US3856113A - Framework construction - Google Patents

Framework construction Download PDF

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Publication number
US3856113A
US3856113A US00307503A US30750372A US3856113A US 3856113 A US3856113 A US 3856113A US 00307503 A US00307503 A US 00307503A US 30750372 A US30750372 A US 30750372A US 3856113 A US3856113 A US 3856113A
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Prior art keywords
web
construction
central area
struts
length
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Expired - Lifetime
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US00307503A
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English (en)
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E Engvall
T Ritscher
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Keijser & Co C AB
Keijser C & Co sw AB
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Keijser & Co C AB
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E06—DOORS, WINDOWS, SHUTTERS, OR ROLLER BLINDS IN GENERAL; LADDERS
    • E06C—LADDERS
    • E06C7/00—Component parts, supporting parts, or accessories
    • E06C7/08—Special construction of longitudinal members, or rungs or other treads
    • E06C7/082—Connections between rungs or treads and longitudinal members
    • E06C7/085—Connections between rungs or treads and longitudinal members achieved by deforming the rung or the stile
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C3/06—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal with substantially solid, i.e. unapertured, web
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0404—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
    • E04C2003/0408—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by assembly or the cross-section
    • E04C2003/0413—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by assembly or the cross-section being built up from several parts
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0404—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
    • E04C2003/0408—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by assembly or the cross-section
    • E04C2003/0421—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by assembly or the cross-section comprising one single unitary part
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0404—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
    • E04C2003/0426—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by material distribution in cross section
    • E04C2003/0434—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by material distribution in cross section the open cross-section free of enclosed cavities
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04C—STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS; BUILDING MATERIALS
    • E04C3/00—Structural elongated elements designed for load-supporting
    • E04C3/02—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces
    • E04C3/04—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal
    • E04C2003/0404—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects
    • E04C2003/0443—Joists; Girders, trusses, or trusslike structures, e.g. prefabricated; Lintels; Transoms; Braces of metal beams, girders, or joists characterised by cross-sectional aspects characterised by substantial shape of the cross-section
    • E04C2003/0452—H- or I-shaped

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT A novel framework construction, e.g., a ladder, is provided. It includes at leasttwo longitudinal beams disposed in substantially parallel alignment.
  • Each beam is of a novel construction having a cross-section in the form of a pair of legs joined by a web, the web including a central area of substantially. uniform thickness, and a pair of lateral areas, each such lateral area being of gradually increasing thickness in a direction away from thecentral area.
  • a plurality of struts is provided,
  • the beams of such prior art framework constructions generally have been made of different structural materials, such as, for example, wood or metal and usually have had a generally circular or rectangular crosssection.
  • metal beams it was conventional to use profiles or cross-sectional shapes resembling an I, an H or double T.
  • the cross-sectional shape generally'comprised two juxtaposed legs interconnected by means of a cross-piece or web.
  • Conventional H beams ordouble T beams comprise a'pair of legs, i.e., the vertical legs of the H, and a web, i.e.,'the horizontal cross-piece of the H.
  • the web of a conventional I-I-beam predominantly is of substantially uniform widthJMany prior art framework constructions, such as, for example, ladders are made of structural light metals or metal alloys (e.g., of aluminum) with .beams having such a profile. These provide satisfactory bending stiffness and torsion stability even when the beams have relatively small cross-sectional areas. It was noted, however, that the side stiffness generally was unsatisfactory.
  • Yet another object of this invention is the provision of a novel framework construction including a novel beam configuration and a plurality of struts cooperating therewith to provide increased mechanical stability and improvements in side bending and torsional stability thereof.
  • a still further object of this invention is the provision of a novel ladder structure having increased mechanical'stability and improvements in side bending and tor- .sional stability.
  • Another object of this invention is the provision of a novel procedurefor producing such novel framework construction.
