US3836547A - Nitration of anthraquinone - Google Patents

Nitration of anthraquinone Download PDF

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Publication number
US3836547A
US3836547A US00260427A US26042772A US3836547A US 3836547 A US3836547 A US 3836547A US 00260427 A US00260427 A US 00260427A US 26042772 A US26042772 A US 26042772A US 3836547 A US3836547 A US 3836547A
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Prior art keywords
nitration
nitric acid
reaction
inhibitor
anthraquinone
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Expired - Lifetime
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US00260427A
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English (en)
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I Toth
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Sandoz AG
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Sandoz AG
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Priority claimed from CH841371A external-priority patent/CH563322A5/de
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C201/00—Preparation of esters of nitric or nitrous acid or of compounds containing nitro or nitroso groups bound to a carbon skeleton
    • C07C201/06—Preparation of nitro compounds
    • C07C201/08—Preparation of nitro compounds by substitution of hydrogen atoms by nitro groups
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • C07B43/00—Formation or introduction of functional groups containing nitrogen
    • C07B43/02—Formation or introduction of functional groups containing nitrogen of nitro or nitroso groups
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C2603/00—Systems containing at least three condensed rings
    • C07C2603/02—Ortho- or ortho- and peri-condensed systems
    • C07C2603/04—Ortho- or ortho- and peri-condensed systems containing three rings
    • C07C2603/22—Ortho- or ortho- and peri-condensed systems containing three rings containing only six-membered rings
    • C07C2603/24—Anthracenes; Hydrogenated anthracenes

