US4015056A - Method of manufacturing a stable divalent silver oxide depolarizer mix - Google Patents

Method of manufacturing a stable divalent silver oxide depolarizer mix Download PDF

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Publication number
US4015056A
US4015056A US05/666,656 US66665676A US4015056A US 4015056 A US4015056 A US 4015056A US 66665676 A US66665676 A US 66665676A US 4015056 A US4015056 A US 4015056A
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depolarizer mix
silver oxide
depolarizer
mix
pellet
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US05/666,656
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English (en)
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El Sayed Megahed
Patrick Joseph Spellman
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Spectrum Brands Inc
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ESB Inc
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Priority to US05/666,656 priority Critical patent/US4015056A/en
Priority to ZA766558A priority patent/ZA766558B/xx
Priority to IN2046/CAL/76A priority patent/IN145523B/en
Priority to GB47509/76A priority patent/GB1505979A/en
Priority to JP13901876A priority patent/JPS52111629A/ja
Priority to DE19762652551 priority patent/DE2652551A1/de
Priority to AU19775/76A priority patent/AU498055B2/en
Priority to BE172968A priority patent/BE849061A/xx
Priority to CA267,211A priority patent/CA1072178A/en
Priority to IT52800/76A priority patent/IT1069554B/it
Priority to BR7608717A priority patent/BR7608717A/pt
Priority to NO764366A priority patent/NO764366L/no
Priority to AT971176A priority patent/AT356193B/de
Priority to SE7614604A priority patent/SE425131B/xx
Priority to DK587376A priority patent/DK587376A/da
Priority to CH1648276A priority patent/CH628183A5/fr
Priority to NL7614620A priority patent/NL7614620A/xx
Priority to ES454755A priority patent/ES454755A1/es
Priority to FR7639764A priority patent/FR2344968A1/fr
Priority to MX775293U priority patent/MX4230E/es
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Publication of US4015056A publication Critical patent/US4015056A/en
Assigned to EXIDE CORPORATION, reassignment EXIDE CORPORATION, CHANGE OF NAME (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). DEC. 24,1980 EFFECTIVE JAN. 1,1981 Assignors: ESB INCORPORATED
Assigned to RAYOVAC CORPORATION, A DE CORP. reassignment RAYOVAC CORPORATION, A DE CORP. ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: EXIDE CORPORATION, A DE CORP.
Assigned to SECURITY PACIFIC BUSINESS CREDIT, INC., FIRST NATIONAL BANK OF CHICAGO THE reassignment SECURITY PACIFIC BUSINESS CREDIT, INC. SECURITY INTEREST (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: RAYOVAC CORPORATION, A CORP OF DE.
Assigned to RAYOVAC CORPORATION reassignment RAYOVAC CORPORATION RELEASED BY SECURED PARTY (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: FIRST NATIONAL BANK OF CHICAGO, THE, SECURITY PACIFIC BUSINESS CREDIT, INC.
Assigned to RAYOVAC CORPORATION reassignment RAYOVAC CORPORATION RELEASED BY SECURED PARTY (SEE DOCUMENT FOR DETAILS). Assignors: FIRST NATIONAL BANK OF CHICAGO, THE
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
    • H01M6/04—Cells with aqueous electrolyte
    • H01M6/06—Dry cells, i.e. cells wherein the electrolyte is rendered non-fluid
    • H01M6/12—Dry cells, i.e. cells wherein the electrolyte is rendered non-fluid with flat electrodes
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
    • H01M4/00—Electrodes
    • H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
    • H01M4/06—Electrodes for primary cells