  • a beam having a cross-section in the form of a pair of legs joined by a web, wherein theweb includes a central area of substantially uniform thickness, and a pair of lateral areas, each such lateral area being of gradually increasing thickness in a direction away from the central area; and further wherein (i) the ratio of a thesum of the length of the two lateral areas and the lengthof the central area, to b the length of the central area is 4:1, and (ii) the ratio of a the sum of the length of the two lateral areas and thele'ngth of the central area, c the sum of the length of the two. lateral areas is 2.521.
  • a framework construction comprising at least two longitudinal beams disposed in substantially parallel alignment and a plurality of struts transversely disposed between and interconnecting the beams, each of the beams having a cross-section in the form of a pair of legs joined by a web, the web having a central area of substantially uniform thickness, and a pair of lateral areas each such lateral area being of gradually increasing thickness in adirection away from the central area, the struts forming an interlocking connection with the web.
  • a ladder comprising two longitudinal beams made of an extrudablelig ht metal alloy disposed in substantially parallel alignment and a plurality of equidistanced hollow struts interconnecting the beams, and made of an extrudable light metal alloy arranged between and substantially normal to the beams and having a generally rectangular crosssection, each of the beams havinga generally H-shaped cross section in the form of a pair of legs joined by a web, wherein the web includes a central area of substantially uniform thickness, and a pair of lateral areas, each such lateral area being of gradually increasing thickness in a direction away from the central area;
  • each strut 'end portion being provided with a pair of flanges formed wedgingly to interlock with the web of the beam adjacent to suchend portion of such strut.
  • the first step comprises arranging (A) at least two longitudinal beams made of an extrudable light metal alloy in a substantially parallel alignment, such beams having a cross-section in the form of a pair of legs joined by a web, wherein the web other side face constitutes an outer web face, the central area of the web being provided with a plurality of generally rectangular openings, and (B) a plurality of struts made of an extrudable light metal alloy and having a substantially rectangular crosssection, each strut being provided with a pair of first flanges, each of such first flanges being arranged near one end of an associatedstrut and comprising an inner face to contact the inner web face,.and with strut ends capable of being inserted into the openings in the web and extending therethrough.
  • the second step comprises assembling the beams with a plurality of such struts so that'each of the first flanges faces an inner web face while the strut ends extend through the openings.
  • the third step comprises pressingly deforming the strut ends extending through the web openings to form second flanges at the outer web faces and to hold each of the web center portions between pairs of first and second flanges, each pair of flanges being wedgingly locked by the lateral areas of the web.
  • the web of the beam for the framework construction has a flat center portion and two tapered side portions such that the thickness of the web increases in the directions away from the central area of the web.
  • the web of the beams for the framework constructions according to aspects of this invention can be described as a double Y in which the forks extend away from the point where the Ys are joined. It' is to be emphasized'that this doubly-tapered shape relates to the web portion of the beams which further include the legs.
  • the framework construction according to an embodiment of this invention comprises at least two such beams disposed in substantially parallel alignment.
  • substantially parallel alignment is intended to indicate that the upper and lower legs of the beams are arranged in common upper and lower planes (viewing the cross-sections as double Ts) while the webs are in substantially parallel planes.
  • Each web has a central area and a pair of lateral areas.
  • the term lateral area defines those portions of the web between the central area of the web and the areas where the web joins the legs.
  • Each lateral area increases in thickness toward the adjacent leg of the beam.
  • each lateral area ofa web constitutes at least about 20 percent of the entireweb length which web length consists of the length of the pair of lateral areas and the length of the single central area.
  • the increase of the thickness of the lateral areas of the web generally is a continuous increase. This can be either a linear or a geometric increase, as will be explained in more detail below. Accordingly, the outer faces of each of the lateral areas of the web can be said to form a wedge. It is generally preferred that the wedge angle, i.e., twice the inclination of the outer face against the web axis (or the plane of the web center portion) be in'the range of from about 10 to about 35,
  • the struts which transversely interconnect the beams should form an interlocking connection with the webs of the beams.
  • the profile or cross-sectional configuration of the web as described above should cooperate with the contacting face or faces of the struts in such a manner as to lock the struts in their position.
