US3847104A - Marine stern rudder blade - Google Patents

Marine stern rudder blade Download PDF

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Publication number
US3847104A
US3847104A US00314447A US31444772A US3847104A US 3847104 A US3847104 A US 3847104A US 00314447 A US00314447 A US 00314447A US 31444772 A US31444772 A US 31444772A US 3847104 A US3847104 A US 3847104A
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United States
Prior art keywords
rudder
screw
divergent
blade
rearwardly
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Expired - Lifetime
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US00314447A
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English (en)
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N Kaufer
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Individual
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Individual
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Publication date
Priority claimed from DE19712162648 external-priority patent/DE2162648A1/de
Priority claimed from DE19722234603 external-priority patent/DE2234603C3/de
Priority claimed from DE19722253571 external-priority patent/DE2253571C3/de
Application filed by Individual filed Critical Individual
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Publication of US3847104A publication Critical patent/US3847104A/en
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B63—SHIPS OR OTHER WATERBORNE VESSELS; RELATED EQUIPMENT
    • B63H—MARINE PROPULSION OR STEERING
    • B63H25/00—Steering; Slowing-down otherwise than by use of propulsive elements; Dynamic anchoring, i.e. positioning vessels by means of main or auxiliary propulsive elements
    • B63H25/06—Steering by rudders
    • B63H25/38—Rudders

