US5340981A - Rear field reflection microscopy process and apparatus - Google Patents

Rear field reflection microscopy process and apparatus Download PDF

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US5340981A
US5340981A US07/835,980 US83598092A US5340981A US 5340981 A US5340981 A US 5340981A US 83598092 A US83598092 A US 83598092A US 5340981 A US5340981 A US 5340981A
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optical fiber
waveguide
examined
electromagnetic wave
flat face
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Frederique De Fornel
Jean-Pierre Goudonnet
Nathalie Cerre
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SIM (SOCIETE D'INVESTISSEMENT DANS LA MICROSCOPIE) SA
STM D Investissement Dans La Microscopie S A Ste
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B21/00—Microscopes
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01Q—SCANNING-PROBE TECHNIQUES OR APPARATUS; APPLICATIONS OF SCANNING-PROBE TECHNIQUES, e.g. SCANNING PROBE MICROSCOPY [SPM]
    • G01Q60/00—Particular types of SPM [Scanning Probe Microscopy] or microscopes; Essential components thereof
    • G01Q60/18—SNOM [Scanning Near-Field Optical Microscopy] or apparatus therefor, e.g. SNOM probes
    • G01Q60/22—Probes, their manufacture, or their related instrumentation, e.g. holders
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03F—PHOTOMECHANICAL PRODUCTION OF TEXTURED OR PATTERNED SURFACES, e.g. FOR PRINTING, FOR PROCESSING OF SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; MATERIALS THEREFOR; ORIGINALS THEREFOR; APPARATUS SPECIALLY ADAPTED THEREFOR
    • G03F7/00—Photomechanical, e.g. photolithographic, production of textured or patterned surfaces, e.g. printing surfaces; Materials therefor, e.g. comprising photoresists; Apparatus specially adapted therefor
    • G03F7/70—Microphotolithographic exposure; Apparatus therefor
    • G03F7/70383—Direct write, i.e. pattern is written directly without the use of a mask by one or multiple beams
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S977/00—Nanotechnology
    • Y10S977/84—Manufacture, treatment, or detection of nanostructure
    • Y10S977/849—Manufacture, treatment, or detection of nanostructure with scanning probe
    • Y10S977/86—Scanning probe structure
    • Y10S977/862—Near-field probe