Definitions

  • Divalent silver oxide is an excellent high capacity battery active material, but it has two properties which have limited its use as a battery active material.
  • the initial voltage is at the higher divalent voltage level (1.82v. vs. Zn in alkaline electrolyte) until substantially all of the AgO is converted to Ag 2 O, and thereafter, the discharge continues at the lower monovalent voltage level (1.60v. vs. Zn in alkaline electrolyte). This two plateau voltage level during discharge cannot be tolerated by many types of battery operated equipment.
  • divalent silver oxide as the depolarizer (positive active material) is its lack of stability when in contact with aqueous alkaline solutions. It is well known that divalent silver oxide evolves oxygen when in contact with aqueous alkaline solutions, and this gassing phenomenon causes self-discharge of the divalent silver oxide, converting it to monovalent silver oxide or metallic silver. Divalent silver oxide cannot be used as the positive active material in hermetically sealed cells because of this instability in alkaline solutions and the consequent hazard of pressure build-up and possible cell rupture.
  • German Pat. No. 1,496,361 issued to Yardney International Corp., also discloses a process for treating silver oxide electrodes containing divalent silver oxide for the purpose of providing alkaline batteries having a single voltage plateau during discharge.
  • the process disclosed in the German patent comprises treating the silver oxide electrode with an aqueous silver nitrate solution to deposit a thin film of silver nitrate on the surface. Upon subsequent contact with alkaline electrolyte, a layer of monovalent silver oxide is formed on the surface of the electrode.
  • the treatment with the silver nitrate solution requires up to an hour, with 5 to 10 minutes being sufficient if the solution is heated.
  • a stable depolarizer mix can be prepared by treating the mix with a mild reducing solution followed by a treatment with a strong reducing solution to form a substantially continuous and electrolyte permeable layer of silver on the surface of the depolarizer mix.
  • the depolarizer mix is used in primary alkaline cells having a zinc negative electrode with the silver layer adjacent to the separator, and these cells can be a discharged at a single voltage plateau with a maximum open circuit voltage of about 1.75 volts.
  • the method of this invention comprises (1) forming a depolarizer mix containing divalent silver oxide, which may include monovalent silver oxide and additives for special purposes, (2) compressing the mix in a press to form a pellet, (3) treating the pellet with a mild reducing solution such as an alkaline solution of methanol and retaining the pellet in the reducing solution for several minutes, (4) consolidating the pellet in a cathode container by compression, and (5) treating the consolidated pellet/cathode container assembly with a strong reducing solution to form a layer of silver on the surface of the depolarizer mix.
  • the treatment of the pellet with the mild reducing solution can be performed after the pellet is consolidated in the cathode container, but it must be done before the treatment with the strong reducing solution.
  • the pellet may be treated with both the mild reducing solution and the strong reducing solution prior to consolidation in the cathode container. It is preferred to place a metal sleeve around the upper edge of the depolarizer mix pellet, and this may be done prior to consolidating the pellet in the cathode container. It is also preferred to dry the pellet after the treatment with the mild reducing solution and before consolidation in the cathode container.
  • the depolarizer mix may be formed by physically mixing divalent silver oxide with other ingredients. including monovalent silver oxide, by oxidizing silver powder to form divalent silver oxide or a mixture thereof with monovalent silver oxide, or by partially reducing a divalent silver oxide composition, including in situ reduction with a reducing metal. e.g. cadmium or zinc.
  • FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view of a primary alkaline cell, in completely assembled condition, employing a depolarizer mix made in accordance with this invention.
  • This invention comprises a method for manufacturing a stable divalent silver oxide (AgO) depolarizer mix wherein the mix is treated with a mild reducing solution followed by a treatment with a strong reducing solution to form a substantially continuous and electrolyte permeable layer of silver on the surface of the depolarizer mix.
  • the initial reducing solution is sufficiently mild that no substantial portion of the divalent silver oxide is reduced to silver under the treatment conditions whereby the electrochemical capacity of the depolarizer mix is not significantly reduced. It is preferred to carry out the mild reducing solution treatment with an alkaline solution of methanol, however, other mild reducing agents such as lower aliphatic alcohols having up to 8 carbon atoms (e.g. ethanol and propanol) may be used.
  • the treatment may be carried out at room temperature or at elevated temperatures, up to the boiling point of the solution.