Definitions

  • One method employed to obtain such a product is to dilute the nitric acid with water after the desired degree of nitration has taken place and thereby douse the reaction and prevent further nitration taking place. This, however, results in the nitric acid being diluted, and the regeneration of concentrated nitric acid from the dilute acid can be difiicult or uneconomical.
  • the present invention is based on the discovery of certain nitration inhibitors which can be used to reduce the rate of nitration reactions and thereby obviate the need to douse the reaction with water.
  • the present invention provides a nitration process in which nitration is carried out using concentrated nitric acid, characterised in that, after commencement of and during nitration, the rate of reaction is reduced by the addition of a nitration inhibitor, said inhibitor being an entity having a basicity greater than that of the N0 ion and being stable under the reaction conditions.
  • nitration inhibitors examples include inorganic anions which are stronger bases than the N0 ion and which are stable under the reaction conditions, such as phosphate ions and nitrite ions, phosphate ions being preferred.
  • the phosphate ions may be added, for example, in the form of phosphoric acid or as soluble phosphates.
  • the nitrite ions may be added, for example, in the form of soluble nitrites or as N 0
  • the concentration of the nitric acid is preferably greater than 90%, but preferably less than 100% since the presence of small amounts of water promotes the efficacy of the inhibitor.
  • the water content of the reaction mixture is preferably of the order of 3 to 10%.
  • the inhibitor is added to the reaction mixture after the desired reaction time in quantities sufiicient to reduce the rate of reaction the desired amount.
  • nitrite ions it is advantageous not to add more than 10% (calculated as N 0 by weight based on the weight of nitric acid while in the case of phosphate ions larger amounts, e.g. up to 400% (calculated as H PO by weight based on the weight of nitric acid, may be added.
  • the addition of smaller amounts of phosphate e.g.
  • H PO decelerates the rate of reaction to a greater or lesser extent depending on the amount of inhibitor used.
  • greater amounts of phosphate for example from 50% to 400% (calculated as H PO slows down the rate of reaction to such an extent that, after addition thereof, the reaction can be considered as suspended.
  • the process of the invention permits the rate of nitration to be varied at any point in the reaction period by addition of inhibitor in the amount and/0r rate required to decelerate the rate of reaction or to stop the reaction, 'whichever is required. Having decelerated the rate of reaction, it is possible, by the addition to the reaction mixture of further concentrated nitric acid, e.g. fuming nitric acid, to accelerate the rate of reaction again, if desired.
  • further concentrated nitric acid e.g. fuming nitric acid
  • nitric acid can be regenerated in economical fashion, for example by distillation at reduced pressure or using rapid evaporators. If nitrites are used as inhibitor sources, the distillate can be separated into various fractions from which nitric acid fractions of high and low inhibitor content can be recovered and re-used, the low inhibitor content acid being used, for example, for nitrating further starting material, and the high inhibitor content acid being used to reduce the rate of reaction.
  • the number and composition of the fractions varies with the nature and amount of the inhibitor used.
  • the inhibitor source is more highly volatile than HNO for example if it is N 0 at least two fractions are distilled: a prefraction of high inhibitor content and a main fraction consisting essentially of highly concentrated nitric acid.
  • the residue contains the more dilute nitric acid and the nitration product.
  • the inhibitor source is less volatile than HNO for example if it is H PO it is preferable to distill only one fraction consisting essentially of highly concentrated nitric acid.
  • the residue then contains the more dilute nitric acid, the inhibitor and the nitration products.
  • the nitration product if solid and present in suspension in the residue can be separated from the mother lye by mechanical means. The mother lye can then be used again, if necessary after regeneration and/ or the addition of further acid.
  • the process of the invention is particularly suitable for the production of nitrated products which are solid and insoluble or sparingly soluble in the reaction mixture, the process being particularly applicable in the nitration of anthraquinone to l-nitroanthraquinone.
  • the inhibitor is preferably added to the reaction mixture after the reaction is 50% to 97% complete.
  • FIG. 1 is a flow sheet of a first embodiment
  • FIG. 2 is a flow sheet of a second embodiment.
  • reaction unit which may, for example, be a reaction cascade or reaction tube
  • rectification or distillation unit
  • separation unit which may, for example, be a centrifuge and/or evaporator.
  • the mixture is distilled to obtain two nitric acid fractions, one of relatively high inhibitor content and one of relatively low inhibitor content, and a sump fraction (residue) containing the nitrated product.
  • the nitric acid fraction of low inhibitor content is passed via (q) to (n) and thence into reaction unit (a) to nitrate further starting material introduced through (m).
  • the nitric acid fraction of high inhibitor content is passed via (r) into (p) and thence into the nitration reaction mixture as it is led from (a) to (b).
  • the sump fraction is led via (s) into the separation unit (c) where the solid nitrated product, for example l-nitroanthraquinone, is separated 'from the remainder of the residue by centrifuge, the nitrated product then being led away via (t), for example for further purification if necessary, the remainder of the residue being led away via (a), for example for further rectification.
  • the solid nitrated product for example l-nitroanthraquinone
  • starting material (a), e.g. anthraquinone, and concentrated nitric acid (b) are led to and mixed in the nitration device (1) where they are allowed to react.
  • the reaction mixture is run into concentrated phosphoric acid (k), previously added in 2.
  • concentrated nitric acid (c) is distilled from the mixture. This causes solid nitration product (l-nitroanthraquinone) to settle out in crystalline form.
  • the crystalline product (A) is filtered off in 4, washed in 5 with dilute nitric acid then with hot water (g), and finally with further hot water (h) for neutralization, which involves the loss of a small amount of phosphoric acid.
  • the filtrate from 4 is distilled in 6, from which concentrated nitric acid (d) is obtained and further crystalline product settles out.
  • the crystalline product is filtered in 7 together with (f), Washed in 8 with (g) and then with hot water (i) and finally neutralized by washing with excess hot water (i).
  • the product (B) is obtained at this stage.
  • the filtrates are jointly regenerated in 9, with simultaneous distillation of dilute nitric acid (f) leaving concentrated phosphoric acid (k).
  • the dilute nitric acid (1) is recycled to 5.
  • Nitration according to this operating system can be carried out fully continuously, discontinuously or semicontinuously. For instance, nitration can be carried out discontinuously and the nitration mixture worked up continuously.
  • the crude l-nitroanthraquinone produced in accordance with this invention can be worked up to pure 1-nitro anthraquinone and by-products, or it can be used directly, for example for reduction.
  • the solid nitroanthraquinone mixture filtered from the sump (residue) consists of 50 parts of l-nitroanthraquinone of 90% purity.
  • EXAMPLE 2 Referring to FIG. 2 of the drawings; in a reaction vessel 1, 100 parts of anthraquinone (a) are added to 1200 parts of 98% nitric acid of 0.3% N 0 content (b). Nitration is allowed to proceed adiabatically for 10 minutes at temperatures increasing from 0 to 21. The nitration mixture is then poured rapidly into 1200 parts of 95% phosphoric acid 2 at room temperature. This terminates nitration completely and causes the temperature to increase by about 10. The mixture is conveyed into 3, where distillation is carried out at 100 to 80 mm. Hg pressure, 40 to 65 internal temperature and 29 to 48 boiling temperature. 950 parts of 100% nitric acid (0) are distilled 01?, while the nitration product settles out as crystals.
  • the crystalline product is filtered off in 4, at about 65 and the filtrate directed on to 6.
  • the crystals are washed in 5, first with dilute (about 20-40%) nitric acid (f), then with 100 to 150 parts of hot water (g) and finally with about 500 parts of hot water (11) until completely neutral.
  • This operating procedure results in approximately 120 parts of moist product A, which is equivalent to about 97 parts in the dry state.
  • Analysis shows product A to consist of 24% anthraquinone, 72% l-nitroanthraquinone, 2% dinitroanthraquinones and 1% 2-nitroanthraquinone.
  • the filtrate in 4 is distilled in 6 at mm.
  • the wash water (f) containing nitric acid and phosphoric acid is added to this mixture over a period of about 5 minutes, causing additional precipitation.
  • the separation step is carried out in 7 in the same way as in 4.
  • the filter residue is Washed in 8, first with the wash liquid (g), then with 50 parts of water (i) and finally with about 500 parts of water (i) for neutralization.
  • the concentrated nitric acid (0) and (d), distilled off in the process, is set with approximately 65% nitric acid (e) and directed back to (b).
  • the dilute nitric acid (f) is led back from 9 to 5.
  • the phosphoric acid (k), if necessary after enrichment with further phosphoric acid (I) is directed back to 2.
  • the phosphoric acid carried off in the washing operations (11) and (j) can also be regenerated and used again, for example in (I).

