US3782326A - Primary water quench - Google Patents

Primary water quench Download PDF

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Publication number
US3782326A
US3782326A US00234002A US3782326DA US3782326A US 3782326 A US3782326 A US 3782326A US 00234002 A US00234002 A US 00234002A US 3782326D A US3782326D A US 3782326DA US 3782326 A US3782326 A US 3782326A
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Prior art keywords
wire
jet
coating
movement
cooling
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US00234002A
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English (en)
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N Faggotter
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Australian Wire Industries Pty Ltd
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Australian Wire Industries Pty Ltd
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
    • C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
    • C23C2/00—Hot-dipping or immersion processes for applying the coating material in the molten state without affecting the shape; Apparatus therefor
    • C23C2/26—After-treatment
    • C23C2/28—Thermal after-treatment, e.g. treatment in oil bath
    • C23C2/29—Cooling or quenching
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S118/00—Coating apparatus
    • Y10S118/19—Wire and cord immersion

Definitions

  • ABSTRACT This specification discloses an apparatus for freezing the molten zinc coating on a moving wire after it issues from a wiping box for controlling the coating, comprising two or more water discharge passages for forming jets of water spaced along and transversely intersecting the line of movement of the wire, said jets being controlled whereby the flow of water in each jet is non-turbulent, and an air discharge duct having a narrow discharge slit for creating a flow of air directed transversely to the line of movement of the wire between said jets and the wiping box.
  • the wire to be galvanized is drawn through a bath of molten zinc or zinc alloy and emerges from the bath in a substantially vertical direction. Commonly, the wire then passes immediately through a wiping bed whose function is to control the smoothness and thickness of the coating.
  • Our British Pat. No. 1,256,928 describes an improved wiping technique which permits considerably higher throughput speeds in hot-dip galvanizing operations. Briefly, in this technique, the wire is drawn through a bed of particles floating on the bath of molten zinc, and a non-oxidizing gas is passed continuously through the bed at a rate sufficient to exclude air, said gas containing at least a small proportion of hydrogen sulphide. The bed of particles is retained in a box having an open lower end which is immersed in the zinc bath, and an open upper end through which the wire emerges and through which the gas escapes. For convenience, this arrangement is hereinafter called the wiping box.
  • the initial or primary quench for freezing the coating comprises a single jet of water, this being followed by cooling of the whole wire in an apparatus known as a secondary quench.
  • a secondary quench for freezing the coating.
  • wires are being galvanized at high speeds, and especially in the case of thick wires and/or heavy coatings, more effective cooling is required.
  • the large jets required for thick wires are prone to having a turbulent flow which disturbs the coating.
  • a conventional single jet does not cool the coating sufficiently. This is partly attributable to inadequate contact time between wire and jet and partly to the formation of an insulating jacket of steam around the wire, which reduces the efficiency of heat transfer from the wire to the cooling water.
  • One object of the present invention is to provide water quenching apparatus that freezes the molten zinc coating on a wire without disturbing its smoothness and uniformity and that is effective under the conditions of throughput speed, wire thickness, and coating weight made possible in hot-dip galvanizing by the new wiping technique.
  • the invention while being particularly suited to galvanizing operations involving high line speeds, is equally applicable to lower line speed galvanizing and other lower or higher speed coating operations or other treatments.
  • high speeds are those exceeding l.3/d metres per second and ranging up to about 4.6/d metres per second, where d is the diameter of the wire expressed in millimetres.
  • Heavy coatings include those designated Type B in Table 7-24 in the American Iron and Steel Institute specification entitled Minimum ounces of zinc per square foot of unocated wire surface, or heavier coatings.
  • application of the invention is naturally not restricted to galvanizing operations involving these speeds or coating weights.
  • the invention provides an apparatus for cooling coatings on moving wires comprising a liquid discharge passage or passages for forming a jet of cooling liquid intersecting the line of wire movement and having a height substantially greater than its width, and means for controlling the jet issuing from said passage or passages whereby the flow of liquid is non-turbulent.
  • a jet is considered non-turbulent when there is no significant adverse effect on the smoothness and unifonnity of the coating during cooling.