  • the treatment with the mild reducing solution generally requires soaking the depolarizer mix in the reducing solution for up to about 10 minutes. Heating the reducing solution accelerates the reaction, and shorter times can be used for the treatment.
  • the treatment is carried out by immersing the depolarizer mix in the mild reducing solution, however, a mild reducing vapor might be used to treat the depolarizer pellet.
  • the mild reducing solution may be agitated during the treatment which tends to accelerate the reaction.
  • the treatment with the mild reducing solution is of such short duration that it does not form the necessary layer of silver on the depolarizer mix.
  • the treatment is primarily intended to stabilize the divalent silver oxide component without substantially reducing the capacity of the depolarizer mix.
  • a critical feature of this invention is the formation of a substantially continuous and electrolyte permeable layer of silver on the surface of the depolarizer mix by treating it with a strong reducing solution.
  • the strong reducing solution must be sufficiently strong to reduce divalent silver oxide to silver metal under the treatment conditions, and examples of strong reducing agents which may be used are hydrazine, formaldehyde, tin chloride, iron sulfate, sulfurous acid, pyrogallol, oxalic acid, formic acid, ascorbic acid, tartaric acid and hydroxylamine.
  • a methanol solution of hydrazine is preferred.
  • the treatment with the strong reducing solution may require up to about 10 minutes, with from about 2-6 minutes being preferred, however, excessive treatment with the strong reducing solution can substantially reduce the capacity of the depolarizer mix.
  • the treatment with the strong reducing solution is usually performed at room temperature, however, elevated temperatures may be used especially if it is desired to accelerate the reduction. A high proportion of AgO may require a longer treatment or treatment at elevated temperature.
  • depolarizer mixtures containing less than about 50% by weight of divalent silver oxide may not require the mild reducing solution treatment to have a adequate stability and a single voltage plateau discharge.
  • Depolarizer mixtures containing from about 50% to about 100% by weight of divalent silver oxide do require both treatments for improved stability, and depolarizer mixtures containing more than about 70% by weight of AgO require both treatments in order to provide a single voltage plateau discharge with a maximum open circuit voltage of about 1.75 volts. It is preferred that the depolarizer mix contain at least about 50% by weight of AgO.
  • the method of this invention comprises forming a divalent silver oxide mix by (1) physical mixing, (2) oxidizing silver or Ag 2 O powder, or (3) partially reducing a divalent silver oxide composition.
  • the mix may also contain additives for special purposes such as polytetrafluoroethylene to function as a lubricant and a binder, silver powder as a stabilizer and gold hydroxide as a gassing suppressant.
  • the ingredients may be mixed in a blender to form a homogeneous depolarizer mix which is then compressed in a press to form a pellet using a pressure ranging from about 40,000 to 60,000 psi. It is preferred to treat the pellet with a mild reducing solution by immersing it in the solution of a reducing agent (e.g.
  • the pellet is dried and consolidated in a cathode container by compression using a consolidation pressure ranging from about 50,000 to about 70,000 psi.
  • the treatment with the mild reducing solution can be deferred until after the pellet is consolidated in the container, however, this is not as effective because access to the divalent silver oxide is restricted. Since the substantially continuous and electrolyte permeable silver layer which is formed by treatment with a strong reducing solution is required only on the surface of the depolarizer mix adjacent to the separator, it is preferred to carry out the strong reducing treatment after the pellet is consolidated in the cathode container. Furthermore, since access to the divalent silver oxide is restricted by the container, this helps to prevent substantial reduction in the capacity of the depolarizer mix.
  • the treatment with the strong reducing solution can be performed prior to consolidation of the pellet in the can, however, the strong treatment always follows the mild reducing treatment. It is preferred to place a metal sleeve around the upper edge of the depolarizer mix to protect it during the consolidation of the pellet in the cathode container and during the final sealing operation when the anode and cathode containers are assembled.
  • One of the objectives of this invention is to increase the energy density per unit weight or volume of the depolarizer mix and still achieve a single voltage plateau discharge and adequate stability in alkaline electrolyte. Maximum energy density is achieved by using only divalent silver oxide depolarizer material. It has been found that the depolarizer mix can contain as much as about 100% by weight of divalent silver oxide based on the total silver oxide content when manufactured in accordance with this invention and still provide an alkaline cell having acceptable stability and a single voltage plateau during discharge.
