US5221568A - Water and/or oil-permeable sealing mat consisting substantially of a substrate layer, a layer of swellable clay and a cover layer - Google Patents

Water and/or oil-permeable sealing mat consisting substantially of a substrate layer, a layer of swellable clay and a cover layer Download PDF

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Publication number
US5221568A
US5221568A US07/664,575 US66457591A US5221568A US 5221568 A US5221568 A US 5221568A US 66457591 A US66457591 A US 66457591A US 5221568 A US5221568 A US 5221568A
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United States
Prior art keywords
layer
sealing mat
woven
woven textile
substrate layer
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US07/664,575
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English (en)
Inventor
Georg Heerten
Karsten Johannssen
Volkard Muller
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Naue Fasertechnik GmbH and Co KG
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Naue Fasertechnik GmbH and Co KG
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Assigned to NAUE-FASERTECHNIK GMBH & CO. KG reassignment NAUE-FASERTECHNIK GMBH & CO. KG ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: HEERTEN, GEORG, JOHANNSSEN, KARSTEN, MULLER, VOLKARD
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
    • B32B5/22—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed
    • B32B5/24—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
    • E02B3/00—Engineering works in connection with control or use of streams, rivers, coasts, or other marine sites; Sealings or joints for engineering works in general
    • E02B3/04—Structures or apparatus for, or methods of, protecting banks, coasts, or harbours
    • E02B3/12—Revetment of banks, dams, watercourses, or the like, e.g. the sea-floor
    • E02B3/122—Flexible prefabricated covering elements, e.g. mats, strips
    • E02B3/126—Flexible prefabricated covering elements, e.g. mats, strips mainly consisting of bituminous material or synthetic resins
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B19/00—Layered products comprising a layer of natural mineral fibres or particles, e.g. asbestos, mica
    • B32B19/04—Layered products comprising a layer of natural mineral fibres or particles, e.g. asbestos, mica next to another layer of the same or of a different material
    • B32B19/045—Layered products comprising a layer of natural mineral fibres or particles, e.g. asbestos, mica next to another layer of the same or of a different material of synthetic resin
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B19/00—Layered products comprising a layer of natural mineral fibres or particles, e.g. asbestos, mica
    • B32B19/06—Layered products comprising a layer of natural mineral fibres or particles, e.g. asbestos, mica next to a fibrous or filamentary layer
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
    • B32B27/32—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising polyolefins
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
    • B32B27/36—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin comprising polyesters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
    • B32B5/02—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer
    • B32B5/022—Non-woven fabric
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
    • B32B5/02—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer
    • B32B5/024—Woven fabric
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
    • B32B5/02—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer
    • B32B5/026—Knitted fabric
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
    • B32B5/02—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer
    • B32B5/06—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer characterised by a fibrous or filamentary layer mechanically connected, e.g. by needling to another layer, e.g. of fibres, of paper
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
    • E02B15/00—Cleaning or keeping clear the surface of open water; Apparatus therefor
    • E02B15/04—Devices for cleaning or keeping clear the surface of open water from oil or like floating materials by separating or removing these materials
    • E02B15/08—Devices for reducing the polluted area with or without additional devices for removing the material
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02B—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING
    • E02B3/00—Engineering works in connection with control or use of streams, rivers, coasts, or other marine sites; Sealings or joints for engineering works in general
    • E02B3/04—Structures or apparatus for, or methods of, protecting banks, coasts, or harbours
    • E02B3/12—Revetment of banks, dams, watercourses, or the like, e.g. the sea-floor
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D31/00—Protective arrangements for foundations or foundation structures; Ground foundation measures for protecting the soil or the subsoil water, e.g. preventing or counteracting oil pollution
    • E02D31/002—Ground foundation measures for protecting the soil or subsoil water, e.g. preventing or counteracting oil pollution
    • E02D31/004—Sealing liners
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2250/00—Layers arrangement
    • B32B2250/03—3 layers
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2262/00—Composition or structural features of fibres which form a fibrous or filamentary layer or are present as additives
    • B32B2262/02—Synthetic macromolecular fibres
    • B32B2262/0253—Polyolefin fibres
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2262/00—Composition or structural features of fibres which form a fibrous or filamentary layer or are present as additives
    • B32B2262/02—Synthetic macromolecular fibres
    • B32B2262/0276—Polyester fibres
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2264/00—Composition or properties of particles which form a particulate layer or are present as additives
    • B32B2264/10—Inorganic particles
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
    • B32B2307/70—Other properties
    • B32B2307/726—Permeability to liquids, absorption
    • B32B2307/7265—Non-permeable
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2315/00—Other materials containing non-metallic inorganic compounds not provided for in groups B32B2311/00 - B32B2313/04
    • B32B2315/16—Clay
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
    • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
    • B32B2581/00—Seals; Sealing equipment; Gaskets
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A20/00—Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
    • Y02A20/20—Controlling water pollution; Waste water treatment
    • Y02A20/204—Keeping clear the surface of open water from oil spills
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/24—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.]