  • nonturbulent jets have a clear, glassy appearance as distinct from a cloudy, bubbly appearance when the flow is tubulent.
  • the term height refers to the dimension of the jet measured in the direction of wire travel in the region of the intersection of the jet andthe wire.
  • the term width refers to the dimension of the jet in a transverse direction to the flow of water and to the wire in the region of the intersection of the jet and the wire.
  • the increased height of the jet is achieved by combining the streams from two or more adjacent discharge tubes, the flow rates of the individual streams having been adjusted so that they merge into a single non-turbulent jet.
  • the increased height is achieved by directing a non-turbulent liquid jet which is coaxial with the wire for a large part of the height of the jet, and flows in the same direction as the movement of the wire, the water at the downstream end of the jet being recovered by entrainment in a transversely directed air stream.
  • the invention provides a coating cooling apparatus comprising two or more liquid discharge passages for forming jets of cooling liquid spaced along and transversely intersecting the line of movement of the wire, means for controlling the jets issuing from said passages whereby the flow of liquid in each jet is non-turbulent.
  • the water jets are located immediately above the opening of the wiping box.
  • the bulk of the water in the jets is recovered downstream from the intersection with the wire by means of water catch troughs.
  • smaller quantities of water in the form of drips and splashes are generated in the region of the intersection of wire and jets. It is therefore desirable to provide means for minimizing the entry of water into the wiping bed, at least to the extent where the wiping operation is not adversely affected.
  • the apparatus of the invention may also include what may be described as an air curtain above the opening in the wiping box.
  • the curtain comprises a flow of air, or other suitable gas such as nitrogen, above and across substantially the whole extent of the opening in the wiping box.
  • the apparatus of the invention may include jets which impinge on both sides of the Wire.
  • the jets may be obtained by merging the streams from several discharge tubes, or from a single discharge tube, or by a mixture of these methods.
  • a number of wires moving along parallel paths in the same plane are usually galvanized simultaneously. If the wires are fairly closely spaced, the jets cooling adjacent wires may be combined to form a single wide jet spanning a number of wires. The height of the wide jet may be increased by combining jets whose height in turn is made up by combining the streams from two or more discharge tubes as already explained.
  • a wide jet spanning a number of wires can have the advantages in practice of economy in the use of water and of carrying away drips and splashes from jets situated higher up, thus helping to further reduce the entry of water into the wiping box.
  • the apparatus of the invention may further include a non-turbulent jet of water of sufficient width to accommodate a number of parallel wires in the same plane, the width of the jet being made up by combining the streams emanating from a number of laterally adjacent discharge tubes.
  • the term width when used in comparison of the height of the jet as discussed above, refers to the transverse dimension of the stream or streams normally associated with one wire.
  • the invention provides for the use of air jets located above the opening in the wiping box and directed transversely at the wire whenever the latter is stationary.
  • FIG. 1 is a side elevation of the relevant part of a wire galvanising plant showing the position of a primary quench embodying the invention in relation to other components;
  • FIG. 2 is a side elevation of the primary quench apparatus of FIG. 1;
  • FIG. 3 is a side elevation of another embodiment of the invention in which jets impinge on both sides of the wire;
  • FIG. 4 is a side elevation of another embodiment of the invention incorporating three jets, each jet being made up by combining the streams from four discharge tubes;
  • FIG. 5 is a side elevation of another embodiment of the invention incorporating a single jet, made up by combining the streams from eight discharge tubes;
  • FIG. 6 is a side elevation of another embodiment of the invention incorporating a coaxial jet
  • FIG. 7 is a side elevation of a preferred form of water discharge tube with a bore having a rectangular crosssection
  • FIG. 8 is a sectional plan view of an arrangement of two tubes of the type shown in FIG. 7, taken along line 8-8 of FIG. 7.
  • the galvanising plant arrangement shown in FIG. 1 includes a wiping box A of the type described in British Pat. No. 1,256,928, followed by a primary quench B embodying the invention and rollers C for guiding and steadying the wire W. Providing the cooling in the primary quench is sufficiently effective, a secondary quench need not be used immediately following the primary quench and is therefore not shown in FIG. 1. However, a conventional tertiary quench for cooling the whole wire is required and is shown at D as being one of the cascade type.
  • the primary quench B comprises a vertically disposed linear array of discharge tubes 2 inclined at 45 to the vertical along the line of movement of the wire W, the tubes being spaced vertically by about 15 mm.