  • buttons cell construction 10 for the depolarizer mixtures made in accordance with this invention are particularly adapted for use in this construction, and button cells were used to evaluate the divalent silver oxide depolarizer mixtures.
  • button cells are of the type currently used as a power source for electric watches, an application for which the primary alkaline cells having a divalent silver oxide depolarizer mix coated with a layer of silver are particularly effective.
  • the negative electrode (anode) container 11 comprises what is commonly referred to as a "double top.”
  • Two cans are placed in physical, electrical contact with each other, with the inner can 12 being nested in the outer 13 to form a tight friction fit. It is generally preferred to spot weld the cans together as indicated at 14 to maintain permanent electrical contact.
  • the cans may be made from nickel-plated steel which has good corrosion resistance, however, other materials may be used and the surfaces of the cans can be given special coatings.
  • the "double top" anode container is preferred for its superior leakage prevention properties, however, a single top container can be used.
  • a collar or grommet 15 of nylon or polyethylene is molded onto the edge of the anode container 11 to electrically insulate it from the depolarizer (cathode) container 16.
  • the negative electrode or anode 17 is a zinc active material in the form of a gel or semi-gel comprising finely divided zinc particles, a small amount of gelling agent such as sugar gum or carboxymethyl cellulose (e.g. 0.2% by weight) and a portion of the aqueous alkaline electrolyte solution.
  • the separator comprises an absorbent component 18 and a barrier material 19. It is preferred to use matted cotton fibers (commercially available under the trademark "Webril”) as the absorbent component which also contains a portion of the alkaline electrolyte.
  • the semi-permeable barrier material comprises a layer 20 of polyethylene grafted with methacrylic acid (commercially available under the trademark "Permion”) sandwiched between layers 21 of cellophane.
  • the absorbent component 18 is placed in contact with the zinc active material, and the barrier material is in contact with the silver layer 22 on the surface of the depolarizer mix 23 which is completely coated with a reduced layer 24 formed by treating the mix 23 with a mild reducing solution.
  • the depolarizer mix or cathode 23 comprises a mixture containing divalent silver oxide (AgO).
  • the depolarizer mix may also contain monovalent silver oxide, generally contains polytetrafluoroethylene (commercially available under the trademark "Teflon”) as a binder and lubricant, and silver powder for voltage stability.
  • the mix may also contain a minor amount of a gas suppressant such as gold hydroxide to insure the stability of the divalent silver oxide.
  • the silver layer 22 is formed in situ on the depolarizer mix, after it is treated with a mild reducing solution (alkaline solution of 10% methanol) to form layer 24 and after it is consolidated in the cathode container 16, by immersing it in a strong reducing solution such as a 3% by weight hydrazine solution in methanol for about 5 minutes.
  • a metal sleeve 25 is placed around the upper edge of the depolarizer mix, however, this is not an essential component of the button cell construction.
  • the depolarizer mix 23 may comprise divalent silver oxide (AgO) which has a gray color and monovalent silver oxide (Ag 2 O) which is deep purple to black in color.
  • the reduced layer 24 ranges from dark brown to black and the silver layer 22 has a metallic silver color.
  • Depolarizer mixtures treated with both a mild reducing solution and a strong reducing solution in accordance with this invention were compared to mixtures treated with only the strong reducing solution.
  • the mild reducing solution treatment comprised soaking the depolarizer mix pellets (prior to consolidation) for 1 minute at room temperature in a 90/10 solution of 30% aqueous KOH/methanol, followed by rinsing in distilled water, then tap water, and drying in hot air (about 50° C).
  • the strong reducing solution treatment was performed after consolidating the pellets in the cathode container and comprised soaking the consolidations in a solution of 1% by weight hydrazine in methanol, with stirring, for 3 minutes at room temperature.
  • All of the cells (RW 44 size with a 0.450 inch cathode container diameter and a height ranging from 0.150 - 0.162 inches) used a 40% KOH + 1% ZnO electrolyte solution and had a construction as illustrated in FIG. 1, with a zinc gel anode and a separator comprising an absorbent (Webril) and a barrier material of polyethylene grafted with methacrylic acid between layers of cellophane.
  • the depolarizer mix comprised the indicated percentage of AgO, 1.5% by weight of polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon) lubricant and binder, and the balance was Ag 2 O.
  • the cells were tested for stability by measuring the change in space between the anode (top) and cathode (bottom) with a micrometer after storage at 71° C. for 7 days.
  • the flash current was measured by electrically connecting a cell to a standard ammeter (having an internal resistance of about 0.015 ohms) and determining the current flow at 0.5 seconds.
  • the following results were recorded, with all electrical readings being the average of 35-40 cells and the cell expansion data being the average of four cells.
