US3928837A - Ceramic oxide resistor element - Google Patents

Ceramic oxide resistor element Download PDF

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Publication number
US3928837A
US3928837A US503846A US50384674A US3928837A US 3928837 A US3928837 A US 3928837A US 503846 A US503846 A US 503846A US 50384674 A US50384674 A US 50384674A US 3928837 A US3928837 A US 3928837A
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mno
resistance
resistance element
ceramic oxide
shaped body
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Friedrich J Esper
Karl-Hermann Friese
Rudolf Pollner
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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Robert Bosch GmbH
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01C—RESISTORS
    • H01C7/00—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material
    • H01C7/04—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material having negative temperature coefficient
    • H01C7/042—Non-adjustable resistors formed as one or more layers or coatings; Non-adjustable resistors made from powdered conducting material or powdered semi-conducting material with or without insulating material having negative temperature coefficient mainly consisting of inorganic non-metallic substances
    • H01C7/043—Oxides or oxidic compounds
    • H01C7/046—Iron oxides or ferrites

Definitions

  • a ceramic oxide thennistor having a negative temperature coefiicient at elevated temperatures comprising about 30% to 100% Fe O and 0% to 70% A1 0,. 1t preferably also contains MnO.
  • the invention also includes a process for manufacturing said thermistor.
  • a 4 A a s a CERAMIC OXIDE RESISTOR ELEMENT RELATED PATENTS AND APPLICATIONS U.S. Pat. No. 3,759,232, issued Sept. 18, i973.
  • the present invention provides ceramic oxide resistors having negative temperature coefficients for use at elevated temperatures, primarily above 400C.
  • the invention also provides processes for producing such resistors.
  • thermistors Resistance elements which change the resistance characteristics with change in temperature are known as thermistors.
  • Such thermistors do not, however, satisfactorily fulfill the desired requirements for such resistor elements because of the variations in the properties of the resistor element and the variation in the control (regulating) constant B.
  • the commercially known resistor elements having negative temperature characteristics exhibit irreversible changes in the resistance characteristics at temperatures above 400C and thus have high aging sensitivity, which is an undesirable characteristic.
  • a resistance element particularly for use at temperatures between about 400C and about l,lC which has as steep a characteristic resistance curve as possible concomitant with a control constant B of at least 8,500 K. It is also desired that the characteristic resistance curve, considering its position and steepness, should not change during a long period of service, i.e., its aging sensitivity should be low. It is also desired that the resistance at a specified temperature may be varied, preferably over wide limits, dependent upon the intended use. It is also desired that the variation of the characteristic resistance curves should be small as a result of manufacturing tolerances and additionally that the production yield should be high and the cost economic.
  • the present invention provides a ceramic oxide thermistor having a negative temperature coefficient at elevated temperatures.
  • the said ceramic oxide thermistor (resistance element) comprises Fe,0, and may contain AI,O,.
  • the compositions comprise between about 30% and 100% by weight Fe,0, and between 70% to 0% by weight Al,0,.
  • the compositions, particularly those for use at temperatures above 600C, preferably also contain MnO.
  • the thermistors are shaped bodies of the ceramic oxide and contain at least two electrical conductors in electric contact with said shaped body. The two conductors are spaced apart so that when an electric current is passed serially through the conductors and the intervening shaped body, the
  • the invention also provides a process for manufacturing the ceramic oxide thermistors by finely grinding the oxide materials and heating at temperatures below l,400C.
  • the process preferably comprises finely grinding the oxide materials and then heating to form a calcined material which is subsequently finely ground and then again heated at temperatures close to l,400C to form the desired shaped thermistor element. This may be followed by a thermal aftertreatment.
  • MnO n-dielectric oxide
  • the inclusion in the ceramic oxide composition of MnO has the effect of making the characteristic resistance curve steeper. It also decreases the aging sensitivity of the resistor element, particularly at specified MnO contents.
  • the MnO concentration should be in the range defined by the following formula:
  • IIIF P I wherein X is a c bnstant from about 0.3 to 12 and preferably 0.9 to 4.5.
  • C,,,O is the MnO concentration (in percentage by weight) based upon the total mo, and AIzOa (if any).
  • C is the mo, concentration in parts by weight also based upon the total Fe O and M 0, (if any).
  • FIG. I is a graph of the variation of specific resistance with changes in temperature for a number of ceramic oxide thermistors having different MnO contents.