  • the discharge tubes 2 are arranged in four sub-sets of two tubes, each connected to a water supply manifold 3.
  • Each manifold 3 in turn is connected to a pipe 4 equipped with a valve or other adjustable restn'ctor 5 and connected to a water main 6.
  • the supply of water to one or more manifold 3 may be turned off.
  • the valves 5 are adjusted in use so that the flow rate is substantially the same for all the sub-sets and so that the flow from each tube 2 is non-turbulent.
  • the water jets then have a clear, glassy appearance, as distinct from a cloudy, bubbly appearance when the flow is tubulent.
  • a water catch trough 7 is positioned on the opposite side of the wire W to the tubes 2 to catch the water discharged from the tubes 2.
  • a horizontal air curtain is provided by discharging air from blower 9 (FIG. 1) through a nozzle 11 which has a narrow horizontally elongate discharge slit 12, about 1.5 to 2 mm in height.
  • the height of the air curtain in the region of the intersection with the wire is about 8 to 15 mm.
  • Good results have been obtained by using a centrifugal blower capable of delivering air at a pressure of 3 to 4 kiloPascals and at a rate of 20 to 24 litres per second per wire.
  • the width of the nozzle and slit is made large enough to ensure that the air curtain extends over the full extent of the opening in the wiping box A, which in turn is related to the number of parallel wires that the apparatus is capable of galvanising simultaneously. It will be appreciated that in practice, several parallel wires are usually processed simultaneously and each wire has its own primary quench B.
  • a solenoid operated valve may be provided in the water main 6 to stop the supply of water when even the wire W is stationary.
  • the set of discharge tubes I is adjustable vertically up and down, horizontally towards and away from the wire, and sideways in a lateral direction to wire W.
  • the water catch trough 7 is also adjustable horizontally towards and away from the wire W, and the drip tray 8 is provided with an adjustable blade 9 as already mentioned.
  • the embodiment shown in FIG. 3 has four discharge tubes 2 arranged in vertically spaced relationship on opposite sides of the line of movement wire W.
  • the tubes 2 on one side are staggered with respect to those on the other side so that the respective jets do not interfere with each other to disturb the non-turbulent flows.
  • FIG. 3 components having functions similar to those in FIG. 2 bear the same reference numerals the operation of this embodiment being substantially identical to the embodiment of FIG. 2. Positional adjustments similar to those in the embodiment of FIG. 2 are provided.
  • FIG. 2 and 3 characterised by the use of a multiplicity of spaced single water jets, have been found to result in very effective cooling. Adequate contact time is provided between the wire and jets, and although an insulating steam jacket tends to develop around the wire in each jet, the steam can escape in the spaces between jets.
  • the embodiment shown in FIG. 4 incorporates three sub-sets of jets, each sub-set comprising the combined streams from a linear array of four discharge tubes 2.
  • the flow in each discharge tube 2 is individually adjusted by, for example, pinching the tube or obstructing the flow in or to the tube 2 so that the individual streams combine smoothly into one jet having a large height relative to its width and having a non-turbulent flow.
  • the degree of pinching or obstruction of each tube 2 is generally graded so that the tube that is lowest in each sub-set has the most restriction or obstruction while the tube highest in the sub-set has the least restriction or obstruction. In this way, the streams issuing from the discharge tubes 2 are adjusted to form one non-turbulent jet of water.
  • the water catch trough 7 is shown with splitters T5 which can be beneficial in minimising splashing.
  • the construction and operation of the primary quench of this embodiment is otherwise identical to that of the previous embodiments.
  • the embodiment shown in FIG. 5 incoporates a single jet comprising the combined streams from eight discharge tubes arranged in a vertical linear array and including two sub-sets of four tubes supplied from two manifolds 3.
  • the lowest tube in each sub-set comes from the highest position in the manifold, thus at least partially equalising the hydrostatic heads and hence the flow rates in the tubes.
  • the construction and operation is otherwise as in the embodiment of FIG. 4.
  • FIG. 6 illustrates the use of a single water jet which is approximately coaxial with the line of movement of the wire for a large part of its height.
  • the jet flows in the direction of wire movement from a relatively large discharge tube l which is upwardly inclined at about 60 to the line of wire movement, the jet therefore being partly maintained by the movement of the wire W.
  • the water is entrained in a transversely directed air stream and swept into the liquid recovery tube 16 which is connected to a suction fan 17 via a vessel 1h.
  • the water accumulates in the vessel until the hydrostatic head is sufficient to overcome the suction. Then it automatically discharges through the outlet 19 and is recovered for re-use.
  • the coaxial jet has a height of mm to mm.