Definitions

  • the main function of the stern rudder consists in ensuring as small as possible a turning circle in order to enable even vessels of considerable length to be used on inland waterways which are sometimes very narrow.
  • a conventional single blade rudder has a crosssection substantially ofthe configuration of an elongate tear drop.
  • the cross-section of this rudder converges gradually towards the tail end from the region of its greatest width.
  • the sidewalls of the rudder blade diverge again over a limited region of the length of the rudder, so that the cross-section of the rudder exhibits a broadened tail region.
  • this broadened portion is considerably narrower than the maximum cross-sectional width of the rudder in the region of the bulge at the front.
  • the present invention is based on the problem of designing a single-blade stern rudder in such a manner as thereby to obtain a manoeuvrability superior to that obtainable with the known rudders.
  • a marine single-blade stern rudder including means to receive a pivot shaft, side wall surfaces divergent away from the pivot shaft mounting to give the rudder its maximum cross-sectional width at a location remote from the pivot shaft mounting.
  • the shape of the rudder upstream of the diverging sidewall surfaces is, in principle, not of decisive importance to the appreciably enhanced maneuverability. For example, it may have the conventional shape of an elongate tear drop.
  • the crosssection of the rudder blade may also gradually widen from head to tail end.
  • the rudder blade as viewed in the flow direction has upstream of the divergent side wall surfaces a divergent convergent cross-sectional configuration resembling that of an athletes discus and having at either side ends which taper in longitudinal direction from a median region.
  • the present invention provides an incredibly simple solution to the problem of marine craft manoeuvrability as has been established by experiments comparing the presently proposed rudder with the known form of single blade stern rudder having slightly divergent portions as mentioned above.
  • British Patent Specification No. 446,921 shows that the hydrodynamic flow (known from aerofoil theory) forms about therudder and closely follows the rudder surface, except for the boundary layer.
  • a comparatively slight widening of the cross-section, designated by the reference numeral 7 in the said specification No. 446,921 opposes the generally tailward directed flow.
  • the flow does not adapt itself to this wider portion but forms instead a stationary eddy at the transition between the divergent sidewall portion and the adjoining surface portions, rather like that illustrated in FIG.
  • the rudder of the present invention is particularly effective when, upon a rudder deflection, all or most of the water flow produced by the screw engages that face of the rudder which is to'be pressurized. To this end it is contemplated that the ratio of the length of rudder trailing part behind the pivot shaft axis to that of the leading part ahead of the pivot axis be smaller than 2:1.
  • the leading edge may suitably be designed as a cutting edge, but this does not, of course, means as sharp as a knife.
  • the edge should onlybe of a width considerably less than the mean width of the remainder of the rudder blade so as to act like a cutting edge in comparison to the maximum width of the rudder, and so as to form a substantially increased resistance to flow when the sharp edged rudder is deflected.
  • the leading edge of the rudder may be in the form of a strip of sheet metal extending in the direction of the longitudinal plane of the rudder.
  • the cross-sectional widening of the tail end may terminate in two surfaces convergent along the flow direction.
  • the divergent surface portions may very simply be formed by two free plates projecting outwardly.
  • the plates may be welded to the rudder blade by their edge adjoining the latter.
  • gaps may be left to serve as throughflow slots between web plate and rudder blade, through which slots part of the wash from the screw can flow without hindrance when the vessel is under way on a straight course.
  • the web plates may have an aerofoil cross-section so as to reduce the flow resistances especially in straight ahead travel.
  • the rudder blade may have, above and below the vertical extent of the screw, flow-guiding plates each extendng longitudinally of the rudder blade at either side of the sidewalls of the rudder and jutting out therefrom, for the purpose of forming respective channels of enforced flow of the screw wash. It is thereby ensured that the screw wash does not escape upwardly or downwardly but is confined to pass along the rudder bladesurface over all of its length. It is more particularly contemplated for the flow-guiding plates to extend substantially horizontally.
  • a structurally advantageous embodiment provides for upper and lower edges of the lateral surface portions of the divergent plates to extend at least as far as the flow-guiding plates and optionally to be secured thereto.
  • FIG. 1 shows a side view of the rudder with the ships
  • FIG. 2 shows a plan view of the rudder along line 11-11 of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 corresponds to FIG. 2 but shows a modified embodiment of the rudder
  • FIG. 4 shows a furtherembodiment of the rudder according to the invention
  • FIGS shows a section along line VV of FIG. 4,
  • FIG. 6 is an illustration of the mode of operation of the rudder of FIGS. 1 and 2.
  • the rudder shaft 3 of the rudder 4 is rotatably mounted in the stem 1 of the body of the vessel generally designated by the reference numeral 2.
  • the screw tunnel is located in the bottom of the stem 1 and the ships screw 7 is rotatably mounted within the screw tunnel 5 on the shaft 5 indicated schematically by broken lines.
  • the stem rudder 4 is located at the level of the screw and directly astern of the screw 7 in the flow direction 8, and there is no stationary stern post disposed between the rudder leading edge and the propulsion screw, the rudder shaft 3 being shrouded by the rudder blade itself.
  • the leading part of the rudder ahead of the shaft 11 is designated 9 and the trailing part behind the shaft 11 by the numeral 10.
  • the ratio of length 13 of the trailing part to the length 14 of the leading part 9, both measured along the flow direction 8, is less than 2 f 1.
  • the pivot axis 11 is spaced from the rudder leading edge by more than 33 percent of the total rudder length and is disposed almost in the middle of the rudder.
  • the corresponding ratio of lengths is more than 2 1, i.e. thepivot axis 11 is arranged nearer the leading edge of the rudder 4.
  • Thetrailing part 10 of the rudder is in turn subdivided into a front portion 160 and a rear portion 16.
  • the rudder Up to the imaginary dividing line 17 between front portion 16a and rear portion 16 of the rudder trailing part 10, the rudder has, when viewed in flow direction, substantially the cross-sectional configuration of an ath- Ietes discus with ends tapering outwardly in the longitudinal direction to either side of the pivot axis 11.
  • the sidewalls 18, 19 first diverge as seen in the flow direction 8.
