US4382113A - Method for joining graphite to graphite - Google Patents

Method for joining graphite to graphite Download PDF

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Publication number
US4382113A
US4382113A US06/246,863 US24686381A US4382113A US 4382113 A US4382113 A US 4382113A US 24686381 A US24686381 A US 24686381A US 4382113 A US4382113 A US 4382113A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
graphite
thermally sensitive
layer
plastic material
sensitive plastic
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US06/246,863
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English (en)
Inventor
Stephan Schwartz
Olle Ramstrom
Ake Bjareklint
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Energy Development Associates Inc
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Energy Development Associates Inc
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Application filed by Energy Development Associates Inc filed Critical Energy Development Associates Inc
Assigned to ENERGY DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATES, INC., reassignment ENERGY DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATES, INC., ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: BJAREKLINT AKE, RAMSTROM OLLE, SCHWARTZ STEPHAN
Priority to US06/246,863 priority Critical patent/US4382113A/en
Priority to FR8120466A priority patent/FR2502140A1/fr
Priority to CA000389122A priority patent/CA1177610A/en
Priority to GB8133097A priority patent/GB2095150B/en
Priority to IT25019/81A priority patent/IT1139694B/it
Priority to DE19813147192 priority patent/DE3147192A1/de
Priority to JP56194355A priority patent/JPS57156385A/ja
Priority to BE0/207075A priority patent/BE891803A/fr
Priority to SE8201668A priority patent/SE459172B/sv
Publication of US4382113A publication Critical patent/US4382113A/en
Application granted granted Critical
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K1/00—Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering
    • B23K1/0004—Resistance soldering
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K1/00—Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering
    • B23K1/19—Soldering, e.g. brazing, or unsoldering taking account of the properties of the materials to be soldered
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B37/00—Joining burned ceramic articles with other burned ceramic articles or other articles by heating
    • C04B37/008—Joining burned ceramic articles with other burned ceramic articles or other articles by heating by means of an interlayer consisting of an organic adhesive, e.g. phenol resin or pitch
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C04—CEMENTS; CONCRETE; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES
    • C04B—LIME, MAGNESIA; SLAG; CEMENTS; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF, e.g. MORTARS, CONCRETE OR LIKE BUILDING MATERIALS; ARTIFICIAL STONE; CERAMICS; REFRACTORIES; TREATMENT OF NATURAL STONE
    • C04B2237/00—Aspects relating to ceramic laminates or to joining of ceramic articles with other articles by heating
    • C04B2237/30—Composition of layers of ceramic laminates or of ceramic or metallic articles to be joined by heating, e.g. Si substrates
    • C04B2237/32—Ceramic
    • C04B2237/36—Non-oxidic
    • C04B2237/363—Carbon
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/50—Current conducting connections for cells or batteries
    • H01M50/531—Electrode connections inside a battery casing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M50/00—Constructional details or processes of manufacture of the non-active parts of electrochemical cells other than fuel cells, e.g. hybrid cells
    • H01M50/50—Current conducting connections for cells or batteries
    • H01M50/531—Electrode connections inside a battery casing
    • H01M50/534—Electrode connections inside a battery casing characterised by the material of the leads or tabs
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
    • Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T29/00—Metal working
    • Y10T29/49—Method of mechanical manufacture
    • Y10T29/49002—Electrical device making
    • Y10T29/49108—Electric battery cell making
    • Y10T29/49114—Electric battery cell making including adhesively bonding
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
    • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
    • Y10T428/30—Self-sustaining carbon mass or layer with impregnant or other layer