  • several jets could be used arranged along the length of the wire.
  • an air curtain and an air jet would be used to minimise the amount of water that falls into the wiping bed but these items are not shown in the figure.
  • one or more of the sub-sets of tubes 2 shown in the embodiments of FIGS. 2 and 3 may be replaced by a sub-set as shown in FIG. 4i or by the arrangement shown in FIG. 5.
  • one of the sub-sets in FIG. 4 may be replaced by one or more of the sub-sets of FIGS. 2 and/or FIG. 3.
  • FIG. 7 A preferred form of water discharge tube I having a bore of rectangular cross-section is shown in FIG. 7.
  • the tube is shown directed upwardly at an angle of about 45 to the vertical and the end of the tube cut at a similar angle with its end face parallel with the wire W.
  • a sufficiently wide jet is obtained from a single tube having a rectangular bore 11 mm X 4 mm, the wall thickness conveniently being about 1 mm.
  • Each tube is arranged with its larger dimension oriented transversely of the wire. In the region of the intersection with the wire, the jet width is about 13 mm.
  • two discharge tubes are preferably used side by side as shown in FIG. b.
  • a water flow rate of about 2.2 litres per minute per tube has been found to give good results.
  • the jets cooling adjacent wires may be combined into a single wide jet.
  • a unitary fabricated or cast construction can be used, which provides an equivalent number of discharge passages, each having a bore of rectangular cross-section. This modification may be applied also to the embodiments of FIGS. 2 to 5.
  • An apparatus for cooling and solidifying coatings on moving wires, the coating having been applied by a coating apparatus from which the wire passes upwardly comprising at least one liquid discharge passage for forming a jet of cooling liquid intersecting the line of movement of the wire from the coating apparatus, at which point the coating is still in the liquid state, and having a height substantially greater than its width, means for controlling the jet issuing from said at least one passage whereby the flow of liquid is non-turbulent so that the coating is solidified while it remains substantially smooth and uniform, and an air discharge duct having a horizontal narrow discharge slit for creating a flow of air directed transversely to the line of movement of the wire between the cooling apparatus and the coating apparatus for preventing the entry of cooling liquid into the coating apparatus.
  • a single discharge passage forms a non-turbulent jet of water flowing in the direction of wire movement, said jet being coaxial with the line of wire movement for a large part of its height, a liquid recovery tube spaced from said passage in the direction of wire movement and having its axis directed transversely of the line of wire movement, suction means connected to the recovery tube for creating a stream of air into the tube and into which said jet is entrained.
  • An apparatus wherein there are several linear arrays of discharge passages arranged in spaced relation along the line of movement of the wire, the passages in each array being restricted or obstructed to a different degree whereby the individual streams from the passages combine to form a single non-turbulent jet.
  • said at least one discharge passage has a rectangular bore, the major dimensions of the bore being oriented trans versely of the direction of wire movement.
  • An apparatus for cooling simultanesouly the coatings on several parallel wires in substantially the same plane comprising a plurality of cooling apparatus as defined in claim 1 arranged side-by-side, the streams in said apparatus being laterally merged into a single jet.
  • An apparatus for cooling and solidifying coating on moving wires having been applied by a coating apparatus from which the wire passes upwardly, at least two liquid discharge passages for forming jets of cooling liquid spaced along and transversely intersecting the line of movement of the wire from the coating apparatus, at which point the coating is still in the liquid state, means for controlling the jets issuing from said passages whereby the flow of liquid in each jet is non-turbulent so that the coating is solidified while it remains substantially smooth and uniform, and an air discharge duct having a horizontal narrow discharge slit for creating a flow of air directed transversely to the line of movement of the wire between the cooling apparatus and the coating apparatus for preventing the entry of cooling liquid into the coating apparatus.
  • An apparatus for cooling simultaneously the coatings on several parallel wires in substantially the same plane comprising a plurality of cooling apparatus as defined in claim 8 arranged side-by-side, the streams in said apparatus being laterally merged into a single jet.
  • An apparatus for cooling simultaneously the coating on several parallel wires in substantially the same plane comprising a plurality of cooling apparatus according to claim 8 arranged side-by-side, the lowermost streams being laterally merged into a single jet.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Metallurgy (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Coating With Molten Metal (AREA)
US00234002A 1971-03-16 1972-03-13 Primary water quench Expired - Lifetime US3782326A (en)

