US3795239A - Electrochemical electrode with heating means - Google Patents

Electrochemical electrode with heating means Download PDF

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Publication number
US3795239A
US3795239A US00177231A US3795239DA US3795239A US 3795239 A US3795239 A US 3795239A US 00177231 A US00177231 A US 00177231A US 3795239D A US3795239D A US 3795239DA US 3795239 A US3795239 A US 3795239A
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Prior art keywords
electrode
face
electrode arrangement
gas
blood
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Expired - Lifetime
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US00177231A
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English (en)
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Patrick Eberhard
Konrad Hammacher
Wolfgang Mindt
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F Hoffmann La Roche AG
Kontron Inc
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F Hoffmann La Roche AG
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Assigned to ROCHE MEDICAL ELECTRONICS INC., A CORP. OF NJ reassignment ROCHE MEDICAL ELECTRONICS INC., A CORP. OF NJ ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: HOFFMANN-LA ROCHE INC.
Assigned to KONTRON INCORPORATED reassignment KONTRON INCORPORATED ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNORS INTEREST. Assignors: ROCHE MEDICAL ELECTRONICS INC. A CORP. OF NJ.
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/145—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue
    • A61B5/14542—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue for measuring blood gases
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61B—DIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
    • A61B5/00—Measuring for diagnostic purposes; Identification of persons
    • A61B5/145—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue
    • A61B5/1468—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue using chemical or electrochemical methods, e.g. by polarographic means
    • A61B5/1477—Measuring characteristics of blood in vivo, e.g. gas concentration, pH value; Measuring characteristics of body fluids or tissues, e.g. interstitial fluid, cerebral tissue using chemical or electrochemical methods, e.g. by polarographic means non-invasive
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N27/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means
    • G01N27/26—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of electric, electrochemical, or magnetic means by investigating electrochemical variables; by using electrolysis or electrophoresis
    • G01N27/403—Cells and electrode assemblies
    • G01N27/404—Cells with anode, cathode and cell electrolyte on the same side of a permeable membrane which separates them from the sample fluid, e.g. Clark-type oxygen sensors