Definitions

  • the present invention relates generally to joining graphite to graphite, and particularly to bonding or resistance brazing a plurality of graphite members together with a thermally sensitive material.
  • Graphite is used in many industrial fields, including chemical, electrical, metallurgical, electrochemical, nuclear, and rocket fields. In several of these areas of manufacture, it is desirable to join graphite to graphite. In the field of electrochemistry, graphite is widely used as an electrode material due to its electrical and thermal characteristics, and because it is one of the most inert materials with respect to chemical reactions. In this particular application, it is important to achieve a low transition or contact resistance between the graphite members being joined in order to minimize voltaic losses.
  • One such electrochemical application is the zinc-chloride battery, where graphite is employed for both the positive and negative electrodes.
  • graphite is employed for both the positive and negative electrodes.
  • zinc metal is electrodeposited on the negative or zinc electrode and chlorine gas is generated at the positive or chlorine electrode from an aqueous zinc-chloride electrolyte.
  • chlorine gas is generated at the positive or chlorine electrode from an aqueous zinc-chloride electrolyte.
  • the zinc electrode is constructed from dense or fine grained graphite
  • the chlorine electrode is constructed from a liquid permeable porous graphite.
  • the electrodes are cemented together by applying the cementing material at the contact place between the electrodes, and heating the electrodes sufficiently to carbonize the cement.
  • the material resulting from this heat treating should contain as much carbon as possible to afford a good electrical contact. Accordingly, it is taught to mix the cementing material with carbon or graphite.
  • the present invention provides a novel method of joining graphite to graphite which results in a low transition or contact resistance.
  • the method comprises: interposing a thermally sensitive material between the graphite members to be joined, applying pressure forcing the graphite members together, applying sufficient heat to the graphite members to melt the thermally sensitive material, and providing a period of time for cooling before releasing the applied pressure.
  • the thermally sensitive material may be composed of any suitable plastic, metal, or ceramic material generally having a low melting point or glass transition temperature.
  • the thermally sensitive material is composed of a thermoplastic material, such as polyvinyl chloride, in the form of a powder.
  • the heating may be provided by any suitable means, preferably resistance brazing.
  • thermoplastic material need not be heated to the point where it undergoes destruction or carbonization. It need only be heated to the point where the material enters the liquid phase so that it may distribute throughout the joint being formed and the pores of the graphite surfaces by capillary action. Since graphite is thermally quite stable (it sublimes at approximately 6600° F.), a wide variety of materials may be used for the thermally sensitive bonding material. However, thermoplastic materials are preferred due to their generally low melting points and low cost. It has been found that when thermoplastic material is resistance brazed to graphite, an acceptably low transition or contact resistance on the order of 0.5 milli-ohms/cm 2 may be achieved.
  • FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a section of a zinc-chloride battery stack constructed in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. 2 is a perspective view of an electrode pair forming a portion of the battery stack of FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 3 is a side elevation view of a chlorine electrode structure of the electrode pair of FIG. 2, particularly illustrating the graphite to graphite connection in accordance with the present invention.
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of an arrangement for resistance brazing graphite.
  • Battery stack 10 is generally comprised of a plurality of electrode pairs 12, shown individually in FIG. 2, and a plastic frame 14. Each electrode pair 12 is comprised of a zinc electrode 16, a chlorine electrode structure 18, and a bus-bar 20 coupling the zinc electrode to the chlorine electrode structure.
  • Chlorine electrode structure 18 includes a pair of chlorine electrode members 22 and 24 joined to a graphite frame 26.
  • Zinc electrode 16 is preferably constructed from a dense or fine grained graphite, as exemplified by Union Carbide Corp. ATJ or EBP graphites.
  • the zinc electrode also includes a tab portion 28 projecting from the top of the electrode to provide a surface area for connection to bus-bar 20.
  • Chlorine electrode members 22 and 24 are preferably constructed from liquid-permeable but gas-impermeable porous graphite, as exemplified by Union Carbide Corp. PG-60 or Airco Speer 37-G graphite.
  • Graphite frame 26 is also preferably constructed from dense graphite, and serves to separate the two chlorine electrode members and acts as an electrical conduit. This graphite frame is comprised of top leg 26a and a side leg 26b at each end of the chlorine electrode structure. The graphite frame also includes a tab portion 29 which is used to electrically connect chlorine electrode structure 18 to the bus-bar 20.
  • Bus-bar 20 is preferably constructed from titanium due to its mechanical strength, electrical conductivity, and resistance to chemical corrosion in the zinc-chloride battery environment. This bus bar serves as a current collector and connects adjacent cells of battery stack 10 electrically in series. Current sharing is facilitated between the cells arranged in parallel by a clip-on titanium strip 30, which is used to connect bus-bars of the same polarity together.
  • a set of conduits 32 is connected to the tab portion of the end cells. These conduits lead to an external battery terminal on each side of the battery stack for connection to a power supply for charging the battery or a load for discharging the battery.