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US (1) US3782326A (it)
JP (1) JPS5518780B1 (it)
AR (1) AR199992A1 (it)
AT (1) AT312388B (it)
BE (1) BE780806A (it)
BR (1) BR7201538D0 (it)
CA (1) CA970961A (it)
CS (1) CS168582B2 (it)
DD (1) DD97442A5 (it)
DE (1) DE2212785C3 (it)
ES (1) ES400837A1 (it)
FR (1) FR2130324B1 (it)
GB (1) GB1387503A (it)
IT (1) IT957561B (it)
LU (1) LU64975A1 (it)
NL (1) NL7203481A (it)
PL (1) PL84497B1 (it)
ZA (1) ZA721818B (it)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4418100A (en) * 1982-02-02 1983-11-29 Republic Steel Corporation Apparatus and method for reducing spangle in galvanized products
WO2001091916A1 (en) * 2000-05-31 2001-12-06 Knott James M Sr Strand galvanizing line
EP1457581A1 (fr) * 2003-03-12 2004-09-15 CENTRE DE RECHERCHES METALLURGIQUES asbl - CENTRUM VOOR RESEARCH IN DE METALLURGIE vzw Contrôle de l'épaisseur d'une couche liquide à la surface d'un objet allongé émergeant d'un bain

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
ES534131A0 (es) * 1984-02-23 1985-11-01 Australian Wire Ind Pty Metodo y aparato para limpiar por frotamiento un alambre o fleje
BE1008792A6 (fr) * 1994-10-26 1996-08-06 Centre Rech Metallurgique Dispositif de refroidissement accelere d'un substrat continu en defilement rapide dans un plan vertical.

Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1890463A (en) * 1931-04-03 1932-12-13 Keystone Steel & Wire Co Metal coated iron or steel article and method and apparatus for producing same
US2166249A (en) * 1934-12-03 1939-07-18 Joseph L Herman Apparatus for coating metallic materials
US2833672A (en) * 1955-05-17 1958-05-06 United States Steel Corp Method and apparatus for continuously applying a protective film of lacquer to steelstrip
US3112226A (en) * 1960-06-17 1963-11-26 Worcester Automatic Machine Co Apparatus for coating wire
US3227577A (en) * 1962-09-18 1966-01-04 Colorado Fuel & Iron Corp Metal coating of long lengths of metal bodies
US3428023A (en) * 1964-07-02 1969-02-18 Dominion Foundries & Steel Quenching zinc metal coatings with atomised water spray
US3604392A (en) * 1968-01-09 1971-09-14 Sumitomo Electric Industries Apparatus for manufacturing a plastic insulated wire

Family Cites Families (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB1030967A (en) * 1964-02-18 1966-05-25 British Insulated Callenders Improvements in or relating to methods of and apparatus for coating wires with metal
GB1057533A (en) * 1964-04-07 1967-02-01 Nat Steel Corp Improvements relating to galvanization

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US1890463A (en) * 1931-04-03 1932-12-13 Keystone Steel & Wire Co Metal coated iron or steel article and method and apparatus for producing same
US2166249A (en) * 1934-12-03 1939-07-18 Joseph L Herman Apparatus for coating metallic materials
US2833672A (en) * 1955-05-17 1958-05-06 United States Steel Corp Method and apparatus for continuously applying a protective film of lacquer to steelstrip
US3112226A (en) * 1960-06-17 1963-11-26 Worcester Automatic Machine Co Apparatus for coating wire
US3227577A (en) * 1962-09-18 1966-01-04 Colorado Fuel & Iron Corp Metal coating of long lengths of metal bodies
US3428023A (en) * 1964-07-02 1969-02-18 Dominion Foundries & Steel Quenching zinc metal coatings with atomised water spray
US3604392A (en) * 1968-01-09 1971-09-14 Sumitomo Electric Industries Apparatus for manufacturing a plastic insulated wire

Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US4418100A (en) * 1982-02-02 1983-11-29 Republic Steel Corporation Apparatus and method for reducing spangle in galvanized products
WO2001091916A1 (en) * 2000-05-31 2001-12-06 Knott James M Sr Strand galvanizing line
US6733721B2 (en) 2000-05-31 2004-05-11 Riverdale Mills Corporation Strand galvanizing line
EP1457581A1 (fr) * 2003-03-12 2004-09-15 CENTRE DE RECHERCHES METALLURGIQUES asbl - CENTRUM VOOR RESEARCH IN DE METALLURGIE vzw Contrôle de l'épaisseur d'une couche liquide à la surface d'un objet allongé émergeant d'un bain
BE1015409A3 (fr) * 2003-03-12 2005-03-01 Ct Rech Metallurgiques Asbl Controle de l'epaisseur d'une couche liquide a la surface d'un objet allonge emergeant d'un bain.

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NL7203481A (it) 1972-09-19
CS168582B2 (it) 1976-06-29
DE2212785B2 (de) 1979-06-13
DE2212785C3 (de) 1980-02-14
BR7201538D0 (pt) 1973-06-05
ZA721818B (en) 1973-11-28
AR199992A1 (es) 1974-10-15
IT957561B (it) 1973-10-20
FR2130324A1 (it) 1972-11-03
FR2130324B1 (it) 1977-04-01
LU64975A1 (it) 1973-09-17
ES400837A1 (es) 1975-02-01
DE2212785A1 (de) 1972-12-21
JPS5518780B1 (it) 1980-05-21
CA970961A (en) 1975-07-15
PL84497B1 (en) 1976-04-30
AT312388B (de) 1973-11-15
GB1387503A (en) 1975-03-19
DD97442A5 (it) 1973-05-05
BE780806A (fr) 1972-09-18

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