US3798914A - Panel connectors for reinforced concrete diaphragm walls - Google Patents

Panel connectors for reinforced concrete diaphragm walls Download PDF

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Publication number
US3798914A
US3798914A US00274789A US27478972A US3798914A US 3798914 A US3798914 A US 3798914A US 00274789 A US00274789 A US 00274789A US 27478972 A US27478972 A US 27478972A US 3798914 A US3798914 A US 3798914A
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trench
pile
web
trough
concrete
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Expired - Lifetime
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US00274789A
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English (en)
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Childs F Irwin
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
    • E02D5/18—Bulkheads or similar walls made solely of concrete in situ
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
    • E02D5/00—Bulkheads, piles, or other structural elements specially adapted to foundation engineering
    • E02D5/02—Sheet piles or sheet pile bulkheads
    • E02D5/03—Prefabricated parts, e.g. composite sheet piles
    • E02D5/04—Prefabricated parts, e.g. composite sheet piles made of steel

Definitions

  • the wall is formed in stages by casting separately adjacent concrete panels and an excavated trench.
  • vertical steel pile elements Prior to pouring the concrete to form each panelstage, vertical steel pile elements are located in the trench and are inter-engaged to form a reinforcement supporting tension loading longitudinally of the trench.
  • the piles each have at their vertical edges integral clutch means for inter-engagement with adjacent piles.
  • the clutch means of a pile element at one end of each panel stage is masked prior to pouring of the concrete whereby said pile element may subsequently have its masked clutch means inter-engaged with a pile element of a next succeeding panel stage.
  • the invention further provides a cruciform shaped pile element for use as the end pile in forming each panel stage.
  • such cells are formed in part by two parallel walls extending transversely and at right angles from the wall directly bounding the deep excavation and these parallel walls may be stressed in compression by superimposed vertical loads and in tension and shear due to the ground pressures of the material contained and retained by the cell.
  • the present invention relates particularly to these cell walls and their method of construction, although it may be applied equally to other walls of reinforced concrete formed in deep trenches, by means of the bentonite slurry displacement system which are subjected to similar forces.
  • Such walls may be of say 0.40 to 1.150 metres in thickness and up to say 45.0 metres in depth, while the completed wall may have a length of 20 metres or more, made up of individual panels, the lengths of which are determined by the excavating equipment.
  • This comprises a first section of steel straight web pile extending generally longitudinally of the trench, and having at its opposite vertical edges an'integral clutch for engaging further piles which may be generally aligned with it; this first straight web pile is intersected by and welded to a second generally transverse steel element which is of general U-shaped steel pile section with its upright edges defining a concave trough inside which one of the clutches of the first straight web pile is located.
  • the panel connector is so placed that the trough edges of the U-shaped pile are in contact with the stop end tube.
  • One or more further single straight webbed piles are preferably lowered into the trench in interlocking engagement with the clutch on the first straight web pile on the side of the panel connector remote from the stop end, these further piles having their webs extending generally longitudinally of the trench. Concrete is then placed into the trench to encase these further piles and the major part of the cruciform sectioned panel connector, but leaving the space between the stop end tube and the trough of the cruciform panel connector unfilled.
  • a bottom plate may be provided to prevent concrete entering the trough from below.
  • the stop end tube is subsequently withdrawn leaving the straight web pile clutch located in the trough exposed.
  • the exposed'straight web pile clutch may be connected to further straight web piling extending longitudinally of the trench in such next section, and when this further piling has been encased in concrete, the piles connected to the first web of the cruciform section constitute a structural connection across the joint between the adjoining diaphragm wall panels.
  • the cruciform pile element is fabricated fromconventional and readily available piles.
  • the first web may be an Appleby Frodingham straight web pile and the second transverse web may be a Larssen pile cut longitudinally of its web, with the resultant sections being fillet welded at right angles to opposite sides of the web of the Appleby Frodingham straight web pile adjacent the clutch at one edge of the web of the latter.
  • FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic plan viewof a cellular structure incorporating a series of interlocking reinforced concrete diaphragm wall panels alongside a deeply excavated shipping berth, while,
  • FIG. 2 is a plan view to larger scale illustrating the steel joint spanning successive wall panels as provided for in an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
  • FIGS. 3, 4 and 5 are diagrammatic plan views of further forms of connector means for use in joining adjacent edges of the panels together.
  • 1 represents a wharf frontage line of a shipping berth which has been dredged to a depth of say, 30 metres or more below the finished top level of the wharf.
  • the wall 2 generally represents an arched retaining wall alongside the wharf front, the wall 2 being of reinforced concrete cast in an excavated trench of a depth exceeding that of the depth of the wharf front.
  • the arched retaining wall 2 forms part of the whole cellular structure comprising parallel transverse walls 3 t and 4 and a rear arched wall 5.
  • the parallel walls 3 and 4 extend generally at right angles from the wharf front and may be stressed in shear and/or tension due to ground pressures of the soils within and behind the cell. It will be understood that the wharf front 1 is bordered by a large number of cells, one of which is shown by FIG. 1.
  • the walls of the cell may be of say 0.4 to l.l5 metres in thickness and up to say, 45 metres in depth.
  • FIG. 1 ⁇ the side walls 3 and 4 increase in thickness as they approach the retaining wall 2, but this feature is peculiar to the particular design which forms an illustration of the device.
  • These transverse walls have a length of the order of metres.
  • the wall 4 on the right of FIG. 1 is shown in completed condition and here steel reinforcement for the concrete is indicated generally at 6 and 7. The construction of this wall will be described in detail with reference to the wall 4 on the left of FIG. 1 and with reference also to FIG. 2. 1
  • the method of construction is to form the separate panels of the wall in stages.
