US5450217A - Image-dependent color saturation correction in a natural scene pictorial image - Google Patents

Image-dependent color saturation correction in a natural scene pictorial image Download PDF

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Publication number
US5450217A
US5450217A US08/247,367 US24736794A US5450217A US 5450217 A US5450217 A US 5450217A US 24736794 A US24736794 A US 24736794A US 5450217 A US5450217 A US 5450217A
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saturation
image
color space
luminance
component
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Reiner Eschbach
Bernd W. Kolpatzik
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Xerox Corp
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Xerox Corp
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Priority to JP11611495A priority patent/JP3723604B2/ja
Priority to DE69520303T priority patent/DE69520303T2/de
Priority to EP95303339A priority patent/EP0684729B1/fr
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
    • H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
    • H04N1/00—Scanning, transmission or reproduction of documents or the like, e.g. facsimile transmission; Details thereof
    • H04N1/46—Colour picture communication systems
    • H04N1/56—Processing of colour picture signals
    • H04N1/60—Colour correction or control
    • H04N1/6027—Correction or control of colour gradation or colour contrast

Definitions

  • the present invention is directed towards a method and apparatus for image-dependent color saturation correction in natural scene color electronic pictures.
  • Analog filters and illumination variations can improve the appearance of pictures in the analog photographic process.
  • yellow filters enhance the appearance of white clouds against a blue sky in black and white images.
  • various electrophotographic devices including digital copiers, can clean up and improve images by adjustment of threshold, filtering, or background suppression.
  • these methods are manual methods which a user must select on an image by image basis.
  • the casual user is not skilled enough to perform these operations.
  • the inability to perform image enhancement operations is exacerbated when additionally dealing with color controls.
  • the image can always be processed. It turns out than an improvement can usually be made to an image if certain assumptions are made that are accurate for most cases. In an exceptionally large set of images, increasing contrast, sharpness, and/or color saturation, will improve the image. This model tends to produce better images, but the process is unstable, in that for multi-generation copying, increases in contrast, saturation, or sharpness are undesirable and ultimately lead to a severe image degradation. Further, the process may undesirably operate on those images which are good ones.
  • One common deficiency of images is the apparent lack of image saturation, or, interchangeably, the desire to obtain a higher image saturation.
  • One factor is the degradation of images due to aging or other external influences.
  • Another factor is the mismatch between data range of the image and the possible dynamic range of the scanning system.
  • a third factor is the discrepancy between the "memory" of an image and the "reality” of an image.
  • a common example for this third category is the desire for images to display "blue sky” and "green grass” even if this does not accurately reproduce the colors or the colorfulness of the original scene.
  • a method and apparatus for image-dependent color saturation correction in natural scene images in electronic documents is provided.
  • An input image is converted from its original color space definition to a luminance-hue-saturation color space, such as HSV space, where S has a strong correlation to perceived saturation.
  • That saturation component of the signal is selectively averaged over the image based on the local image value V in order to reduce the influence of image noise and eliminate the dependency of the measurement of low V value data.
  • the determined average is compared to a threshold selected to represent desirable saturation level. If saturation is less than target saturation, a filter is selected, operable on the image to enhance saturation as a function of the average saturation and desired saturation. Otherwise, no change is made to the image.
  • altering saturation of an image in HSV space will tend to alter luminance of the image. Accordingly, subsequent to filtering the image to enhance saturation, the image is refiltered to reduce luminance variations as a function of the original luminance and the luminance of the saturation-enhanced image. Alternatively, the luminance value of the saturation-enhanced image is replaced by the original luminance value. Subsequently the saturation-enhanced image is directed to an output device.
  • a method of image-dependent color saturation correction in natural scene images in electronic documents including the steps of: converting an original image from its original color space definition to a second color space definition having a saturation component with a strong correlation to perceived saturation; determining average saturation for at least a portion of the value range of the original image data as a function of the saturation component in the second color space definition thereof; comparing determined average saturation to a target saturation selected to represent a desirable saturation, and generating a comparison signal indicating whether determined average saturation is less than target saturation; if the comparison signal indicates average saturation is less than target saturation, generating filter coefficients as a function of average saturation and desired saturation; directing the original image defined in terms of the second color space to a programmable filter operating on the saturation component thereof with the generated filter coefficients, to produce a saturation-modified image; directing the saturation-modified image to an output device; if the comparison signal indicates average saturation is less than target saturation, directing the image to an output device without modification to the saturation component.
