US4069168A - Tungsten hexacarbonyl in plastic lenses - Google Patents

Tungsten hexacarbonyl in plastic lenses Download PDF

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Publication number
US4069168A
US4069168A US05/728,561 US72856176A US4069168A US 4069168 A US4069168 A US 4069168A US 72856176 A US72856176 A US 72856176A US 4069168 A US4069168 A US 4069168A
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allyl
carbonate
article
photochromic
tungsten hexacarbonyl
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US05/728,561
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English (en)
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I. Roger Leatherman
Michael S. Misura
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PPG Industries Inc
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PPG Industries Inc
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Priority to US05/728,561 priority Critical patent/US4069168A/en
Priority to CA286,838A priority patent/CA1105696A/fr
Priority to IL52976A priority patent/IL52976A/xx
Priority to AU29019/77A priority patent/AU508307B2/en
Priority to MX170721A priority patent/MX150465A/es
Priority to BE181262A priority patent/BE859139A/fr
Priority to NL7710577.A priority patent/NL161197C/xx
Priority to DE2743811A priority patent/DE2743811C3/de
Priority to BR7706492A priority patent/BR7706492A/pt
Priority to FR7729515A priority patent/FR2366349A1/fr
Priority to JP11781377A priority patent/JPS5344490A/ja
Priority to GB40644/77A priority patent/GB1544348A/en
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K9/00—Tenebrescent materials, i.e. materials for which the range of wavelengths for energy absorption is changed as a result of excitation by some form of energy
    • C09K9/02—Organic tenebrescent materials
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B5/00—Optical elements other than lenses
    • G02B5/20—Filters
    • G02B5/22—Absorbing filters
    • G02B5/23—Photochromic filters
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
    • G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
    • G03C1/00—Photosensitive materials
    • G03C1/72—Photosensitive compositions not covered by the groups G03C1/005 - G03C1/705
    • G03C1/73—Photosensitive compositions not covered by the groups G03C1/005 - G03C1/705 containing organic compounds
    • G03C1/735—Organo-metallic compounds