  • panel A of trench of some 4 metres in length and to the required width and depth is excavated, it being assumed that the previous panel indicated at B has already been completed and that a stop-end tube B1 used in the completion of the previous panel has been removed.
  • a stop-end Al comprising a circular steel tube is placed into the end of the trench section whilst bentonite slurry is placed in the remainder of the trench as excavation proceeds to retain the stability of the soils forming the sides of the trench.
  • next steps would be to place steel reinforcement cages in the trench and then to place concrete to encase the reinforcement up to the stop end Al.
  • the stop end tube would then be withdrawn as the concrete commences to set and follow hardening of the concrete the next panel C of the trench would be excavated and filled with reinforced concrete by a similar process. This would leave a concrete to concrete joint resembling a knuckle joint between the concrete panels A and C and there would be no structural steel connection spanning this joint.
  • cruciform panel connector is placed into the trench in abutment with the stop end Al.
  • This cruciform panel connector is generally represented at 20 in FIG. 1.
  • FIG. 2 One embodiment of suchcruciform panel connector is shown by way of example in FIG. 2.
  • This comprises a straight web-tension pile for example a standard Appleby Frodingham straight web pile 21 having at its opposite ends clutches 22a and 22b, by which it may be connected to further identical Appleby Frodingham straight web piles in such manner that webs of the connected piles are substantially aligned.
  • This Appleby Frodingham pile forms a first web of the cruciform panel connector and is disposed generally longitudinally of the excavated trench.
  • a second or transverse web generally designated 23 is formed by a trough shaped steel pile, for example a Larssen pile as shown, which is cut in two longitudinally down its web and the resultant sections 230 and 23b are then fillet welded at right angles on opposite sides of the web of the Appleby Frodingham straight web pile 21 adjacent the clutch at one of its edges, in this case the clutch 22a.
  • the sections 23a and 23b constitute a general U- section forming a concave trough inside which a clutch 22a of the Appleby Frodingham straight web pile is located.
  • the cruciform panel connector 20 is placed into the excavated trench section so that the flanges of the second transverse steel element 23 abut against the stop end tube indicated at 30 in FIG. 2.
  • a further straight webbed pile as indicated at 25 in FIG. 2 is placed into the trench and interlocked with the clutch 22b of the straight web pile 21.
  • straight web piles may, if desired, be connected to the straight web pile 25 if the design of the wall so warrants. Such piles may have holes cut in them or structural attachments added to increase their embodiment in the concrete.
  • the construction otherwise proceeds in conventional manner with steel reinforcement being placed in the trench panel under construction and concrete is placed by means of a tremie pipe to encase the steel reinforcement and to displace the bentonite slurry.
  • the placed concrete encases also the straight web piles 21 and 25 and lies against the arms 23a and 23b of the cruciform panel connector 20, but concrete is at this stage prevented from entering into the trough bounded by the arms 23a and 23b in which the clutch 22a is located.
  • Preferably concrete is prevented from entering the bottom by a steel plate 24 shaped to suit the side of the stop end tube and welded in position across the lower end of the Larssen trough sectioni As the concrete commences to set the stop end tube 30 is withdrawn leaving the clutch 22a exposed.
  • the connector 20 need not be formed of piles having the particular cross sectional shapes shown in FIG. 2.
  • the connector may be shaped as illustrated in one of FIGS. 3, 4 or 5.
  • 21 represents the straight webbed pile element adapted to extend ongitudinally of the trench and 22a and 22b are the clutches at its opposite vertical edges.
  • the transverse web 23 may be H-shaped as shown in FIG. 3, of rectangular U-shape as shown in FIG. 4 or of curved U-shape as shown in FIG. 5 but in each case the clutch 22a is located in a trough defined by the transverse web and the arms of the latter are sufficiently extended to abut with a stop-end 30 in such manner as to prevent concrete from entering the trough.
  • the stop-end 30 may be a cylindrical tube or a tube of other section or even a straight webbed pile element located transversely of the trench.
  • a method of constructing a steel pile reinforced diaphragm wall panel comprising the steps of a. cutting a trench of the required length, depth and width; b. stabilizing the trench walls with bentonite slurry;
  • said connector extending over substantially the full depth of the trench and having a main sheet steel web extending longitudinally of the trench in the central. region of the trench;
  • the main longitudinal web member being intersected by a second transverse, sheet-steel web element which is of general trough form in plan view with the edges of the arms of the transverse web being placed in abutment with the stop-end and wherein the clutch at one vertical edge of the main longitudinal web is located in the trough between the arms of the transverse web;
  • a method according to claim 2 including the step of arranging a structure of reinforcing elements in the trench prior to pouring concrete into the trench.
  • a connecting element for-use in the bentonite slurry displacement process of construction of sheet pile reinforced concrete diaphragm walls wherein the wall is formed in stages by casting adjacent panels separately in an excavated trench comprising a steel member of general cruciform section fabricated from steel sheet piling elements and including a first straight web section having at each of its opposite lateral edges an integral clutch for engaging corresponding clutches of further straight web pile elements which may be arranged alongside, this first straight web section being intersected and welded to a second generally transverse web section, the lateral arms of the second transverse web section defining a trough between which is located one of the clutches of the first straight web section.
  • a connecting element according to claim 5, wherein the second transverse web section comprises a standard trough sectioned pile, split longitudinally into two halves which are welded respectively on opposite sides of the straight web of the first section.
  • connection element according to claim 6, wherein the straight web pile is an Appleby Frodingham pile.
  • connection element according to claim 7, wherein the trough sectioned pile is a Larssen pile.
  • connection element according to claim 5 wherein the trough sectioned pile consists of a pile of H-section.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Paleontology (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Composite Materials (AREA)
  • Bulkheads Adapted To Foundation Construction (AREA)
  • Revetment (AREA)
  • Retaining Walls (AREA)
US00274789A 1971-07-29 1972-07-24 Panel connectors for reinforced concrete diaphragm walls Expired - Lifetime US3798914A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
GB3583271A GB1396877A (en:Method) 1971-07-29 1971-07-29