Definitions

  • the invention concerns a near field reflection microscopy process and microscope using a waveguide of the optic fibre type as a probe of this field.
  • near field microscopy takes advantage of the particular structure of an electromagnetic wave in the neighborhood of a diameter opening smaller (and up to ten times larger)than its wavelength.
  • the neighborhood should here be understood as being the area called “near field” which is situated at a distance from the opening smaller than the wave length. In this area, the wave intensity rapidly decreases until it reaches the value of the intensity within the area called “far field” which can be calculated by a known way, by application of Maxwell equations.
  • European patent EP-112 401 filed 27th Dec. 1982 by International Business Machines Corporation, is directed to overcoming the problem of obtaining a small diameter opening, typically smaller than the micrometer, usable in an optical near field microscope.
  • the opening receives the light transmitted through a sample to be analyzed, with the opening being kept at an appropriate distance by a traditional means such as an electronic probe measuring tunneling current of electrons.
  • the metallization of organic samples may form an obstacle for the observation of certain phenomenae, namely dynamic or living phenomenae.
  • this metallization may be heterogeneous or hide small scale structures by overlapping.
  • the control of the distance to the opening is no longer assured, which leads to a topographic aberration.
  • the opening of a submicronic diameter is the main difficulty in realizing this kind of microscope, and limits its development. Indeed, the repetitive manufacture of a submicronic opening, especially for a near field transmission microscope is particularly difficult to put into operation and is the object of a solution described in European patent EP112 402, filed on 27th Dec. 1982 by International Business Machines Corporation.
  • the diameters of the openings realized by the process described in this document vary between 10 to 500 nanometers.
  • the horizontal resolution of a near field microscope equipped with such an opening then depends directly on its diameter and on its distance from the sample--the resolution is in the region of the greater of these two quantities.
  • the measurement of the reflected light is carried out in this way through a planar peripheral waveguide composed by the transparent peripheral ring; this configuration is unfavorable for a reliable measurement insofar as such a planar structure will inevitably introduce undesirable electromagnetic propagation modes.
  • the object of this invention is to remedy all these inconveniences by proposing a reflection microscopy process of a surface including the following operations:
  • the outlet surface above the surface to be examined at a chosen distance so that the coupling coefficient between the particular mode of propagation of the waveguide and the propagation mode of the electric field of the wave reflected by the surface and guided in return by this same waveguide, depends in an essentially exponential way on the distance or can be compared, at least locally, with an expontential variation function, or rapidly decreasing function, depending on the distance.
  • the present invention thus shows a new phenomenon allowing to obtain variations of reflectivity of a reflecting surface as well as its topography.
  • the terminology "coupled mode wave” will be used to describe the wave reflected by the surface and guided in return by the waveguide.
  • the phenomenon exploited in the invention consists in a coupling of modes between the particular propagation mode of the waveguide and a reflecting wave having a modal structure since it was previously emitted by the waveguide, this structure being slightly “spread out” because of the bidirectional propagation of the wave within the interval separating the end of the waveguide from the reflecting surface to be examined.
  • the intensity of the coupled mode wave directly depends on the above mentioned coupling coefficient, the measurement of this intensity enables to measure the evolution of this coefficient.
  • the exploitation in optical image formation of such a phenomenon is of two kinds, namely:
  • the end of the waveguide is maintained at a practically constant level above the surface to be studied, whilst the intensity of the coupled mode wave is measured, i.e., the variations of the coupling coefficient between the main propagation mode of the waveguide and the propagation mode of the electrical field of the wave reflected by the surface.
  • This measurement is then interpreted as resulting from a variation of distance or reflectivity of the surface, by theoretical or data processing inversion of the rather exponential dependence between the intensity and the distance between the surface to be studied and the end of the waveguide.