Definitions

  • Bare electrodes or electrodes covered with a membrane are suitable, depending on the particular measurement requirements, and platinum is preferred for the elctrode material.
  • Typical materials for the membrane material would include polypropylene, polyethylene, teflon, mylar, etc.
  • the measured current values derived by the electrodes are not only a function of the actual partial pressure of a gas, in the blood, but, in addition, depend on the local blood circulation of the tissue in the electrode measuring region. Because of the latter, for some measurements, it would be advantageous to decrease the influence of the blood circulation on the measuring results by hyperaemising the skin in the measuring region to increase the blood volume. It has already been proposed to use suitable vasodilating preparations (for example, histamine, papaverine, nicotinic acid, etc.) for this purpose. However, the application of suchpreparations is problematical in certain cases, for example, in the case of measurement on the inner canthus of the eye.
  • the present invention to provide an electrode arrangement in which the local blood circulation and thus the blood volume in the measuring region of the electrode is increased to enhance the transport of gas from the blood and also the system response time,wit hout additional application of hyperaemising preparations. This is achieved by providing an electrode arrangement with a heater for the thermal stimulation of local blood circulation.
  • FIG. I shows a longitudinal section through one embodimentof an electrode arrangement according to the invention, with a bare electrode for detecting a substance (for example, a gas) dissolved in the blood.
  • a substance for example, a gas
  • FIG. 2 shows a section through another embodiment of an electrode arrangement according to the invention, for partial pressure measurements.
  • FIG. 3 shows a schematic electrical circuit of the heating winding connection to a current source.
  • the electrode arrangement shown in FIG. 1 is particularly suitable for detecting at the inner canthus of an eye, a gas (for example, hydrogen) transported by the circulation. With it one may measure, for example, the transport time of an inhaled gas in the blood pathway from the lung to the innercanthus.
  • a gas for example, hydrogen
  • a platinum electrode 11 serves as the contact medium with the skin of the inner canthus of an eye. Its configuration is generally cylindrical with a approximately 3 mm diameter and a spherically rounded-off contact or application surface'at the tip which proves to be quite advantageous for this purpose.
  • the platinum electrode 11 is inserted firmly in a copper socket 12 to provide a good heat conduction connection.
  • the copper socket 12 likewise has a substantially cylindrical shape of about double the diameter of platinum electrode 11 with an axial boring to receive the platinum electrode.
  • On the face opposite the axial boring for receiving the platinum electrodes is a second axial boring a smaller diameter which leads to the vicinity of the platinum electrode 11. This second axial boring serves to receive a temperature measuring element 14, for example a thermistor, and its lead 17.
  • the outer surface of the copper socket 12 is interrupted by an encircling, broad recess about which is wound a heating winding 13, for example, a resistance wire.
  • the lead 18 to the heating winding is passed from end-face of the copper socket 12 through an eccentric boring to a suitable current source 10 as is illustrated in FIG. 3.
  • a lead 16 for the electrode current is attached in a further eccentric boring.
  • the whole arrangement is enclosed by a substantially cylindrical capsule 15 of a plastic (e.g. of PVC, nylon) which only leaves free the tip of the platinum electrode 11 and, on the opposite face, the lead wires 16, 17, 18, which .are expediently incorporated into a single cable.
  • FIG. 2 Another embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 2, which is especially suitable for quantitative partial pressure measurements of 0 H etc. on the skin.
  • a discshaped platinum electrode 21 is in heat-conducting contact with a substantially cylindrical copper block 22 of the same diameter as platinum electrode 21.
  • the outer surface of the copper block 22 is provided with an encircling recess in which islocated at heating wind ing 23.
  • the lead 28 to the heating winding passs through a boring which connects the end-face of the copper block 22 opposite the platinum electrode 21 with the encircling recess.
  • a further eccentrically disposed boring in this end-face serves for the attachment of the lead 26 for the electrode current.
  • an axial boring directed from the same face of the copper block into the vicinity of the platinum electrode 21 is an axial boring in which is located a temperature-measuring element 24 with the leads 27.
  • a silver ring 29, serving as a reference electrode, is chlorinated on one of its flat faces and displays an internal diameter which is greater than the diameter of the platinum electrode. It is so arranged that its entire chlorinated face lies in a common plane with the outer exposed face of the platinum electrode 21.
  • a lead 3l is directed to the back face of the silver ring and is combined with the leads 26, 27, 28 into a single cable. The whole arrangement is enclosed with a smoothly cylindrical capsule 25 of a suitable plastic (for example,
  • one end-face of the capsule 25 lies in the plane defined by platinum electrode 22 and silver ring 29, leaving exposed their surfaces.
  • the whole end-face, including the platinum and AgCl surface, is coated with an electrolyte film 32 and thereover covered with a suitable membrane 33 (e.g. teflon).
  • This member 33 serving as the application or skin contact surface of the electrode arrangement, is secured by a substantially annular capsule 34.
  • the gap between the two capsules 25 and 34 is sealed off by an O- ring 35 which is fitted in corresponding ring grooves.
  • heating up of the skin, in the region of the measuring electrode, to about 4042 C is reasonable.
  • a markedly higher temperature is, as a rule, not admissible because of the skin lesions caused by it.
  • the heatingspiral is provided with a current the strength of which is regulated with the aid of the temperature-measuring element.
  • Any known temperature-regulation circuit is suitable for this purpose, as long as it is sufficiently sensitive.
  • the electrode in accordance'with the invention is particularly advantageous since it makes possible a hyperaemization in the region of the tissue and the skin in which the measurement is undertaken without additional preparations having to be applied. This is particularly useful when it is desired to measure certain positions of the body surface where the application of hyperaemizing preparations is problematical. Such an electrode is also expedient in the case of mass investigations.
  • An additional advantage of the electrode is the considerable stabilization of the electrode reaction, to provide a measurement in a standarized environment as the influence of fluctuations of the ambient temperature, i.e. both of the surrounding air and of the skin, is eliminated.
  • An electrode arrangement for application to a body surface for bloodless measurement in connection with the concentration or the partial pressure of a gas in the blood including, sensor means for deriving in vivo electrical signals indicative of the partial pressure of gas in blood and having a face member adapted for body contact, the improvement comprising:
  • heating means in direct thermal contact with said sensor means and adapted to transmit to said face member a thermal condition for thermal stimulasource.
  • heating means also includes:
  • thermally conductive block means positioned in thermal contact with said sensor means and said winding being mounted on said block means.
  • heating means includes: temperature regulating means having a temperature-measuring element the measuring probe of which is mounted in the vicinity of said sensor means.
  • An electrode arrangement for'application to a body surface for bloodless measurement in connection with the concentration or the partial pressure of a gas in the blood comprising:
  • heating winding means mounted in said recess for generating a thermal condition for application to said body surface; temperature measuring means mounted in said axial boring;
  • annular reference electrode means mounted concen' trically with the electrode means
  • lead means electrically coupled with said electrode means for deriving in vivo electrical signals indicative of the partial pressure of gas in blood.