  • Example 2 Primary alkaline cells identical in size and construction to those in Example 1 were subjected to treatment with both methanol (mild reducing solution) and hydrazine (strong reducing solution) and compared to cells treated only with hydrazine.
  • the methanol treatment was carried out in 90/10 30% aqueous KO/methanol solution for 1 minute, with some cells treated at room temperature and other cells at 80° C. All of the depolarizer mixtures contained 90% by weight AgO, 8.5% Ag 2 O and 1.5% polytetrafluoroethylene. The following results were recorded, with each electrical measurement being the average of 35-40 cells and cell expansion data being the average of four cells.
  • Primary alkaline cells having the construction illustrated in FIG. 1 with depolarizer mixes varying from 50% AgO to 95% AgO were evaluated to determine the effect of varying the duration of the methanol and hydrazine treatments.
  • the methanol treatment comprised soaking the depolarizer pellets (prior to consolidation in the cathode container) for the indicated time in a 90/10 solution of 30% aqueous KOH/methanol, followed by rinsing in distilled water, tap water and drying in hot air (about 50° C.).
  • the hydrazine treatment consisted of soaking depolarizer pellets consolidated in the cathode container in a solution of 1% by weight hydrazine in methanol, with stirring, for the indicated time. All reducing solution treatments were at room temperature.
  • the anode was zinc gel and the electrolyte was an aqueous solution of 40% KOH + 1% ZnO.
  • the "AgO mix” consisted of 95.2% AgO, 3.0% silver powder, 1.5% polytetrafluoroethylene and 0.3% gold hydroxide Au(OH) 2 .
  • the following depolarizer mixtures were tested:
  • the mix sleeve was gold-plated steel. The following results were recorded, with each electrical value being the average of 30-35 cells and cell expansion data was the average of four cells.
  • the hydrazine treatment was in a solution of 1% hydrazine in methanol for 3 minutes at room temperature.
  • the methanol treatment comprised immersing the consolidations in a 90/10 solution of 3% aqueous KOH/methanol at room temperature for the indicated time.
  • the "AgO mix" composition was the same as in Example 3, the metal sleeve in all cells and silver plated. and the following depolarizers were tested:
  • the methanol and hydrazine treatment of the mix after consolidation in the container was effective for all depolarizers except the 95% AgO.
  • the effect of treating depolarizer mixtures with a mild reducing solution comprising an alkaline ethanol solution and an alkaline n-propanol solution was determined for mixtures containing 60% by weight AgO and 36.85% by weight of Ag 2 O. All treatments with the mild reducing solution were performed by immersing the compressed pellet (not consolidated in the container) in the mild reducing solution for 5 minutes. Some of the pellet treatments were at room temperature (RT) and 60° C. After the treatment, the pellets were rinsed in distilled water, soaked in 30% KOH solution for 24 hours at room temperature, rinsed in tap and distilled water, and dried in hot air (about 50° C.) for about 10 minutes. Untreated pellets and pellets soaked in 30% KOH were used as standards.
  • pellets were used to make 15 RW 44 cells using a 40% KOH electrolyte containing 1% ZnO. Prior to assembly of the cells, the pellets were consolidated in the cathode container and treated with a strong reducing solution consisting of 1% by weight hydrazine in methanol for 3 minutes. The following results were recorded:
  • the ethanol and n-propanol treatments reduced the OCV to 1.62, and impedance, flash current and CCV were also improved.
  • the effect of treating depolarizer mixtures with a mild reducing solution containing tartaric acid was determined with both aqueous solutions and 30% KOH solutions containing 20% by weight of tartaric acid. Treatment times and temperatures were varied. All depolarizer mixtures contained 60% by weight AgO and 36.85% by weight of Ag 2 O. All treatments with the mild reducing solution were performed by immersing the compressed pellet (not consolidated in the container) in the mild reducing solution. After the treatment, the pellets were rinsed in water, soaked in 30% KOH solution for 24 hours at room temperature, then rinsed in water and dried in hot air (about 50° C.) for about 10 minutes. Some of the pellets were used to make 4-10 RW 44 cells using a 40% KOH electrolyte containing 1% ZnO.
  • the pellets Prior to assembly of the cells, the pellets were consolidated in the cathode container and treated with a strong reducing solution consisting of 1% by weight hydrazine in methanol for 3 minutes. Untreated pellets and pellets soaked in 30% KOH were used as standards. The following results were recorded:
  • the treatment with the tartaric acid solution lowered the OCV to 1.62 v. and the aqueous solution treatment also improved the impedance.
  • the alkaline solution at 80° C for 5 minutes was too strong for the capacity was substantially reduced, the impedance was increased and the flash current was significantly lower.
  • the terms “mild reducing solution” and “strong reducing solution” includes treatment with reducing agent vapors as well as the liquid solutions.