  • FIG. 2 is a graph of the control constant B for the temperature range of 700900C, and also the temperature coefficient at 850C, for compositions having varied MnO contents.
  • FIG. 3 discloses the percentage change in resistance after service for compositions having different MnO contents.
  • FIGS. 4, S and 6 depict different embodiments of the thermistors of the present invention.
  • the thermistors of the present invention which are resistance elements are useful for measuring temperature since the resistance varies with the temperature.
  • the resistance-temperature characteristic curves are as steep as possible, particularly with these negative temperature coefficient thermistors. This is commonly expressed by reference to the constant control B which is defined by the following equation:
  • R, and R are the resistance values at the temperatures T, and T, respectively, these temperatures being measured in K (Kelvin degrees), and e is the basis of the natural logarithm.
  • the temperature coefficient of the resistor may be calculated from the B-value and the temperature which is being measured in K (Kelvin) by the following equation:
  • the resistance for ceramic oxide bodies of the present invention can be varied b'y'the relative 'content of the Fe,0, and AI,O,; and also by the content of the MnO. with the resistance varying in the range of about 100 cm to 20 M cm, at a temperature of about 500C.
  • the MnO content of the ceramic oxide resistor composition also affects the value of the control constant B and the temperature coefficient.
  • FIGS. 1 and 2 depict theaffect of MnO on the characteristic resistant curves and also the control constant B and temperature coefficients' of the ceramic oxide resistors.
  • the specific'resistance is plotted on a logarithmic scale against the' temperature for a ceramic mixture composition containing 50% by weight of M 0 the specified MnO content from 0% up to 2%, and the balance Fe O
  • FIG. 1 discloses that the characteristic curve of the compositions is more level (less steep) for the composition which does not contain MnO than for the other compositions which contain from 0.1% to 2% of MnO.
  • the graph also depicts the affect of the MnO content on the resistance value, i.e., the greater the MnO content, the smaller the specific resistance.
  • FIG. 2 depicts the control constant B for the temperature range of 700-900C for compositions having varied MnO contents.
  • the MnO contents are for the same compositions as in FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 2 also discloses the temperature coefficient at 850C for these compositions.
  • FIG. 2 discloses that the values for both the control constant B and for the temperature coefficient (both plotted on the ordinate) are considerably higher for the compositions containing MnO than for the composition which does not contain MnO.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates the change in resistance of the resistor compositions of FIG. 1 after 100 hours of heat treatment at 1,000C in air.
  • the ordinate reports the resistance in a percentage which is compared to the resistance of the same composition before the heat treatment.
  • FIG. 3 illustrates that the resistor compositions containing 0.4 and 1% by weight MnO have only a relatively small deviation from the original resistance value after I00 hours. Those compositions having smaller and larger MnO contents have larger variations in the resistance after the heat treatment. It is advantageous that such compositions are subjected to a postprocessing heat treatment to stabilize the resistance, as described hereinafter.
  • FIG. 4 illustrates a cylindrical-shaped ceramic oxide body 410 having metal (preferably gold, silver or platinum) contact layers on each end 411 and'411'. Wires 412 and 412' which are electrical conductors are welded or soldered to metal contact 411 and 411', respectively.
  • metal preferably gold, silver or platinum
  • FIG. 5 illustrates a cylindrical oxide thermistor 510 having electrically conducting platinum or platinum alloy wires 512 and 512' sintered into opposed ends of the body 510.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates a thermistor composition 610 which is a coating on ceramic substrate 613.
  • the substrate 613 is especially made of high alumina ceramic with an alumina content of at least 99.5% by weight.
  • Strips of electrically conducting material 612 and 612 are in electrical contact with the ceramic oxide resistor 610.
  • the ceramic oxide 610 may be applied as a coating composition to the substrate 613 and the conducting strips 612 and 612' may be applied in the form of conductive inks.
  • the entire article is then subjected to a high temperature heat treatment and the vehicles for the coating composition 610 and the conductive inks 612 and 612 are volatilized to provide the finished article.
  • Powdered hematite (Fe o may be used as the source of Fe O calcined alumina may be used as the source ofAl O- and MnO or other manganese compounds which decompose to the oxide when heated, as the source of MnO.