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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Surgery (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Medical Informatics (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Biophysics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Electrochemistry (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Measurement Of The Respiration, Hearing Ability, Form, And Blood Characteristics Of Living Organisms (AREA)
  • Fodder In General (AREA)
US00177231A 1970-10-01 1971-09-02 Electrochemical electrode with heating means Expired - Lifetime US3795239A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
CH1454470A CH530006A (de) 1970-10-01 1970-10-01 Elektrodenanordnung

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US3795239A true US3795239A (en) 1974-03-05

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US00177231A Expired - Lifetime US3795239A (en) 1970-10-01 1971-09-02 Electrochemical electrode with heating means
US06/870,392 Expired - Lifetime USRE31440E (en) 1970-10-01 1978-01-18 Electrochemical electrode with heating means

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US06/870,392 Expired - Lifetime USRE31440E (en) 1970-10-01 1978-01-18 Electrochemical electrode with heating means

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US (2) US3795239A (de)
JP (1) JPS5112199B1 (de)
AT (1) AT313480B (de)
AU (1) AU463724B2 (de)
BE (1) BE773307A (de)
CA (1) CA1008931A (de)
CH (1) CH530006A (de)
CS (1) CS158566B2 (de)
DE (1) DE2145400C3 (de)
DK (1) DK156285C (de)
ES (1) ES395581A1 (de)
FR (1) FR2110906A5 (de)
GB (1) GB1312169A (de)
IL (1) IL37643A (de)
NL (1) NL152084B (de)
NO (1) NO130779B (de)
SE (1) SE373952C (de)