  • Plastic frame 14 is preferably constructed from thermoplastic resins which are chemically resistant to the zinc-chloride battery environment, as exemplified by General Tire & Rubber Corp. Boltron polyvinyl chloride (4008-2124), Dupont Teflon (tetrafluorinated ethylene), and Pennwalt Kynar (polyvinylidene fluoride).
  • Plastic frame 14 serves to align and separate electrode pairs 12, and provides a means to convey the electrolyte to chlorine electrode structure 18.
  • the chlorine electrode structure is open at the bottom between electrode members 22 and 24 to receive electrolyte, as graphite frame 26 does not include a bottom leg.
  • Graphite frame 26 may also be provided with one or more notches 34 (shown in FIG. 3) to permit any gas that may be present between chlorine electrode members 22 and 24 to escape.
  • FIG. 3 a side elevation view of chlorine electrode structure 18 is shown, particularly illustrating a graphite to graphite connection in accordance with the present invention.
  • Chlorine electrode members 22 and 24 are joined or bonded to the sides of graphite frame 26 in the following manner.
  • a first layer 36 of a thermally sensitive material is interposed between chlorine electrode member 22 and graphite frame 26, and a second layer 38 of the thermally sensitive material is interposed between chlorine electrode member 24 and graphite frame 26.
  • the thickness of layers 36 and 38 are exaggerated in FIG. 3 for illustrative purposes. Pressure is then applied to the exterior surfaces of chlorine electrode members 22 and 24 forcing the electrode members together toward graphite frame 26.
  • the thermally sensitive material may be composed of any suitable plastic, metal, or ceramic, preferably having a low melting point or glass transition temperature. As, plastics have the lowest melting points or glass transition temperatures, they are the most preferred material, even though plastics characteristicly have a high electrical resistivity. It has been found that an acceptably low transition or contact resistance may be achieved when plastic is employed for the thermally sensitive material.
  • a transition resistance of 0.5 milli-ohms/cm 2 was achieved with Kynar employed for the thermally sensitive material.
  • Kynar employed for the thermally sensitive material.
  • Other plastics may also be suitable, such as Boltron polyvinyl chloride, Teflon, polypropylene, and polyethylene, and so forth.
  • the heating for melting the thermally sensitive material may be provided by conventional means, such as by heated platens contacting the exterior surfaces of chlorine electrode members 22 and 24.
  • resistance brazing techniques are preferred, due at least in part to the rapid decrease in heat which occurs after the flow of electrical current has ceased.
  • Resistance brazing ordinarily is performed with conventional resistance welding equipment. However, heating and cooling times are generally longer, and the applied force is lower for resistance brazing than for resistance spot welding.
  • FIG. 4 a schematic representation of an arrangement 40 for resistance brazing graphite is illustrated. Interposed between graphite members 42 and 44 is a layer 46 of a thermally sensitive material. The thickness of layer 46 is exaggerated for illustrative purposes.
  • Graphite member 44 is positioned upon a plate or mandrel 48, and an electrode 50 is positioned upon a top exterior surface 52 of graphite member 42.
  • Mandrel 48 and electrode 50 are connected to a transformer 54 via electrical conduits 56 and 58.
  • Transformer 54 is adapted to produce a sufficiently high electrical current to melt thermally sensitive material 46. The electrical current flows through electrode 50, graphite member 42, layer 46 of the thermally sensitive material, graphite member 44, and mandrel 48.
  • the heat for the resistance brazing is obtained from the resistance to this flow of electrical current.
  • the pressure required for establishing electrical contact across the joint is ordinarily applied through electrode 50 and mandrel 48. This pressure also assists in distributing the thermally sensitive material throughout the joint by capillary action as the material begins to melt or pass its glass transition temperature.
  • graphite materials may be joined together in accordance with the present invention.
  • dense graphite may be joined to dense graphite or porous graphite
  • porous graphite may also be joined to porous graphite.
  • graphite oil foil materials such as Union Carbide Corp. Graphfoil, may be joined to each other or any of the other graphite materials described above.
  • Dense graphite has been joined to dense graphite in the following manner.
  • Two ATJ grade graphite members were sandblasted with fine grained sand to increase the surface area of the surfaces to be joined.
  • a uniform layer of Kynar power (301) was applied to the joining surface of one of the graphite members.
  • the quantity of Kynar used was in the range of 3-8 mg/cm 2 .
  • the other graphite member was then positioned on the layer of Kynar.
  • a pressure of 50 kg/cm 2 was then applied to the graphite members forcing them together.
  • a conventional welding machine (Kemppi PHS2) was then used to resistance braze the graphite members, and a brazing surface of 3 cm 2 was employed for each resistance braze.
  • An electrical current of 5000-6000 amps was passed through the graphite members for 2.5 seconds. The period of time for cooling was 20 seconds before the pressure was released.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Ceramic Engineering (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Ceramic Products (AREA)
  • Resistance Heating (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)
  • Connection Of Batteries Or Terminals (AREA)
  • Hybrid Cells (AREA)
  • Adhesives Or Adhesive Processes (AREA)
US06/246,863 1981-03-23 1981-03-23 Method for joining graphite to graphite Expired - Lifetime US4382113A (en)