  • the double wedge of the lateral areas of the web can be used further to increase this lateral in-' I terlock by providing the struts with flanges, preferably two flanges at each strut end of the type which can be produced by crimping the wall of a hollow metal column with a circular or, preferably, rectangular crosssection.
  • the struts are hollow members having a substantially rectangular, and preferably a substantiallysquare, crosssection, the webs being provided with substantially rectangular openings to receive the strut ends. If the strut portions near each end of the strut are provided with a first flange or crimp of sufficient size (the distance between the two parallel sides)-substantially to cover the length of the central area of the web, the wedge-shaped sides of the web provided by the lateral areas will act as an interlock or keying means for the flange edges which are parallel with the beam direction.
  • wedge as used to describe the form of the lateral areas of the web includes both linear as well as non-linear increases.
  • a non-linear increase embraced in this invention is that of a logarithmic spiral.
  • both sides of each lateral area of the web are curved oppositely in this manner and, as will be seen below, such logarithmic curvature or at least a shape which approaches this form can extend into the legs of the beam to the point where the curve turns back toward the center portion.
  • FIG. 3 is adiagrammatic, fragmentary, elevational view of another embodiment of the lateral area of the web and of the adjacent leg of another embodiment of the novel beamaccording to one aspect of this invention; j 3
  • FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of the general formof an I-I-beam showing dimensional relations of preferred beams according to an aspect of this invention
  • FIG. 5 is a diagrammatic, fragmentary, sectional view illustrating an embodiment of the interlocking relation of beam and strut in a construction according to another aspect of this invention.
  • FIG. 6 is a fragmentary, sectionalview illustrating the interlocking relation of beam and strut in a preferred construction according to another aspect of this invention.
  • beam 11 comprises a web 12 consisting of a central area 13 and a pair of lateral areas 14, 15.
  • the central area 13 of the web 12 is of a substantially uniform thickness while each of the lateral areas 14, 15 increases in thickness from the central area 13 of the web 12 to the associated adjacent legs 17, 19.
  • the lateral areas 14, 15 of the web .12 are. generally inwardly tapered from the area adjacent legs l7, 19 towards the central area 13 of the web 12.
  • the taper shown in FIG. 1 is somewhat exaggerated for better understanding, showing, for example, a taper of 40.-As will be explained in greater detail below, the preferred taper is from 10 to 35, with a taper of 14 24 being the preferred range.
  • the centralarea 13 of the web 12 is provided with a plurality of substantially rectangular openings 16, of which three are shown in the drawing. It is understood, of course, that the actual number of openings, their distances, shape and size will depend upon the required number of struts per unit of length of a given construction, the total length of the construction and the crosssectional shape of the struts.
  • the square configuration of openings 16 is-a preferred embodiment.
  • Legs 17, 19 adjacent to the lateral areas 14, 15 of the web 12 can be shaped as shown, i.e., with leg ends 18, 20 (respectively) bent inwardly to face one another toward the central area 13 of the web 12, but other'configurations, for example, arcuate, straight, etc., will be suitable as well. In any case, the exact form of the legs l7, 19 is not a critical feature.-
  • a framework construction according to one aspepct of this invention comprises at least two substantially similar beams of the type described above, disposed in substantially parallel alignment.
  • a pair of such beams 11 will be arranged with the inner side face 131 of the web portion 12 in face-to-face juxtaposition with the corresponding inner side face 131 of the web portion of the struction, for example, for cable supporting structures,
  • the beams 11 are made from an extrudable light metal, for example, an aluminum alloy of the type which will be discussed in greater detail below.
  • FIG. 2 the cross-sectional shape of the tapered lateral portion 6 of the web 12 is shown for a non-linear increase of the thickness thereof from the area indicated as 4, i.e., the end of central area 20f the web 12, towards its associated adjacent leg 3. Faces 1a, lb of lateral area 6 generally follow the form of logarithmic spirals extending to the inwardly bent ends 5a, 5b of leg 3. While the shape of a logarithmic spiral is wellsuited for the lateral areas of the beam, various modifications of the ideal curvature in accordance with such parameters as beam dimension, strut dimension and properties of the alloy will be apparent to the expert. In any case, a curved shape of the side faces la, 1b of lateral area 6 of the web is not critical in any aspect of this invention. It is apparent that FIG. 2 shows only a portion of a beam profile. V
  • FIG. 3 a portion of a beam crosssection which can be considered to be an approximation to the-cross-sectional shape shown in FIG. 2 is shown.