Cited By (40)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3912614A (en) * 1972-01-10 1975-10-14 Int Biophysics Corp Sensor
US3918434A (en) * 1972-11-15 1975-11-11 Eschweiler & Co Method and apparatus for determining the perfusion efficiency factor of animal tissue
US3929605A (en) * 1973-09-22 1975-12-30 Eschweiler & Co Apparatus for quickly evaluating gases dissolved in blood
US3998212A (en) * 1974-06-28 1976-12-21 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Electrode for percutaneous polarographic measurements
US4005002A (en) * 1973-08-06 1977-01-25 Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. Apparatus for measuring substrate concentrations
US4005700A (en) * 1974-04-05 1977-02-01 G. D. Searle & Co. Limited Device for measuring blood gases
US4033330A (en) * 1975-09-08 1977-07-05 Hewlett-Packard Company Transcutaneous pH measuring instrument
US4041932A (en) * 1975-02-06 1977-08-16 Fostick Moshe A Method for monitoring blood gas tension and pH from outside the body
DE2758413A1 (de) * 1976-12-29 1978-07-06 Bunji Hagihara Elektrodenanordnung zur sauerstoffmessung
US4129478A (en) * 1974-08-01 1978-12-12 Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. Method for measuring substrate concentrations
JPS5424694A (en) * 1977-07-26 1979-02-24 Searle & Co Electrochemical detector for po2* pco2
US4207161A (en) * 1978-12-14 1980-06-10 Cambridge Instrument Company, Inc. Dissolved oxygen analyzer
USRE30317E (en) * 1972-11-15 1980-07-01 Hellige Gmbh Method and apparatus for determining the perfusion efficiency factor of animal tissue
US4230122A (en) * 1977-08-22 1980-10-28 Max Planck Gesellschaft Fuer Foerderung Der Wissenschaften Transcutaneous monitoring of critical perfusion-efficiency situations
WO1980002794A1 (en) * 1979-06-20 1980-12-24 Novametrix Med Syst Inc Fixation ring for transcutaneous gas sensor probe
US4252123A (en) * 1978-02-20 1981-02-24 U.S. Philips Corporation Device for the transcutaneous electrochemical determination of the partial oxygen pressure in blood
US4273134A (en) * 1979-05-22 1981-06-16 Biochem International Inc. Fixation ring assembly and method of assembling a sensor head
US4274418A (en) * 1976-06-01 1981-06-23 Radiometer A/S Electrochemical measuring device
US4296752A (en) * 1976-09-24 1981-10-27 Johnson & Johnson Transcutaneous oxygen sensor with adjacent heater
US4303076A (en) * 1979-12-31 1981-12-01 Air Shields, Inc. Probe for transcutaneous sampling
US4311151A (en) * 1977-08-24 1982-01-19 Bunji Hagihara Oxygen measuring electrode assembly
US4312332A (en) * 1980-04-25 1982-01-26 Cordis Corporation Oxygen sensing
US4324256A (en) * 1978-03-28 1982-04-13 Radiometer A/S Electrode device
US4401122A (en) * 1979-08-02 1983-08-30 Children's Hospital Medical Center Cutaneous methods of measuring body substances
US4407291A (en) * 1978-05-12 1983-10-04 Sumitomo Electric Industries Ltd. Transcutaneous blood oxygen measuring device
US4439679A (en) * 1981-04-10 1984-03-27 The Regents Of The University Of California Transcutaneous gas tension measurement using a dual sampling chamber and gas analysis system
US4450842A (en) * 1980-04-25 1984-05-29 Cordis Corporation Solid state reference electrode
US4458686A (en) * 1979-08-02 1984-07-10 Children's Hospital Medical Center Cutaneous methods of measuring body substances
US4467811A (en) * 1979-08-02 1984-08-28 Children's Hospital Medical Center Method of polarographic analysis of lactic acid and lactate
DE3417352A1 (de) * 1983-05-13 1984-11-15 Ancet Laboratories Corp., Oakland, Calif. Blutgasdetektor
US4586149A (en) * 1983-07-05 1986-04-29 Sensormedics Corporation Temperature control system for cutaneous gas monitor
US4615340A (en) * 1985-02-27 1986-10-07 Becton, Dickinson And Company Sensor assembly suitable for blood gas analysis and the like and the method of use
US4805122A (en) * 1986-12-31 1989-02-14 Sensormedics Corporation Temperature control system for cutaneous gas monitor
US20090177143A1 (en) * 2007-11-21 2009-07-09 Markle William H Use of an equilibrium intravascular sensor to achieve tight glycemic control
US20090264719A1 (en) * 2008-04-17 2009-10-22 Glumetrics, Inc. Sensor for percutaneous intravascular deployment without an indwelling cannula
US20110077477A1 (en) * 2009-09-30 2011-03-31 Glumetrics, Inc. Sensors with thromboresistant coating
US20110105866A1 (en) * 2009-11-04 2011-05-05 Glumetrics, Inc. Optical sensor configuration for ratiometric correction of blood glucose measurement
US20110152658A1 (en) * 2009-12-17 2011-06-23 Glumetrics, Inc. Identification of aberrant measurements of in vivo glucose concentration using temperature
US8738107B2 (en) 2007-05-10 2014-05-27 Medtronic Minimed, Inc. Equilibrium non-consuming fluorescence sensor for real time intravascular glucose measurement
US8838195B2 (en) 2007-02-06 2014-09-16 Medtronic Minimed, Inc. Optical systems and methods for ratiometric measurement of blood glucose concentration

Families Citing this family (15)

