe | Antistatic molded article comprising a polyesteramide resin |
US20070166186A1 (en) * | 2004-02-11 | 2007-07-19 | Stec Michael J | Descenting apparatus and method |
US7247337B1 (en) * | 2002-12-16 | 2007-07-24 | Agilent Technologies, Inc. | Method and apparatus for microarray fabrication |
WO2007099120A1 (en) * | 2006-02-28 | 2007-09-07 | Novo Nordisk A/S | A method and an apparatus for sterilizing packaging material |
US20070212253A1 (en) * | 2004-12-21 | 2007-09-13 | Elrod Scott A | Descenting systems and methods |
US20070262490A1 (en) * | 2002-03-28 | 2007-11-15 | Yoshino Kogyosho Co., Ltd. | Polyethylene terephthalate resin container |
US20100071633A1 (en) * | 2004-12-21 | 2010-03-25 | Ozonics, LLC | Descenting Systems And Methods |
US20100289655A1 (en) * | 2004-12-21 | 2010-11-18 | Elrod Scott A | Detecting descented material |
EP2289813A1 (en) | 2002-08-13 | 2011-03-02 | Medical Instill Technologies, Inc. | Container and valve assembly for storing and dispensing substances, and related method |
US7939015B1 (en) | 2004-12-21 | 2011-05-10 | Parah, Llc | Method of descenting hunter's clothing |
US8257648B2 (en) | 2004-12-21 | 2012-09-04 | Scott Elrod | System and method for reducing odors in a blind |
US8329096B2 (en) | 2004-12-21 | 2012-12-11 | Parah, Llc | Systems and methods for detecting descented material |
US9479741B2 (en) | 2012-04-04 | 2016-10-25 | Guy LaMonte McClung, III | System and methods for detecting efforts to thwart material detection by service animals |
CN111491671A (zh) * | 2017-12-27 | 2020-08-04 | 科赫尔塑料机械制造有限公司 | 用于减少微生物污染的方法 |
RU2776709C2 (ru) * | 2017-12-27 | 2022-07-25 | Кохер-Пластик Машиненбау Гмбх | Способ уменьшения микробиологического загрязнения |
Families Citing this family (6)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
SE514967C2 (sv) | 1999-09-17 | 2001-05-21 | Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance | System för övervakning och styrning vid sterilisering av ett föremål |
AR033982A1 (es) | 2000-08-18 | 2004-01-21 | Eastman Chem Co | Un envase que contiene un articulo esterilizado por irradiacion, un metodo de esterilizacion por irradiacion de un articulo envasado, un metodo para preparar un articulo envasado esterilizado y el articulo envasado esterilizado preparado |
EP1598274B1 (de) * | 2004-05-21 | 2007-10-24 | DEUTSCHE SISI-WERKE GmbH & Co. Betriebs KG | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zum Befüllen flexibler Folienbeutel |
WO2008103715A1 (en) * | 2007-02-22 | 2008-08-28 | Uv03, Inc. | Method of sterilizing |
DE102011015344A1 (de) | 2011-03-28 | 2012-10-04 | Krones Aktiengesellschaft | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Sterilisieren von Verpackungsmitteln |
WO2013054539A1 (ja) * | 2011-10-13 | 2013-04-18 | 岩崎電気株式会社 | 電子線照射による不活化方法および処理装置 |
Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5250257A (en) * | 1990-06-20 | 1993-10-05 | Adatomed Pharmazeutische Und Medizintechnische Gesellschaft Mbh | Process for the sterilization of implants |
US5855856A (en) * | 1996-03-19 | 1999-01-05 | Ozone Sterilization Products, Inc. | Ozone generator and method for ozone generation |
US6085492A (en) * | 1996-02-28 | 2000-07-11 | Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance S.A. | Method for sterilizing closed containers |
Family Cites Families (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
SE452710B (sv) * | 1986-04-07 | 1987-12-14 | Stefan Westerberg | Forfarande och anordning for stralsterilisering av organiskt material |
-
1996
- 1996-10-14 SE SE9603736A patent/SE507526C2/sv unknown
-
1997
- 1997-09-19 CN CN97198775A patent/CN1087258C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-09-19 EP EP97945128A patent/EP1023224B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-09-19 AU AU46405/97A patent/AU4640597A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1997-09-19 ES ES97945128T patent/ES2252796T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-09-19 JP JP10518240A patent/JP2001502278A/ja not_active Ceased
- 1997-09-19 DE DE69735141T patent/DE69735141T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-09-19 WO PCT/SE1997/001576 patent/WO1998016287A1/en active IP Right Grant
- 1997-09-19 AT AT97945128T patent/ATE316039T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-09-19 BR BR9711912A patent/BR9711912A/pt not_active Application Discontinuation
