US3884289A - Inviscid spinning of silicon steel - Google Patents

Inviscid spinning of silicon steel Download PDF

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Publication number
US3884289A
US3884289A US392829A US39282973A US3884289A US 3884289 A US3884289 A US 3884289A US 392829 A US392829 A US 392829A US 39282973 A US39282973 A US 39282973A US 3884289 A US3884289 A US 3884289A
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US
United States
Prior art keywords
melt
oxygen
silica
steel
gas
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
US392829A
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English (en)
Inventor
Lawrence F Rakestraw
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Monsanto Co
Original Assignee
Monsanto Co
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Priority to GB2935572A priority Critical patent/GB1425915A/en
Priority to DE19732340381 priority patent/DE2340381A1/de
Priority to NL7311333A priority patent/NL7311333A/xx
Priority to AU59295/73A priority patent/AU477157B2/en
Priority to AT731373A priority patent/AT329494B/de
Priority to LU68297A priority patent/LU68297A1/xx
Application filed by Monsanto Co filed Critical Monsanto Co
Priority to US05/392,601 priority patent/US3946794A/en
Priority to US392829A priority patent/US3884289A/en
Priority to FR7331291A priority patent/FR2242162B1/fr
Priority to US401644A priority patent/US3878703A/en
Priority to NL7411318A priority patent/NL7411318A/xx
Priority to DE2441139A priority patent/DE2441139A1/de
Priority to GB3750274A priority patent/GB1474220A/en
Priority to BE147954A priority patent/BE819260A/xx
Priority to CA207,976A priority patent/CA1050729A/en
Priority to JP49098826A priority patent/JPS5051422A/ja
Priority to LU70816A priority patent/LU70816A1/xx
Priority to AU72746/74A priority patent/AU476719B2/en
Priority to FR7429446A priority patent/FR2242164B1/fr
Priority to IT2667674A priority patent/IT1020245B/it
Priority to AT751974A priority patent/AT330708B/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of US3884289A publication Critical patent/US3884289A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
    • B22D—CASTING OF METALS; CASTING OF OTHER SUBSTANCES BY THE SAME PROCESSES OR DEVICES
    • B22D11/00—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths
    • B22D11/005—Continuous casting of metals, i.e. casting in indefinite lengths of wire
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B21—MECHANICAL METAL-WORKING WITHOUT ESSENTIALLY REMOVING MATERIAL; PUNCHING METAL
    • B21B—ROLLING OF METAL
    • B21B31/00—Rolling stand structures; Mounting, adjusting, or interchanging rolls, roll mountings, or stand frames
    • B21B31/16—Adjusting or positioning rolls
    • B21B31/20—Adjusting or positioning rolls by moving rolls perpendicularly to roll axis
    • B21B31/203—Balancing rolls