Definitions

  • This invention relates to photochromic compositions including liquids and polymerizates thereof having good infrared absorption and to methods for making them.
  • High quality optical lenses are widely made by polymerizing allyl diglycol carbonate, i.e., diethylene glycol bis(allyl carbonate), or mixtures thereof with minor proportions of other monomers such as methyl methacrylate and vinyl acetate in molds.
  • Tinted lenses are generally made by dip-dyeing in heated solutions of a veriety of organic dyes. However, most such lenses, whether tinted or colorless, transmit infrared freely.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 3,692,688 discloses essentially haze-free optical filters of polymethylmethacrylate containing an in situ reaction product of tungsten hexachloride and stannous chloride which is said to filter near infrared radiation efficiently while retaining considerable transmittance of light in the visible region. It is stated that the magnitude of the mole ratio of stannous chloride to tungsten hexachloride is as important a factor as the concentration of the tungsten hexachloride in affecting the filtering efficiency.
  • U.S. Pat. No. 3,355,294 discloses photochromic compositions containing a thermoplastic polymer, a metal compound such as tungsten hexachloride or tungsten dioxidedichloride, and a metal salt such as ferric chloride which increases the bleaching rate in darkness.
  • a film cast from a solution of polymethylmethacrylate and tungsten hexachloride in dioxane is said to be photochromic, changing from colorless to blue upon exposure to ultraviolet radiation, but has a slower bleaching rate than one containing ferric chloride. It is stated that the disclosed compositions are not photochromic until they are formed into a definite shaped article, such as by casting.
  • lenses made by the polymerization of allyl diglycol carbonate having tungsten hexachloride dissolved therein are photochromic, becoming blue upon exposure to ultraviolet radiation, and absorb infrared when in the colored state, they are hazy and have a permanent undesirable yellow cast upon removal from the molds.
  • the FIGURE shows a typical transmittance curve of the photochromic compositions of this invention before and after exposure to ultraviolet radiation.
  • tungsten hexacarbonyl, W(CO) 6 may be incorporated in liquid allyl glycol carbonates or solid poly(allyl glycol carbonate) in order to produce photochromic liquids and lenses, sheets, or other shapes which are optically clear and substantially haze-free, are initially water-white, display a desirable photochromic color shift to blue in response to daylight, have substantial infrared absorbance in the blue state, and have a reasonable service life.
  • substantially infrared absorbance is meant absorbance in the infrared region at least as great as the average absorbance in the visible region.
  • tungsten hexacarbonyl may be dissolved or dispersed uniformly in an allyl glycol carbonate monomer, notably allyl diglycol carbonate, to provide a photochromic composition which may then be polymerized in known ways to produce photochromic polymerizates having substantial infrared absorbance.
  • an allyl glycol carbonate monomer notably allyl diglycol carbonate
  • Solutions of tungsten hexacarbonyl in allyl glycol carbonate monomers are themselves photochromic and, when protected from high temperatures, are sufficiently stable to be shipped and stored. Such compositions may be made up by a supplier of monomers and shipped to a lens maker who may use them directly in place of non-photochromic monomer in his lens fabricating process.
  • Tungsten hexacarbonyl is a known compound which is available on the market. Methods of preparation appear in the literature. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 1,894,239 and 1,921,536.
  • Monomers which may be used in the practice of this invention are normally liquid allyl glycol carbonate, i.e., glycol bis(allyl carbonate), compounds in which the allyl groups may be substituted at the 2 position with a halogen, notably chlorine or bromine, or a 1 to 4 carbon alkyl group, notably a methyl or ethyl group, and the glycol group may be an alkylene, alkylene ether, or alkylene polyether group having a total of from 2 to 10 carbons and oxygens.
  • a halogen notably chlorine or bromine
  • a 1 to 4 carbon alkyl group notably a methyl or ethyl group
  • the glycol group may be an alkylene, alkylene ether, or alkylene polyether group having a total of from 2 to 10 carbons and oxygens.
  • R 1 and R 3 may be represented by the formula ##STR2## wherein R' is hydrogen, halogen, or a 1 to 4 carbon alkyl group.
  • R 1 and R 3 include allyl, 2-chloroallyl, 2-bromoallyl, 2-iodallyl, 2-fluoroallyl, 2-methallyl, 2-ethylallyl, 2-isopropylallyl, 2-n-propylallyl, and 2-n-butylallyl groups.
  • Such compounds and methods for making them are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,370,567 and 2,403,113.
  • R 2 examples include alkylene groups such as ethylene, trimethylene, methylethylene, tetramethylene, ethylethylene, pentamethylene, hexamethylene, 2-methylhexamethylene, octamethylene, and decamethylene groups, alkylene ether groups such as --CH 2 --O--CH 2 --, --CH 2 CH 2 --O--CH 2 CH 2 --, --CH 2 --O--CH 2 CH 2 --, and --CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 --O--CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 --, and alkylene polyether groups such as --CH 2 CH 2 O--CH 2 CH 2 --O--CH 2 CH 2 --, and --CH 2 --O--CH 2 CH 2 --O--CH.sub. 2 -- groups.
  • alkylene groups such as ethylene, trimethylene, methylethylene, tetramethylene, ethylethylene, pentamethylene, hexamethylene, 2-methylhexamethylene, octamethylene, and decamethylene groups