  • a second exploitation mode an action is made on the vertical position of the end of the waveguide, so as to maintain constant the intensity of the coupled mode wave.
  • This reaction could well be put into operation by means of a feed-back system presenting a large pass band, which would enable to raise with great sensitivity, and therefore a high resolution, the vertical movements of the end of the waveguide which are directly representative of the topography and/or the reflectivity of the surface to be studied (considering that the reflectivity of a a material depends on its optical index, the spectroscopic measurements of this surface are also possible).
  • a simple fiber optic can thus be used, for example a monomode step-index fiber, as waveguide, such a fiber being able to be used in three main non-limitative ways, i.e.:
  • the fiber is broken at its end, so as to present in regard to the reflecting surface to be studied, a flat face which is almost perpendicular to the longitudinal propagation axis of an electromagnetic wave in the core of the fiber; it has been shown that this is the most favorable case for obtaining a good resolution (case where the reduction of the coupled mode wave intensity is the quickest, depending on the distance).
  • the intensity of the electromagnetic wave resulting from the interference phenomenon between the coupled mode wave and the wave reflected in the fiber by the output face is controlled in the downward part of a single period of the sinusoidal modulation of the intensity
  • the fiber again has at the end, a flat face almost perpendicular to the average direction of the propagation of the light in the fiber.
  • This flat face is positioned above the surface to be examined according to a direction making a substantial angle with the surface, so as to avoid the previously described constructive interference phenomenon from occuring between the coupled mode wave and the mode reflected in the fiber by its flat output face or, at least, so as to avoid that this interference phenomenon be measurable (which is realized if the sinusoidal modulation, superposed to the intensity of the essentially exponential reduction coupled mode wave intensity, is of a low level unable to be seen by the vertical position control of the flat output face of the fiber).
  • FIG. 1 is a very schematic view of a microscope according to a preferred embodiment of the invention realization
  • FIG. 2 is a detailed view of the end of the waveguide used preferentially in the invention, in regard to the surface to be studied and showing in particular the coupling of the wave reflected in the waveguide,
  • FIG. 3 shows a theoretical curve group compared to an experimental curve showing the dependence between the intensity collected in the waveguide and the distance between the surface to be studied and the output face of the guide
  • FIG. 4 shows the embodiment of the penetration depth of the electromagnetic wave used in an alternative embodiment depending on the radius of the fiber optic core used as waveguide.
  • a near field microscope 1 is mainly composed of:
  • Optical means 4 can, for example, be a simple short focus converging lens of the highly magnifying type for a traditional optical microscope.
  • an optical fiber coupler 5 with fiber optics realized, for example by a fusion/stretching process, this coupler 5 including two input transmission channels 6 and 7 and two output transmission channels 8 and 9.
  • the fiber optic 3 can preferably be that composing the channel 6 of the coupler 5. In this way, the quality of the electromagnetic wave emitted by the source 2 is maintained over its whole way in avoiding the fiber/fiber interfaces.
  • a photon detector 10 such as, for example, a photoelectron multiplier, coupled to the channel 7 of the fiber coupler 5.
  • This detector 10 receives and measures the light being propagated in the coupler 5 in the opposite direction to that of the emission.
  • a traditional anti-vibration support 11 possibly associated with a traditional scanning means.
  • This means of scanning enables to laterally scan the reflecting surface 12 to be studied by the end 13 of one of the channels 8 or 9 of the coupler 5, for example, channel 8 (in this case, channel 9 is not used or is used for carrying out a reference measurement of the intensity of the wave emitted by source 2).
  • This vertical positioning means 14 can also be used for the "fine" lateral displacement, i.e., submicrometric, of the end 13. It can be connected by a feed-back device 15 to a micro-processor 16 controlling the signal received by the detector 10; this signal represents the intensity of the light being propagated in return in the coupler 5.