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DE2305049C2 (de) * 1973-02-02 1984-10-25 L. Eschweiler & Co, 2300 Kiel Vorrichtung zur Messung des pH-Wertes von Blut
GB1504693A (en) * 1974-03-29 1978-03-22 Nat Res Dev Ion selective electrodes
DE2506175B2 (de) * 1975-02-14 1981-06-04 Drägerwerk AG, 2400 Lübeck Perkutanes Blutalkoholmeßgerät
DE2617766A1 (de) * 1976-04-23 1978-01-19 Max Planck Gesellschaft Anordnung zur sauerstoffmessung
DE2640987C3 (de) * 1976-09-11 1982-06-09 Drägerwerk AG, 2400 Lübeck Meßwertaufnehmer zur transkutanen Messung von Gasen im Blut
JPS5950863B2 (ja) * 1976-10-08 1984-12-11 日産自動車株式会社 空燃比の制御方法およびその装置
DE2836868B2 (de) * 1978-08-23 1980-06-19 Siemens Ag, 1000 Berlin Und 8000 Muenchen Meßwertaufnehmer, insbesondere zur Bestimmung des Partialdruckes von gelösten Gasen
DE2911601C2 (de) * 1979-03-24 1982-05-13 Hellige Gmbh, 7800 Freiburg Meßwertaufnehmer für physiologische Meßgrößen mit einer Einrichtung zur elektrischen Beheizung
EP0077073B1 (de) * 1981-10-13 1989-08-09 Radiometer A/S Elektrochemische Messelektrode und Verfahren zur transkutanen Messung eines Blut-Parameters
DE3232515A1 (de) * 1982-09-01 1984-03-01 Hellige Gmbh, 7800 Freiburg Elektrochemischer sensor zur transcutanen messung des kohlendioxid-partialdrucks eines lebewesens
JPS60162950A (ja) * 1984-02-02 1985-08-24 Sumitomo Electric Ind Ltd ガスセンサのガス透過膜装着方法
EP0248304A3 (de) * 1986-06-06 1989-08-23 Kontron Instruments Holding N.V. Elektrodenanordnung
DE3681175D1 (de) 1986-11-17 1991-10-02 Hellige Gmbh Kombinationssensor zur transcutanen erfassung von sauerstoff und kohlendioxid im blut.
KR970011449B1 (ko) * 1988-01-29 1997-07-11 더 리전트 오브 디 유니버시티 오브 캘리포니아 이온전기 영동형 비침입 검체 채취 또는 이송 장치 및 방법
US5402777A (en) * 1991-06-28 1995-04-04 Alza Corporation Methods and devices for facilitated non-invasive oxygen monitoring