  • the sidewalls At the extremity of the divergent portion of the side walls l8, 19 the sidewalls have a spacing 20 from one another which is greater tan the cross-sectional width 21 of the rudder blade in its actual middle zone on the axis of the shaft 11.
  • the transitions between the front portion 16a and rear portion 16 of the trailing part 10, in the region of the imaginary dividing line 17, are in the form ofa sharp line kink.
  • the extreme leading edge 15 of the rudder leading portion is formed in the manner ofa cutting edge. More particularly, this edge is formed by a sheet metal portion extending in a direction parallel to the axis of the rudder shaft 11 and lying in the central longitudinal vertical plane of the rudder 4 as FIGS. 1 and 2 indicate.
  • each of aerofoil section with outwardly situated tail ends has a rearwardly tapering outline.
  • the rudder blade 4 is also provided with a flowguiding plate 30 below the vertical extent 29 of the screw 7 and a pair of such plates 31, 32 above the screw extent.
  • These plates 30, 31, 32 in this case formed of sheet metal, are disposed transversely to the axis of the rudder pivot shaft 3 to extend in the longitudinal direction of the rudder blade (flow direction 8) and jut out at either side from the sidewalls of the rudder blade. In this way flow passages 33, 34 confine'the screw wash against escaping the influence of the rudder by migration upwardly or downwardly.
  • the rudder blade is formed of metal sheets joined by welding or rivetting, as is illustratively indicated in the various Figures.
  • the metal sheets form the sidewalls of the rudder blade.
  • the rudder had a height of 2,050 mm.
  • the surface area of the rudder leading part amounted to 37.25 percent of the overall area of the rudder.
  • the side elevation of the rudder was not rectangular or square but was recessed at 35 in the region of its upper edge facing the screw tunnel to conform to the configuration of the stern of the vessel.
  • the mode of operation of the rudder according to the invention is illustrated in FIG. 6 with reference to the rudder of FIG 2, but it is analogous to the operation mode of all rudders according to the invention.
  • the shape of the rear portion 16 of the rudder causes, in the extreme hard-about position a second deflection of the screw wash stream which has already been engaged and diverted by the forward portion 15 and the leading part 9 of the rudder. Moreover, the relatively sharp leading edge ensures that if, for example, the rudder is turned to starboard the tendency for the screw wash to be diverted to port is hardly noticeable as compared to the effect of known rudders. Beyond a specific angle of deflection a the rudder embraces the entire screw wash and diverts it in such manner that the flow direction of the reflected wash has a major component running precisely transversely of the vessel and even has a further component directed toward the bow (angle [3).
  • a superior maneuverability of the ship is achieved according to the invention, if the rudder receives and thus deflects the entire screw wash when the rudder is in an extreme or hard-aboutT position and subsequently a second deflection of the screw wash is effected by one of the divergent surfaces 18 or 19.
  • the geometrical arrangement between the rudder 4 and the ship screw 7 for achieving these results can be seen upon observing together the side elevational view of FIG. 1 and the plan view of FIG. 6.
  • the imaginary projection of the rotational outline (that is, the circumscribed circle) of the screw 7 onto the rudder 4 should be within the combined area of the leading part 9 and the front portion 16a of the trailing part 10, when the rudder 4 is in a hard-about position. This will be accomplished if, with a centered arrangement of the rudder 4 with respect to the ship screw 7, the leading part 9 and the front portion 16a of the trailing part 10 of the rudder each has a horizontally measured length which is at least as large as the radius of the screw 7.
  • the aforenoted second deflection of the screw wash is particularly ensured if, in the hard-about position of the rudder 4, the divergent surfaces 18 and 19 lie substantially outside the rotational outline of the screw 7 projected onto the rudder 4. This will be accomplished if as it is also well observable in FIGS. 2 and 6 the divergent wall surfaces 18 and 19 are spaced from the pivot axis 11 at a distance that is greater than the radius of the screw '7.
  • a trailing part extending from said pivot axis rearwardly thereof, said trailing part having I. a front portion extending from said pivot axis rearwardly thereof and having a horizontally measured length dimension at least as large as the screw radius, whereby a projection of said rotational outline of said screw onto said rudder parallel to said direction is substantially fully within the combined area of said leading part and said front portion of said trailing part in either extreme position of the rudder for receiving the entire screw wash, said leading part and said front portion of said trailing part effecting a first deflection of the screw wash;
  • a rudder as defined in claim I wherein said leading part is formed of rearwardly divergent vertical wall surfaces, said front portion of said trailing part is formed of rearwardly convergent vertical wall surfaces.
  • each of said divergent wall surfaces of said rear portion is formed by a free web plate.
  • a rudder as defined in claim 8 including means defining throughflow slots between said outwardly projecting plates and said blade.
  • a rudder as defined in claim 1 including flowguiding plate means extending laterally outwardly to either side of the rudder in planes transverse to said pivot axis, said flow-guiding plate means intersect said divergent wall surfaces of said rear portion, whereby in use of the rudder the screw wash is confined against movement clear of the influence of the rudder in a vertical direction.
  • a marine single blade stern rudder comprising a rudder blade having leading and trailing parts, means for receiving a pivot shaft on a pivot axis for-mounting said rudder on a vessel, said rudder blade having at its trailing part divergent side wall surface means, said rudder blade having its maximum cross-sectional width at said divergent side wall surface means, flow-guiding plate means extending laterally outwardly to either side of the rudder in planes transverse to said pivot axis whereby in use of the rudder the screw wash is confined against movement clear of the influence of the rudder in a vertical direction, said flow-guiding plate means intersect said divergent side wall surface defining means.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Ocean & Marine Engineering (AREA)
  • Other Liquid Machine Or Engine Such As Wave Power Use (AREA)
  • Structures Of Non-Positive Displacement Pumps (AREA)
  • Paper (AREA)
US00314447A 1971-12-17 1972-12-12 Marine stern rudder blade Expired - Lifetime US3847104A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE19712162648 DE2162648A1 (de) 1971-12-17 1971-12-17 Ruder, insbesondere fuer binnenwasserschiffe
DE19722234603 DE2234603C3 (de) 1972-07-14 1972-07-14 Einblatt-Heckruder insbesondere für Binnenwasserschiffe
DE19722253571 DE2253571C3 (de) 1972-11-02 Heckruder, insbesondere für Binnenwasserschfffe