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US05/666,656 1976-03-15 1976-03-15 Method of manufacturing a stable divalent silver oxide depolarizer mix Expired - Lifetime US4015056A (en)

Priority Applications (20)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US05/666,656 US4015056A (en) 1976-03-15 1976-03-15 Method of manufacturing a stable divalent silver oxide depolarizer mix
ZA766558A ZA766558B (en) 1976-03-15 1976-11-02 Improvements in the manufacture of primary alkaline cells
IN2046/CAL/76A IN145523B (no) 1976-03-15 1976-11-15
GB47509/76A GB1505979A (en) 1976-03-15 1976-11-15 Manufacture of primary alkaline cells
JP13901876A JPS52111629A (en) 1976-03-15 1976-11-18 High discharge rate primary alkaline battery having silver layer coated silver oxide *2* silver oxide *1* depolarizer compound
DE19762652551 DE2652551A1 (de) 1976-03-15 1976-11-18 Stabile, zweiwertiges silberoxid enthaltende depolarisatormischung und verfahren zu deren herstellung
AU19775/76A AU498055B2 (en) 1976-03-15 1976-11-18 Primary alkaline cells
BE172968A BE849061A (fr) 1976-03-15 1976-12-03 Melange depolarisant stable a base d'oxyde d'argent bivalent et son procede de realisation
CA267,211A CA1072178A (en) 1976-03-15 1976-12-06 Method of manufacturing a stable divalent silver oxide depolarizer mix
IT52800/76A IT1069554B (it) 1976-03-15 1976-12-27 Procedimento per la produzione di una miscela depolarizzante stabile di ossido di argento bivalente e prodotto ottenuto
AT971176A AT356193B (de) 1976-03-15 1976-12-28 Verfahren zur herstellung eines stabilen, zweiwertiges silberoxid enthaltenden depolari- satorgemisch-presskoerpers
NO764366A NO764366L (no) 1976-03-15 1976-12-28 Fremgangsm}te til fremstilling av en stabil depolarisatorblanding inneholdende divalent s¦lvoksyd
BR7608717A BR7608717A (pt) 1976-03-15 1976-12-28 Processo para fabricacao de mistura despolarizadora de oxido de prata divalente,estavel,e mistura despolarizadora obtida
SE7614604A SE425131B (sv) 1976-03-15 1976-12-28 Forfarande for framstellning av en depolaristorblandning av stabil silver (ii)oxid
DK587376A DK587376A (da) 1976-03-15 1976-12-29 Fremgangsmade til fremstilling af en stabil divalent solvoxid-depolarisatorblanding
CH1648276A CH628183A5 (fr) 1976-03-15 1976-12-30 Procede de realisation d'un melange depolarisant stable a base d'oxyde d'argent bivalent.
ES454755A ES454755A1 (es) 1976-03-15 1976-12-31 Metodo para fabricar un despolarizador mixto estable de oxi-dode plata bivalente.
FR7639764A FR2344968A1 (fr) 1976-03-15 1976-12-31 Melange depolarisant stable a base d'oxyde d'argent bivalent et son procede de realisation
NL7614620A NL7614620A (nl) 1976-03-15 1976-12-31 Werkwijze voor de bereiding van een stabiel depolarisatormengsel met tweewaardig zilver- oxyde.
MX775293U MX4230E (es) 1976-03-15 1977-01-04 Metodo mejorado para la fabricacion de una mezcla despolarizada de oxido de plata divalente y estable