  • Such monomers include ethylene glycol bis(2-chloroallyl carbonate), diethylene glycol bis(2-methallyl carbonate), triethylene glycol bis(allyl carbonate), propylene glycol bis(2-ethylallyl carbonate), 1,3-propanediol bis(allyl carbonate), 1,3-butanediol bis(allyl carbonate), 1,4-butanediol bis(2-bromoallyl carbonate), dipropylene glycol bis(allyl carbonate), trimethylene glycol bis(2-ethylallyl carbonate), and pentamethylene glycol bis(allyl carbonate).
  • All of the above-described allyl glycol carbonates are useful in the practice of this invention because of their similarity to ally diglycol carbonate, ##STR3## which has been tested and found useful.
  • Allyl diglycol carbonate also called diethylene glycol bis(allyl carbonate), the preferred monomer for use in the practice of this invention, is in wide commercial use in the production of high quality optical lenses.
  • These monomers or mixtures thereof containing tungsten hexacarbonyl may be polymerized in the presence of heat, radiation, or catalysts such as organic peroxides, for example diisopropyl peroxydicarbonate, di-sec-butyl peroxy dicarbonate, lauroyl peroxide, and benzoyl peroxide, to yield photochromic polymerizates having a wide range of physical properties such as hardness, abrasion resistance, and impact resistance.
  • Other monomers, such as vinyl acetate and methyl methacrylate may be included in minor proportions, up to a total of about 25 weight percent, in order to obtain copolymers or terpolymers having desired physical properties.
  • Such copolymers and terpolymers having at least about 75 weight percent of the described allyl glycol carbonate units are also believed to be useful in the practice of this invention, but it is preferred to use only the allyl glycol carbonates, particularly allyl diglycol carbonate, in combination with the tungsten hexacarbonyl.
  • tungsten hexacarbonyl to an allyl glycol carbonate monomer requires little, if any, modification in the methods ordinarily used to effect polymerization of such monomers.
  • High concentrations of tungsten hexacarbonyl e.g., between about 0.3 and 0.5 weight percent or more may retard cure, but an increase in the concentration of polymerization catalyst, higher temperature, or a longer cure time may be used to reduce this effect. At concentrations up to about 0.1 percent, there is little if any retardation of cure.
  • any known method of polymerizing these monomers may be used to polymerize the monomers having tungsten hexacarbonyl dissolved therein.
  • U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,403,113 and 3,222,432 describe useful methods. Suppliers of allyl diglycol carbonate also distribute information on methods of making lenses and sheets.
  • the monomers are polymerized in full, air tight molds because air retards polymerization.
  • a free radical catalyst such as an organic peroxide or peroxy carbonate, is dissolved in the monomer in a concentration of between about 0.1 and 10 weight percent, typically between about 2 and 5 weight percent, and the catalyzed monomer is heated to effect the desired degree of polymerization. Temperatures between about 30° and 120° C. and times between about 1 and 24 hours are generally employed. Heating may be at a constant temperature, at gradually increasing temperatures, or at stepwise increasing temperatures. Useful heat cycles for the polymerization of allyl diglycol carbonate are disclosed in Dial et al., Polymerization Control in Coating a Thermosetting Resin, Industrial and Engineering Chemistry, Vol. 49, page 2447 (Dec., 1955).
  • Tungsten hexacarbonyl may be incorporated in a monomer or mixture thereof in concentrations of between about 0.01 and 1.0 weight percent based on the weight of monomer or more, preferably between about 0.1 and 0.5 weight percent, to give a composition which may be polymerized to obtain transparent, photochromic polymerizate. It has been found that when substantially more than 0.1 weight percent is used, a polymerizate produced by adding about 3.5 weight percent diisopropyl peroxydicarbonate and heating at temperatures gradually increasing from 45° to 100° C. over a period of 18 hours contains small bubbles.
  • the polymerizate is intended for decorative use, such as sheeting for use in stained windows, the presence of bubbles may even be an advantage, and so concentrations of tungsten hexacarbonyl greater than 0.1 percent may be used.
  • saturated solutions of tungsten carbonyl in an allyl glycol carbonate, or even dispersions of finely divided tungsten hexacarbonyl in an allyl glycol carbonate may be polymerized to obtain useful products.
  • the generation of bubbles upon polymerization may be reduced or avoided by first exposing the monomer containing tungsten hexacarbonyl to ultraviolet radiation, whereupon the solution turns blue and bubbles are evolved, and then degrassing the solution under vacuum.
  • the time of exposure will vary depending upon the intensity of the ultraviolet radiation, the volume of solution, and the concentration of tungsten hexacarbonyl. Any time of exposure which leads to the evolution of visible bubbles in the solution will serve to reduce bubbling upon polymerization. Desirably, exposure is continued at least until the evolution of visible bubbles ceases and the blue color of the solution is most intense.
  • tungsten hexacarbonyl in allyl glycol carbonate was exposed to ultraviolet radiation from a carbon arc in a Fadeometer. Evolution of bubbles began within a few minutes and continued at decreasing rates for 3 hours, at which time bubbles were still being evolved slowly. The solution was then degassed under vacuum in a dessicator for about 3 hours. A polymerizate prepared by heating degassed solution in the presence of 3.5 weight percent diisopropyl peroxydicarbonate was photochromic and free of bubbles.
  • an object such as a lens made from monomer free of tungsten hexacarbonyl may be made photochromic by soaking in a heated solution of tungsten hexacarbonyl in a halogenated aromatic or aliphtic organic solvent such as bromobenzene, methylchloroform, or trichloroethylene, in order to incorporate tungsten hexacarbonyl into the surface of the article. Temperatures between about 70° and 110° C.