    • Y10T428/24942—Structurally defined web or sheet [e.g., overall dimension, etc.] including components having same physical characteristic in differing degree
    • Y10T428/2495—Thickness [relative or absolute]
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/26—Web or sheet containing structurally defined element or component, the element or component having a specified physical dimension
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/30—Woven fabric [i.e., woven strand or strip material]
    • Y10T442/3707—Woven fabric including a nonwoven fabric layer other than paper
    • Y10T442/3724—Needled
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/30—Woven fabric [i.e., woven strand or strip material]
    • Y10T442/3707—Woven fabric including a nonwoven fabric layer other than paper
    • Y10T442/3724—Needled
    • Y10T442/3732—Including an additional nonwoven fabric
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/40—Knit fabric [i.e., knit strand or strip material]
    • Y10T442/494—Including a nonwoven fabric layer other than paper
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T442/00—Fabric [woven, knitted, or nonwoven textile or cloth, etc.]
    • Y10T442/60—Nonwoven fabric [i.e., nonwoven strand or fiber material]
    • Y10T442/659—Including an additional nonwoven fabric
    • Y10T442/665—Including a layer derived from a water-settable material [e.g., cement, gypsum, etc.]

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a water and/or oil-impermeable sealing mat and more particularly to a water and/or oil-impermeable sealing mat particularly suitable as a water and/or oil-barrier for hydraulic engineering, for environmental pollution control for the building of ponds, lagoons, as a soil sealant for hazardous or nuclear waste or for the retention of animal waste as for example, on farms, and such other uses as will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reading the following description.
  • Said water and/or oil-impermeable sealing mat consists of a flexible substrate layer, a layer of swellable clay, preferably bentonite, and a flexible cover layer.
  • bentonite was widely used in various forms to act as a water barrier. So it is already known to provide seepage resistant structures by employing a mass of swellable bentonite across the path of possible seepage or flow.
  • One such method and composition for impeding the seepage or flow of water is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 2,277,286 (Bechtner).
  • commercial bentonite is used to block leakage or flow of water seepage, and structures of various types are safeguarded against leakage by blocking the path of flow of the water with bentonitic or highy colloidal clay which possess the capacity to swell and gelatinize upon contact with water.
  • bentonitic or highy colloidal clay which possess the capacity to swell and gelatinize upon contact with water.
  • One of the clays found best suited for this purpose was the true bentonite obtained in regions of Wyoming and South Dakota, although colloidal, or bentonitic clays which possess the property of swelling and gelatinizing in water to a substantial degree are also useful.
  • the channels in said corrugated paperboard sheets are filled with finely divided bentonite.
  • bentonite When such pannel is placed at the bottom of the pond and is exposed to water, the water passes through the top layer of kraft paper and is adsorbed into the bentonite material. At the same time the paper loses its tensile strength due to the wetting process.
  • the bentonite has the capacity to expand and swell in response to absorbing the water. This expansion of bentonite and the loss of tensile strength of the kraft paper cause the bottom sheet member and the cover sheet member to no longer hold together.
  • a support polyester sheet material for example a porous non-woven fabric having the ability to permit gases to escape therethrough in a lateral direction.
  • a flat polyester sheet material preferably a synthetic non-woven fabric which is a porous, flexible polypropylene material.
  • the sheet material is capable of dissipating gas in a lateral direction so as to permit gas which gathers adjacent the sheet material to pass laterally outwardly through the sheet material.
  • the stitches extend in crossing diagonal lines with respect to the longitudinal axis of the sheet material so as to form diamond shaped quilted compartments between the upper sheet material and the base sheet material.
  • the quilted compartments contain bentonite therein.