  • the raw materials are mixed in ceramic mixing apparatus in the desired percentage and then ground in grinding mills following known ceramic procedures. It is preferred in order to obtain a more homogeneous product that the mixed oxide should be ground and then calcined at temperatures of from about 900 to 1,200C and then again ground to produce a composition having the desired sintering activity. During heating (sintering or calcining) of the compositions, the temperature should not exceed l,400C. When heated at higher temperatures than 1,400C, there is increased production of mo, which results in a large drop in the specific resistance value. Additionally, compositions containing increased amounts of Fe O exhibit increased tendency for aging, i.e., the resistance value changes during aging.
  • the oxide composition which had been mixed and ground and then calcined at from 900 to l,200C as aforesaid was then again ground.
  • This ground material is then treated so as to be susceptible to pressing and preparation of a green mass by addition of organic binding and pressing auxiliary agents to the ground ceramic powder, as known in the art.
  • the ground powder admixed with said auxiliary agents is then pressed into cylindrical bodies.
  • the green cylindrical bodies are then coated at their faces with a platinum-containing composition.
  • the pressing bodies may be subjected to an intermediate heating at a temperature of about 800C and then the end surfaces coated with the platinum compositions.
  • the bodies are then preferably sintered in saggers of high alumina content at sintering temperatures of between about l,200 to 1,300C for about I to l0 hours in air.
  • the resistance of some compositions changes with subsequent heating at elevated temperatures for prolonged periods of service. It is particularly advantageous that those ceramic oxide compositions having a MnO content of less than about 0.2% by weight undergo a post-heat treatment of about l,l00C in air for a period of at least 50 hours to stabilize the values of specific resistance.
  • all known ceramic processing methods may be used to produce the ceramic oxide compositions and articles of the present invention. Thus, extrusion forming, slip casting, printing of a paste through a screen on ceramic substrates, and other suitable processing methods used in ceramic technology may be utilized.
  • Gold contact layers may be used instead of the exemplified platinum contact layers for surface temperatures up to a maximum of 800C.
  • Silver contact layers may be used for maximum surface temperatures of about 500C.
  • Such gold and silver contact layers must be applied to the ceramic oxide resistors (also commonly referred to herein as "thermistors") after the said bodies have been formed and sintered at elevated temperatures.
  • the gold or silver compositions are applied in spaced apart configuration on the ceramic oxide shaped body and then again heated to burn in and form the metallic contact layer which adheres to the ceramic body. This latter processing may also be utilized to form contact layers on the shaped ceramic oxide body. Electrical contacts (wires) are then connected to the contact layers, usually by soldering, welding or pressing.
  • a platinum-forming composition No. 1308 from Firma Demetron was coated on oppossed ends of the pressed green mass which was then sintered at l,250C in air for 1 hour. The sintering heating rate and cooling rate was approximately 300C per hour. Platinum wires were 6 98% Fe O (No. 1352 WP from Maschinenfabriken Bayer) 2.0% MnO (No. 13234 from Firma Riedel de Haen). The resistors were tested as in Example I and the following-determined:
  • the ceramic oxide resistors of the present invention are particularly useful for measuring temperature because of their thermistor characteristics. They have particular utility in the new systems for eliminating (or substantially minimizing) toxic materials from exhaust gases, particularly, those utilizing catalysts and reactors which have optimum operating characteristics at elevated temperatures. They must, however, be protected against overheating.
  • the ceramic oxide resistors of the present invention have proven especially suitable for use in control and regulation of temperatures in the range of 350C to l,l00C in such systems because of the applicable reproducible characteristics as indicated by their characteristic curves. They have good service lives because they only have a minor aging effect and as a practical matter the service characteristics do not change, resulting in excellent reproducibility and high accuracy of measurement.
  • control constant B 700-900C H300 K
  • EXAMPLE 2 l A ceramic oxide resistance element having a negative temperature coefficient at temperatures above about 200C comprising a shaped body comprising Fe O about 50% by weight of Al,0, and MnO in weight percent based on the total 5e 0,, and M 0, within the range of ["EgO wherein X is from 0.3 to 12, and wherein C o is the concentration of Fe,O in parts by weight based on the total Fe O and Al,0;,; and
  • the resistance element of claim 6 wherein said electrical conductors are silver conductors.
  • shaped body contains about 0.2% MnO and about 5.
  • the resistance element of claim 1 wherein said shaped body contains about 0.4% MnO and about shaped body comprises about 50% M 0 between 0.l 49.6% no. and 2% MnO, and the balance no. 10.
  • the resistance element of claim 6 wherein said shaped body contains about 2% MnO and about 48% shaped body contains about 0.1% MnO and about 10 Fe O 49.9% Fe O Page 'I of 5 UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE CERTIFICATE OF CORRECTION Patent 3,928,837 Dated December 23, 1975 Inventor(s) Friedrich J. ESPER; Karl-Hermann FRIESE;