- 1997-09-19 US US09/284,044 patent/US6355216B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5250257A (en) * | 1990-06-20 | 1993-10-05 | Adatomed Pharmazeutische Und Medizintechnische Gesellschaft Mbh | Process for the sterilization of implants |
US6085492A (en) * | 1996-02-28 | 2000-07-11 | Tetra Laval Holdings & Finance S.A. | Method for sterilizing closed containers |
US5855856A (en) * | 1996-03-19 | 1999-01-05 | Ozone Sterilization Products, Inc. | Ozone generator and method for ozone generation |
Cited By (29)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US20030212242A1 (en) * | 1999-01-18 | 2003-11-13 | Motoji Abe | Antistatic molded article comprising a polyesteramide resin |
US6797804B2 (en) | 1999-01-18 | 2004-09-28 | Dsm N.V. | Antistatic molded article comprising a polyesteramide resin |
US20070262490A1 (en) * | 2002-03-28 | 2007-11-15 | Yoshino Kogyosho Co., Ltd. | Polyethylene terephthalate resin container |
EP2949591A1 (en) | 2002-08-13 | 2015-12-02 | Medical Instill Technologies, Inc. | Container and valve assembly for storing and dispensing substances, and related method |
EP2289813A1 (en) | 2002-08-13 | 2011-03-02 | Medical Instill Technologies, Inc. | Container and valve assembly for storing and dispensing substances, and related method |
US7247337B1 (en) * | 2002-12-16 | 2007-07-24 | Agilent Technologies, Inc. | Method and apparatus for microarray fabrication |
US20070166186A1 (en) * | 2004-02-11 | 2007-07-19 | Stec Michael J | Descenting apparatus and method |
US20100289655A1 (en) * | 2004-12-21 | 2010-11-18 | Elrod Scott A | Detecting descented material |
US10752501B2 (en) | 2004-12-21 | 2020-08-25 | Parah, Llc | Scent elimination device for hunters in the field |
US20100226819A1 (en) * | 2004-12-21 | 2010-09-09 | Elrod Scott A | Descenting systems and methods |
US8663553B2 (en) | 2004-12-21 | 2014-03-04 | Scott Elrod | System and method for reducing odors in a blind |
US20070212253A1 (en) * | 2004-12-21 | 2007-09-13 | Elrod Scott A | Descenting systems and methods |
US7939015B1 (en) | 2004-12-21 | 2011-05-10 | Parah, Llc | Method of descenting hunter's clothing |
US9759701B2 (en) | 2004-12-21 | 2017-09-12 | Parah, Llc | Systems and methods for detecting descented material |
US20100071633A1 (en) * | 2004-12-21 | 2010-03-25 | Ozonics, LLC | Descenting Systems And Methods |
US8066939B2 (en) | 2004-12-21 | 2011-11-29 | Parah, Llc | Descenting methods |
US8187533B2 (en) | 2004-12-21 | 2012-05-29 | Parah, Llc | Descenting systems and methods |
US8257648B2 (en) | 2004-12-21 | 2012-09-04 | Scott Elrod | System and method for reducing odors in a blind |
US8329096B2 (en) | 2004-12-21 | 2012-12-11 | Parah, Llc | Systems and methods for detecting descented material |
US8404180B1 (en) | 2004-12-21 | 2013-03-26 | Parah, Llc | Method of descenting hunter's clothing |
US8557177B1 (en) | 2004-12-21 | 2013-10-15 | Parah, Llc | Method of descenting hunter's clothing |
US20090148340A1 (en) * | 2006-02-28 | 2009-06-11 | Nova Nordisk A/S | Method and an apparatus for sterilizing packaging material |
US7972558B2 (en) | 2006-02-28 | 2011-07-05 | Novo Nordisk A/S | Method and an apparatus for sterilizing packaging material |
WO2007099120A1 (en) * | 2006-02-28 | 2007-09-07 | Novo Nordisk A/S | A method and an apparatus for sterilizing packaging material |
WO2011144948A2 (en) | 2010-05-21 | 2011-11-24 | Parah, Llc | Detecting descented material |
US9479741B2 (en) | 2012-04-04 | 2016-10-25 | Guy LaMonte McClung, III | System and methods for detecting efforts to thwart material detection by service animals |
CN111491671A (zh) * | 2017-12-27 | 2020-08-04 | 科赫尔塑料机械制造有限公司 | 用于减少微生物污染的方法 |
US11369708B2 (en) * | 2017-12-27 | 2022-06-28 | Kocher-Plastik Maschinenbau Gmbh | Method for reducing microbiological contamination |
RU2776709C2 (ru) * | 2017-12-27 | 2022-07-25 | Кохер-Пластик Машиненбау Гмбх | Способ уменьшения микробиологического загрязнения |
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
CN1087258C (zh) | 2002-07-10 |
ES2252796T3 (es) | 2006-05-16 |
AU4640597A (en) | 1998-05-11 |
BR9711912A (pt) | 1999-08-24 |
CN1233221A (zh) | 1999-10-27 |
JP2001502278A (ja) | 2001-02-20 |
SE9603736D0 (sv) | 1996-10-14 |
DE69735141D1 (de) | 2006-04-06 |
EP1023224A1 (en) | 2000-08-02 |
SE507526C2 (sv) | 1998-06-15 |
ATE316039T1 (de) | 2006-02-15 |
WO1998016287A1 (en) | 1998-04-23 |
SE9603736L (sv) | 1998-04-15 |
EP1023224B1 (en) | 2006-01-18 |
DE69735141T2 (de) | 2006-08-03 |
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