  • the quilted arrangement prevents the bentonite from shifting during the rolling of the quilted material and during transportation.
  • the kraft paper is corrugated so as to form elongated corrugated compartments for containing the bentonite material.
  • the bentonite When the above material is placed within a water environment, such as at the bottom of a pond or lagoon, the bentonite expands and breaks the kraft paper layer at the top of the barrier. The bentonite continues expanding so as to cover the stitch holes formed by the stitching, and thereby forms a water imperpressive layer.
  • sealing mats described in the obove U.S. patents serve merely to "package" bentonite and always consist in principle of a substrate layer, a bentonite layer and a cover layer. After these sealing mats have been laid out and subsequently moistened, the substrate and cover layers are connected only via the swollen bentonite layer therebetween, which has the consistency of grease. Now if it is considered that the sealing mats must further be weighted down with a sand or soil filling and then with gravel or rocks not only on flat surfaces, but also on slopes, it is easily conceivable that such a filling on the swollen intermediate bentonite layer, which acts like a slide, slips off, which is often observed in practice.
  • Said patent provides a method and a system for waterproofing a desired substrate and further contemplates a waterproof and chemical-resistant product.
  • the method comprises providing a length of flexible moisture-permeable thin, synthetic sheet material having desired characteristics, placing in contact with the substrate to be waterproofed a layer of the material, covering the layer of material with a central layer of bentonite (Montmorillonite clay) and placing on top of the bentonite a third layer of the fabric.
  • the flexible moisture-permeable thin, synthetic sheet material is typically a non-woven fabric.
  • the granulated or powdered swellable clay is applied to the substrate layer and then the cover layer of non-woven sheets, i.e. a layer of needle-punchable fibers, is applied to the granulate or powder layer.
  • the cover layer of non-woven sheets i.e. a layer of needle-punchable fibers
  • These needle-punchable fibers are engaged by downwardly directed barbs arranged laterally of the shaft of the needle which are used for instance during the fabrication of non-woven sheets.
  • the fibers which are thus engaged by the needles during needle punching are deflected in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the surface of the cover layer.
  • a multiplicity of needles simultaneously carry out a needle puncturing operation and throughout a number of successive strokes, so that there results for instance a stitch density of 60 stitches per cm 2 from the side of the cover or top layer into the support layer.
  • the barbs of the needles upon passage through the cover layer, tear along individual fibers or entire clusters of holding fibers and partially orient them to a point past the support layer.
  • the holding fibers Upon retraction of the needles the holding fibers are stripped off of the barbs.
  • the holding fibers then for the most part remain anchored over part of their length in the cover layer, whereas another part of the length of the same fibers is fixedly retained by the support layer.
  • the needling bond provides a pressure counteracting the swelling pressure which, in combination with the above described intensive mixing of fibers and bentonite, provides water impermeability of said sealing mats. Furthermore, needling ensures flexibility of the sealing mats to a degree that comes close to the good pliability properties of mechanically bonded non-woven textile materials.
  • a primary object of the present invention is to provide a water and/or oil-impermeable sealing mat containing a swellable clay, preferably bentonite, said sealing mat being constructed such that in practical application on construction-sites, especially on slopes it can transfer such shearing forces caused by the sand and rock loads from the upper cover layer through the swollen intermediate bentonite layer directly onto the substrate layer.
  • the water and/or oil-impermeable sealing mat according to the invention should be securely bonded even after the swelling of the bentonite, to prevent the sand or gravel filling weighted down with gravel or rocks from sliding off.
  • a further object of the present invention is to provide such a water and/or oil-impermeable sealing mat, which can be easily and econonomically manufacand mass produced.
  • a still further object of the present invention is to provide a water and/or oil-impermeable sealing mat, which can be manufactured in varying thickness for different applications as a water barrier, which prevents the seepage of water and/or the leaching of contaminants from ponds, reservoirs, dams, municipal and industrial waste lagoons or the like.
  • FIG. 1 is a graph indicating the swelling capacity of the intermediate clay layer as a percentage as against the area weight of the swellable clay layer between the substrate layer and the cover layer, and
  • FIG. 2 is a graph illustrating efficient opening size of the non-woven textile material against the area weight thereof.