  • the positioning means 14 can be a device including for example a piezoelectric tube or a set of piezoelectric crystals arranged in an appropriate manner (of the type known in particular under the name of "bimorphs").
  • the use of the microscope 1 can be summarized as follows.
  • the light coming from source 2 is propagated through the fiber 3 composing the channel 6 of the coupler 5, to the coupling area 17 of the coupler 5, where the fusion/stretching of the fibers composing the coupler 5 is carried out.
  • a known part of the light (50% for example) is then propagated into the output transmission channel 8 of the coupler 5, up to the end 13 of the channel 8.
  • channel 8 is an optical step-index fiber 18, with n O the real index of the core 18a and n 1 , the index of the cladding 18b.
  • the end 13 of this fiber 18 appears as a flat face 19 almost perpendicular to the direction in which the light is propagated into the fiber 18. The light is then emitted towards the reflecting surface 12, the topography and the composition of which are unknown, then it reflects and comes back in the direction of the end 13 where it is coupled with the main propagated mode of fiber 18.
  • the light propagating in return in channel 8 is thus modulated by the reflecting surface 12. It then crosses the coupling area 17 of the coupler 5 and a part of the intensity of this light (50% for example) passes into channel 7 of the coupler 5 where it is detected at tile end by the detector 10.
  • the light is emitted at the end of the fiber 18 within a numerical opening cone which depends on the step index (n 1 -n 0 ) of the fiber 18.
  • the light reflected by the reflecting surface 12 can be considered as coming from a virtual fiber 20 symmetrical to the fiber 18 in relation to the plane delimited by the surface 12.
  • the reflected light is shown as coming from the virtual fiber 20, with an opening angle t.
  • d shows the distance separating the reflecting surface 12 of the flat surface 19 of the end 13 of the fiber 18.
  • the intensity collected by the detector 10 is proportional to the coupling coefficient between the propagation mode of the wave reflected in the air and the main propagation mode of the fiber 18, the resulting coupled wave here being called again "coupled mode wave"; the value of the coupling coefficient is determined, for example, numerically by calculating the recovery integral of the two modes.
  • This property is comparable to the very rapid decreasing of the intensity in the neighbourhood of an opening with a diameter smaller than the wave length which is used in a traditional near field microscope: in this case, the decrease depends however on the coupling of three evanescent waves, one created in incidence by the opening, the second reflected by the surface to be examined and the third created in reflection by this same opening.
  • the "near field" of a fiber used in the conditions of the invention is more “spread out” than the near field of a submicronic opening and it is noted in particular, that the distance d can be very much higher than the wavelength of the electromagnetic wave emitted by source 2.
  • d p the penetration depth of the "measurement wave”; it characterizes the vertical resolution it is possible to obtain with the microscope used.
  • FIG. 4 shows the variation of the quantity d p depending on the radius a of the core 18a of the fiber optic 18, composing channel 8, and using an optic probe for this microscope 1 (the light source 2 was a Helium-Neon laser emitting a wavelength of 632 nanometers and the numerical opening was constant and equal to 0.23). It should be noted that the penetration depth d p considerably decreases with the radius a of the core 18a of the fiber optic 18.
  • the limit in wavelength being given by the existence of sources with a short wavelength and by the wavelength called “cut off wavelength” below which an electromagnetic radiation cannot propagate in fiber 18 (at present 180 nanometers for a silicium fibre).
  • microscope 1 it can be estimated that the best vertical resolution it is possible to reach with microscope 1 according to the invention is near to 10 nanometers, for a silicium fiber 18 the core of which 18a has a diameter of 500 nanometers and for a "measurement" electromagnetic wave, with a wavelength equal to 205 nanometers, emitted by a coloring laser and doubled in frequency by means of non-linear cristals.
  • This resolution can be improved even more by at least one scale measurement if it is placed in the conditions of perception to the interference phenomenon already mentioned, since, even if the decrease in intensity is no longer exactly exponential, the spatial interfringe distance of the sinusoidal modulation of the intensity resulting from this phenomenon can reach very weak values (in the air, and for the wavelength of the Helium-Neon laser, the half period of oscillation equals approx. 150 nanometers, which enables to control the intensity with very great accuracy).