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Compositions Of Oxide Ceramics (AREA)
  • Thermistors And Varistors (AREA)
US503846A 1973-09-27 1974-09-06 Ceramic oxide resistor element Expired - Lifetime US3928837A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

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DE2348589A DE2348589C2 (de) 1973-09-27 1973-09-27 Oxidkeramischer Widerstand

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JP (1) JPS5060795A (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html)
AU (1) AU7375074A (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html)
BE (1) BE820395A (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html)
BR (1) BR7408013D0 (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html)
CH (1) CH598680A5 (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html)
DE (1) DE2348589C2 (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html)
FR (1) FR2246031B3 (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html)
GB (1) GB1480817A (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html)
IT (1) IT1022270B (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html)
NL (1) NL7412718A (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html)
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Cited By (17)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4058787A (en) * 1975-04-04 1977-11-15 Hitachi, Ltd. Temperature sensor
US4503418A (en) * 1983-11-07 1985-03-05 Northern Telecom Limited Thick film resistor
US4531110A (en) * 1981-09-14 1985-07-23 At&T Bell Laboratories Negative temperature coefficient thermistors
EP0294691A1 (en) * 1987-06-12 1988-12-14 Mitsubishi Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Resistance temperature detector
US5000662A (en) * 1988-10-07 1991-03-19 Fujikura, Ltd. Flat resistance for blower control unit of automobile air conditioner
US5177341A (en) * 1987-02-25 1993-01-05 Thorn Emi Plc Thick film electrically resistive tracks
EP0527576A3 (en) * 1991-08-08 1993-04-28 Kabushiki Kaisha TEC Fixing device
US5254968A (en) * 1992-06-15 1993-10-19 General Motors Corporation Electrically conductive plastic speed control resistor for an automotive blower motor
US5521576A (en) * 1993-10-06 1996-05-28 Collins; Franklyn M. Fine-line thick film resistors and resistor networks and method of making same
US5605715A (en) * 1993-12-09 1997-02-25 The Erie Ceramic Arts Company Methods for making electrical circuit devices
US5929746A (en) * 1995-10-13 1999-07-27 International Resistive Company, Inc. Surface mounted thin film voltage divider
US20020195956A1 (en) * 2001-05-08 2002-12-26 Molnar Stephen Michael Device for detecting an electrically conductive particle
US20040056756A1 (en) * 2002-09-23 2004-03-25 Dempsey Dennis A. Impedance network with minimum contact impedance
US20070063813A1 (en) * 2005-09-20 2007-03-22 Analog Devices, Inc. Film resistor and a method for forming and trimming a film resistor
CN103073267A (zh) * 2012-12-26 2013-05-01 山东中厦电子科技有限公司 一种低电阻率、高b值负温度系数热敏材料及其制备方法
US20150136754A1 (en) * 2013-11-05 2015-05-21 Keith Yester Wireless Heating System for Motorcycles
US20170110225A1 (en) * 2014-03-26 2017-04-20 Heraeus Sensor Technology Gmbh Ceramic carrier and sensor element, heating element and sensor module, each with a ceramic carrier and method for manufacturing a ceramic carrier

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2258646A (en) * 1939-05-17 1941-10-14 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Resistance material
US2616859A (en) * 1945-03-16 1952-11-04 Hartford Nat Bank & Trust Co Electrical resistor
US2626445A (en) * 1950-06-07 1953-01-27 Steatite Res Corp Heavy-metal oxide resistors and process of making same
US2674583A (en) * 1949-12-23 1954-04-06 Bell Telephone Labor Inc High temperature coefficient resistors and methods of making them
US2720573A (en) * 1951-06-27 1955-10-11 Dick O R Lundqvist Thermistor disks
US3359632A (en) * 1965-02-10 1967-12-26 Victory Engineering Corp Method of making a thermistor
US3477055A (en) * 1967-12-22 1969-11-04 Gen Motors Corp Thermistor construction

Family Cites Families (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE631867C (de) * 1933-10-19 1936-06-27 Patra Patent Treuhand Widerstandskoerper mit hohem negativem Temperaturkoeffizienten des elektrischen Widerstandes
DE976937C (de) * 1943-06-26 1964-08-20 Siemens Ag Verfahren zur Herstellung eines gesinterten elektrischen Widerstandskoerpers
NL6614015A (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) * 1966-10-05 1968-04-08

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2258646A (en) * 1939-05-17 1941-10-14 Bell Telephone Labor Inc Resistance material
US2616859A (en) * 1945-03-16 1952-11-04 Hartford Nat Bank & Trust Co Electrical resistor
US2674583A (en) * 1949-12-23 1954-04-06 Bell Telephone Labor Inc High temperature coefficient resistors and methods of making them
US2626445A (en) * 1950-06-07 1953-01-27 Steatite Res Corp Heavy-metal oxide resistors and process of making same
US2720573A (en) * 1951-06-27 1955-10-11 Dick O R Lundqvist Thermistor disks
US3359632A (en) * 1965-02-10 1967-12-26 Victory Engineering Corp Method of making a thermistor
US3477055A (en) * 1967-12-22 1969-11-04 Gen Motors Corp Thermistor construction