  • a water and/or oil-impermeable three layered sealing mat for use as a water and/or oil barrier comprising a substrate layer, a cover layer, and an intermediate layer of swellable clay, said substrate layer and cover layer being selected from the group consisting of a non-woven textile material, a woven fabric, a knitted fabric and a plastic sheet with the proviso that at least one of said substrate layer and said cover layer is comprised of a non-woven textile material, wherein
  • the swellable clay is of a powdered form having a particle size approx. 90% of which are smaller than 0.06 mm and approx. 70% are smaller than 0.002 mm, and the layer thickness of the swellable clay between substrate layer and cover layer is in direct relation to the swelling capacity of the clay according to the diagram given in FIG. 1 and lies in the hatched part of the diagram marked A and representing the "suitable range", and
  • the applied non-woven textile materials have an area weight and an efficient opening size D w which lie in the hatched part of FIG. 2 marked C and representing the "permissible range" of the diagram.
  • the three layers are bonded together by needle punching to provide multiple individual holding fibers extending through the swellable clay layer and anchoring said substrate to said cover layer, so as to maintain intact the bonding of the resulting three layer mat even after swelling of the clay in said swellable clay layer, and providing a sealing mat which when used on construction sites permits shearing forces to be directed above the clay layer toward the upper edge of the substrate layer without risk of the clay layer becoming a sliding plane.
  • FIG. 1 shows the suitable range A and the unsuitable range B for the needle-punching technique regarding the relation between the clay quantity used and swelling capacity for the production of the sealing mats according to the invention.
  • a long-term efficient cohesion between substrate layer and cover layer throughout the swellable clay layer can only be achieved with the needle-punching technique when the applied quantity of clay (g/m 2 ) and its swelling capacity harmonize. That means that with the use of a high-swellable clay the applied quantity is comparably small, because the high swelling capacity breaks up the needle-punching compound with only small applied quantities after watering. On the other hand, if clay with a low swelling capacity is used, larger clay quantities can be applied.
  • FIG. 2 shows for the non-woven textile materials used according to the invention the suitable combinations of area-weight and effective opening size D w found out in the tests, differentiating between stripper plate side and punched hole plate side, which here means differentiating between the cover layer (which is normally located on the stripper plate side, also called upper perforated plate side) and the substrate layer (which is normally located on the punched hole plate side also called perforated bottom plate side).
  • vertical line (1) represents the lower limit of the non-woven textile material contacted with the punched hole plate (perforated bottom plate) while vertical line (2) represents the lower limit for the non-woven textile material contacted with the stripper plate (upper perforated plate).
  • non-woven fabric parameters are area weight (g/m 2 ) and effective opening size (D w /mm) as characteristic pore size to obtain a long-term efficient needle-punching cohesion with a safe encapsulation of clay particles in the mentioned range of particle sizes (approx. 90% smaller than 0.06 mm and approx. 70% smaller than 0.002 mm).
  • the non-woven textile material used as the substrate layer may have an area weight of 700 g/m 2 and a maximum effective opening size (D w ) of 0.18 mm or lower, for example on the order of 0.14 or 0.09 etc.
  • the area weight of the substrate layer has to be at least 600 g/m 2 and not lower.
  • the non-woven textile materials used as the cover layer has to have an area weight of at least 300 g/m 2 . Therefore the substrate layer may have for example an area weight of 400 g/m 2 and an effective opening size (D w ) of maximum 0.10 mm or lower.
  • the non-woven textile materials have preferably an area weight of about 300 to about 1000 g/m 2 , a thickness of about 2 to about 8 mm, effective opening size between about 0.08 and about 1.5 mm, water permeabilities at a load of 2 kN/m 2 between about 10 -3 and about 10 -2 m/s and are made of spinning fibers with a length of cut of about 60 to about 150 mm, preferably of about of 120 to about 150 mm.
  • one of the sealing mats according to the present invention has the following characteristics:
  • fibers of 120 mm to 150 mm length are employed.
  • the needle punching through the bentonite layer results in a fibre-reinforced bentonite mat which enables a transfer of shear stresses to the bentonite layer (from the top side of the bentonite mat to the bottom or the other way round).
  • the shear stresses have been determinded in a shearing test at a load of 200 kN/m 2 with 120 kN/m 2 .
  • both the substrate layer and the cover layer consist of non-woven textile material.
  • the substrate layer consists of non-woven textile fabric and the cover layer consists of woven or knitted textile fabric or a plastic sheet or the cover layer consists of non-woven textile fabric and the substrate layer consists of woven or knitted fabric or a plastic sheet.