  • the modification in FIG; 3 is essentially due to practical requirements of producing such beams, for example, by extruding light metal alloys'through a die.
  • the transition from leg 31 to the lateral area 22 of the web starts with a curvature generally indicated as42, and proceeds via a substantially planar portion 43 to transition point 41, which is the boundary between the lateral area 22 of the web and the central area 21 of the-web.
  • Central area 21 has a length indicated by S
  • the general shape or taper of the lateral areas (6 in FIG. 2 or 22 in FIG. 3) can be said to be wedge-shaped" and is characterized by a wedge angle which is twice the angle 0: shown in FIG. 3.
  • the general shape or taper of the lateral areas (6 in FIG. 2 or 22 in FIG. 3) can be said to be wedge-shaped" and is characterized by a wedge
  • wedge angle (2 X a) generally will be about 10 and about 35, preferably between about 15 and about 30 and most preferably between about 14 and about 24",
  • the ratio of total length (length S of the web to the length of the central area 21 (length S of the web will generally be in the range of from about 2.5 to l,'prefe'rably in the range of from about 2.2 to 1.2.
  • the thickness of the central area 21 of the web is substantially uniform and the increase of thickness in the lateral area 22 (length S of the web (which as explained above can be said to be wedgeshaped) will. start at a pointn (S indicated as 50.
  • both lateral areas 22 (length S )' will have thesame length.
  • the ratio of the total length of web (8 to the sum total of the lengths of the two lateral areas, in other words, the ratio S :2S will be between 4 and l, and preferably will be between 3.4 and 1.9.
  • the ratio of the total length of the web (length 5 to the lengths of legs 3l 7 (length B ),',i.e., the ratio S :B, preferably is in the rangeof from about 2.0 to 1.0, more preferably between about 1.9 and 1.4.
  • the ratio of the total length of the web (length S to the thickness (thickness S about 0.04 to 0.02.
  • the ratio of web width (width S to the width (width 3 of legs 31 generally is between about 2.0 and about 0.5, and preferably is between about 1.7 and about 0.6, a lower limit of .1 being suitable for most purposes.
  • Beams having the above-noted values show unexpected utility inrespect of providing framework constructions of increased mechanical stability with surprisingimprovements of side bending and torsional stability when compared to beams having the crosssectional configuration shown in French Pat. No. 2,044,017 dated Feb. '8, 1971 in the name of A. Rigoine de Fougerolles.
  • the preferred ratios set forth above in connection with FIG. 4 are of particularadvantage for beams made by extrusion from extrudable light metal alloys on an aluminum basis.
  • the struts are made of similar materials and can also be extrudates of the type known per se. Typical examples of such alloysare AIM- gSi alloys as specified in UnitedStates Standards No.
  • the strength (tensile) of the aluminum alloys used for beams and struts should be at least about 25 kiloponds per mm (substantially corresponding to a Webster B hardness of at least about 16). Preferably, the strength of the alloy should not be more than about percent below the values justindicated.
  • the dimensions of the strut are correlated with regard to the length S of the central area of the web.
  • the central area of the web will have substantially the same length as or be somewhat smaller than, the side-to-side distance of the contacting face of rectangular struts.
  • the term contact face refers to that part of the ends of the struts which contacts the web side of the beam.
  • this contact face will be part of a flange portion of the strut, e.g., a crimped bulge or rim formed around the strut periphery and usually will be similar to but somewhat larger than the cross-section of the strut.
  • the preferred cross-sectional shape of the struts is substantially rectangular, with a square crosssectional shape constituting an even more preferred embodiment.