  • the current invention describes a method that has a reduced sensitivity to image noise, low sensitivity to low V value data and the ability to maintain local luminance, thereby eliminating major image noise sources.
  • FIG. 1 shows an overall system block diagram, illustrating a system in which the present invention may find use
  • FIGS. 2A and 2B compare saturation curves in HSV space for a saturated image and an unsaturated image, respectively;
  • FIG. 3 shows a block diagram of a saturation modification system accomplishing the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 shows a luminance correction system in accordance with another aspect of the present invention.
  • FIG. 1 scan-to-print system in which the present invention may find advantageous use.
  • FIG. 1 illustrates a scanner 10 which may conveniently be a color scanner which produces image signals defined in either rgb space for color images.
  • These images of concern are pictorial in nature, i.e., they represent natural scenes. While certain computer generated imagery may qualify as representing nature scenes, the contemplated images are predominantly scanned photographs.
  • the images themselves are defined in terms of pixels, wherein each pixel has a triplet of three gray values which vary between a white level and a black level.
  • Pixels are also identified in terms of position, i.e., a pixel defines a unique area within the image, identified by its position in a scan line, and the scan line position in a page. Color is therefore represented by triplets of pixel values for each color pixel in the image, each member of the triplet of pixel values defining the color in each separation, which together form the color pixel.
  • Scanner 10 represents a device, which may include a slide scanner, a document scanner, an electronic camera etc., for reducing a visible image to electronic signals.
  • the electronic signals produced by the scanner 10 are commonly given in terms of a standard CIE color space defined in terms of red, green and blue (rgb) colored lights, or alternatively, are correctable to such terms.
  • These signals i.e., pixels
  • These signals are edited, enhanced and prepared for printing at color image processing unit 20, which provides as an output signals in rgb space or the like.
  • Printer 30 receives the signal from color image processing unit 20, and provides for conversion of the signals to printer driver signals, commonly given in terms of the colorants that will be used in reproduction, typically Cyan, Magenta, Yellow and Key or black (CMYK).
  • the printer has as an output the natural scene image, which, hopefully, closely resembles the scene as desired by the user.
  • the processed image from color image processing unit 20 is displayed on a television screen, CRT display or the like.
  • the output of a scanner 10 may be directed to a color image processing unit 20 including an automated image enhancement system which will be further defined herein.
  • the automated image enhancement system may include a segmentation system which can identify within a document a type of image, including pictorial and nonpictorial image areas. It will be assumed that the output of the automated image enhancement system that is described herein will be directed to a printer, CRT, or like device. These devices may have many characteristics and may be laser printers, or ink jet printers or LCD displays or CRT displays.
  • a prescan may optionally be performed on a document placed on a copying or scanning platen and scanned by the electro-optical system of the scanner to produce a signal representing the document image.
  • the image may be directed to the automated image enhancement system from a memory, having previously been scanned or derived some other system, in which case, the received image is sampled as required.
  • the prescan may be performed in an undersampled fashion, i.e., the image need not be sampled at the ultimate resolution of the system for the purposes of enhancement.
  • the image need not be sampled at the ultimate resolution of the system for the purposes of enhancement.
  • the primary purpose of this selection is to improve the speed at which a software image enhancement system can process the pictorial images. Sampling at common image resolutions does not improve the results noted in the inventive process herein described significantly, and dramatically increases the software processing time required.
  • Hardware embodiments of the described inventive process might be designed not to undersample the image.
  • HSV Human-Saturation-Value
  • XNSS 289005, 1989 See, Appendix C.7
  • saturation component of the model provides a strong correlation between human perception of saturation and the saturation component of the model.
  • the model provides a non-linear relationship with standard rgb color spaces, it also has the property that saturation ranges between 0 and 1 for all values V. It is useful to note that in another color space with a saturation variable, YHS space, saturation is a function of luminance Y and hue H. This is quite distinct from the described HSV space.
  • FIGS. 2A and 2B a comparison of a well saturated image (FIG. 2A) to a poorly saturated image (FIG. 2B) is illustrated.
  • the unsaturated image is characterized by low saturation over a range of values of V, while the well saturated image has high saturation levels for a broad range of V.
  • Saturation boost or increase B is defined as:
  • This decision prevents saturation from being boosted or increased in a well saturated image.
  • the HSV model of color space does not describe luminance satisfactorily, as the V term is not a function solely of luminance, as are, for example Y (of YES space) or L* (of L*A*B* space). Any changes to the image along constant V therefore can change the luminance of the image. Modification of the saturation component of the HSV model would be such a modification. As an example, consider the following change in saturation of an image defined in HSV terms and the result of the change in terms of Y (luminance): ##EQU2##
  • the image resulting from saturation modification has a dramatic change in luminance, which in our application is often perceived as image noise.
  • a subjectively higher image quality may be obtained by forcing the luminance of the output pixels to be equal to the luminance of the input pixel, in addition to correcting saturation in HSV space.
  • luminance for each input pixel is calculated, and output luminance is adjusted to this value. This is done by simply calculating luminance (Y) after HSV saturation modification and introducing factor k as
  • (r,g,b) FINAL is the desired luminance corrected-output value
  • (r,g,b)' is the r,g,b space value determined for the pixel after HSV saturation modifications.
  • the luminance of the saturation modified image may be simply be replaced with the luminance of the original image.
  • FIG. 3 shows a block diagram of a system incorporating the present invention.
  • color space transformer 100 which can be a special purpose calculating circuit or unit, a preprogrammed microprocessor, or the like, values expressed terms of a color space other than HSV are transformed to HSV space.
  • image descriptions are received in terms of red-green-blue signals, although, as described in the several cross referenced patent applications, the image may alternatively be in LC 1 C 2 space for other reasons.
  • average saturation is determined from the image at average saturation calculation 102, which can be a special purpose calculating circuit or unit or a preprogrammed microprocessor, or the like, returning the average saturation calculation 102 is a value of S av .
  • thresholder 104 the value of S av is thresholded against the value of S target , received from an external source, perhaps entered from a UI in accordance with user preference.
  • a binary 1 or 0 is returned to drive coefficient calculation 106 to output either S .sbsp.av / S .sbsb.target, if S av ⁇ S target or 1 to programmable digital filter 110, which operates on received values from color space transform 100 to enhance saturation of the overall image. If no saturation modification is to occur, the filter does not vary the signal.
  • the illustrated arrangement shows that the signal to be processed is always processed by programmable digital filter 110. However, it is well within the invention to provide an arrangement in which the signal to be processed is routed around the programmable filter in the case that no saturation enhancement will occur. Such alternative circuit path is controllable in the same sequence as provided above.
  • the filtered saturation signal is limited to the range of 0 to 1. Since the permitted range of S in the HSV model is between 0 and 1 for all hues and values, this saturation enhancement does not cause gamut mismatch.
  • a signal H, S', V results.
  • color space transform 200 which can be a special purpose calculating circuit or unit or a preprogrammed microprocessor, or the like
  • signal H, S', V is converted first to YES space, to produce signal Y', E', S'.
  • signal Y', E', S' is directed to yet another color space transform 206, which can be a special purpose calculating circuit or unit or a preprogrammed microprocessor, or the like, for conversion to output rgb space, where the signals r', g', b' result.
  • uncorrected signal H, S, V resulting from the earlier color space transform is converted to YES space at color space transform 202, which can be a special purpose calculating circuit or unit or a preprogrammed microprocessor, or the like, to produce signals Y, E, S. It will no doubt be appreciated that these are identical transforms which could be accomplished by the same device.
  • luminance adjustment coefficient calculator 204 which can be a special purpose calculating circuit or unit or a preprogrammed microprocessor, a value of k is calculated as a function of the original Y and the saturation modified Y. Value k is transmitted to multiplier 208, where output r, g, b values are produces by multiplying signal r', g', b' by k.
  • the luminance adjustment might be performed by replacing the luminance component Y' of color space transformer 200 by the luminance component Y of color space transformer 202, by directing the signal Y, E', S' to color space transformer 206.
US08/247,367 1994-05-23 1994-05-23 Image-dependent color saturation correction in a natural scene pictorial image Expired - Lifetime US5450217A (en)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US08/247,367 US5450217A (en) 1994-05-23 1994-05-23 Image-dependent color saturation correction in a natural scene pictorial image
JP11611495A JP3723604B2 (ja) 1994-05-23 1995-05-15 電子文書中の自然シーン画像の画像依存カラー彩度補正方法及びその装置
DE69520303T DE69520303T2 (de) 1994-05-23 1995-05-18 Bildabhängige Farbsättigungskorrektur für Bilddarstellungen natürlicher Szenen
EP95303339A EP0684729B1 (fr) 1994-05-23 1995-05-18 Correction de la saturation des couleurs dépendante de l'image pour des images des scènes naturelles

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JPH07322033A (ja) 1995-12-08
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JP3723604B2 (ja) 2005-12-07
EP0684729A2 (fr) 1995-11-29
EP0684729A3 (fr) 1996-12-11
DE69520303T2 (de) 2001-08-09

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