  • non-woven textile fabrics and the plastic sheets employed preferably consist of high grade synthetic resins, especially of polyethylenes, polypropylenes, polyesters, polyacrylates and/or polyamides.
  • high grade synthetic resins especially of polyethylenes, polypropylenes, polyesters, polyacrylates and/or polyamides.
  • HDPE high density polyethylene
  • Such non-woven fabrics and plastic sheets are resistant to rotting (resistant to all substances occuring in bodies of water and in soil) and thus warrant evidently an extremely long service life.
  • Their extraordinarily high tear strength provides substantial resistance to mechnical wear. They are highly stable toward ultra-violet radiation.
  • the non-woven textile materials employed according to the invention preferably have the mechanically consolidated structure of staple fiber batts.
  • the crimped fibers are assembled to form a sheet structure with a maze of interstices. This ideally imitates the structure of the soil.
  • the structure of the non-woven textile materials can be made coarser or finer, depending on the nature of the soil, so that the optimum adaption to the type of soil at the site of use is warranted.
  • the mechanical consolidation ensures a high friction coefficient between the soil and the non-woven textile material and the covering material.
  • non-woven textile fabrics mechanically bonded by needling also non-woven textile fabrics can be employed which were consolidated mechanically by stitchbonding or by swirling, or which were chemically bonded.
  • both the substrate layer and the, cover layer consist of a non-woven textile material, and, in addition to that a woven textile material and/or a plastic sheet and/or a woven reinforced plastic sheet is placed between the substrate layer and the layer of swellable clay, wherein all of said layers are also needle-punched together.
  • the substrate layer is a non-woven textile material outside the "permissible range" of the diagram according to FIG. 2 and, in addition, a split film woven (textile raw material optional, preferably polyolefin) with an area weight higher than 80 g/m 2 is needle-punched between the substrate layer and the clay layer, and the non-woven textile material is preferably a needle-punched non-woven textile material with an area weight of 250 g/m 2 .
  • a split film woven textile raw material optional, preferably polyolefin
  • the substrate layer may consist only of a split film woven (textile raw material optional, preferably polyolefin) with an area weight higher than 150 g/m 2 or only of a plastic sheet with a thickness not smaller than 200 ⁇ (0.2 mm).
  • a split film woven textile raw material optional, preferably polyolefin
  • a plastic sheet with a thickness not smaller than 200 ⁇ (0.2 mm).
  • the textile substrate respectively the substrate plastic sheet, which comes to rest at the punched hole plate when passing the needle loom, can thus either be
  • rotting preferably polyolefin, particularly high density polyethylene (HDPE);
  • non-woven textile material can have area weights outside the diagram given in FIG. 2.
  • the interlayer of swellable clay preferably consists of bentonites.
  • Bentonites are clays having an appreciably to high content of smectite (montmorillonite) which decisively determines the properties (high swellability, good water absorption capacity, high plasticity).
  • smectite montmorillonite
  • the alkaline earth metal ions of the bentonites are replaced by alkali metal ions, preferably sodium ions. Therefore, sodium bentonite exhibiting highly increased plasticity, viscosity, thixotropy and water absorption is preferred for use according to the present invention.
  • the bentonite is used in powdered form. Particularly preferred is sodium-activated bentonite which has such distribution of particle size that the major or predominant part of the particles have a size below 0.002 mm (2 microns), for example more than about 90% of the particles have a particle size of lower than 0.06 mm and more than about 70% lower than 0.002 mm.
  • Such a preferred sodium-activated bentonite has for example the following distributrion of particle size (in the following examples called Bentonite B 4)
  • the layer of swellable clay is substantially uniform, Depending on the particular application, the thickness of the said clay layer preferably ranges from 0.5 to 10.0 mm. However, it may also be smaller or greater, which depends on the employed clay or for which purpose the sealing mat shall be used. In this connection it is pointed out that, in swelling the preferred bentonite increases its volume by 10 to 20 time.
  • the swellable clay is at least partially embedded in a nonwoven textile layer.
  • the thickness of the swellable clay layer is less than or substancially equal to the thickness of the non-woven textile layer or layers as a whole.
  • Preferably about 30 to about 50% of the employed clay is located in the substrate and/or the cover layer.