  • the edges may be rounded as required.
  • FIG. 6 shows a beam and a strut 48.
  • the beam includes a web having a central area 52, and a pair of tapered lateral areas 46.
  • the tapered lateral areas meet an associated leg 45, and each leg 45 has each of its ends bent inwardly as at 47 to face-one another towards the central area 46 of the web.
  • An end portion 481 of strut 48 is provided with acrimped rim 49 which is to become the inner flange. Then the remaining free end will be inserted into an opening (16, FIG. 1) in central area 52 (13, FIG. 1) of the web (12, FIG. 1) to extend therethrough.
  • a second crimped rim 51 is formed at the end portion 481, e.g., by compression and in accordance with the deformation capacity of the material used.
  • crimped rim 51 is formed and both rims 49, 51 are both pressed against the central area 52 of the web. In this way, an extremely strong interlocking connection between strut 48 and the web of the beam can beproduced.
  • the bending strength (measuring the deformation of a construction consisting of two substantially parallel beams and a plurality of struts interconnecting the beams. at regular distances with a test load applied on both beams);
  • the side bending strength of the construction according to one embodiment of this invention was about eight times higher than that of the comparative structure.
  • test methods employed were those specified in Danish Industrial Standards (DS 2069.0) which are considered to constitute the most severe tests among accepted oflicial standards for such framework constructions.
  • duroplasts either unreinforced or reinforced with substances such as, for example, glass fibers.
  • a ladder comprising two longitudinal beams made of an extrudable light metal alloy disposed in a substantially parallel alignment, said beams having a generally l-l-shaped cross-section inth'e form of a pair of legs joined "by a web, wherein the web includes a central area of substantially uniform thickness, and a pair of lateral areas, each such lateral area being of gradually increasing thickness in a direction away from said central area; the central area of the web having a plurality of openings therein; a plurality of equidistanced hollow struts made of an extrudable light metal alloy arranged substantially normal to and interconnecting said beams and having a generally rectangular cross-section; and opposite end portions of said struts being received in the openings in said web, each strut end portion being providedwith a pair of flangesformed wedgingly to interlock with the central area and abut a portion'of said lateral areas of the web of the beam adjacent said strut end portion.
  • a framework construction comprising at least two longitudinal beams disposed in substantially parallel alignment, each said beam being in the form of a pair of legs joined by a web, said web including a central area of substantially uniform thickness, and a pair of lateral areas, each said lateral area being of gradually increasing thickness in a direction away from the central area; and a plurality of struts, said struts being disposed transversely between and the ends of said struts being connected to said beams, said ends of said struts forming an interlocking connection with the central area and abutting a portion of said lateral areas of said web.
  • each lateral area of said web increases in thickness in a general wedgeJike mannerwith opposite faces of each of said lateral areas of said web including an angle of between about 10 and about 7.
  • said angle is from about 14 to about 24.
  • each end portion of said struts comprises: two face-to-face juxta- 13.