  • tungsten hexacarbonyl in liquid monomer in order to increase the maximum optical density of the lens without encountering the bubble formation that may occur when a high concentration of tungsten hexacarbonyl is present during polymerization.
  • a photochromic lens or sheet into which tungsten hexacarbonyl has been incorporated may be dip-dyed in the conventional way to provide a minimum optical density even when it is in the bleached, or photochromically relaxed state. Prolonged heating of a solution of tungsten hexacarbonyl may result in deterioration. It is therefore advisable to prepare fresh solutions frequently.
  • the photochromic polymerizates of the present invention have good service lives, although after a time the change in optical density in response to light and darkness decreases moderately.
  • the polymerizate thereof When tungsten hexacarbonyl is dissolved in the monomer, the polymerizate thereof will, after a number of light-dark cycles, take on a non-fading blue cast in the relaxed state, but it retains significant photochromic response and the maximum absorbance, including infrared absorbance, may increase.
  • the polymerizate is treated in a solution of tungsten hexacarbonyl, the maximum absorbance of the resulting product will gradually decline, but even after many light-dark cycles, significant photochromic response and infrared absorbance remains.
  • tungsten hexacarbonyl When tungsten hexacarbonyl is incorporated in liquid monomer or is incorporated into polymer by dip-dyeing, it is believed to be present initially as tungsten hexacarbonyl. However, when the monomer is polymerized, or when the monomer or polymer is exposed to ultraviolet radiation, the tungsten hexacarbonyl is believed to undergo a chemical reaction with the monomer or polymer.
  • compositions of the present invention may be said to contain tungsten hexacarbonyl, whereas others may be said to contain a photochromic tungsten species derived from tungsten hexacarbonyl by reaction with the monomer or polymerizate thereof under the influence or ultraviolet radiation or a free radical initiator such as an organic peroxy carbonate polymerization catalyst.
  • a statement in the specification or the claims that monomer or polymer has tungsten hexacarbonyl incorporated therein is intended to include incorporation of the tungsten hexacarbonyl by reaction as well as by solution or absorption.
  • the photochromic polymerizates of this invention When in the blue-colored state, the photochromic polymerizates of this invention have low transmittance in the near infrared region from about 700 to about 2000 nanometers, and only moderate transmittance in the visible region from about 300 to about 700 nanometers.
  • the FIGURE graphically depicts the visible and infrared transmittance, before and after exposure to ultraviolet radiation, of a 1/8-inch thick flt sheet cast from a 0.1 weight percent solution of tungsten hexacarbonyl in allyl diglycol carbonate, showing the particularly low transmittance in the near infrared region from about 900 to about 1200 nanometers. Before exposure, the polymerizate was nearly colorless. After exposure, it was deep blue.
  • Tungsten hexacarbonyl 0.1 weight percent was dissolved in allyl diglycol carbonate at about 80°-90° C. To a portion of this solution was added 3.5 weight percent diisopropyl peroxydicarbonate and the catalyzed solution was cured in a full, air-tight mold for 24 hours at gradually increasing temperature in accordance with the EP-11 cure cycle as set forth in Table 1.
  • the polymerizate On exposure to a blacklamp, the polymerizate, a 1/8-inch thick flat sheet, turned blue. Overnight in darkness, the blue color faded significantly, and was regenerated by a second exposure to the blacklamp.
  • Samples of allyl diglycol carbonate containing 0.1 weight percent tungsten hexacarbonyl were cast as 1/8-inch thick sheets in accordance with the EP-11 cycle with the use of various catalysts: diisopropyl peroxydicarbonate (IPP), di-sec-butyl peroxydicarbonate (SBP) and benzoyl peroxide.
  • IPP diisopropyl peroxydicarbonate
  • SBP di-sec-butyl peroxydicarbonate
  • benzoyl peroxide benzoyl peroxide
  • a polymerizate (A) was prepared from a 0.1 weight percent solution of tungsten hexacarbonyl in allyl diglycol carbonate.
  • the soaked polymerizate was brown after being rinsed in acetone, and clear after an hour in an oven at 100° C.
  • Samples A and B were placed on a turntable rotating at 4 revolutions per minute.
  • a blacklamp mounted 10 inches above an edge of the table was connected to a timer which cycled it on for 3 hours, off for 3 hours, etc., during the period of exposure.
  • the darkening and lightening rates were measured before placing the samples on the turntable.
  • the samples were again tested for darkening and lightening response.
  • the exposure-recovery-test sequence was then repeated. Table 5 reports the results of this fatigue testing.
  • the tungsten hexacarbonyl When the tungsten hexacarbonyl is incorporated by dip-dyeing, the original photochromic response is maintained over long periods of exposure. Therefore, where high infrared absorbance is desired, it may be preferable to incorporate the tungsten hexacarbonyl into the monomer before polymerization, but if greater fatigue resistance is desired, surface incorporation by dip-dyeing may be preferred.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Macromolecular Compounds (AREA)
  • Polymerisation Methods In General (AREA)
  • Non-Silver Salt Photosensitive Materials And Non-Silver Salt Photography (AREA)
  • Optical Filters (AREA)
  • Macromonomer-Based Addition Polymer (AREA)
  • Eyeglasses (AREA)
US05/728,561 1976-10-01 1976-10-01 Tungsten hexacarbonyl in plastic lenses Expired - Lifetime US4069168A (en)