  • the substrate layer and the cover layer consist of non-woven textile materials
  • the non-woven textile materials have an area weight of about 300 or 600 respectly to about 1000 g/m 2 , a thickness of about 2 to about 8 mm, effective opening-sizes between about 0,08 and about 1.5 mm, water permeabilities at a load of 2 kN/m 2 between about 10 -3 and about 10 -2 m/s and are made of spinning fibers with a length of cut of about 60 to about 150 mm,
  • the fibers of the non-woven textile materials consist of high densitiy polyethylene, polypropylene or polyester,
  • the swellable clay is a powdered sodium-activated bentonite and has such distribution of particle size that the major or predominant part of the particles have a size below 0.002 mm (2 microns).
  • the thickness of the uniform bentonite layer is about 0.5 to about 10 mm
  • the substrate layer can consist of two non-woven textile materials needled together, whereof the one non-woven material has very fine pores according to the diagram illustrated in FIG. 2 and the non-woven material associated with the bentonite layer has coarse pores.
  • the production of the sealing mat according to the invention is carried out such that first that interlayer of dry, swellable clay is applied onto the substrate layer and thereon the cover layer is placed, whereafter all three layers are needled in a needle loom.
  • the bentonite is applied from a supply bin as bentonite interlayer onto the substrate layer (preferrably a non-woven textile material) wound off a supply reel. Thereafter the cover layer (a non-woven textile material) likewise wound off a supply reel is placed on the bentonite interlayer.
  • the thus obtained sheet structure composed of three layers is passed through a needle loom in which all three layers are needled in a manner known per se.
  • the needled sheet structure representing the water impermeable sealing mat is wound on reels or is cut into the particular lengths desired for the contemplated use.
  • the needling treatment results in a contiguous fiber bond between substrate and cover layer.
  • the substrate and the cover layer are in such a way bonded together by needling so that shifting, i.e. shearing force, e.g. on slopes, can be transmitted by the cover layer via the fiber composite to the substrate layer.
  • shifting i.e. shearing force, e.g. on slopes
  • the cover layer via the fiber composite to the substrate layer.
  • this fiber composite extending all through the bentonite layer the bentonite layer--especially in swelled condition forms a preferred sliding path on slopes.
  • After swelling of the clay and increase of the sealing mat thickness the cohesion between substrate layer and cover layer by needling remains intact (in order to warrant the transmission of shearing forces).
  • the result is a fiber-reinforced bentonite layer. Besides said reinforcement, the bentonite is locked in the fiber texture.
  • the impermeable sealing mats of the invention are used especially in hydraulic engineering and waste disposal engineering.
  • the present invention is directed to a special bentonite non-woven fabric-combination with the possibility of transmitting shearing forces from one batt layer to the other, i.e. on a slope shearing forces can be transmitted by the covering batt material through the bentonite layer into the supporting batt material.
  • the present invention relates to a fiber-reinforced mineral seal permitting the transmission of shearing forces on slopes, without the risk of the bentonite layer itself becoming the preferred sliding plane.
  • a sealing mat of the Type A is described for impermeable revetments on canals, reservoirs or dams with cover layers of riprap.
  • the Type A sealing mat consists of a heavy carrier geotextile which is being produced according to the specifications of the Bundesweg fur Wasserbau (Federal Institute for Waterway Engineering) as a geotextile filter for soil type 4.
  • Type A can be covered directly with heavy stones.
  • Type A sealing mat The properties of Type A sealing mat are as follows:
  • Bentonite B4 is described here in the specification as "preferred sodium-activated bentonite”.
  • a sealing mat of the Type B is described for sealings in cultural landscaping (ponds, storage basins, roads in catching areas for potable water), pond linings, etc. with upper layers of sand or gravel ballast.
  • the Type B sealing is provided with a lighter carrier material.
  • the upper layer can only consist of fine grained soils such as sand and gravel or crushed stones.
  • Type B sealing mat The properties of Type B sealing mat are as follows:
  • a sealing mat of the Type C is described for protection of synthetic membranes against coarse draining material (e.g. gravel 16/32 mm) in refuse dumps.
  • the Type C sealing mat makes use of the known high chemical resistance of high density polyethylene (PEHD).
  • PEHD high density polyethylene
  • Type C can also be used in refuse dumps or similar highly aggressive environments.