Priority Applications (9)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US06/246,863 US4382113A (en) 1981-03-23 1981-03-23 Method for joining graphite to graphite
FR8120466A FR2502140A1 (fr) 1981-03-23 1981-10-30 Procede de jonction de graphite avec du graphite
CA000389122A CA1177610A (en) 1981-03-23 1981-10-30 Method for joining graphite to graphite
GB8133097A GB2095150B (en) 1981-03-23 1981-11-03 A method of joining graphite to graphite
IT25019/81A IT1139694B (it) 1981-03-23 1981-11-12 Metodo per l'unione di grafite a grafite
DE19813147192 DE3147192A1 (de) 1981-03-23 1981-11-27 Verfahren zur verbindung von graphit mit graphit
JP56194355A JPS57156385A (en) 1981-03-23 1981-12-02 Method and structure for joining graphite to graphite
BE0/207075A BE891803A (fr) 1981-03-23 1982-01-15 Procede pour unir le graphite au graphite
SE8201668A SE459172B (sv) 1981-03-23 1982-03-17 Foerfarande foer att genom foerening av flera grafitplattor aastadkomma laagt oeverfoeringsmotstaand

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US06/246,863 US4382113A (en) 1981-03-23 1981-03-23 Method for joining graphite to graphite

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US4382113A true US4382113A (en) 1983-05-03

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US (1) US4382113A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
JP (1) JPS57156385A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
BE (1) BE891803A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
CA (1) CA1177610A (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
DE (1) DE3147192A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
FR (1) FR2502140A1 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
GB (1) GB2095150B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
IT (1) IT1139694B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)
SE (1) SE459172B (enrdf_load_stackoverflow)