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US3798914A true US3798914A (en) 1974-03-26

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US00274789A Expired - Lifetime US3798914A (en) 1971-07-29 1972-07-24 Panel connectors for reinforced concrete diaphragm walls

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US (1) US3798914A (en:Method)
JP (1) JPS4945490B1 (en:Method)
AU (1) AU463140B2 (en:Method)
CA (1) CA954317A (en:Method)
DE (1) DE2238001A1 (en:Method)
GB (1) GB1396877A (en:Method)
IT (1) IT969522B (en:Method)

Cited By (10)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4453862A (en) * 1981-05-22 1984-06-12 Sondages Injections Forages "S.I.F." Enterprise Bachy Method for ensuring mechanical continuity between two adjacent panels of a reinforced concrete wall cast in the ground
US4465403A (en) * 1980-12-30 1984-08-14 Soletanche Method of constructing poured-concrete wall panels and wall thus obtained
US6052963A (en) * 1996-04-19 2000-04-25 Compagnie Du Sol Continuously reinforced diaphragm wall, method of construction and formwork therefor
US6089279A (en) * 1996-05-08 2000-07-18 Johnston Pipes Limited Pipe, a method of constructing the pipe and a method of lining or re-lining a sewer using the pipe as a liner
WO2006083976A3 (en) * 2005-02-01 2007-10-04 Ben C Gerwick Inc Wall structural member and method for contructing a wall structure
US20130255180A1 (en) * 2012-04-03 2013-10-03 Bauer Spezialtiefbau Gmbh Shuttering element for a trench wall and method for producing the trench wall
US9371623B2 (en) 2011-07-14 2016-06-21 Ccmj Systems Ltd Diaphragm wall apparatus and methods
US10145076B2 (en) * 2016-08-12 2018-12-04 Pnd Engineers, Inc. Sheet pile bulkhead systems and methods
US10988911B2 (en) 2017-04-26 2021-04-27 Ccmj Systems Ltd Diaphragm walls
US11225769B2 (en) 2018-02-15 2022-01-18 Ccmj Systems Ltd Shear key former apparatus and method(s)