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT A method for preventing, orifice plugging when melt extruding a steel-silicon alloy to form fine diameter wire. This is accomplished by controlling the oxygen potential in the melt above the orifice at a level wherein the activity of silica within the melt is maintained at from 0.3 to unity the standard state of unit activity being defined as the melt saturated in silica at the concentrations of silicon and oxygen therein and at the melt temperature.
  • melts of metals and metal alloys are essentially inviscid.
  • the oxide of aluminum is a solid which is insoluble in the non-oxidized molten metal. This, of course, makes film formation by contact with oxygen below the orifice possible. However, in the instance of ferrous metals, as for example steel, the iron oxide is soluble in the liquid melt. Consequently, a film will not form when a molten jet is extruded into an oxidizing atmosphere.
  • filamentary structures may be formed from metals whose oxides are soluble in the non-oxidized molten metal by alloying them with a minor percentage of a compatible metal whose oxide is insoluble in the non oxidized molten metal.
  • compatible metal there is meant a metal or combination of metals having the ability to form an alloy.
  • metals which may be used for this purpose include aluminum, magnesium, beryllium, chromium, lanthanum and combinations thereof.
  • the particular metal employed should be present in amounts in excess of 0.5% by weight of the alloy.
  • the upper limit on the quantity of metal which will produce a stable oxide is only determined by the physical characteristics desired in the ultimate filamentary product.
  • the metal most commonly alloyed with steel for effecting film forma tion when extruding steel melts has been aluminum.
  • fine diameter wire may be considered as any wire having a diameter of less than about 35 mils.
  • steel is an alloy of iron and carbon.
  • the carbon content will be in the range of from about 0.01 to 4.30 by weight of the alloy in steels intended for use in the production of wire products.
  • steels of the type just described are alloyed with silicon to provide a filmforming component for the melt extrusion procedure.
  • the silicon concentration will range from between about 0.5 and 5.0 percent on the total weight of the alloy, although there is no process criticality with respect to the upper limit. That is, the upper limit may be determined merely on the basis of the physical characteristics desired in the ultimate product. However, it does appear desirable that the silicon be present in the alloy in an amount of at least 0.5 percent by weight in order to form a stabilizing film of the required strength.
  • the temperatures employed when extruding the melt are critical only to the extent that they obviously must be at or above the melting point of the alloy. Although not required, it is generally good practice to keep the temperature l20C. above the liquidus temperature of the alloy during extrusion to provide a margin for any heat loss which might occur. Likewise, the head pressures employed are critical only to the extent that they must impart a sufficient stream velocity to form an efficient jet in accordance with the parameters as set forth in US. Pat. No. 3,658,979.
  • the viscous film is generated by oxidation of the silicon added to the steel expressly for that purpose. This is brought about by extruding the siliconcontaining molten jet directly into an oxidizing medium. Thus, as the jet emerges from the extrusion orifice it is immediately contacted with an oxidizing atmosphere and a film of silica is caused to form almost instantaneously.
  • orifice-plugging inclusions can be greatly reduced by maintaining the activity of silica in the molten mass above the orifice at values between 0.3 and unity.
  • the standard state of unit activity for the purposes of this invention is defined as the melt saturated in silica at the concentration of silicon and oxygen therein and at the temperature of the melt.
  • the activity of silica within the melt is controlled by means of an oxygen-containing gas which is introduced into the system with an inert gas to provide a positive gas pressure for effecting extrusion. That is, the partial pressure of the oxygen-containing gas in the gas mixture provides the mechanism for this control.
  • the appropriate partial pressure for any given run will, of course, depend upon the particular gas employed, the carbon and silicon concentrations within the melt and the melt temperature. With these parameters being known for any contemplated operation, those skilled in the art can readily calculate the particular partial pressure values which are needed to accomplish the desired result.
  • oxygen-containing gases which may be employed are carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, oxygen and steam with carbon monoxide having particular advantages in practice.
  • the purpose of the gas is to function merely as an oxygen donor to the melt chemistry, the choice of an oxygen-containing gas is essentially without limitation.
  • Any suitable inert gas may be employed as the second component in the pressurized gas mixture.
  • argon and helium are commonly employed.
  • the oxygen content in the melt above the orifice should be controlled at a level which will insure a silica activity of from 0.3 to unity.
  • a silica activity of from 0.3 to unity.
  • the oxygen level in the melt is at or relatively near saturation with respect to silica and the value of the silica activity is from about 0.9 to unity.
  • the reason for this is that the ease of stabilizing silicon-containing steel jets as they emerge from the extrusion orifice is determined by the amount of oxygen dissolved in the molten jet.
  • a siliconcontaining steel melt which is saturated or substantially saturated with oxygen, vis-a-vis silica is stabilized with greater facility than one which is highly undersaturated in relation to silica.
  • Substantially higher oxygen levels can be tolerated in steel-silicon melts because of the relatively high solubility of silica (SiO which is generated in the presence of oxygen. That is, the melt solubility of silica far exceeds that of alumina (A1 0 or the oxides of other second metals previously employed with steel for effecting film-stabilization.
  • alumina A1 0 or the oxides of other second metals previously employed with steel for effecting film-stabilization.
  • the use of aluminum at 1.0 weight per cent as a second metal requires that the melt oxygen level be controlled to a value of 4 ppm or less in order that precipitation of the oxide be avoided.
  • melt oxygen levels of ppm or more can be tolerated when silicon is substituted for aluminum at the same concentration.
  • the use of silicon provides the further advantage in that when the oxide thereof is precipitated from the melt, it forms non-plugging viscous inclusions in contrast to the crystalline solids characteristic of alumina or other metal oxide precipitates.
  • melt chemistry is then dominated by the oxides of melt impurities whose solubility limits are lower than that of silica. These oxides are usually hard solids which accumulate in the orifice area upon precipitation and eventually plug it.
  • film stabilization is brought about by extruding the silicon-containing molten jet directly into a gaseous medium having a sufficient oxidizing capacity for causing silica to precipitate and form a film about the peripheral surface of the jet.
  • a gaseous medium having a sufficient oxidizing capacity for causing silica to precipitate and form a film about the peripheral surface of the jet.
  • any oxygen-containing gas or gas mixture having sufficient oxygen potential for effecting silica formation in the molten stream may be employed.
  • carbon monoxide other suitable examples which may be mentioned are carbon dioxide, oxygen, sulfur dioxide and steam.
  • the film stabilization chemistry will be described in terms of a carbon monoxide oxidizing medium. It will be understood that other oxygencontaining gases could likewise be employed. The reactions which occur may be set forth as follows:
  • P is the driving force required to form a sufficiently strong stabilizing film within the required time limit.
  • the film stabilized molten stream or jet is passed into a cooling medium to effect solidification.
  • a gas with good thermal conductivity for this purpose. That is, gases such as helium, hydrogen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen or mixtures thereof may be suitably em ployed with hydrogen and helium or mixtures of hydrogen and nitrogen being of particular preference.
  • FIGURE depicts a schematic, partially sectionalized, vertical view of an induction heated extrusion apparatus.
  • such apparatus is comprised of a crucible 2 having a base plate 3, the crucible and base plate being supported on pedestal 4 and enclosed within an insulating cylinder 5 and a susceptor 6 employed in conjunction with induction heating coils 7.
  • the unit is pressurized by gases brought into the head 9 through conduit 8.
  • Sealing rings 10 serve to maintain the pressure within the enclosure by preventing leakage past the base plate.
  • the molten metal 1 is forced through orifice 11 in orifice plate 12 by the gaseous head pressure and emerges from orifice 11 as a cylindrical molten jet 13.
  • the nascent jet passes through an oxygen-containing gaseous atmosphere contained within cavity 14 provided by the pedestal 4.
  • the oxygen-containing gas is brought into cavity 14 via conduit 15.
  • extrusion apparatus is merely a schematic representation of a typical assembly which may be employed in the practice of the present invention.
  • pressurizing gas mixture could be introduced into the system by providing a means for bubbling the gases up through the melt as an alternative or supplementary means to the introduction above the melt surface as shown in the drawing.
  • the important consideration is that the oxygencontaining gas be provided to the system at the proper partial pressure.
  • a resistance-heated assembly could be substituted for the illustrated inductionheated unit. The following examples will serve to further amplify the invention.
  • EXAMPLE 1 A steel alloy made from electrolytic iron alloyed with 0.01 percent by weight of carbon and 0.5 percent by weight of silicon was melted in a crucible assembly and thereafter held at a temperature of 1550C. Under a head pressure provided by a gas mixture of argon and carbon monoxide, the melt was streamed through a 6 mil beryllia orifice and thence into an atmosphere containing a mixture of carbon monoxide and helium. During streaming, the overhead carbon monoxide partial pressure was maintained at about 12 mm Hg (equilibrium for the melt silica-carbon reaction). As the molten stream emerged from the orifice, this equilibrium value was exceeded by the applied partial pressure of carbon monoxide in the gas mixture immediately below the orifice.
  • EXAMPLE 2 A steel alloy made from electrolytic iron alloyed with 0.4 percent by weight of carbon and 1.5 percent by weight of silicon was melted in a crucible assembly and thereafter held at a temperature of 1515C. The melt was streamed through a 6 mil orifice to produce fine diameter wire in accordance with the procedure of Example 1 above except for the difference in the carbon monoxide pressure over the melt. Under the conditions of this example equilibrium for the melt silica-carbon reaction is 230 mm of Hg and the overhead partial pressure of carbon monoxide was maintained at substantially that value. As in Example 1, no orifice plugging was encountered while streaming.
  • EXAMPLE 3 A sample of commercial steel having a carbon content of 0.2 percent by weight was alloyed with 1.5 percent by weight of silicon. This steel alloy was brought to the melt in a crucible assembly and thereafter held at a temperature of 1525C. The melt was extruded through a 6 mil orifice to produce fine diameter wire as in Example 1, above. However, in contrast to Example 1, the equilibrium partial pressure of carbon monoxide for the silica-carbon reaction within the melt, as determined from the concentrations of silicon and carbon and the melt temperature, is mm of Hg. Thus, the partial pressure of carbon monoxide above the melt was maintained at approximately this value. Again, there was no evidence of orifice plugging during the course of extrusion.
  • steel-silicon melt contains from about 0.01 to 4.3 percent by weight of carbon and from about 0.5 to 5.0 percent by weight of silicon.
  • said gas mixture over the melt consists of an inert gas and a gas selected from the group consisting of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, oxygen and steam.
  • melt is extruded as a molten stream into a gaseous atmosphere selected from the group consisting of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, oxygen, sulfur dioxide and steam.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Continuous Casting (AREA)
  • Metal Rolling (AREA)
  • Spinning Methods And Devices For Manufacturing Artificial Fibers (AREA)
  • Rolls And Other Rotary Bodies (AREA)
  • Extrusion Of Metal (AREA)
  • Reduction Rolling/Reduction Stand/Operation Of Reduction Machine (AREA)
  • Silicon Compounds (AREA)
US392829A 1972-06-22 1973-08-29 Inviscid spinning of silicon steel Expired - Lifetime US3884289A (en)