  • the lateral resolution of a traditional near field microscope is situated within a range varying from several tenths of nanometers to several millimeters. It is determined, as said above, by the size of the opening used as an optical probe and by the interference phenomenae occuring because of the excitation of the modes of the cavity composed by the metallized walls of the observed surface 12 and the hole delimited by an opaque conductor material.
  • the lateral resolution of microscope 1 according to the invention is very much smaller than the diameter 2a of the core 18a of the fiber optic 18 composing channel 8 of the coupler 5.
  • this diameter is equal to 5 micrometers a reflecting surface 12 was observed, composed of an industrial diffraction grating with a step of 12 micrometers with a lateral resolution better than 500 nanometers (such a resolution has, moreover, been obtained through the exploitation of the direct recording of the intensity of the coupled mode wave, without posterior mathematic treatment usual in a similar case and aiming to extract from the measurement the noise or repetitive course errors).
  • the wavelength of the "measurement wave” was 632 nanometers (Helium-Neon Laser).
  • the lateral resolution is very much smaller than the diameter 2a of the core 18a of the fiber 18 used as an optical probe (this diameter is the equivalent of the diameter of the opening in the case of a traditional microscope).
  • tile vertical resolution (and also the lateral resolution) can be increased even more.
  • fiber optic 18 which is submitted to a chemical etching so as to taper the end 13; after this chemical etching (realized in a known way by means of an acid), the end of the fiber optic 18 is cut so as to present a flat face 19 almost perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the light within the fiber 18.
  • the end 13 then appears as a tip and the cladding 18b surrounding the core 18a of the fiber optic 18 has become very thin.
  • the main propagation mode within the fiber 18 can be very narrow; indeed, a wave propagating at the end 13 of the fiber optic 18 then "sees" three media:
  • the interface between the cladding 18b and the core 18a of the fiber optic 18 is responsible for the potential propagation of parasite modes called "cladding modes"; the operation called “emptying" of the fiber optic 18 enables to eliminate the propagation from it, a particularly efficient technique for doing so being to place on the optic fibers of channels 6 and 7 of the coupler 5 an "index liquid” (i.e., a liquid, the index of which is equal to that of the fiber cladding).
  • the near field microscope 1 using as optic probe a waveguide such as, namely an optic fiber 18 easily resolves the inconveniencies linked with traditional near field microscopes and enables the spectroscopic observation and the topographic observation of reflecting surfaces 12 that are difficult to metallize.
  • the spectroscopic observation is carried out by various techniques aiming to modulate the intensity of the coupled mode wave depending on the "spectroscopic parameter" wished to be extracted, for example, the wavelength.
  • This observation indicates the nature of a reflecting surface 12, its topography, for example, being known from a first scanning of the surface 12 without modulating any parameter.
  • Microscope 1 can also be used as a distance probe similar to a distance probe using an electronic tunneling effect (technique derived from the electronic tunneling microscope).
  • This purely optical sensor enables to avoid any metallization.
  • the distance is then controlled, in this case, for values greater than in the case of an electronic tunneling, which procures other advantages, and, in particular, that of avoiding too great a proximity between the distance sensor and the surface 12 to be maintained at a distance--such a proximity is "dangerous" for the surface 12, since an abrupt variation, or a course error (i.e. a slope) can cause the physical coming into contact of the probe and the surface 12.
  • a course error i.e. a slope
  • any waveguide other than an fiber optic could be used, or else a non-monomode optic fiber can be used. It is also possible to imagine the use of another optic coupler than an fiber optic coupler realized by a fusion/stretching process.
  • the field of the invention is more particularly that of scanning microscopy, by purely optical means and with nanometric resolutions.
  • the invention can also be used for the optical control of the distance between a given surface and an instrument to be moved above this surface, and, in particular, any instrument of the type used for the microlithography of integrated circuits.