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US05/666,656 US4015056A (en) 1976-03-15 1976-03-15 Method of manufacturing a stable divalent silver oxide depolarizer mix

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US (1) US4015056A (no)
JP (1) JPS52111629A (no)
AT (1) AT356193B (no)
AU (1) AU498055B2 (no)
BE (1) BE849061A (no)
BR (1) BR7608717A (no)
CA (1) CA1072178A (no)
CH (1) CH628183A5 (no)
DE (1) DE2652551A1 (no)
DK (1) DK587376A (no)
ES (1) ES454755A1 (no)
FR (1) FR2344968A1 (no)
GB (1) GB1505979A (no)
IN (1) IN145523B (no)
IT (1) IT1069554B (no)
MX (1) MX4230E (no)
NL (1) NL7614620A (no)
NO (1) NO764366L (no)
SE (1) SE425131B (no)
ZA (1) ZA766558B (no)

Cited By (16)

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US4121021A (en) * 1976-07-07 1978-10-17 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Silver oxide primary cell
US4125689A (en) * 1976-12-30 1978-11-14 Saft-Societe Des Accumulateurs Fixes Et De Traction Positive active material for electric primary cells
US4187328A (en) * 1976-12-30 1980-02-05 Saft-Societe Des Accumulateurs Fixes Et De Traction Method of preparing positive active material for electric primary cells
US4250234A (en) * 1979-09-28 1981-02-10 Union Carbide Corporation Divalent silver oxide cell
US4292383A (en) * 1978-10-30 1981-09-29 Duracell International Inc. Bilevel rechargeable cell
US4397925A (en) * 1981-10-15 1983-08-09 Ray-O-Vac Corporation Alkaline battery with reducing agents in the electrolyte
FR2522881A1 (fr) * 1982-03-05 1983-09-09 Seiko Instr & Electronics Pile a l'oxyde d'argent divalent
US5589109A (en) * 1993-06-14 1996-12-31 Rayovac Corporation Method for producing a cathode material containing silver and bismuth
WO1999027592A1 (en) * 1997-11-25 1999-06-03 Eveready Battery Company, Inc. Surface treatment for metal oxide substrates
US6818348B1 (en) * 2000-02-10 2004-11-16 Ovonic Battery Company, Inc. Nickel hydroxide paste with molasses binder
US7648799B2 (en) 2007-03-30 2010-01-19 Eveready Battery Co., Inc. Multi-layer positive electrode structures having a silver-containing layer for miniature cells
US9184444B2 (en) 2009-11-03 2015-11-10 Zpower, Llc Electrodes and rechargeable batteries
US9209454B2 (en) 2009-03-27 2015-12-08 Zpower, Llc Cathode
US9401509B2 (en) 2010-09-24 2016-07-26 Zpower, Llc Cathode
CN106169563A (zh) * 2016-09-12 2016-11-30 贵州梅岭电源有限公司 一种具备稳定电极电压的锌银单体电池
US9799886B2 (en) 2012-09-27 2017-10-24 Zpower, Llc Cathode with silver material and silicate dopant and method of producing