Priority Applications (21)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB2935572A GB1425915A (en) 1972-06-22 1972-06-22 Rolling mills
DE19732340381 DE2340381A1 (de) 1972-06-22 1973-08-09 Walzwerk
NL7311333A NL7311333A (nl) 1972-06-22 1973-08-16 Walswerk.
AU59295/73A AU477157B2 (en) 1972-06-22 1973-08-16 Improvements in rolling mills
AT731373A AT329494B (de) 1972-06-22 1973-08-22 Walzgerust
LU68297A LU68297A1 (de) 1972-06-22 1973-08-24
US05/392,601 US3946794A (en) 1972-06-22 1973-08-29 Method for producing fine diameter wire from steel-titanium melts
US392829A US3884289A (en) 1972-06-22 1973-08-29 Inviscid spinning of silicon steel
FR7331291A FR2242162B1 (de) 1972-06-22 1973-08-29
US401644A US3878703A (en) 1972-06-22 1973-09-28 Rolling mills
NL7411318A NL7411318A (nl) 1972-06-22 1974-08-26 Werkwijze voor het vervaardigen van draad met fijne diameter uit een gesmolten staal-titaan- - of -siliciumlegering.
AU72746/74A AU476719B2 (en) 1972-06-22 1974-08-28 Process for producing fine diameter wire from steel-titanium or steel-silicon melt
BE147954A BE819260A (fr) 1972-06-22 1974-08-28 Procede de production de fils de fin diametre a partir d'une fusion acier-titane ou acier-silicium
CA207,976A CA1050729A (en) 1972-06-22 1974-08-28 Process for producing fine diameter wire from steel-titanium of steel-silicon melt
JP49098826A JPS5051422A (de) 1972-06-22 1974-08-28
LU70816A LU70816A1 (de) 1972-06-22 1974-08-28
DE2441139A DE2441139A1 (de) 1972-06-22 1974-08-28 Verfahren zum schmelzspinnen von feindraht aus einer stahl-titan- oder stahl-siliziumschmelze
FR7429446A FR2242164B1 (de) 1972-06-22 1974-08-28
GB3750274A GB1474220A (en) 1972-06-22 1974-08-28 Process for producing fine diameter wire
IT2667674A IT1020245B (it) 1973-08-29 1974-08-28 Procedimento per produrre un filo di diametro sottile da una massa fu sa di acciaio titanio oppure acciaio silico
AT751974A AT330708B (de) 1972-06-22 1974-09-18 Walzwerk