Publications (1)

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US3847104A true US3847104A (en) 1974-11-12

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US00314447A Expired - Lifetime US3847104A (en) 1971-12-17 1972-12-12 Marine stern rudder blade

Country Status (11)

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US (1) US3847104A (de)
JP (1) JPS4867993A (de)
BE (1) BE792815A (de)
CH (1) CH565676A5 (de)
DD (1) DD100212A5 (de)
FR (1) FR2167078A5 (de)
GB (1) GB1409820A (de)
IT (1) IT971926B (de)
LU (1) LU66672A1 (de)
NL (1) NL167914C (de)
NO (1) NO134459C (de)

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4474129A (en) * 1982-04-29 1984-10-02 W. R. Grace & Co. Riser pipe fairing
US4592299A (en) * 1984-11-07 1986-06-03 Christiansen Joseph R Ship's-vessel's rudder with reduced drag effected factors
WO1987006907A1 (en) * 1986-05-14 1987-11-19 Christiansen Joseph R Ship's-vessel's rudder with reduced drag effected factors
WO1992012046A1 (en) * 1991-01-04 1992-07-23 Vickers Plc Hydrodynamic fin for water-borne craft
US5365870A (en) * 1991-09-04 1994-11-22 Blohm & Voss Ag Body equipped with a streamlined profile, in particular a stabilizer fin for ships with a turbulence reducing structure and method of using the turbulence reducing structure
GB2393170A (en) * 2002-09-17 2004-03-24 Thomas Macduff Rudder with horizontal corrugations on each side face
US7252047B1 (en) * 2005-09-20 2007-08-07 Baucom Jr Donald L Wave-forming apparatus for boats
EP2060483A1 (de) 2007-11-16 2009-05-20 becker marine systems GmbH & Co. KG Hochleistungsruder für Schiffe
CN102336247A (zh) * 2010-07-21 2012-02-01 中国船舶重工集团公司第七○四研究所 襟翼鱼尾鳍
CN102844236A (zh) * 2010-03-23 2012-12-26 万德维登巴克米尔公司 用于船的舵

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
SE425559B (sv) * 1975-03-08 1982-10-11 Werftunion Gmbh & Co Roderanleggning for skepp med tva balanserade roder
DE3303424A1 (de) * 1983-02-02 1984-08-09 Werftunion Gmbh & Co, 4600 Dortmund Symmetrische ruderprofile fuer maximale querkraefte bei gleichzeitig maximaler kursstabilitaet
JPH04128999U (ja) * 1991-05-17 1992-11-25 ジヤパン・ハムワージ株式会社 船舶の舵装置

Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB446921A (en) * 1934-11-28 1936-05-08 Roy Mayo Improvements in or relating to ships rudders
US2800150A (en) * 1955-06-07 1957-07-23 Sr Frederick F Farwell Rudder for screw driven vessels
GB1071680A (en) * 1962-12-20 1967-06-14 Ts B Konstrukcji Okretowych Nr Improvements relating to ships' steering arrangements

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB446921A (en) * 1934-11-28 1936-05-08 Roy Mayo Improvements in or relating to ships rudders
US2800150A (en) * 1955-06-07 1957-07-23 Sr Frederick F Farwell Rudder for screw driven vessels
GB1071680A (en) * 1962-12-20 1967-06-14 Ts B Konstrukcji Okretowych Nr Improvements relating to ships' steering arrangements

Cited By (18)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4474129A (en) * 1982-04-29 1984-10-02 W. R. Grace & Co. Riser pipe fairing
US4592299A (en) * 1984-11-07 1986-06-03 Christiansen Joseph R Ship's-vessel's rudder with reduced drag effected factors
WO1987006907A1 (en) * 1986-05-14 1987-11-19 Christiansen Joseph R Ship's-vessel's rudder with reduced drag effected factors
WO1992012046A1 (en) * 1991-01-04 1992-07-23 Vickers Plc Hydrodynamic fin for water-borne craft
GB2266073A (en) * 1991-01-04 1993-10-20 Vickers Plc Hydrodynamic fin for water-borne craft
GB2266073B (en) * 1991-01-04 1994-06-22 Vickers Plc Hydrodynamic fin for water-borne craft
US5365870A (en) * 1991-09-04 1994-11-22 Blohm & Voss Ag Body equipped with a streamlined profile, in particular a stabilizer fin for ships with a turbulence reducing structure and method of using the turbulence reducing structure
GB2393170B (en) * 2002-09-17 2004-09-22 Thomas Macduff A rudder blade having an aft edge which is substantially thicker than the forward leading edge, and with 90% of horizontally corrugated plating.
GB2393170A (en) * 2002-09-17 2004-03-24 Thomas Macduff Rudder with horizontal corrugations on each side face
US7252047B1 (en) * 2005-09-20 2007-08-07 Baucom Jr Donald L Wave-forming apparatus for boats
EP2060483A1 (de) 2007-11-16 2009-05-20 becker marine systems GmbH & Co. KG Hochleistungsruder für Schiffe
US20090126614A1 (en) * 2007-11-16 2009-05-21 Mathias Kluge High performance rudder for ships
US7717052B2 (en) 2007-11-16 2010-05-18 Becker Marine Systems Gmbh & Co., Kg High performance rudder for ships
CN101434293B (zh) * 2007-11-16 2012-06-20 贝克船舶系统有限及两合公司 船用高性能舵
CN102844236A (zh) * 2010-03-23 2012-12-26 万德维登巴克米尔公司 用于船的舵
CN102844236B (zh) * 2010-03-23 2015-11-25 万德维登巴克米尔公司 用于船的舵
CN102336247A (zh) * 2010-07-21 2012-02-01 中国船舶重工集团公司第七○四研究所 襟翼鱼尾鳍
CN102336247B (zh) * 2010-07-21 2014-07-02 中国船舶重工集团公司第七○四研究所 襟翼鱼尾鳍

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
GB1409820A (en) 1975-10-15
LU66672A1 (de) 1973-02-19
JPS4867993A (de) 1973-09-17
NO134459B (de) 1976-07-05
CH565676A5 (de) 1975-08-29
BE792815A (fr) 1973-03-30
NL167914C (nl) 1982-02-16
NO134459C (de) 1976-10-13
FR2167078A5 (de) 1973-08-17
NL7217162A (de) 1973-06-19
IT971926B (it) 1974-05-10
DD100212A5 (de) 1973-09-12

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