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN113062305A (zh) * 2021-04-07 2021-07-02 中铁隧道局集团有限公司 一种玻璃纤维工字板接头-钢板组合的地连墙及施工方法

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3302412A (en) * 1964-06-29 1967-02-07 William A Hunsucker Interlocking sheet piles and method of installation
US3422627A (en) * 1964-04-27 1969-01-21 Soletanche Method for interconnecting successive sections of walls and partitions cast in the ground
US3431736A (en) * 1966-02-12 1969-03-11 Shinhachiro Ueda Method of constructing underground concrete walls
US3452546A (en) * 1967-04-21 1969-07-01 Gen Forages C O F O R Cie Steel pile assembly for the erection of underground concrete walls
US3464665A (en) * 1964-11-11 1969-09-02 Tot Aanneming Van Werken Voorh A template adapted for use in producing a concrete wall
US3465532A (en) * 1967-12-29 1969-09-09 Robertson L Belden Concrete pile and joint

Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3422627A (en) * 1964-04-27 1969-01-21 Soletanche Method for interconnecting successive sections of walls and partitions cast in the ground
US3302412A (en) * 1964-06-29 1967-02-07 William A Hunsucker Interlocking sheet piles and method of installation
US3464665A (en) * 1964-11-11 1969-09-02 Tot Aanneming Van Werken Voorh A template adapted for use in producing a concrete wall
US3431736A (en) * 1966-02-12 1969-03-11 Shinhachiro Ueda Method of constructing underground concrete walls
US3452546A (en) * 1967-04-21 1969-07-01 Gen Forages C O F O R Cie Steel pile assembly for the erection of underground concrete walls
US3465532A (en) * 1967-12-29 1969-09-09 Robertson L Belden Concrete pile and joint

Cited By (13)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4465403A (en) * 1980-12-30 1984-08-14 Soletanche Method of constructing poured-concrete wall panels and wall thus obtained
US4453862A (en) * 1981-05-22 1984-06-12 Sondages Injections Forages "S.I.F." Enterprise Bachy Method for ensuring mechanical continuity between two adjacent panels of a reinforced concrete wall cast in the ground
US6052963A (en) * 1996-04-19 2000-04-25 Compagnie Du Sol Continuously reinforced diaphragm wall, method of construction and formwork therefor
US6089279A (en) * 1996-05-08 2000-07-18 Johnston Pipes Limited Pipe, a method of constructing the pipe and a method of lining or re-lining a sewer using the pipe as a liner
WO2006083976A3 (en) * 2005-02-01 2007-10-04 Ben C Gerwick Inc Wall structural member and method for contructing a wall structure
US9371623B2 (en) 2011-07-14 2016-06-21 Ccmj Systems Ltd Diaphragm wall apparatus and methods
US8820015B2 (en) * 2012-04-03 2014-09-02 Bauer Spezialtiefbau Gmbh Shuttering element for a trench wall and method for producing the trench wall
US20130255180A1 (en) * 2012-04-03 2013-10-03 Bauer Spezialtiefbau Gmbh Shuttering element for a trench wall and method for producing the trench wall
US10145076B2 (en) * 2016-08-12 2018-12-04 Pnd Engineers, Inc. Sheet pile bulkhead systems and methods
US20190055709A1 (en) * 2016-08-12 2019-02-21 Pnd Engineers, Inc. Sheet pile bulkhead systems and methods
US10781568B2 (en) * 2016-08-12 2020-09-22 Pnd Engineers, Inc. Sheet pile bulkhead systems and methods
US10988911B2 (en) 2017-04-26 2021-04-27 Ccmj Systems Ltd Diaphragm walls
US11225769B2 (en) 2018-02-15 2022-01-18 Ccmj Systems Ltd Shear key former apparatus and method(s)

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPS4945490B1 (en:Method) 1974-12-04
AU463140B2 (en) 1975-07-01
IT969522B (it) 1974-04-10
GB1396877A (en:Method) 1975-06-11
CA954317A (en) 1974-09-10
DE2238001A1 (de) 1973-02-08
AU4497072A (en) 1974-01-31

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