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
US00260427A 1971-06-10 1972-06-07 Nitration of anthraquinone Expired - Lifetime US3836547A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CH841371A CH563322A5 (en) 1971-06-10 1971-06-10 Nitration of organic cpds - with control of nitration rate by inhibitors, esp nitrites and phosphates
CH1458771 1971-10-05
CH1535271 1971-10-20

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US3836547A true US3836547A (en) 1974-09-17

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US00260427A Expired - Lifetime US3836547A (en) 1971-06-10 1972-06-07 Nitration of anthraquinone

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US (1) US3836547A (tr)
JP (1) JPS5654304B1 (tr)
AR (1) AR196074A1 (tr)
BE (1) BE784616A (tr)
CA (1) CA1019730A (tr)
DD (1) DD99988A5 (tr)
DE (1) DE2227340C3 (tr)
FR (1) FR2140602B1 (tr)
GB (1) GB1395347A (tr)
IT (1) IT956431B (tr)
NL (1) NL7207615A (tr)

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3928395A (en) * 1972-10-05 1975-12-23 Ciba Geigy Ag Process for the nitration of aromatic compounds
US4261908A (en) * 1977-02-04 1981-04-14 Bayer Aktiengesellschaft Process for isolating aromatic dinitro compounds
US4389344A (en) * 1978-12-16 1983-06-21 Bayer Aktiengesellschaft Process for separating solid 1,5- and/or 1,8-dinitroanthraquinone and liquid nitrobenzene
CN109438246A (zh) * 2018-09-27 2019-03-08 青岛海湾精细化工有限公司 一种蒽醌的处理方法及处理系统

Families Citing this family (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE2256644C2 (de) * 1972-11-18 1983-10-20 Bayer Ag, 5090 Leverkusen Verfahren zur Herstellung von reinem 1-Nitro-anthrachinon
DE2343977B2 (de) * 1973-08-31 1978-10-12 Bayer Ag, 5090 Leverkusen Verfahren zur Herstellung von reinem 1-Aminoanthrachinon
CN110343046A (zh) * 2019-07-30 2019-10-18 安徽东至广信农化有限公司 一种提高对硝基氯苯纯度的生产方法

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE1418624C3 (de) * 1960-12-22 1973-01-04 Ab Chematur, Stockholm Verfahren zur kontinuierlichen Herstellung von Dinitrotoluol, Trinitrotoluol und deren Gemischen

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3928395A (en) * 1972-10-05 1975-12-23 Ciba Geigy Ag Process for the nitration of aromatic compounds
US4261908A (en) * 1977-02-04 1981-04-14 Bayer Aktiengesellschaft Process for isolating aromatic dinitro compounds
US4389344A (en) * 1978-12-16 1983-06-21 Bayer Aktiengesellschaft Process for separating solid 1,5- and/or 1,8-dinitroanthraquinone and liquid nitrobenzene
CN109438246A (zh) * 2018-09-27 2019-03-08 青岛海湾精细化工有限公司 一种蒽醌的处理方法及处理系统

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Publication number Publication date
JPS5654304B1 (tr) 1981-12-24
DE2227340B2 (de) 1976-11-18
IT956431B (it) 1973-10-10
DE2227340A1 (de) 1972-12-14
FR2140602A1 (tr) 1973-01-19
CA1019730A (en) 1977-10-25
AR196074A1 (tr) 1973-11-30
NL7207615A (tr) 1972-12-12
DD99988A5 (tr) 1973-09-05
GB1395347A (en) 1975-05-21
FR2140602B1 (tr) 1977-12-23
BE784616A (fr) 1972-12-08
DE2227340C3 (de) 1981-01-22

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