Priority Applications (12)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US05/728,561 US4069168A (en) 1976-10-01 1976-10-01 Tungsten hexacarbonyl in plastic lenses
CA286,838A CA1105696A (fr) 1976-10-01 1977-09-15 Hexacarbonyle de tungstene pour verres ophtalmiques en plastique
IL52976A IL52976A (en) 1976-10-01 1977-09-21 Allyl glycol carbonate monomer compositions comprising tungsten hexacarbonyl and photochromic articles made therefrom
AU29019/77A AU508307B2 (en) 1976-10-01 1977-09-22 Tungsten hexacarbonyl in poly (allyl glycol carbonate lenses
MX170721A MX150465A (es) 1976-10-01 1977-09-27 Mejoras a composicion fotocromica para lentes de contacto
NL7710577.A NL161197C (nl) 1976-10-01 1977-09-28 Fotochroom polymeervoorwerp, dat een kleine hoeveelheid van een wolframverbinding bevat, werkwijze ter vervaar- diging daarvan en werkwijze ter bereiding van een voor de vervaardiging van het polymeervoorwerp bruikbaar mengsel.
BE181262A BE859139A (fr) 1976-10-01 1977-09-28 Lentilles en matiere plastique contenant du tungstene hexacarbonyle
DE2743811A DE2743811C3 (de) 1976-10-01 1977-09-29 Photochromatische Zusammensetzung und Verfahren zu ihrer Polymerisation
BR7706492A BR7706492A (pt) 1976-10-01 1977-09-29 Composicao foto-cromica;artigo solido de poli(alil-glicol carbonato);e processo para preparar um artigo foto-cromic
FR7729515A FR2366349A1 (fr) 1976-10-01 1977-09-30 Composition contenant de l'exacarbonyle tungstene et application dans les lentilles plastiques photochromes
JP11781377A JPS5344490A (en) 1976-10-01 1977-09-30 Photochromic goods and manufacture
GB40644/77A GB1544348A (en) 1976-10-01 1977-09-30 Tungsten hexacarbonyl-containing composition