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US07/835,980 1989-08-28 1990-08-27 Rear field reflection microscopy process and apparatus Expired - Fee Related US5340981A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR8911297 1989-08-28
FR8911297A FR2651332B1 (fr) 1989-08-28 1989-08-28 Microscope en champ proche en reflexion utilisant un guide d'ondes comme sonde de ce champ.
PCT/FR1990/000632 WO1991003757A1 (fr) 1989-08-28 1990-08-27 Procede de microscopie et microscope en champ proche en reflexion

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US (1) US5340981A (de)
EP (1) EP0415838B1 (de)
JP (1) JPH05503586A (de)
KR (1) KR920704173A (de)
CN (1) CN1050266A (de)
AT (1) ATE119296T1 (de)
AU (1) AU6400390A (de)
BR (1) BR9007631A (de)
CA (1) CA2065263A1 (de)
DD (1) DD297521A5 (de)
DE (1) DE69017317T2 (de)
ES (1) ES2075178T3 (de)
FI (1) FI920905A0 (de)
FR (1) FR2651332B1 (de)
IL (1) IL95487A0 (de)
OA (1) OA09600A (de)
WO (1) WO1991003757A1 (de)
ZA (1) ZA906786B (de)

Cited By (7)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5410151A (en) * 1993-07-15 1995-04-25 Sumitomo Electric Lightwave Corp. Fiber optic probe and method of making same
WO1996037797A1 (en) * 1995-05-26 1996-11-28 General Scanning, Inc. Wide field of view microscope and scanning system useful in the microscope
US5623338A (en) * 1995-08-04 1997-04-22 International Business Machines Corporation Interferometric near-field apparatus based on multi-pole sensing
US5623339A (en) * 1995-08-04 1997-04-22 International Business Machines Corporation Interferometric measuring method based on multi-pole sensing
US5646731A (en) * 1995-08-04 1997-07-08 International Business Machines Corporation Interferometric detecting/imaging method based on multi-pole sensing
US5874726A (en) * 1995-10-10 1999-02-23 Iowa State University Research Foundation Probe-type near-field confocal having feedback for adjusting probe distance
KR101198910B1 (ko) 2009-05-27 2012-11-08 광주과학기술원 레이저 간섭계 및 광신호 정렬 장치를 결합한 레이저 간섭계

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EP0529125B1 (de) * 1991-08-27 1996-07-31 International Business Machines Corporation Verfahren und Gerät zur Erzeugung hochauflösender optischer Bilder
FR2685127B1 (fr) * 1991-12-13 1994-02-04 Christian Licoppe Photonanographe a gaz pour la fabrication et l'analyse optique de motifs a l'echelle nanometrique.
DE19741122C2 (de) * 1997-09-12 2003-09-25 Forschungsverbund Berlin Ev Anordnung zur Vermessung und Strukturierung (Nahfeldanordnung)
KR100797562B1 (ko) * 2006-08-24 2008-01-24 조성구 반사식 초소형 현미경 모듈
CN100590437C (zh) * 2007-04-16 2010-02-17 中国科学院物理研究所 结合磁镊观测生物大分子的全反射近场显微镜
CN109374928B (zh) * 2018-09-12 2020-10-27 东南大学 一种基于等离聚焦的近场扫描探针
FR3097980B1 (fr) * 2019-06-28 2022-08-19 Laurent Galinier Lentille multifocale à aberration de coma

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Cited By (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5410151A (en) * 1993-07-15 1995-04-25 Sumitomo Electric Lightwave Corp. Fiber optic probe and method of making same
WO1996037797A1 (en) * 1995-05-26 1996-11-28 General Scanning, Inc. Wide field of view microscope and scanning system useful in the microscope
US5623338A (en) * 1995-08-04 1997-04-22 International Business Machines Corporation Interferometric near-field apparatus based on multi-pole sensing
US5623339A (en) * 1995-08-04 1997-04-22 International Business Machines Corporation Interferometric measuring method based on multi-pole sensing
US5646731A (en) * 1995-08-04 1997-07-08 International Business Machines Corporation Interferometric detecting/imaging method based on multi-pole sensing
JP3290358B2 (ja) 1995-08-04 2002-06-10 インターナショナル・ビジネス・マシーンズ・コーポレーション ワークピースの物理的特性を引き出す方法
US5874726A (en) * 1995-10-10 1999-02-23 Iowa State University Research Foundation Probe-type near-field confocal having feedback for adjusting probe distance
KR101198910B1 (ko) 2009-05-27 2012-11-08 광주과학기술원 레이저 간섭계 및 광신호 정렬 장치를 결합한 레이저 간섭계

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EP0415838B1 (de) 1995-03-01
CA2065263A1 (fr) 1991-03-01
FI920905A0 (fi) 1992-02-28
EP0415838A1 (de) 1991-03-06
DD297521A5 (de) 1992-01-09
AU6400390A (en) 1991-04-08
IL95487A0 (en) 1991-06-30
FR2651332A1 (fr) 1991-03-01
BR9007631A (pt) 1992-07-07
WO1991003757A1 (fr) 1991-03-21
DE69017317D1 (de) 1995-04-06
KR920704173A (ko) 1992-12-19
ZA906786B (en) 1991-06-26
JPH05503586A (ja) 1993-06-10
DE69017317T2 (de) 1995-11-09
OA09600A (fr) 1993-04-30
CN1050266A (zh) 1991-03-27
FR2651332B1 (fr) 1994-05-06
ATE119296T1 (de) 1995-03-15
ES2075178T3 (es) 1995-10-01

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