Cited By (25)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4058787A (en) * 1975-04-04 1977-11-15 Hitachi, Ltd. Temperature sensor
US4531110A (en) * 1981-09-14 1985-07-23 At&T Bell Laboratories Negative temperature coefficient thermistors
US4503418A (en) * 1983-11-07 1985-03-05 Northern Telecom Limited Thick film resistor
US5177341A (en) * 1987-02-25 1993-01-05 Thorn Emi Plc Thick film electrically resistive tracks
EP0294691A1 (en) * 1987-06-12 1988-12-14 Mitsubishi Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Resistance temperature detector
US4929092A (en) * 1987-06-12 1990-05-29 Mitsubishi Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha Resistance temperature detector
US5000662A (en) * 1988-10-07 1991-03-19 Fujikura, Ltd. Flat resistance for blower control unit of automobile air conditioner
EP0527576A3 (en) * 1991-08-08 1993-04-28 Kabushiki Kaisha TEC Fixing device
US5280329A (en) * 1991-08-08 1994-01-18 Tokyo Electric Co., Ltd. Fixing device
US5254968A (en) * 1992-06-15 1993-10-19 General Motors Corporation Electrically conductive plastic speed control resistor for an automotive blower motor
US5521576A (en) * 1993-10-06 1996-05-28 Collins; Franklyn M. Fine-line thick film resistors and resistor networks and method of making same
US5605715A (en) * 1993-12-09 1997-02-25 The Erie Ceramic Arts Company Methods for making electrical circuit devices
US5929746A (en) * 1995-10-13 1999-07-27 International Resistive Company, Inc. Surface mounted thin film voltage divider
US20020195956A1 (en) * 2001-05-08 2002-12-26 Molnar Stephen Michael Device for detecting an electrically conductive particle
US6859024B2 (en) * 2001-05-08 2005-02-22 Telstra New Wave Pty Ltd. Device for detecting an electrically conductive particle
US20040056756A1 (en) * 2002-09-23 2004-03-25 Dempsey Dennis A. Impedance network with minimum contact impedance
US7057491B2 (en) * 2002-09-23 2006-06-06 Analog Devices, Inc. Impedance network with minimum contact impedance
US20070063813A1 (en) * 2005-09-20 2007-03-22 Analog Devices, Inc. Film resistor and a method for forming and trimming a film resistor
US7598841B2 (en) 2005-09-20 2009-10-06 Analog Devices, Inc. Film resistor and a method for forming and trimming a film resistor
US7719403B2 (en) 2005-09-20 2010-05-18 Analog Devices, Inc. Film resistor and a method for forming and trimming a film resistor
CN103073267A (zh) * 2012-12-26 2013-05-01 山东中厦电子科技有限公司 一种低电阻率、高b值负温度系数热敏材料及其制备方法
CN103073267B (zh) * 2012-12-26 2014-07-02 山东中厦电子科技有限公司 一种低电阻率、高b值负温度系数热敏材料及其制备方法
US20150136754A1 (en) * 2013-11-05 2015-05-21 Keith Yester Wireless Heating System for Motorcycles
US20170110225A1 (en) * 2014-03-26 2017-04-20 Heraeus Sensor Technology Gmbh Ceramic carrier and sensor element, heating element and sensor module, each with a ceramic carrier and method for manufacturing a ceramic carrier
US10529470B2 (en) * 2014-03-26 2020-01-07 Heraeus Nexensos Gmbh Ceramic carrier and sensor element, heating element and sensor module, each with a ceramic carrier and method for manufacturing a ceramic carrier

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CH598680A5 (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) 1978-05-12
FR2246031B3 (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) 1976-03-12
JPS5060795A (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) 1975-05-24
GB1480817A (en) 1977-07-27
BR7408013D0 (pt) 1975-07-15
DE2348589C2 (de) 1982-04-01
BE820395A (fr) 1975-01-16
SE7412125L (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) 1975-04-01
FR2246031A1 (cg-RX-API-DMAC7.html) 1975-04-25
NL7412718A (nl) 1975-04-02
IT1022270B (it) 1978-03-20
SE394761B (sv) 1977-07-04
AU7375074A (en) 1976-04-01
DE2348589A1 (de) 1975-04-03

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