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DE2757583C2 (de) * 1977-12-23 1984-10-25 Varta Batterie Ag, 3000 Hannover Galvanische Zelle mit alkalischem Elektrolyten und Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung

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Cited By (17)

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US4121021A (en) * 1976-07-07 1978-10-17 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Silver oxide primary cell
US4125689A (en) * 1976-12-30 1978-11-14 Saft-Societe Des Accumulateurs Fixes Et De Traction Positive active material for electric primary cells
US4187328A (en) * 1976-12-30 1980-02-05 Saft-Societe Des Accumulateurs Fixes Et De Traction Method of preparing positive active material for electric primary cells
US4292383A (en) * 1978-10-30 1981-09-29 Duracell International Inc. Bilevel rechargeable cell
US4250234A (en) * 1979-09-28 1981-02-10 Union Carbide Corporation Divalent silver oxide cell
US4397925A (en) * 1981-10-15 1983-08-09 Ray-O-Vac Corporation Alkaline battery with reducing agents in the electrolyte
FR2522881A1 (fr) * 1982-03-05 1983-09-09 Seiko Instr & Electronics Pile a l'oxyde d'argent divalent
US5589109A (en) * 1993-06-14 1996-12-31 Rayovac Corporation Method for producing a cathode material containing silver and bismuth
WO1999027592A1 (en) * 1997-11-25 1999-06-03 Eveready Battery Company, Inc. Surface treatment for metal oxide substrates
US6080283A (en) * 1997-11-25 2000-06-27 Eveready Battery Company, Inc. Plasma treatment for metal oxide electrodes
US6818348B1 (en) * 2000-02-10 2004-11-16 Ovonic Battery Company, Inc. Nickel hydroxide paste with molasses binder
US7648799B2 (en) 2007-03-30 2010-01-19 Eveready Battery Co., Inc. Multi-layer positive electrode structures having a silver-containing layer for miniature cells
US9209454B2 (en) 2009-03-27 2015-12-08 Zpower, Llc Cathode
US9184444B2 (en) 2009-11-03 2015-11-10 Zpower, Llc Electrodes and rechargeable batteries
US9401509B2 (en) 2010-09-24 2016-07-26 Zpower, Llc Cathode
US9799886B2 (en) 2012-09-27 2017-10-24 Zpower, Llc Cathode with silver material and silicate dopant and method of producing
CN106169563A (zh) * 2016-09-12 2016-11-30 贵州梅岭电源有限公司 一种具备稳定电极电压的锌银单体电池

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPS52111629A (en) 1977-09-19
CA1072178A (en) 1980-02-19
AU1977576A (en) 1978-05-25
DE2652551A1 (de) 1977-09-22
SE7614604L (sv) 1977-09-16
FR2344968B1 (no) 1981-06-26
ZA766558B (en) 1977-12-28
SE425131B (sv) 1982-08-30
FR2344968A1 (fr) 1977-10-14
MX4230E (es) 1982-02-19
IT1069554B (it) 1985-03-25
ATA971176A (de) 1979-09-15
ES454755A1 (es) 1978-01-01
AT356193B (de) 1980-04-10
DK587376A (da) 1977-09-16
NL7614620A (nl) 1977-09-19
AU498055B2 (en) 1979-02-01
NO764366L (no) 1977-09-16
CH628183A5 (fr) 1982-02-15
BE849061A (fr) 1977-04-01
GB1505979A (en) 1978-04-05
IN145523B (no) 1978-11-04
BR7608717A (pt) 1977-10-25

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