  • said struts are hollow members made of an'extrudable light metal alloy and wherein said struts have a generally rectangular cross-section.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Rod-Shaped Construction Members (AREA)
  • Ladders (AREA)
  • Bridges Or Land Bridges (AREA)
US00307503A 1971-11-23 1972-11-17 Framework construction Expired - Lifetime US3856113A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

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CH1701871 1971-11-23

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JP (1) JPS4863523A (xx)
BR (1) BR7208237D0 (xx)
CA (1) CA986678A (xx)
CH (1) CH545941A (xx)
DE (1) DE2256705C3 (xx)
DK (1) DK141415B (xx)
FI (1) FI63109C (xx)
FR (1) FR2163000A5 (xx)
GB (1) GB1415331A (xx)
NL (1) NL7215849A (xx)
NO (1) NO141478C (xx)
SE (1) SE385312B (xx)

Cited By (9)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4205426A (en) * 1978-01-05 1980-06-03 Sears, Roebuck And Co. Method of fabricating metal ladder
US4261436A (en) * 1980-01-17 1981-04-14 Sears, Roebuck And Co. Metal ladder and method of fabricating the same
US4489925A (en) * 1981-09-04 1984-12-25 James L. Taylor Mfg. Co. Equalizer clamp
US5180031A (en) * 1990-12-11 1993-01-19 Smith Daniel S Gardener's aid for sloped ground
WO2002044492A2 (en) * 2000-12-01 2002-06-06 Kamenomostski Alexandre Il Ich Thin-webbed profile member and panel using the same
CN107201869A (zh) * 2016-06-20 2017-09-26 胡圣伟 高强度异型工字钢
CN110001797A (zh) * 2019-04-18 2019-07-12 天津中科先进技术研究院有限公司 一种高强度可模块化设计复合材料车厢底板
WO2020234503A1 (es) * 2019-05-19 2020-11-26 Universidad Rey Juan Carlos Perfiles metálicos para construcción y edificación
RU2792765C2 (ru) * 2018-07-16 2023-03-23 Амстед Рэйл Компани, Инк. Железнодорожная вагонная тележка в сборе, содержащая двутавровые компоненты

Families Citing this family (14)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
NL179306C (nl) * 1975-08-25 1986-08-18 Beheermaatschappij Onderneming Werkwijze voor het vervaardigen van een buisstripverbinding, zoals voor de vervaardiging van een hekwerk.
ES241438Y (es) * 1978-02-17 1980-04-16 Tablilla perfilada en forma de viga con alas en arco, espe- cialmente utilizable para la formacion de paneles para ba- laustradas, recintos, paredes divisorias, artesonados pare-des moviles y similares.
CA1106127A (en) * 1979-07-06 1981-08-04 Ronald J. Johnston Stringer
SE438171B (sv) * 1979-11-29 1985-04-01 Plannja Ab Balk
FR2471472A1 (fr) * 1979-12-10 1981-06-19 Fameca Sa Echelle avec rayon a profile
SE431241B (sv) * 1980-03-04 1984-01-23 Vm Permaban Ab Anordning for att legga golv av betong
DE3436492A1 (de) * 1984-10-05 1986-04-10 Ver Spezialmoebel Verwalt Verbund-stangenprofil
FR2577609B1 (fr) * 1985-02-15 1987-05-07 Ailly Sur Noye Ste Indle Cale Nouvel assemblage d'echelons metalliques sur des montants metalliques d'echelle
JPS62268448A (ja) * 1986-05-13 1987-11-21 株式会社東京タカラ商会 各種枠組構造物のフレ−ム部材
DE4039335C3 (de) * 1990-12-10 2003-02-27 Gernot Wolperding Walzprofil für Verbundträger
NZ237590A (en) * 1991-03-26 1994-07-26 Palmerston Extension Ladder Non-conducting ladder stile with a varying spacer portion between the compression and tension portions
MX9600449A (es) * 1995-02-10 1997-01-31 Werner Co Placa de cavidades multiples, metodo y aparato para formar una junta o union con la misma y una escalera.