Applications Claiming Priority (10)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB2935572A GB1425915A (en) 1972-06-22 1972-06-22 Rolling mills
DE19732340381 DE2340381A1 (de) 1972-06-22 1973-08-09 Walzwerk
AU59295/73A AU477157B2 (en) 1972-06-22 1973-08-16 Improvements in rolling mills
NL7311333A NL7311333A (nl) 1972-06-22 1973-08-16 Walswerk.
AT731373A AT329494B (de) 1972-06-22 1973-08-22 Walzgerust
LU68297 1973-08-24
US392829A US3884289A (en) 1972-06-22 1973-08-29 Inviscid spinning of silicon steel
FR7331291A FR2242162B1 (de) 1972-06-22 1973-08-29
US05/392,601 US3946794A (en) 1972-06-22 1973-08-29 Method for producing fine diameter wire from steel-titanium melts
US401644A US3878703A (en) 1972-06-22 1973-09-28 Rolling mills

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
US3884289A true US3884289A (en) 1975-05-20

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Family Applications (3)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US392829A Expired - Lifetime US3884289A (en) 1972-06-22 1973-08-29 Inviscid spinning of silicon steel
US05/392,601 Expired - Lifetime US3946794A (en) 1972-06-22 1973-08-29 Method for producing fine diameter wire from steel-titanium melts
US401644A Expired - Lifetime US3878703A (en) 1972-06-22 1973-09-28 Rolling mills

Family Applications After (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
US05/392,601 Expired - Lifetime US3946794A (en) 1972-06-22 1973-08-29 Method for producing fine diameter wire from steel-titanium melts
US401644A Expired - Lifetime US3878703A (en) 1972-06-22 1973-09-28 Rolling mills