  • the Bentonite Impervious Mat with a permeability coefficient of k v approx. 10 -10 m/s forms an additional impermeable water barrier which reduces possible leakage and protects the membrane against direct contact with encrusted drainage layers.
  • Type C sealing mat The properties of Type C sealing mat are as follows:
US07/664,575 1990-03-06 1991-03-06 Water and/or oil-permeable sealing mat consisting substantially of a substrate layer, a layer of swellable clay and a cover layer Expired - Fee Related US5221568A (en)

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US5401552A (en) * 1994-01-28 1995-03-28 Slt Environmental, Inc. Geocomposite liner
US5428877A (en) * 1992-04-02 1995-07-04 Naue-Fasertechnik Gmbh & Co. Kg Sealing sheeting of swellable clay impervious to water and/or oil
US5549945A (en) * 1995-07-03 1996-08-27 Lind; Bruce B. Absorbent mat
US5632888A (en) * 1995-05-11 1997-05-27 Dandy Enterprises Limited Environmental filter
US5654064A (en) * 1990-12-11 1997-08-05 Claymax Corporation Clay liner for steep slopes
US6010622A (en) * 1996-12-18 2000-01-04 Dandy Enterprises Limited Environmental filter
US6143394A (en) * 1998-08-18 2000-11-07 Kg Fibers, Inc. Nonwoven sorbent manhole apron
US20040228828A1 (en) * 2003-03-07 2004-11-18 Mark Myrowich Odor control apparatus and methods
EP1496162A1 (de) * 2003-07-10 2005-01-12 Yuley Stoyanoff Formstabiles isolierendes geosynthetisches Erzeugnis
US6846532B1 (en) 2001-02-15 2005-01-25 Sonoco Development, Inc. Laminate packaging material
WO2005056286A1 (en) * 2003-11-19 2005-06-23 Amcol International Corporation Contaminant-reactive geocomposite mat and method of manufacture and use
US20060009100A1 (en) * 2004-07-08 2006-01-12 Mcgroarty Bryan Waterproofing membrane
WO2007138635A2 (en) * 2006-05-31 2007-12-06 Diva International S.R.L. Multilayer fabric and machine used to produce the said fabric
WO2008096083A1 (fr) * 2007-02-08 2008-08-14 Fibroline France Géotextile bentonitique, et procédé de fabrication associé
WO2008134604A2 (en) * 2007-04-27 2008-11-06 Amcol International Corporation Contaminant-reactive geocomposite mat and method of manufacture and use
JP2014014744A (ja) * 2012-07-06 2014-01-30 Shirosaki Corporation 遮水シート及び廃棄物の投棄処理構造
CN110607808A (zh) * 2019-10-16 2019-12-24 北京高能时代环境技术股份有限公司 防止污染物扩散的原位阻隔卷材、制备方法及施工方法
CN112078193A (zh) * 2020-08-12 2020-12-15 上海胜义环境科技有限公司 一种基于低渗透改性粘土的防渗阻隔毯及其制作方法

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US5654064A (en) * 1990-12-11 1997-08-05 Claymax Corporation Clay liner for steep slopes
US5322581A (en) * 1991-07-11 1994-06-21 Naue-Fasertechnik Gmbh & Co. Kg Join in the overlapped zone of needle punched bentonite sealing sheets
US5428877A (en) * 1992-04-02 1995-07-04 Naue-Fasertechnik Gmbh & Co. Kg Sealing sheeting of swellable clay impervious to water and/or oil
US5401552A (en) * 1994-01-28 1995-03-28 Slt Environmental, Inc. Geocomposite liner
US5632888A (en) * 1995-05-11 1997-05-27 Dandy Enterprises Limited Environmental filter
US6551505B2 (en) 1995-05-11 2003-04-22 Dandy Enterprises, Limited Environmental filter
US5549945A (en) * 1995-07-03 1996-08-27 Lind; Bruce B. Absorbent mat
US6010622A (en) * 1996-12-18 2000-01-04 Dandy Enterprises Limited Environmental filter
US6143394A (en) * 1998-08-18 2000-11-07 Kg Fibers, Inc. Nonwoven sorbent manhole apron