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US05/728,561 US4069168A (en) 1976-10-01 1976-10-01 Tungsten hexacarbonyl in plastic lenses

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JP (1) JPS5344490A (fr)
AU (1) AU508307B2 (fr)
BE (1) BE859139A (fr)
BR (1) BR7706492A (fr)
CA (1) CA1105696A (fr)
DE (1) DE2743811C3 (fr)
FR (1) FR2366349A1 (fr)
GB (1) GB1544348A (fr)
IL (1) IL52976A (fr)
MX (1) MX150465A (fr)
NL (1) NL161197C (fr)

Cited By (16)

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US4181626A (en) * 1977-12-27 1980-01-01 Ppg Industries, Inc. Method of preparing tungsten hexacarbonyl containing polymers and polymers prepared thereby
US4273702A (en) * 1980-02-04 1981-06-16 Ppg Industries, Inc. Cobalt aluminate internal colorants for diol bis (allyl carbonate)
US4297267A (en) * 1980-02-04 1981-10-27 Ppg Industries, Inc. Hexavalent chromium internal colorants for diol bis (allyl carbonate) polymerizates
EP0080338A2 (fr) * 1981-11-19 1983-06-01 Ppg Industries, Inc. Polymérisation d'un polyol(allyl carbonate) utilisant des initiateurs de polymérisation de période demi-vie basse et élevée
US4464525A (en) * 1983-04-11 1984-08-07 Ppg Industries, Inc. Near infrared absorbing polymerizate, from dicarboxylic compound, diol bis(allyl carbonate) and metal hexacarbonyl
US4576891A (en) * 1984-06-15 1986-03-18 The Mead Corporation Photosensitive microcapsules useful in polychromatic imaging having radiation absorber
US4675357A (en) * 1983-04-18 1987-06-23 Ppg Industries, Inc. Near infrared absorbing polymerizate
US5364256A (en) * 1986-01-28 1994-11-15 Ophthalmic Research Group International, Inc. Apparatus for the production of plastic lenses
US5415816A (en) * 1986-01-28 1995-05-16 Q2100, Inc. Method for the production of plastic lenses
US5514214A (en) * 1993-09-20 1996-05-07 Q2100, Inc. Eyeglass lens and mold spin coater
US5529728A (en) * 1986-01-28 1996-06-25 Q2100, Inc. Process for lens curing and coating
US5928575A (en) * 1996-04-19 1999-07-27 Q2100, Inc. Methods for eyeglass lens curing using ultraviolet light
US6201037B1 (en) 1986-01-28 2001-03-13 Ophthalmic Research Group International, Inc. Plastic lens composition and method for the production thereof
US6280171B1 (en) 1996-06-14 2001-08-28 Q2100, Inc. El apparatus for eyeglass lens curing using ultraviolet light
US6730244B1 (en) 1986-01-28 2004-05-04 Q2100, Inc. Plastic lens and method for the production thereof
US7619680B1 (en) 2003-07-08 2009-11-17 Bingle Robert L Vehicular imaging system with selective infrared filtering and supplemental illumination

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GB8427328D0 (en) * 1984-10-29 1996-09-25 Secr Defence Photochromic active optical filters

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US3222432A (en) * 1958-06-12 1965-12-07 Lentilles Ophtalmiques Rationn Methods of producing optical and ophthalmic lenses from thermosetting resin materials
US3293037A (en) * 1962-11-21 1966-12-20 American Cyanamid Co Compositions of matter comprising inorganic photochromic material dispersed in an aminoplast resin
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Cited By (28)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
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US4273702A (en) * 1980-02-04 1981-06-16 Ppg Industries, Inc. Cobalt aluminate internal colorants for diol bis (allyl carbonate)
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
IL52976A0 (en) 1977-11-30
BE859139A (fr) 1978-03-28
NL7710577A (nl) 1978-04-04
AU2901977A (en) 1979-03-29
DE2743811A1 (de) 1978-04-06
BR7706492A (pt) 1978-08-01
IL52976A (en) 1980-12-31
GB1544348A (en) 1979-04-19
AU508307B2 (en) 1980-03-13
NL161197B (nl) 1979-08-15
FR2366349B1 (fr) 1980-08-01
MX150465A (es) 1984-05-14
JPS5648548B2 (fr) 1981-11-16
NL161197C (nl) 1980-01-15
CA1105696A (fr) 1981-07-28
FR2366349A1 (fr) 1978-04-28
JPS5344490A (en) 1978-04-21
DE2743811C3 (de) 1981-09-17
DE2743811B2 (de) 1980-10-30

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