US11225273B2 (en) * 2018-07-16 2022-01-18 Amsted Rail Company, Inc. Railway truck assembly having coreless I-beam bolster
BR112021000655A2 (pt) * 2018-07-16 2021-04-13 Amsted Rail Company, Inc. Viga em i, método para formar uma viga em i, e, conjunto de truque

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US1360720A (en) * 1919-12-24 1920-11-30 Brown Edward Eugene Metal construction
US1495570A (en) * 1921-04-06 1924-05-27 George H Blakeley Series of i-beams
US1768833A (en) * 1925-05-15 1930-07-01 James H Edwards Structural member
US1786938A (en) * 1925-05-16 1930-12-30 James H Edwards Series and groups of i-beams
US1990155A (en) * 1931-04-25 1935-02-05 Leonie S Young Joist
GB611668A (en) * 1942-08-26 1948-11-02 Dougree Marihaye Sa Improvements in and relating to steel poles or pylons
US2589304A (en) * 1947-07-29 1952-03-18 William B Spangler Interlocking structural units
US2855134A (en) * 1956-10-04 1958-10-07 Bauer Mfg Company Metal ladder
US2966229A (en) * 1955-02-15 1960-12-27 Grant E Frezieres Ladder construction
US3241285A (en) * 1964-05-27 1966-03-22 Int Nickel Co Structural member for supporting loads
DE1900643A1 (de) * 1969-01-08 1970-08-27 Keijser & Co Ab C Konstruktion und Herstellungsverfahren einer Leiter

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US426558A (en) * 1890-04-29 George w
US1360720A (en) * 1919-12-24 1920-11-30 Brown Edward Eugene Metal construction
US1495570A (en) * 1921-04-06 1924-05-27 George H Blakeley Series of i-beams
US1768833A (en) * 1925-05-15 1930-07-01 James H Edwards Structural member
US1786938A (en) * 1925-05-16 1930-12-30 James H Edwards Series and groups of i-beams
US1990155A (en) * 1931-04-25 1935-02-05 Leonie S Young Joist
GB611668A (en) * 1942-08-26 1948-11-02 Dougree Marihaye Sa Improvements in and relating to steel poles or pylons
US2589304A (en) * 1947-07-29 1952-03-18 William B Spangler Interlocking structural units
US2966229A (en) * 1955-02-15 1960-12-27 Grant E Frezieres Ladder construction
US2855134A (en) * 1956-10-04 1958-10-07 Bauer Mfg Company Metal ladder
US3241285A (en) * 1964-05-27 1966-03-22 Int Nickel Co Structural member for supporting loads
DE1900643A1 (de) * 1969-01-08 1970-08-27 Keijser & Co Ab C Konstruktion und Herstellungsverfahren einer Leiter

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4205426A (en) * 1978-01-05 1980-06-03 Sears, Roebuck And Co. Method of fabricating metal ladder
US4261436A (en) * 1980-01-17 1981-04-14 Sears, Roebuck And Co. Metal ladder and method of fabricating the same
US4489925A (en) * 1981-09-04 1984-12-25 James L. Taylor Mfg. Co. Equalizer clamp
US5180031A (en) * 1990-12-11 1993-01-19 Smith Daniel S Gardener's aid for sloped ground
WO2002044492A2 (en) * 2000-12-01 2002-06-06 Kamenomostski Alexandre Il Ich Thin-webbed profile member and panel using the same
WO2002044492A3 (en) * 2000-12-01 2002-10-17 Alexandre Il Ich Kamenomostski Thin-webbed profile member and panel using the same
CN107201869A (zh) * 2016-06-20 2017-09-26 胡圣伟 高强度异型工字钢
CN107201869B (zh) * 2016-06-20 2020-06-23 胡圣伟 高强度异型工字钢
RU2792765C2 (ru) * 2018-07-16 2023-03-23 Амстед Рэйл Компани, Инк. Железнодорожная вагонная тележка в сборе, содержащая двутавровые компоненты
CN110001797A (zh) * 2019-04-18 2019-07-12 天津中科先进技术研究院有限公司 一种高强度可模块化设计复合材料车厢底板
WO2020234503A1 (es) * 2019-05-19 2020-11-26 Universidad Rey Juan Carlos Perfiles metálicos para construcción y edificación

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
BR7208237D0 (pt) 1973-09-20
CA986678A (en) 1976-04-06
NL7215849A (xx) 1973-05-25
JPS4863523A (xx) 1973-09-04
DE2256705A1 (de) 1973-05-24
CH545941A (xx) 1974-02-15
NO141478C (no) 1980-03-19
NO141478B (no) 1979-12-10
DE2256705B2 (de) 1981-02-05
SE385312B (sv) 1976-06-21
FI63109B (fi) 1982-12-31
FR2163000A5 (xx) 1973-07-20
DK141415C (xx) 1980-09-08
DE2256705C3 (de) 1981-11-12
GB1415331A (en) 1975-11-26
DK141415B (da) 1980-03-10
FI63109C (fi) 1983-04-11

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