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Cited By (55)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3912614A (en) * 1972-01-10 1975-10-14 Int Biophysics Corp Sensor
USRE30317E (en) * 1972-11-15 1980-07-01 Hellige Gmbh Method and apparatus for determining the perfusion efficiency factor of animal tissue
US3918434A (en) * 1972-11-15 1975-11-11 Eschweiler & Co Method and apparatus for determining the perfusion efficiency factor of animal tissue
US4005002A (en) * 1973-08-06 1977-01-25 Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. Apparatus for measuring substrate concentrations
US3929605A (en) * 1973-09-22 1975-12-30 Eschweiler & Co Apparatus for quickly evaluating gases dissolved in blood
US4005700A (en) * 1974-04-05 1977-02-01 G. D. Searle & Co. Limited Device for measuring blood gases
US3998212A (en) * 1974-06-28 1976-12-21 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Electrode for percutaneous polarographic measurements
US4129478A (en) * 1974-08-01 1978-12-12 Hoffmann-La Roche Inc. Method for measuring substrate concentrations
US4041932A (en) * 1975-02-06 1977-08-16 Fostick Moshe A Method for monitoring blood gas tension and pH from outside the body
US4033330A (en) * 1975-09-08 1977-07-05 Hewlett-Packard Company Transcutaneous pH measuring instrument
US4274418A (en) * 1976-06-01 1981-06-23 Radiometer A/S Electrochemical measuring device
US4296752A (en) * 1976-09-24 1981-10-27 Johnson & Johnson Transcutaneous oxygen sensor with adjacent heater
DE2758413A1 (de) * 1976-12-29 1978-07-06 Bunji Hagihara Elektrodenanordnung zur sauerstoffmessung
US4185620A (en) * 1976-12-29 1980-01-29 Bunji Hagihara Oxygen measuring electrode assembly
JPS5424694A (en) * 1977-07-26 1979-02-24 Searle & Co Electrochemical detector for po2* pco2
JPS5931328B2 (ja) * 1977-07-26 1984-08-01 バイオメデイカル センサ−ズ リミテツド Ｐｏ↓２，ｐｃｏ↓２電気化学的検出器
US4197853A (en) * 1977-07-26 1980-04-15 G. D. Searle & Co. PO2 /PCO2 sensor
US4230122A (en) * 1977-08-22 1980-10-28 Max Planck Gesellschaft Fuer Foerderung Der Wissenschaften Transcutaneous monitoring of critical perfusion-efficiency situations
US4311151A (en) * 1977-08-24 1982-01-19 Bunji Hagihara Oxygen measuring electrode assembly
US4252123A (en) * 1978-02-20 1981-02-24 U.S. Philips Corporation Device for the transcutaneous electrochemical determination of the partial oxygen pressure in blood
US4324256A (en) * 1978-03-28 1982-04-13 Radiometer A/S Electrode device
US4407291A (en) * 1978-05-12 1983-10-04 Sumitomo Electric Industries Ltd. Transcutaneous blood oxygen measuring device
US4207161A (en) * 1978-12-14 1980-06-10 Cambridge Instrument Company, Inc. Dissolved oxygen analyzer
US4273134A (en) * 1979-05-22 1981-06-16 Biochem International Inc. Fixation ring assembly and method of assembling a sensor head
WO1980002794A1 (en) * 1979-06-20 1980-12-24 Novametrix Med Syst Inc Fixation ring for transcutaneous gas sensor probe
US4280505A (en) * 1979-06-20 1981-07-28 Novametrix Medical Systems, Inc. Fixation ring for transcutaneous gas sensor probe
US4458686A (en) * 1979-08-02 1984-07-10 Children's Hospital Medical Center Cutaneous methods of measuring body substances
US4401122A (en) * 1979-08-02 1983-08-30 Children's Hospital Medical Center Cutaneous methods of measuring body substances
US4467811A (en) * 1979-08-02 1984-08-28 Children's Hospital Medical Center Method of polarographic analysis of lactic acid and lactate
US4303076A (en) * 1979-12-31 1981-12-01 Air Shields, Inc. Probe for transcutaneous sampling
US4450842A (en) * 1980-04-25 1984-05-29 Cordis Corporation Solid state reference electrode
US4312332A (en) * 1980-04-25 1982-01-26 Cordis Corporation Oxygen sensing
US4439679A (en) * 1981-04-10 1984-03-27 The Regents Of The University Of California Transcutaneous gas tension measurement using a dual sampling chamber and gas analysis system
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Publication number Publication date
SE373952B (de) 1975-02-17
CS158566B2 (de) 1974-11-25
ES395581A1 (es) 1975-11-01
IL37643A0 (en) 1971-11-29
DE2145400B2 (de) 1980-08-28
DE2145400C3 (de) 1985-06-05
CA1008931A (en) 1977-04-19
USRE31440E (en) 1983-11-15
DE2145400A1 (de) 1972-04-06
AU463724B2 (en) 1975-08-07
SE373952C (sv) 1979-08-20
DK156285C (da) 1990-02-26
DK156285B (da) 1989-07-24
CH530006A (de) 1972-10-31
BE773307A (fr) 1972-03-30
NO130779B (de) 1974-10-28
GB1312169A (en) 1973-04-04
NL152084B (nl) 1977-01-17
JPS5112199B1 (de) 1976-04-16
IL37643A (en) 1974-09-10
NL7113018A (de) 1972-04-05
AU3296571A (en) 1973-03-08
FR2110906A5 (de) 1972-06-02
AT313480B (de) 1974-02-25

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