Country Status (11)

Country Link
US (3) US3884289A (de)
JP (1) JPS5051422A (de)
AT (1) AT329494B (de)
AU (2) AU477157B2 (de)
BE (1) BE819260A (de)
CA (1) CA1050729A (de)
DE (2) DE2340381A1 (de)
FR (2) FR2242162B1 (de)
GB (2) GB1425915A (de)
LU (2) LU68297A1 (de)
NL (2) NL7311333A (de)

Families Citing this family (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
FR2367563A1 (fr) * 1976-10-15 1978-05-12 Michelin & Cie Procede et installation
FR2367564A1 (fr) * 1976-10-15 1978-05-12 Michelin & Cie Fabrication de fil metallique par projection d'acier au silicium dans un milieu refroidisseur
FR2367562A1 (fr) * 1976-10-15 1978-05-12 Michelin & Cie Perfectionnements a la fabrication de fil metallique par coulee continue dans un fluide refroidisseur
CA1135933A (en) * 1979-07-18 1982-11-23 Robert Thomson Method and apparatus for casting elongated members of reactive metals and reactive metal alloys
DE3642903A1 (de) * 1986-12-16 1988-06-23 Schloemann Siemag Ag Walzgeruest mit auf ein doppelseitig gelagertes walzentragwellenpaar einseitig aufgesetzten walzringen
DE3939124A1 (de) * 1989-11-25 1991-05-29 Sundwiger Eisen Maschinen Vielwalzengeruest mit hydraulischer anstellung
WO2019118018A1 (en) 2017-12-15 2019-06-20 Magna International Inc. Electromagnetic extrusion

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2907082A (en) * 1956-02-06 1959-10-06 Marvaland Inc Production of continuous filaments of high vapor pressure metals
US3216076A (en) * 1962-04-30 1965-11-09 Clevite Corp Extruding fibers having oxide skins
US3658979A (en) * 1965-03-30 1972-04-25 Monsanto Co Method for forming fibers and filaments directly from melts of low viscosities
US3692089A (en) * 1970-12-03 1972-09-19 Monsanto Co Process for controlling orifice size when extruding molten materials

Family Cites Families (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2095448A (en) * 1936-01-22 1937-10-12 United Eng Foundry Co Rolling mill balance
GB1101346A (en) * 1964-06-04 1968-01-31 United Eng Foundry Co Workpiece contour control on apparatus for rolling material of elongate form
GB1176524A (en) * 1966-04-22 1970-01-07 Spidem Ste Nle Apparatus for Varying the Forces Exerted on the Work Roll Chocks in Multi-Roll Rolling Mill Stands
US3699791A (en) * 1971-06-28 1972-10-24 Blaw Knox Foundry Mill Machine Work roll bearing lubrication arrangement
US3733875A (en) * 1971-07-12 1973-05-22 Mesta Machine Co Work roll sensing and/or balancing arrangements

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2907082A (en) * 1956-02-06 1959-10-06 Marvaland Inc Production of continuous filaments of high vapor pressure metals
US3216076A (en) * 1962-04-30 1965-11-09 Clevite Corp Extruding fibers having oxide skins
US3658979A (en) * 1965-03-30 1972-04-25 Monsanto Co Method for forming fibers and filaments directly from melts of low viscosities
US3692089A (en) * 1970-12-03 1972-09-19 Monsanto Co Process for controlling orifice size when extruding molten materials

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE2441139A1 (de) 1975-03-06
NL7311333A (nl) 1975-02-18
AU477157B2 (en) 1975-02-20
FR2242162B1 (de) 1976-10-01
AU476719B2 (en) 1976-09-30
ATA731373A (de) 1975-08-15
FR2242164A1 (de) 1975-03-28
FR2242162A1 (de) 1975-03-28
GB1425915A (en) 1976-02-25
DE2340381A1 (de) 1975-02-20
US3878703A (en) 1975-04-22
US3946794A (en) 1976-03-30
AT329494B (de) 1976-05-10
AU5929573A (en) 1975-02-20
LU68297A1 (de) 1973-10-30
JPS5051422A (de) 1975-05-08
LU70816A1 (de) 1975-06-11
AU7274674A (en) 1976-03-04
CA1050729A (en) 1979-03-20
GB1474220A (en) 1977-05-18
NL7411318A (nl) 1975-03-04
BE819260A (fr) 1975-02-28
FR2242164B1 (de) 1981-05-08

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