US6846532B1 (en) 2001-02-15 2005-01-25 Sonoco Development, Inc. Laminate packaging material
US20040228828A1 (en) * 2003-03-07 2004-11-18 Mark Myrowich Odor control apparatus and methods
EP1496162A1 (de) * 2003-07-10 2005-01-12 Yuley Stoyanoff Formstabiles isolierendes geosynthetisches Erzeugnis
WO2005056286A1 (en) * 2003-11-19 2005-06-23 Amcol International Corporation Contaminant-reactive geocomposite mat and method of manufacture and use
NO337563B1 (no) * 2003-11-19 2016-05-09 Amcol International Corp Kontaminantreaktiv geokomposittmatte, samt fremgangsmåte for tilvirkning og bruk
US20060009100A1 (en) * 2004-07-08 2006-01-12 Mcgroarty Bryan Waterproofing membrane
WO2007138635A2 (en) * 2006-05-31 2007-12-06 Diva International S.R.L. Multilayer fabric and machine used to produce the said fabric
WO2007138635A3 (en) * 2006-05-31 2008-01-24 Diva Internat S R L Multilayer fabric and machine used to produce the said fabric
WO2008096083A1 (fr) * 2007-02-08 2008-08-14 Fibroline France Géotextile bentonitique, et procédé de fabrication associé
WO2008134604A2 (en) * 2007-04-27 2008-11-06 Amcol International Corporation Contaminant-reactive geocomposite mat and method of manufacture and use
WO2008134604A3 (en) * 2007-04-27 2009-12-23 Amcol International Corporation Contaminant-reactive geocomposite mat and method of manufacture and use
AU2008245554B2 (en) * 2007-04-27 2011-08-04 Amcol International Corporation Contaminant-reactive geocomposite mat and method of manufacture and use
JP2014014744A (ja) * 2012-07-06 2014-01-30 Shirosaki Corporation 遮水シート及び廃棄物の投棄処理構造
CN110607808A (zh) * 2019-10-16 2019-12-24 北京高能时代环境技术股份有限公司 防止污染物扩散的原位阻隔卷材、制备方法及施工方法
CN112078193A (zh) * 2020-08-12 2020-12-15 上海胜义环境科技有限公司 一种基于低渗透改性粘土的防渗阻隔毯及其制作方法

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EP0445788B1 (de) 1995-12-20
DE4107161A1 (de) 1991-09-12
IE71173B1 (en) 1997-01-29
IE910735A1 (en) 1991-09-11
ITMI910567A0 (it) 1991-03-05
GB9103549D0 (en) 1991-04-10
NO910861L (no) 1991-09-09
ITMI910567A1 (it) 1992-09-05
KR910016479A (ko) 1991-11-05
SI9110374A (sl) 1998-04-30
YU47392B (sh) 1995-01-31
KR0153780B1 (ko) 1998-11-16
HUT62516A (en) 1993-05-28
HU910189D0 (en) 1991-08-28
FI910992A (fi) 1991-09-07
AU632219B2 (en) 1992-12-17
CN1029415C (zh) 1995-08-02
NO910861D0 (no) 1991-03-05
JPH04216929A (ja) 1992-08-07
EP0445788A1 (de) 1991-09-11
GR3019170T3 (en) 1996-05-31
CS9100538A2 (en) 1991-10-15
LT3338B (en) 1995-07-25
GB2243804A (en) 1991-11-13
ES2083474T3 (es) 1996-04-16
FR2659345B1 (fr) 1995-02-03
ATE131890T1 (de) 1996-01-15
FI910992A0 (fi) 1991-02-28
CN1055788A (zh) 1991-10-30
PL289305A1 (en) 1991-12-02
CZ284507B6 (cs) 1998-12-16
LTIP574A (en) 1994-12-25
SK279787B6 (sk) 1999-03-12
FR2659345A1 (fr) 1991-09-13
JP2655289B2 (ja) 1997-09-17
HRP931116A2 (en) 1995-04-30
IT1247134B (it) 1994-12-12
SI9110374B (sl) 1999-12-31
TR25986A (tr) 1993-10-07
PL170278B1 (pl) 1996-11-29
HU212754B (en) 1996-10-28
MY105498A (en) 1994-10-31
CA2037601C (en) 1998-11-24
HRP931116B1 (en) 2000-10-31
RU2059034C1 (ru) 1996-04-27
DE59107099D1 (de) 1996-02-01
CA2037601A1 (en) 1991-09-07
DK0445788T3 (da) 1996-04-22
ZA911648B (en) 1991-12-24
YU37491A (sh) 1993-11-16
AU7209391A (en) 1991-09-12

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