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US4732637A (en) * 1983-04-11 1988-03-22 Engelhard Corporation Method of fabricating an integral gas seal for fuel cell gas distribution assemblies
US4741796A (en) * 1985-05-29 1988-05-03 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Method for positioning and bonding a solid body to a support base
US4755429A (en) * 1986-11-03 1988-07-05 International Fuel Cells Corporation Composite graphite separator plate for fuel cell stack
US4759989A (en) * 1985-11-25 1988-07-26 Kureha Kagaku Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Electrode substrate for fuel cell
US4875750A (en) * 1987-02-25 1989-10-24 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Optoelectronic coupling element and method for its manufacture
US5198063A (en) * 1991-06-03 1993-03-30 Ucar Carbon Technology Corporation Method and assembly for reinforcing flexible graphite and article
US5242765A (en) * 1992-06-23 1993-09-07 Luz Electric Fuel Israel Limited Gas diffusion electrodes
US5284539A (en) * 1993-04-05 1994-02-08 Regents Of The University Of California Method of making segmented pyrolytic graphite sputtering targets
US5444220A (en) * 1991-10-18 1995-08-22 The Boeing Company Asymmetric induction work coil for thermoplastic welding
US5486684A (en) * 1995-01-03 1996-01-23 The Boeing Company Multipass induction heating for thermoplastic welding
US5500511A (en) * 1991-10-18 1996-03-19 The Boeing Company Tailored susceptors for induction welding of thermoplastic
US5508496A (en) * 1991-10-18 1996-04-16 The Boeing Company Selvaged susceptor for thermoplastic welding by induction heating
US5556565A (en) * 1995-06-07 1996-09-17 The Boeing Company Method for composite welding using a hybrid metal webbed composite beam
US5571436A (en) * 1991-10-15 1996-11-05 The Boeing Company Induction heating of composite materials
US5573613A (en) * 1995-01-03 1996-11-12 Lunden; C. David Induction thermometry
US5624594A (en) * 1991-04-05 1997-04-29 The Boeing Company Fixed coil induction heater for thermoplastic welding
US5641422A (en) * 1991-04-05 1997-06-24 The Boeing Company Thermoplastic welding of organic resin composites using a fixed coil induction heater
US5645744A (en) * 1991-04-05 1997-07-08 The Boeing Company Retort for achieving thermal uniformity in induction processing of organic matrix composites or metals
US5660669A (en) * 1994-12-09 1997-08-26 The Boeing Company Thermoplastic welding
US5705795A (en) * 1995-06-06 1998-01-06 The Boeing Company Gap filling for thermoplastic welds
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US5717191A (en) * 1995-06-06 1998-02-10 The Boeing Company Structural susceptor for thermoplastic welding
US5723849A (en) * 1991-04-05 1998-03-03 The Boeing Company Reinforced susceptor for induction or resistance welding of thermoplastic composites
US5728309A (en) 1991-04-05 1998-03-17 The Boeing Company Method for achieving thermal uniformity in induction processing of organic matrix composites or metals
US5756973A (en) * 1995-06-07 1998-05-26 The Boeing Company Barbed susceptor for improviing pulloff strength in welded thermoplastic composite structures
US5760379A (en) * 1995-10-26 1998-06-02 The Boeing Company Monitoring the bond line temperature in thermoplastic welds
US5793024A (en) * 1991-04-05 1998-08-11 The Boeing Company Bonding using induction heating
US5808281A (en) 1991-04-05 1998-09-15 The Boeing Company Multilayer susceptors for achieving thermal uniformity in induction processing of organic matrix composites or metals
US5829716A (en) * 1995-06-07 1998-11-03 The Boeing Company Welded aerospace structure using a hybrid metal webbed composite beam
US5847375A (en) * 1991-04-05 1998-12-08 The Boeing Company Fastenerless bonder wingbox
US5869814A (en) * 1996-07-29 1999-02-09 The Boeing Company Post-weld annealing of thermoplastic welds
US5902935A (en) * 1996-09-03 1999-05-11 Georgeson; Gary E. Nondestructive evaluation of composite bonds, especially thermoplastic induction welds
US5916469A (en) * 1996-06-06 1999-06-29 The Boeing Company Susceptor integration into reinforced thermoplastic composites
US6284089B1 (en) 1997-12-23 2001-09-04 The Boeing Company Thermoplastic seam welds
US6527903B1 (en) * 1999-11-02 2003-03-04 Fuji Xerox Co. Ltd. Substrate bonding method, bonded product, ink jet head, and image forming apparatus
US6602810B1 (en) 1995-06-06 2003-08-05 The Boeing Company Method for alleviating residual tensile strain in thermoplastic welds
US20110008604A1 (en) * 2009-07-07 2011-01-13 Morgan Advanced Materials And Technology Inc. Hard non-oxide or oxide ceramic / hard non-oxide or oxide ceramic composite hybrid article
US20110073039A1 (en) * 2009-09-28 2011-03-31 Ron Colvin Semiconductor deposition system and method
US10138551B2 (en) 2010-07-29 2018-11-27 GES Associates LLC Substrate processing apparatuses and systems

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GB8428953D0 (en) * 1984-11-16 1984-12-27 Dunlop Ltd Bonding of carbon-based components
EP0330124A3 (en) * 1988-02-24 1991-06-12 Toray Industries, Inc. Electroconductive integrated substrate and process for producing the same
DE19733066A1 (de) 1997-07-31 1999-02-04 Sika Ag Verfahren zur Befestigung einer Flachbandlamelle an einer Bauteiloberfläche
US7922845B2 (en) * 2006-03-29 2011-04-12 Honeywell International Inc. Apparatus and methods for bonding carbon-carbon composites through a reactant layer

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US5916469A (en) * 1996-06-06 1999-06-29 The Boeing Company Susceptor integration into reinforced thermoplastic composites
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US6527903B1 (en) * 1999-11-02 2003-03-04 Fuji Xerox Co. Ltd. Substrate bonding method, bonded product, ink jet head, and image forming apparatus
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IT1139694B (it) 1986-09-24
IT8125019A0 (it) 1981-11-12
JPH0422867B2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1992-04-20
BE891803A (fr) 1982-04-30
DE3147192A1 (de) 1982-09-30
JPS57156385A (en) 1982-09-27
GB2095150B (en) 1985-05-09
CA1177610A (en) 1984-11-13
SE459172B (sv) 1989-06-12
DE3147192C2 (enrdf_load_stackoverflow) 1991-03-14
SE8201668L (sv) 1982-09-24
GB2095150A (en) 1982-09-29
FR2502140A1 (fr) 1982-09-24

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